2024年中考英语三轮复习学案介词和介词短语高频考点总结

2024年中考英语三轮复习学案
介词和介词短语高频考点总结
提到介词,同学们最不陌生的就是经常听到老师说“介宾”,那么什么是“介宾”呢？“介”是什么？“宾”是什么？
"介"就是介词,其后需要接宾语。在英语中什么词性可以充当宾语呢 我们常见的就是名词,代词或者相当于名词的其它词类如动名词,短语或句子。
因此介词是用来表示它后面的名词,代词或者其它类似于名词的词类与其它词之间的关系的。它是一种虚词,不能单独担任句子成分。需要与后面的宾语构成介宾短语,共同充当句子成分。
在中考中,同学们在单项选择,完形填空,语法填词,完成句子以及写作中均会涉及并使用介词。因此学会选择正确的介词十分重要。介词在单项选择中考察较少,一般更加侧重于在语法填词和完成句子中要求学生会正确使用。
本文我们将着重讲解初中所学的一些时间介词;地点和方位介词;表示方式,手段或工具的介词;其它介词;介词短语。
01
时间介词
1.表示年,月,日,时刻等:on,in,at
(1).in
口诀:年月周前两世纪/四季,一段时间和早晚(泛指的早上/下午/晚上)。
in 2024
in March
in the week
in the 1980s
in Summer
in two days
in the morning/afternoon/evening
(2).on
口诀:具体日期和周几,特指修饰早中晚。
on December 14th
on Saturday/Sunday
on the morning of December 25th,
on Christmas Day
on a cold morning
(3).at
具体时刻用at,某个时点也可以。
at five o'clock
at noon/night/midnight
at breakfast/lunch/dinner
at that time/moment
at the same time
at first/last
at the beginning/end of
at the age of
at sunrise/sunset
【注意】以this,last,next,tomorrow,yestrday,some,every,one,all等开头的时间状语前不加这些介词。
2.表示时间的前后用before/after
(1).before:在...之前
Please arrive before twelve tomorrow.
(2).after:在...之后
Don't call me after twelve tomorrow.
【提示】before和after也可以作为连词使用,后接时间状语从句
例如:他每天起床后先铺床。
翻译1:He makes his bed after getting up every day.(after作介词使用,后接动词要使用动名词形式)
翻译2:He makes his bed after he gets up every day.(after作连词使用,后接一句话)
3.表示期限的介词用by,until,till
(1).by截止到什么时间
I had left by the time he arrived.
(2).until/till 直到...时间
Never put off till tomorrow what you can do today.
【提示】until也可以作为连词使用,后接时间状语从句。
4.表示一段时间的介词用for,during,through
(1).for+一段时间:多久
I have learnt English for five years.
【拓展】for的其它含义
1).为,为了,给
I bought a book for you.
It's a book for children.
2).对于...来说
It's too hard for a child to work out the problem in such short time.
3).因为
Xiangyang is famous for Zhu Geliang.
(2).during:在...期间
During the holiday,I went to Shanghai.
(3).through:强调贯穿始终,一直
I stayed in Xiangyang through the year.
5.表示时间的起点用from,since
(1).from:从什么时候开始
We began the meeting from six o'clock.
(2).since自从什么时间
I have never been to Wuhan since 2019
02
地点和方位介词
1.at/in+地点
(1).at+小地点
at the bus stop,at home
(2).in+大地点
in Shanghai,in the world
2.to/from/for+地点
(1).to 到达某的
get to the airport/get to Beijing
(2).from从某地开始
He began the trip from his hometown.
(3).for+目的地,表示去某地
leave for Beijing 去北京
3.表示方位的in,on,to
(1).in表示某地在某地范围内
Hubei is in the middle of China.
(2).on表示两地接壤
Henan is on the north of Hubei.
(3).to表示两地相离
Zhejiang is to the east of Hubei.
【总结】内部in,接壤on,相离to
4.表示在...之上的on,over,above
(1).on:在...上面,两者相接触
The pen is on the table.
(2).over:在...正上面,垂直上方,不接触
A bridge is over the river.
【拓展】over的其它含义
1).超过,相当于more than
It's necessary for students to sleep for over/more than 8 hours.
2).穿过,越过 jump over跳过.. climb over爬过...
(3).above:泛指在...之上,高于....。
The plane is flying above the clouds.
5.表示在...之下的under,below
(1).under:在..正下方。反义词是over
My pen is under the chair.
(2).below:泛指在...之下,低于。反义词是above
The plane is flying below the clouds.
6.表示在...之间的between,among,around
(1).between:在两两之间
The village is between the mountaion and the river.
You'd better take a rest between classes.
(2).among:在一群事物间的存在关系,相当于in the middle of sth.
There is a beautiful house among the trees.
(3).around:在...周围,在...四周
I walk around the house.
7.表示在...附近的by,beside,near,next to
从距离最近往远依次排：next to-beside-by-near
8.in front of/behind/opposite
(1).in front of...在...前面(在外面的前面)
There is a bus in front of the car.
【辨析】in the front of...在...前面(在里面的前面)
The teacher stands in the front of the classroom.
(2).behind 在...后面
There is a tree behind my house.
(3).opposite在...对面
He stands opposite me.
9.along/across/past/through/towards
(1).along沿着...
Go along the street,and you will find the bank on the right.
(2).across穿过,横过(从表面穿过,是二维画面,从一边到另一边)
His father swam across the river yesterdy.
(3).past经过
He walks past a store.
(4).through穿过(内部穿过,是穿过通道的三维画面);度过;通过
He came into his house through the window.
(5).towards朝,向
It is a giant step towards our space dream.
03
表示方式,手段或工具的介词
1.by/in/on表示交通方式
(1).by+交通工具,交通工具前不加任何限定词。
by bus/car/plane/air/train/taxiship/boat/car/subway...
(2).on/in+交通工具,交通工具前要使用修饰词。封闭型交通工具前用in,在开放型或者半开放型交通工具前用on。注意固定搭配on foot步行。
in a car,on my bike
2.by/with/in表示手段或者工具
(1).by表示通过...方法/方式,后面可以接名词或者动名词。接名词时前不加冠词。
I learn English by reading a lot.
(2).with后跟具体的工具材料或者身体的某个器官
He draws with a beutiful pen.
The baby eats with his hands.
【拓展】with的其它含义
1).和...一起
I will go to the movies with you.
2).具有,带有
The boy with curly hair is my brother.
3).with one's help=with the help of sb.在某人的帮助下
He learnt English well with his teacher's help.
(3).in表示使用某种语言,材料(墨水),或者强调以...方法方式,或者表示衣着,声调的特点等。
Stop talking to him in English and you can speak in a high voice. In this way, the boy dressed in red will understand what you are saying.
04
其它常考介词
1.except/besides/beside
(1).except除了...之外(不包含在内),即表示排除except后接的人或物。
Everyone comes to the library except Tom.
(2).besides除了...之外(包含在内)
Setting yourself in the right direction is also the secret to success besides working hard.
(3).beside在...附近
2.without/like/as
(1).without没有,with的反义词
You can't get good grades without practicing.
(2).like 介词:像,后面可以接名词或者动名词用于列举。也可用于look like或者be like中。look like可用来指外貌,be like可用来问性格。
1).People now buy what they need in online stores like Taobao.
2).—What does your father look like
—He is tall.
3).—What's your father like
—He is humorous.
(3).as作为
He is famous as a writer.
English serves as a bridge to help people in different countries understand each other well.
3.against
(1).反对,反抗:be against 反对;fight against对抗..
He is against the plan.
Everyone should fight against unfairness.
(2).倚着,靠着
Let's put the piano over there,against the wall.
The teacher is standing against the door.
4. of
(1)所有格形式: A of B: B的A
A new way of fighting against Covid-19 is being tested.
(2).表示...的数量或者种类
Paper cutting is a kind of traditional Chinese culture.
(3).句型:It's +adj.+of sb. to do sth.某人做某事真是太怎么样了。该句型中adj.是描述人品质的形容词。
It's kind of you to help me.
05
常考介词短语
介词在实际运用中常和名词,动词,形容词等构成固定搭配,由于我们在之前已经讲过介词和动词搭配(动词短语)以及介词和形容词搭配(形容词短语),因此这里主要列出初中常见的介词和名词的搭配。事实上和介词搭配的短语很多,同学们在平时要学会积累记忆。
at night/noon在晚上/在正午
at once立刻,马上
at first/last首先/最后
at the same time与此同时
at times有时
at most最多
at the moment在此刻
at the beginning/end of..在..一开始/结束..
at the top/bottom of..在..顶部/底部
at the age of在几岁时
after a while过了一会
as a result结果是
as well也
by the way顺便说一些
be the time到...时候
by mistake错误地
by chance偶然地
by accident偶然地,意外地
by the end of..截止到...时间
by means of借助于..
in the end最后
in order有序,整齐
in order to为了
in turn轮流
in time及时
in fact事实上
in silence沉默,安静
in public公开,在公共场所
in person亲自
in trouble处于麻烦之中
in need困难中的,需要帮助的
in all总共
in a hurry匆忙地
in the middle of..在..中间
in front of在..前面
in surprise惊讶地
in excitment激动地
on duty值日
on one's way to sp.在某人去某地路上
on show展出
on foot步行
on business出差
on time准时
on sale出售,减价出售
on the one hand一方面
on the other hand另一方面
with pleasure乐意