单元十四 阅读理解(精讲案)——2024届高考英语解锁大单元一轮复习【配套新教材】
第一讲 命题突破
I 细节理解题
细节理解题通常针对文章中叙述的人物、事物、现象或理论等进行提问，题目难度不大，题干中一般会出现表述较为具体的关键词，考生在审题后可快速锁定关键词并在文章中寻找相应的细节描述。
有时候，虽然题干中提供了关键词，但通过题目的提问方式我们会发现，简单地回文搜索关键词已不能满足做题需求。这时，通过审题来帮助我们提前决定解题方式就很有必要了。
一、直接细节题
此类试题是对原文直接信息的考查，考生理解字面意思答题。
在原文中可直接找到答案，常用who，what，when，where，why和how等提问。此类试题选项多采用原文中的信息直接进行考查，不需要考生进行推断。做题时，考生可以在文章中找到与答案有关的直接信息。此类试题一般不会涉及全文的主旨，考生只要把选项内容与原文内容认真对比即可确定答案。广告、公告、演出信息、航班时间表等类别的文章，常涉及直接细节题。常见的设题方式有：
Which of the following statements is (NOT) mentioned
Which of the following best characterizes the main feature of...
Which of the following maps/diagrams gives the right position of…/relationship of...
The author mentions all of the items listed below EXCEPT
二、间接细节题
需要将题目信息与原文相关信息进行语义上的转换，两者存在表达上的差异，有时需要进行加工或整理才能得出答案此类试题介于事实细节题和推理判断题之间。四个选项不出现原文中的直接信息，考生需借助同义转换、概念解析、归纳事实等方法对原文信息进行变换，然后再进行进一步的推理或鉴别。常见的设题方式有：
According to the passage，who/what/which/when/where/why how/how many/how much/how long/how soon/how often.
What does the writer pay the least attention to
The author/passage does not tell us…
Which of the following does not explain
II 主旨要义题
主旨大意题主要考查考生对全文的内容或某一段的内容加以合理地归纳，目的是检查对短文整体或某一段落的理解概括能力。该类题目是高考中的难点之一，也是区分度较大的题目。主要考查：最佳标题；概括文章的中心思想；段落大意。此类题正确选项的特点：通常不含细节信息和表示绝对意义的词；能概括文章(或段落)的全部内容。干扰项的特点：以偏概全；选项过于笼统；选项内容是命题者杜撰的；选项与主题无关。因为考生需要读完全文才能把握文章主题，所以在解答此类题时，考生不要急于去找答案，不论它出现在什么位置都永远把主旨大意题作为最后一道题来做。在做完另外几道题后，无疑会有助于考生加深对整篇文章的理解。
一、明确主旨要义类题目的常用命题形式
1. The main idea/key point of this passage is that
2. The passage is mainly about
3. The best title/headline for this passage is
4. The topic/subject discussed in this passage
5. From the passage we can learn/conclude that
6. The last paragraph is chiefly concerned with
7. Which of the following statements best expresses the main idea of the passage
8. Which of the following best states the theme of the passage
二、如何找主题句
段落的主题通常由被称为主题句的句子来表示。
主题句通常是段落的第一句或末尾一句，偶尔在段落中间。在非故事性文章中，主题句尤为明显。有的文章无明显的主题句，而是把主题隐含在段意之中。例如：
It's 3 o'clock and you've been hard at work. As you sit at your desk，a strong desire for chocolate overcomes you. You try to busy yourself to make it go away. But it doesn't. Here is another situation，Perhaps you are not feeling well. The only thing you want to eat is a big bowl of chicken soup，like your mom used to make when you were sick as a child. Food cravings are a strong desire for a specific type of food. And they are normal.
本段文字以介绍个人的某些经历开篇，以此为最后的结论做出铺垫。段末则总结得出"food cravings"这一话题，指出这为正常现象，下文则要围绕这一话题具体展开论述，由此判断本段最后两句便为主题句。
有些段落有明显的引出细节的信息词，常见的信息词有for example，an example of，the most important example，first，second，next，then，last，finally，to begin with，also，besides hat等。
在阅读中，应尽量利用上述信息词确定主题句的位置。从某段落中的 for example可以断定上一句是主题句。如果无明显的信息词，可先假设第一句为主题句，在第二句前面添加一个 for example，看看第二句是否可以支撑第一句话，如果第二句不能支撑第一句话，便在其他地方找出主题句。例如:
Famous people have a lot of influences on cultural trends like it or not. When Oprah goes on a 21-day vegan diet，It makes the headlines. When Amal Clooney wears a Stella McCartney dress，sales go way up.
本段文字中先提出名人会影响文化潮流的论断，然后以Opah"和"Stella McCartney"的例子说明这一论断，首句之后可以用"For example"引出下文，故首句为段落主题句。
三、如何略读归纳中心思想
略读是概括和归纳段落中心思想的手段。略读是指人们以可能达到的最快速度所做的阅读。略读的技巧如下：
1.顺行快速向前移动眼睛，千万不要停顿或复视。
2.把注意力集中在关键词上。关键词都是实词，如名词、形容词、数词、动词和副词等。介词、冠词、连接词、语气词、代词(一般性的代词)以及助动词和情态动词等都不是关键词
3.将关键词扩大为能够表达概念的词组，即语意群，按语意群进行阅读。
4.遇到生词尽量猜，猜不出的生词可跳过去。
5.首先对关键词进行数量上的加工，筛选出最能表达作者意图的关键词及其概念。然后对这些概念进行质的加工，即对已产生的概念重新在头脑中编码，以确定作者在文章中表达的真正意图(中心思想)。
6.初次练习时，可将关键词画出来。待读完一遍之后，回过头来将所画的关键词再看一遍。练习一段时间以后，不要再把关键词画出来，在阅读过程中尽量用脑子记下来。
四、如何拟标题
有明确主题句的段落标题的拟定方式是：以表示主题的词为核心，把它与表示控制概念的词按一定的语法浓缩为能高度概括主题句句意或中心思想的词组。
五、怎样去找文章的中心或主题
通读全文，抓住每段或每个层次的主要含义进行加工提炼，通过对语篇结构的分析即文章内部各层次间的逻辑关系将每段的主题综合起来，找出文章的中心。对于答案的选择，要看所给内容是否真正能概括全文中心，那些只能概括部分内容或只呈现文中具体某点的选项要首先排除，当然，与文章毫不相关的选项更能轻松排除。
六、应注意的问题
1.仔细审题，看好范围。搞清楚是问某一段还是全文的中心思想。正确选项的特点是：一般不出现细节信息；不含过于肯定或绝对的词语。
2.使用略读，迅速将全段或全文浏览一遍。在阅读中，应尽量利用有关信息词确定主题句的位置，比如在for example，first，second等之前的句子中或在 all in al，above all之后的句子中寻找并确定。
3.特别注意全文或所问段落的首句和尾句，因为它们常常是主旨要义的体现。段落中出现转折时，该句很可能是主题句；作者有意识地反复重复的观点通常是主旨；首段出现疑问句时，对该问题的解答通常就是文章主旨；同时还要注意那些提出文章主旨时常伴有的文字提示：therefore，thus，but，however，in short 等。
4.进行分析概括，准确找出主旨要义。对于主题隐含的段落，要先弄清问题的意思，然后快速通读文章，逐项排除最终确定答案。
5.作者的写作目的通常有三种：娱乐读者；说服读者接受某种观点；告知读者某些信息。考生应在理解全文的基础上领会作者意图。
6.标题的选择要在阅读原文的基础上仔细考虑这句话或短语与文章主题是否有密切的联系，对文章的概括性或覆盖面如何，避免以下三种错误：概括不够(多表现为部分代替整体)；过度概括(多表现为人为扩大范围)；以事实或细节代替抽象概括的大意。
III 推理判断题
推理判断题是历年高考英语的命题集中点，包括判断和推理两个方面，属于深层理解题，一般难度较高，得分率较低，其比例占30%~40%。从历年的高考阅读理解题来看，推理判断题一般可以归纳为五大题型：细节推断题、文章的来源或读者对象推断题、写作意图题、观点态度题和篇章结构题。预计高考阅读理解题中的推理判断题仍将是考查的重点，应引起考生的重视。
一、解题原则要牢记
推理判断题要求考生能够充分理解阅读文章，分析语篇特征、寻找解题依据，在领会全文的基础上做出正确的推理和判断。
首先，要理解文章的字面意思，弄清上下文的整体逻辑；
其次，在阅读过程中要注意作者遣词造句中的深层次；
第三，要通读题干，充分了解题目要求我们进行推理和判断的内容和方向，以免白费力气。
最后，仔细挖掘作者隐藏在文章中的一些重要含义，切勿用自己的主观判断来代替文章内容，勿用观点代替事实。需注意：有的题目的推理即为原文具体层面的"同义变化"，所涉及的逻辑关系都是最简单的逻辑判断，一步即可推得，考生千万不能人为地把问题复杂化，推理很多步，反而得出错误的答案。推理的基础是原文内容，而不是自己的经验和主观判断。
二、有效信息会识别
推理判断题失分的一个主要原因是考生看着题目不知道去文章的什么地方找出题点，定位点找不对既浪费了解题时间，也得不出正确答案。其实，推理判断题的出题点非常稳定，通过对近5年真题命题规律的分析，不难发现，有些题
型就是在考查对段落中心的理解，所以大家需要熟知段落中心的考点标记，从而快速将文章中的出题点信息和选项间进行比对、匹配。吻合段落中心意思的为正确答案。
寻找段落中心方法：
1.逻辑上出现转承关系的句子(转折、因果、递进，即有therefore，thus，but，however，in short，all in all等提示词的句子)。
2.有明确表示观点的路标指引词(think，believe，deny acknowledge，insist，according to，claim.)
3.含有情态动词的句子(should，must..)
4.含有特殊标点的句子(冒号、单破折号、引号、分号)。
5.特殊句型(疑问句、倒装句、强调句、省略句)。
6.平铺直叙段落中，注意首末句。
三、答案特征需明辨
命题人在设置选项时，正确选项和错误选项各有对应的特点和规律。考生若熟知这些特点和规律，可提升答题的正确率。
1.正确答案选项的特点
1)内容的含义比较丰富，具有综合性和概括性，尤其是当四个选项都符合常识或者题目意思的时候，意义最丰富的那个选项往往是正确答案。
2)正确答案的表述一般有一点模糊，不会用绝对词汇，而会用一些相对能够留下一些余地的词汇，如often，usually， sometimes，some，may，might，can，could，possibly，probably等。
3)正确答案有时反而与我们通过常识判断得出的结论相反。因此，如果四个选项中有三个看上去与常识的判断相符，而余下的那一个却是反常识的，那么可考虑那个选项是否为正确答案。
4)选项与原文有同义置换的词的密度越大，成为正确答案的概率越大。
2.干扰答案选项的特点
1)只是原文的简单复述，而非推断出来的结论，把直接表达当成间接推理。
2)看似从原文推断出来的结论，然而实际上与原文不符，例如把原文的原因变成了选项中的结果，把原文的手段变成了选项中的目的。
3)根据常识判断是正确的，然而不是在文章事实或上下文逻辑基础上推理而得出的观点，因此，考生要注意不能根据自己的主观想法或生活经验去推理，因为命题者考查的是考生揣摩作者意图的能力。
4)虽然以文章提供的事实或内在逻辑为推理依据，但推理过头、概括过度；有部分选项的内容纯属编造。
四、做题顺序听建议
这里只强调做题顺序，主要有两种A→Q→A (A=Article, Q=Question),即先从整体去阅读文章，后看问题或者Q→A→Q，即先把整个问题快速看一遍，然后带着问题在文章中找答案。建议大家选用后者。此种方法节省时间，针对性很强。
五、几种常见的解题思路
推理判断题是阅读理解的一个重要题型，属于深层次理解类试题，要求考生在理解原文字面意义的基础上，通过对语篇逻辑关系及细节分析，进行推理和判断，从而得出文章的深层意义和隐含意义。推理判断题分为细节推断题(如人物性格特征，事件因果)、观点态度推断题、意图目的推断题、文章出处或读者对象推断题及下文内容推断题等。
1.细节推断题
细节推断题考查的内容虽属于原文的细节，但要求考生在原文基础上对文章信息进行分析、理解、推断，立足于已知推断未知。解题原则是"忠于原文，只推一步"。考生解答细节推断题时，首先要定位信息，通过寻读，找到相关信息点；然后进行字面理解，弄懂相关信息点的字面意思；再进行信息整合，由因推果，由果推因；由一般推特殊，由特殊推一般；由具体推抽象，由抽象推具体。然后做出符逻辑的推断，从而理解作者的言外之意。细节推断题的答案不能在文章中直接找到，但是考生可在文章中寻找并确定推断的依据，推断出隐藏的深层含义，要做到判断有据、推断有理。
2.观点态度推断题
文章中作者对某人或某事的观点态度、文章中涉及的人或组织机构的观点态度是常考内容。在记叙文中，作者往往不直接提出观点，考生在阅读文章时要细心捕捉表达或暗示情感态度的词或短语，从而推断出作者或文中人物的言外之意。
3.意图目的推断题
意图目的推理判断题要求考生根据文章的论述，揣测作者的写作意图及运用某种写作手法的目的。作者一般不直接陈述自己的意图，而是通过文章陈述的事实，使读者信服某种想法或观点。这种题型不但要求考生能理解文章的大意，同时要具备对作者阐述问题的方法进行归纳总结和分析的能力。当然，有时候也会考查考生推断开展某项活动的目的意图，要通过对事件的起因和事件发起人的愿望推断出目的和意图来。
4.文章出处或读者对象推断题
推断文章出处和读者对象的题目，首先要从文章的体裁和内容着手，弄清文章的中心话题，然后根据话题，确定文章来源和读者对象。如：新闻、广告应出现在报纸、网络上；科普类文章应出现在科学杂志上或报纸的科学版块上；对子女的教育话题的读者对象应该是父母。
5.下文内容或事件发展结果推断题
此类题目要求考生根据语篇对事件可能的结局和下段可能涉及的内容进行预测。解这类题目时，考生应把握作者的写作思路和文章的篇章结构，根据文章最后一段的描述做出合情合理的预测。
IV 推测词义题
1.依据定义推测词义
在许多情况下，文章的作者估计某个词一般读者不熟悉，则会在文章中给出该词的定义或解释。这种解释可能是一种重复说明或定义。通过阅读定义和解释部分，读者便可理解该词的基本含义。线索词有that，which，is等。
2.依据同位语推测词义
通常引出该词同位语的词或短语有or，that is，in other words等，还有的同位语以括号或破折号的形式出现。在这些标记词后考生可较易找到同画线词意义相同或相近的词。
3.依据文章中的举例推测词义
在阅读理解中，考生可以根据文章所举的例子，从具体到一般，推断出该生词的意思。
4.依据对比关系或比较关系的词语推测词义
当作者强调的事物之间有区别或对立时，往往会运用对比的手法，即运用有对比关系的词语，例如反义词，也可以暗示出生词的含义。能体现对比关系或比较关系的词汇很多，主要有but，yet，however，while，unlike，instead，like，similarly，on the contrary，In contrast to等。标点符号中的分号也可表示对比。
5.依据构词法推测词义
分析复合词：如果一个生词是由两个或两个以上的单词构成的复合词，可以从该词的各个部分的特定意思及联系上下文推测出该词的意思。考生同时要了解构词法知识。
6.依据上下文语境，通过对应结构或平行结构中的同义词、反义词推测词义
7.依据因果关系推测词义
因果关系是一种常见的、行之有效的提供生词词义信息的逻辑关系。一定的原因会导致一定的结果，某一结果总是由某种或某些原因引起的。作者在叙述原因的过程中就必然会把词或句子置于因果关系中。常见的表示因果关系的词汇有 since, as, because, for, so, thus, consequently, therefore, hence, due to, result in, result from, as a result, for this reason, accordingly, so that, so...that, such…that等。
8.利用上下文来推测词义
三、推测画线句子的含义
1.根据上下文，利用顺向或反向关系推测句子的含义
2.结合主语，寻找对应结构来推测句子的含义
第二讲 话题突破
I 社会文化类
文化类文章的选材一般以中西方文化差异或者社会文化现象为重点，如礼仪、语言、生活习惯，价值观等，题材涉及社会、文化、教育、体育等方面的内容。体裁以议论文、记叙文居多，但是也有说明文。而且往往一篇文章表达一个主题。
文化类阅读理解的设题一般都是以考查文章的细节为主，兼顾考查考生推理判断的能力。因此，考生答题时要能准确定位，根据试题要求到文章中去寻找相应的答案。做这类题时，考生的英语语言知识和社会常识都发挥着重要的作用，遇到熟悉的题材时，若对题目把握不准，考生可以在立足文章内容的基础上结合社会常识来解答此类题。
对英语语言、社会、文化的了解是一个长期的过程，在复习时要注意：
1.增加英语词汇量、掌握语法和习惯用法。
在复习过程中加强对语言基础知识的掌握。普通中学毕业生应具备2000~3500的词汇量，并掌握其词类、意思和基本用法。掌握句子结构和句子成分之间的关系。熟悉固定词组、固定搭配等约定俗成的语法项目。
2.扩大知识面，认真研读历届高考题。
从近年的高考题看，阅读内容的社会实用性越来越强，更重视语言和文化的关系，阅读材料会更多地涉及社会文化背景知识，因此，要阅读更多关于社会文化背景知识的内容，通过阅读丰富自己的知识。同时，要认真研读近五年的高考篇目，增加语言经验，适应选材特点，熟悉题材和体裁，了解设问形式，感悟设问特点。
II 科普知识类
从文章的体裁看，这类文章一般都是说明文，通过对某种自然现象、某项科学研究、某个最新发现等的详细描述，让大家认识、了解某方面的科学知识，并学会在生活中运用这种知识。有时候科普知识类文章的体裁也可能为记叙文，通常叙述与某项发明或发现相关的人物及事件。
科普知识类文章的设题一般都以考查文章的细节为主。因此，答题时，只要抓住主要信息，仔细比较题目与原文信息的异同，一般便可以作出正确选择。不过，这类题目的文章往往专业性较强，专业术语多，阅读起来较为困难，但是，这类题目的命题一般都很简单，且生词不会影响考生做题。因此，做题时要学会"跳读"，即要跳过有些不影响做题和理解文章内容的生词，只要抓住核心词句即可。
III 人物故事类
这类文章一般可分为人物传记和短篇故事两类。人物传记主要涉及某人的生平事迹、趣闻轶事、生活背景、个性特征、成长和奋斗历程等，其特点是以时间的先后或事件的发展为主线，脉络清楚，可读性较强。短篇故事与人物传记不同的是，这类文章一般描述的是某一件具体事情的发生、发展或结局有人物、时间、地点和事件。
人物故事类文章一般较长，题目多为细节理解题和推理判断题。考生在做此类阅读理解题时往往有材料看得懂但题目不好做的感觉。因此，考生在阅读文章时要把重点放在事情发展的过程和结果进程及人物之间的关系、细节与主题的关系及用以说明人物性格特点的事实、作者的态度等，这些内容往往是推理判断题的命题点。掌握了这些内容，考生在做推理判断题时，就不会以个人思维想象代替根据文章事实进行合乎逻辑的推理判断，也只有这样才不会以偏概全。至于细节理解题的解答，考生切忌想当然或者凭印象，一定要找到文章中的原句和题干进行比较，再做出正确选择。
IV 应用广告类
高考广告类短文贴近学生生活，如学习、旅游、保健、购物、招生、招聘、餐饮、网络交流等，这类短文有以下几个特点：
(1)篇幅短小，形式灵活，信息量大。无论整篇广告还是数则广告，都很短小精悍，但其中的信息可能较多甚至较为纷繁。
(2)用词和句法简练。广告用词筒单，句法以简单句为主，目的是让读者一目了然，很快捕捉到信息。
(3)专有名词和缩略词多。广告涉及的商品和活动以及人物等经常以专有名词出现，而时间、地点等经常以缩略词出现。
(4)生词多。广告涉及领城众多、涉及面广，因此会有生词，但往往不影响阅读。
广告类短文的试题多是以获取信息为主的细节理解题，即考查考生对广告具体细节的了解、分析和概括等能力。阅读此类短文需要考生具备较好的 skimming(略读)和 scanning(细查)的阅读技能，即快速读懂文章大意和寻找目标信息。
1.题干定位法：先阅读题干，然后根据问题按照题目顺序有针对性地结合题干中的关键词到文中定位，阅读相关部分并快速寻找有效信息，再将原文和选项进行比较。当问题与原文材料相同的时候，对号入座；如果问题与原文不同，则可以同义替换、归纳事实等。
2.补全成分法：省略词和省略句在应用文中大量出现。对于影响语境理解的省略情况，应将省略句补全，从而更加准确地理解其意思。
3.信息再加工法：主要用于词义或句意推测题以及涉及数字转换的推理判断题。需要对原文相关信息作正确理解，并通过推理判断或计算对信息进行再加工。
V 生态环保类
高考题中，常见的热门题材主要有：人与自然的和谐发展，人与自然的生态现状和未来发展，环保的生活方式，生态旅游，生态农业等。
考生在平时学习中要有关注热点环保题材的意识，把握环保新潮流，留心相关题材的文章特点，这样在做这类题时才会得心应手。
VI 史地常识类
史地常识类文章通常介绍历史事件、异域风光等。在选材方面，多选择说英语的国家的主要名胜历史事件等。在设题方面，通常以细节题为主，同时也有一定的主观推断题。命题的形式通常多样，可能涉及图表题、数字计算题、排序题、表格题等。
对此类试题，要特别注意积累与西方社会的风土人情、社交活动、风俗习惯及历史事件有关的专业英语常识。平时养成读书看报的习惯，勤于积累，提高文化素质，掌握已经考过的英语常识试题，在此基础上，进一步丰富常识。此外，要掌握必要的解题技巧，考生可运用英语学科知识，联系有关的历史地理知识，从材料中抓住关键词，获取和解读有效信息，分析历史、地理试题的内涵和外延，并结合选项进行甄别、筛选，做出综合思考和理性的判断，从而选出最符合题意要求的选项。
VII 新闻报道类
新闻报道类文章都具有时代性，材料反映当代社会的某个方面。新闻报道类文章要点突出，主题鲜明；一般来说，看文章的首段或者首句便可知全文的主要内容，如时间、地点、人物等；新闻报道类文章清楚地告知读者when，where，who，what，how等内容。
1.泛读各类文章，积累背景知识。做阅读时，背景知识对阅读理解水平有着重要的影响。因此，考生对文章内容的熟悉程度有时要比其本身的语言水平更重要。所以考生在复习迎考时，要有针对性地选读一些有关各学科知识的文章，留意各类评论性文章，增加一些背景知识，有意识地强化记忆有关词汇，以便能理解考试中将会遇到的各种内容的文章，从而达到事半功倍的效果。
2.重视文章的首段、首句。一般来说，根据文章第一段或者仅仅根据第一句话便可知全文的主要内容，如事件、时间、地点、人物等。
3.在阅读中要忽略人名、地名，不要被这些专有名词弄乱自己的思路和情绪，但要理清地点的位置及人物之间的关系
4.做题时要先读问题，再读文章，之后再回归问题。
A
My sweet mom went to be with her lord four years ago. She did it her way.
I got the call at work, and I headed home quickly. Mom and Dad lived on a small farm that they have owned since I was seven. I hated going there every weekend. There was nothing for a young girl to do but watch the one station on the old TV set. The place was shabby, with no indoor pipes or heat. We had a big wood stove in the kitchen that did its best to heat the little farmhouse, but it always seemed cold and too quiet for me.
My mom, on the other hand, loved the peace and quiet of the land and loved to work in the garden among her flowers and vegetables. In the evening, my mom and I would sit for hours singing in the little kitchen. I sang the melody and mom harmonized. Her favourite song was "Moon River" and we sang it over and over. Mom told me stories about how when I was a little girl, I could sing before I could talk. She loved to tell me over and over again that my playpens(婴儿床) was then placed in the kitchen next to the radio and there was one song I particularly loved called "Ivory Tower".
As time passed, I had my own children and being a mother myself just allowed me to visit them every week or two. The kids loved the farm and the tractor rides with my dad. Me, well, I still hate the silence of the farm. While my mom loved to sit at her kitchen table and look out at her garden and flowers and retell all the old stories, I missed the hustle and bustle of my life at home.But I sat there listening quietly as she recalled.
Now, I sat back in the silence and the silence was deafening so I finally leaned over to turn on an old radio. Music always comforted me.
My heart skipped a beat. "Moon River" was playing on the radio. I sat there stunned, with a tear running down my cheek, as I listened to every familiar note.
Then the radio announcer came on. "Here's one we haven't heard in a while," and an unfamiliar song began. I began to cry harder as I heard the words sung over the airwaves. "Come down, come down from your Ivory Tower...".
1. The writer didn't like staying in the farm for the following reasons EXCEPT that _______.
A.it was always too cold and quiet
B. she couldn't watch any TV program
C. there was nothing more that could make her excited.
D. life on the farm was too dull for a young girl of her age.
2. What does the underlined phrase refer to
A. the busy and noisy B. the simple and easy
C. the slow-paced and comfortable D. the old-fashioned and classic
3. According to the text, we can infer that __________.
A. the writer's kids hate the farm as she does
B. the writer's mother passed away four years ago
C. the writer's father worked as a tractor driver for a living
D. the writer has been living together with his parents since she was 7
4. Which of the following would be the best title for the text
A. Cherish Life B. Mom's Song
C. Our Small Farmhouse D. My happy Childhood
B
NASA's James Webb Space Telescope has taken its first image of a planet outside of our solar system. The telescope recorded four different views of HIP 65426 b, a large planet about 6 to 12 times the mass of the planet Jupiter.
"This is a historic moment, not only for Webb but also for astronomy generally," said Sasha Hinkley, associate professor of physics and astronomy at the University of Exeter. Astronomers discovered HIP 65426 b in 2017 using the European Southern Observatory's Very Large Telescope in Chile. It is a young exoplanet (系外行星) around 15 to 20 million years old—Earth is 4.5 billion years old.
According to NASA, taking direct images of exoplanets presents a challenge because stars are much brighter than their surrounding planets—HIP 65426 b is more than 10,000 times duller than its host star in the near-infrared (近红外光), and a few thousand times duller in the mid-infrared.
Webb has a near-infrared camera and mid-infrared instrument, which are both equipped with coronagraphs (日冕仪). "It was really impressive how well the Webb coronagraphs worked to suppress the light of the host star, " Prof. Hinkley said. Since the planet is around 100 times further away from its host star than Earth is from the Sun, the telescope can easily separate it from the star in the image.
Although this is not the first direct image of an exoplanet taken from space, as the Hubble Space Telescope has taken direct exoplanet images previously, the image points the way to future observations that will disclose more information about exoplanets. "I think what's most exciting is that we've only just begun," said Aarynn Carter, a postdoctoral researcher at the University of California. "There are many more images of exoplanets to come that will shape our overall understanding of their physics, chemistry, and formation. We may even discover previously unknown planets, too. "
5. What can be inferred about HIP 65426 b
A. It was first observed in Chile. B. It is a planet of the solar system.
C. It is about the size of Jupiter. D. It has a longer history than Earth.
6. Why is it hard to take direct images of HIP 65426 b
A. It's very close to its host star. B. Infrared cameras can't spot it.
C. It's surrounded by other planets. D. The light of its host star is too strong.
7. What does the underlined word "suppress" in paragraph 4 mean
A. Strengthen. B. Block. C. Identify. D. Adjust.
8. What does Aarynn Carter say about the image of HIP 65426 b
A. It is the only image of exoplanets.
B. It is useful in exploring other exoplanets.
C. It provides details of the exoplanet.
D. It helps understand the solar system better.
答案以及解析
A
1.答案：B
解析：细节理解题。根据文章第二段There was nothing for a young girl to do but watch the one station on the old TV set.(一个年轻的女孩除了在那台旧电视上看一个频道外没有别的事可做。)可知C原因；We had a big wood stove in the kitchen that did its best to heat the little farmhouse, but it always seemed cold and too quiet for me.(我们的厨房里有一个很大的木质炉子，尽力为这个小农舍取暖，但我总觉得它又冷又静)以及 I still hate the silence of the farm. (我仍讨厌农场的寂静)可知A是不喜欢的原因；.The place was shabby, with no indoor pipes or heat. (这个地方是乡村风格，没有室内管道，也没有暖气)可知D是作者讨厌乡村的原因之一。故选B。
2.答案：A
解析：推理判断题。根据文章第四段 I still hate the silence of the farm. While my mom loved to sit at her kitchen table and look out at her garden and flowers and retell all the old stories, I missed the hustle and bustle of my life at home. But I sat there listening quietly as she recalled(我仍然讨厌农村的寂静。虽然妈妈喜欢坐在厨房的餐桌旁向外望去欣赏自己的花园和鲜花，讲述过去的故事但我却怀念城市的喧嚣。但是在她回忆着一切时，我还是静静的聆听)可知作者喜欢的生活和妈妈的截然相反。妈妈喜欢的是安静的生活，那么我怀念的是城市喧嚣的生活。因此选A。
3.答案：B
解析：细节理解题。根据地一段My sweet mom went to be with her lord four years ago.(四年前我的妈妈去和主在一起了)可知，作者的妈妈四年前去世了。故选B。
4.答案：B
解析：主旨大意题。本文主要是作者在追忆自己的母亲。而其中最为突出的是和母亲一块儿唱儿歌的情景，所以标有Mom's Song(母亲的歌)作为文章标题最为合适，故选B。
B
5.答案：A
解析：细节理解题。根据第二段中的"Astronomers discovered HIP 65426 b in 2017 using the European Southern Observatory's Very Large Telescope in Chile. (天文学家于2017年在智利使用欧洲南方天文台的超大望远镜发现了HIP 65426 b)"可知，天文学家2017年在智利使用欧洲南方天文台的甚大望远镜发现了HIP 65426 b，故选A项。
6.答案：D
解析：推理判断题。根据第三段"According to NASA, taking direct images of exoplanets presents a challenge because stars are much brighter than their surrounding planets — HIP 65426 b is more than 10,000 times duller than its host star in the near-infrared(根据美国国家航空航天局的说法，直接拍摄系外行星的图像是一项挑战，因为它的宿主恒星比周围的行星亮得多—HIP 65426 b在近红外波段比其主星暗10000多倍)"可知，很难直接拍摄HIP 65426 b的图像的原因是它的宿主恒星的光线太强了，故选D项。
7.答案：B
解析：词义猜测题。根据第三段"HIP 65426 b is more than 10,000 times duller than its host star in the near-infrared(HIP 65426 b在近红外波段比其主星暗10000多倍)"、第四段"Webb has a near-infrared camera and mid-infrared instrument, which are both equipped with coronagraphs(韦布有一个近红外相机和中红外仪器，这两个仪器都配备了日冕仪)"以及"the telescope can easily separate it from the star in the image(望远镜可以很容易地将它与图像中的恒星分开)" 可知，HIP 65426 b的宿主恒星太亮导致无法对它直接拍摄，下文说能够拍摄，由此可推理出日冕仪挡住了HIP 65426 b的宿主恒星的光线，划线词的含义应为"挡住"含义，故选B项。
8.答案：B
解析：推理判断题。根据最后一段"There are many more images of exoplanets to come that will shape our overall understanding of their physics, chemistry, and formation. We may even discover previously unknown planets, too(未来还有更多的系外行星图像，这些图像将塑造我们对其物理、化学和构成的整体理解。我们甚至可能发现以前未知的行星)"可知，Aarynn Carter 认为 HIP 65426 b的图像可用于探索其他系外行星，故选B项。(共72张PPT)
单元十四
阅读理解
Let’s go
细节理解题
PART ONE
细节理解题通常针对文章中叙述的人物、事物、现象或理论等进行提问，题目难度不大，题干中一般会出现表述较为具体的关键词，考生在审题后可快速锁定关键词并在文章中寻找相应的细节描述。
有时候，虽然题干中提供了关键词，但通过题目的提问方式我们会发现，简单地回文搜索关键词已不能满足做题需求。这时，通过审题来帮助我们提前决定解题方式就很有必要了。
一、直接细节题
此类试题是对原文直接信息的考查，考生理解字面意思答题。
在原文中可直接找到答案，常用who，what，when，where，why和how等提问。此类试题选项多采用原文中的信息直接进行考查，不需要考生进行推断。做题时，考生可以在文章中找到与答案有关的直接信息。此类试题一般不会涉及全文的主旨，考生只要把选项内容与原文内容认真对比即可确定答案。广告、公告、演出信息、航班时间表等类别的文章，常涉及直接细节题。
常见的设题方式有：
Which of the following statements is (NOT) mentioned
Which of the following best characterizes the main feature of...
Which of the following maps/diagrams gives the right position of…/relationship of...
The author mentions all of the items listed below EXCEPT
二、间接细节题
需要将题目信息与原文相关信息进行语义上的转换，两者存在表达上的差异，有时需要进行加工或整理才能得出答案此类试题介于事实细节题和推理判断题之间。四个选项不出现原文中的直接信息，考生需借助同义转换、概念解析、归纳事实等方法对原文信息进行变换，然后再进行进一步的推理或鉴别。
常见的设题方式有：
According to the passage，who/what/which/when/where/why how/how many/how much/how long/how soon/how often…
What does the writer pay the least attention to
The author/passage does not tell us…
Which of the following does not explain…
Let’s go
主旨要义题
PART TWO
主旨大意题主要考查考生对全文的内容或某一段的内容加以合理地归纳，目的是检查对短文整体或某一段落的理解概括能力。该类题目是高考中的难点之一，也是区分度较大的题目。主要考查：最佳标题；概括文章的中心思想；段落大意。此类题正确选项的特点：通常不含细节信息和表示绝对意义的词；能概括文章（或段落）的全部内容。干扰项的特点：以偏概全；选项过于笼统；选项内容是命题者杜撰的；选项与主题无关。因为考生需要读完全文才能把握文章主题，所以在解答此类题时，考生不要急于去找答案，不论它出现在什么位置都永远把主旨大意题作为最后一道题来做。在做完另外几道题后，无疑会有助于考生加深对整篇文章的理解。
一、明确主旨要义类题目的常用命题形式
1.The main idea/key point of this passage is that
2.The passage is mainly about
3.The best title/headline for this passage is
4.The topic/subject discussed in this passage
5.From the passage we can learn/conclude that
6.The last paragraph is chiefly concerned with
7.Which of the following statements best expresses the main idea of the passage
8.Which of the following best states the theme of the passage
二、如何找主题句
段落的主题通常由被称为主题句的句子来表示。
主题句通常是段落的第一句或末尾一句，偶尔在段落中间。在非故事性文章中，主题句尤为明显。有的文章无明显的主题句，而是把主题隐含在段意之中。
例如：
It‘s 3 o’clock and you‘ve been hard at work. As you sit at your desk，a strong desire for chocolate overcomes you. You try to busy yourself to make it go away. But it doesn’t. Here is another situation. Perhaps you are not feeling well. The only thing you want to eat is a big bowl of chicken soup，like your mom used to make when you were sick as a child. Food cravings are a strong desire for a specific type of food. And they are normal.
本段文字以介绍个人的某些经历开篇，以此为最后的结论做出铺垫。段末则总结得出“food cravings”这一话题，指出这为正常现象，下文则要围绕这一话题具体展开论述，由此判断本段最后两句便为主题句。
有些段落有明显的引出细节的信息词，常见的信息词有for example，an example of，the most important example，first，second，next，then，last，finally，to begin with，also，besides hat等。
3.表示对具体事情的推测,意为 “一定，肯定”，语气较强，只用于肯定句中。
Since nobody gave him any help, he must have done the research on his own.
既然没有人给他任何帮助,那他一定是独自完成的这项研究。
在阅读中，应尽量利用上述信息词确定主题句的位置。从某段落中的 for example可以断定上一句是主题句。如果无明显的信息词，可先假设第一句为主题句，在第二句前面添加一个 for example，看看第二句是否可以支撑第一句话，如果第二句不能支撑第一句话，便在其他地方找出主题句。
例：Famous people have a lot of influences on cultural trends like it or not. When Oprah goes on a 21-day vegan diet，It makes the headlines. When Amal Clooney wears a Stella McCartney dress，sales go way up.
本段文字中先提出名人会影响文化潮流的论断，然后以Opah”和“Stella McCartney”的例子说明这一论断，首句之后可以用“For example”引出下文，故首句为段落主题句。
三、如何略读归纳中心思想
略读是概括和归纳段落中心思想的手段。略读是指人们以可能达到的最快速度所做的阅读。略读的技巧如下：
1.顺行快速向前移动眼睛，千万不要停顿或复视。
2.把注意力集中在关键词上。关键词都是实词，如名词、形容词、数词、动词和副词等。介词、冠词、连接词、语气词、代词（一般性的代词）以及助动词和情态动词等都不是关键词
3.将关键词扩大为能够表达概念的词组，即语意群，按语意群进行阅读。
4.遇到生词尽量猜，猜不出的生词可跳过去。
5.首先对关键词进行数量上的加工，筛选出最能表达作者意图的关键词及其概念。然后对这些概念进行质的加工，即对已产生的概念重新在头脑中编码，以确定作者在文章中表达的真正意图（中心思想）。
6.初次练习时，可将关键词画出来。待读完一遍之后，回过头来将所画的关键词再看一遍。练习一段时间以后，不要再把关键词画出来，在阅读过程中尽量用脑子记下来。
四、如何拟标题
有明确主题句的段落标题的拟定方式是：以表示主题的词为核心，把它与表示控制概念的词按一定的语法浓缩为能高度概括主题句句意或中心思想的词组。
五、怎样去找文章的中心或主题
通读全文，抓住每段或每个层次的主要含义进行加工提炼，通过对语篇结构的分析即文章内部各层次间的逻辑关系将每段的主题综合起来，找出文章的中心。对于答案的选择，要看所给内容是否真正能概括全文中心，那些只能概括部分内容或只呈现文中具体某点的选项要首先排除，当然，与文章毫不相关的选项更能轻松排除。
六、应注意的问题
1.仔细审题，看好范围。搞清楚是问某一段还是全文的中心思想。正确选项的特点是：一般不出现细节信息；不含过于肯定或绝对的词语。
2.使用略读，迅速将全段或全文浏览一遍。在阅读中，应尽量利用有关信息词确定主题句的位置，比如在for example，first，second等之前的句子中或在 all in al，above all之后的句子中寻找并确定。
3.特别注意全文或所问段落的首句和尾句，因为它们常常是主旨要义的体现。段落中出现转折时，该句很可能是主题句；作者有意识地反复重复的观点通常是主旨；首段出现疑问句时，对该问题的解答通常就是文章主旨；同时还要注意那些提出文章主旨时常伴有的文字提示：therefore，thus，but，however，in short 等。
4.进行分析概括，准确找出主旨要义。对于主题隐含的段落，要先弄清问题的意思，然后快速通读文章，逐项排除最终确定答案。
5.作者的写作目的通常有三种：娱乐读者；说服读者接受某种观点；告知读者某些信息。考生应在理解全文的基础上领会作者意图。
6.标题的选择要在阅读原文的基础上仔细考虑这句话或短语与文章主题是否有密切的联系，对文章的概括性或覆盖面如何，避免以下三种错误：概括不够（多表现为部分代替整体）；过度概括（多表现为人为扩大范围）；以事实或细节代替抽象概括的大意。
Let’s go
推理判断题
PART THREE
推理判断题是历年高考英语的命题集中点，包括判断和推理两个方面，属于深层理解题，一般难度较高，得分率较低，其比例占30%~40%。从历年的高考阅读理解题来看，推理判断题一般可以归纳为五大题型：细节推断题、文章的来源或读者对象推断题、写作意图题、观点态度题和篇章结构题。预计高考阅读理解题中的推理判断题仍将是考查的重点，应引起考生的重视。
一、解题原则要牢记
推理判断题要求考生能够充分理解阅读文章，分析语篇特征、寻找解题依据，在领会全文的基础上做出正确的推理和判断。
首先，要理解文章的字面意思，弄清上下文的整体逻辑；
其次，在阅读过程中要注意作者遣词造句中的深层次；
第三，要通读题干，充分了解题目要求我们进行推理和判断的内容和方向，以免白费力气。
最后，仔细挖掘作者隐藏在文章中的一些重要含义，切勿用自己的主观判断来代替文章内容，勿用观点代替事实。需注意：有的题目的推理即为原文具体层面的“同义变化”，所涉及的逻辑关系都是最简单的逻辑判断，一步即可推得，考生千万不能人为地把问题复杂化，推理很多步，反而得出错误的答案。推理的基础是原文内容，而不是自己的经验和主观判断。
二、有效信息会识别
推理判断题失分的一个主要原因是考生看着题目不知道去文章的什么地方找出题点，定位点找不对既浪费了解题时间，也得不出正确答案。其实，推理判断题的出题点非常稳定，通过对近5年真题命题规律的分析，不难发现，有些题型就是在考查对段落中心的理解，所以大家需要熟知段落中心的考点标记，从而快速将文章中的出题点信息和选项间进行比对、匹配。吻合段落中心意思的为正确答案。
寻找段落中心方法：
1.逻辑上出现转承关系的句子（转折、因果、递进，即有therefore，thus，but，however，in short，all in all等提示词的句子）。
2.有明确表示观点的路标指引词（think，believe，deny acknowledge，insist，according to，claim.）
3.含有情态动词的句子（should，must..）
4.含有特殊标点的句子（冒号、单破折号、引号、分号）。
5.特殊句型（疑问句、倒装句、强调句、省略句）。
6.平铺直叙段落中，注意首末句。
三、答案特征需明辨
命题人在设置选项时，正确选项和错误选项各有对应的特点和规律。考生若熟知这些特点和规律，可提升答题的正确率。
1.正确答案选项的特点
1）内容的含义比较丰富，具有综合性和概括性，尤其是当四个选项都符合常识或者题目意思的时候，意义最丰富的那个选项往往是正确答案。
2）正确答案的表述一般有一点模糊，不会用绝对词汇，而会用一些相对能够留下一些余地的词汇，如often，usually， sometimes，some，may，might，can，could，possibly，probably等。
3）正确答案有时反而与我们通过常识判断得出的结论相反。因此，如果四个选项中有三个看上去与常识的判断相符，而余下的那一个却是反常识的，那么可考虑那个选项是否为正确答案。
4）选项与原文有同义置换的词的密度越大，成为正确答案的概率越大。
2.干扰答案选项的特点
1）只是原文的简单复述，而非推断出来的结论，把直接表达当成间接推理。
2）看似从原文推断出来的结论，然而实际上与原文不符，例如把原文的原因变成了选项中的结果，把原文的手段变成了选项中的目的。
3）根据常识判断是正确的，然而不是在文章事实或上下文逻辑基础上推理而得出的观点，因此，考生要注意不能根据自己的主观想法或生活经验去推理，因为命题者考查的是考生揣摩作者意图的能力。
4）虽然以文章提供的事实或内在逻辑为推理依据，但推理过头、概括过度；有部分选项的内容纯属编造。
四、做题顺序听建议
这里只强调做题顺序，主要有两种A→Q→A （A=Article, Q=Question）,即先从整体去阅读文章，后看问题或者Q→A→Q，即先把整个问题快速看一遍，然后带着问题在文章中找答案。建议大家选用后者。此种方法节省时间，针对性很强。
五、几种常见的解题思路
推理判断题是阅读理解的一个重要题型，属于深层次理解类试题，要求考生在理解原文字面意义的基础上，通过对语篇逻辑关系及细节分析，进行推理和判断，从而得出文章的深层意义和隐含意义。推理判断题分为细节推断题（如人物性格特征，事件因果）、观点态度推断题、意图目的推断题、文章出处或读者对象推断题及下文内容推断题等。
1.细节推断题
细节推断题考查的内容虽属于原文的细节，但要求考生在原文基础上对文章信息进行分析、理解、推断，立足于已知推断未知。解题原则是“忠于原文，只推一步”。考生解答细节推断题时，首先要定位信息，通过寻读，找到相关信息点；然后进行字面理解，弄懂相关信息点的字面意思；再进行信息整合，由因推果，由果推因；由一般推特殊，由特殊推一般；由具体推抽象，由抽象推具体。然后做出符逻辑的推断，从而理解作者的言外之意。细节推断题的答案不能在文章中直接找到，但是考生可在文章中寻找并确定推断的依据，推断出隐藏的深层含义，要做到判断有据、推断有理。
2.观点态度推断题
文章中作者对某人或某事的观点态度、文章中涉及的人或组织机构的观点态度是常考内容。在记叙文中，作者往往不直接提出观点，考生在阅读文章时要细心捕捉表达或暗示情感态度的词或短语，从而推断出作者或文中人物的言外之意。
3.意图目的推断题
意图目的推理判断题要求考生根据文章的论述，揣测作者的写作意图及运用某种写作手法的目的。作者一般不直接陈述自己的意图，而是通过文章陈述的事实，使读者信服某种想法或观点。这种题型不但要求考生能理解文章的大意，同时要具备对作者阐述问题的方法进行归纳总结和分析的能力。当然，有时候也会考查考生推断开展某项活动的目的意图，要通过对事件的起因和事件发起人的愿望推断出目的和意图来。
4.文章出处或读者对象推断题
推断文章出处和读者对象的题目，首先要从文章的体裁和内容着手，弄清文章的中心话题，然后根据话题，确定文章来源和读者对象。如：新闻、广告应出现在报纸、网络上；科普类文章应出现在科学杂志上或报纸的科学版块上；对子女的教育话题的读者对象应该是父母。
5.下文内容或事件发展结果推断题
此类题目要求考生根据语篇对事件可能的结局和下段可能涉及的内容进行预测。解这类题目时，考生应把握作者的写作思路和文章的篇章结构，根据文章最后一段的描述做出合情合理的预测。
Let’s go
推测词义题
PART FOUR
1.依据定义推测词义
在许多情况下，文章的作者估计某个词一般读者不熟悉，则会在文章中给出该词的定义或解释。这种解释可能是一种重复说明或定义。通过阅读定义和解释部分，读者便可理解该词的基本含义。线索词有that，which，is等。
2.依据同位语推测词义
通常引出该词同位语的词或短语有or，that is，in other words等，还有的同位语以括号或破折号的形式出现。在这些标记词后考生可较易找到同画线词意义相同或相近的词。
3.依据文章中的举例推测词义
在阅读理解中，考生可以根据文章所举的例子，从具体到一般，推断出该生词的意思。
4.依据对比关系或比较关系的词语推测词义
当作者强调的事物之间有区别或对立时，往往会运用对比的手法，即运用有对比关系的词语，例如反义词，也可以暗示出生词的含义。能体现对比关系或比较关系的词汇很多，主要有but，yet，however，while，unlike，instead，like，similarly，on the contrary，In contrast to等。标点符号中的分号也可表示对比。
5.依据构词法推测词义
分析复合词：如果一个生词是由两个或两个以上的单词构成的复合词，可以从该词的各个部分的特定意思及联系上下文推测出该词的意思。考生同时要了解构词法知识。
6.依据上下文语境，通过对应结构或平行结构中的同义词、反义词推测词义
7.依据因果关系推测词义
因果关系是一种常见的、行之有效的提供生词词义信息的逻辑关系。一定的原因会导致一定的结果，某一结果总是由某种或某些原因引起的。作者在叙述原因的过程中就必然会把词或句子置于因果关系中。常见的表示因果关系的词汇有 since, as, because, for, so, thus, consequently, therefore, hence, due to, result in, result from, as a result, for this reason, accordingly, so that, so...that, such…that等。
8.利用上下文来推测词义
三、推测画线句子的含义
1.根据上下文，利用顺向或反向关系推测句子的含义
2.结合主语，寻找对应结构来推测句子的含义
Let’s go
话题突破
PART FIVE
I 社会文化类
文化类文章的选材一般以中西方文化差异或者社会文化现象为重点，如礼仪、语言、生活习惯，价值观等，题材涉及社会、文化、教育、体育等方面的内容。体裁以议论文、记叙文居多，但是也有说明文。而且往往一篇文章表达一个主题。
文化类阅读理解的设题一般都是以考查文章的细节为主，兼顾考查考生推理判断的能力。因此，考生答题时要能准确定位，根据试题要求到文章中去寻找相应的答案。做这类题时，考生的英语语言知识和社会常识都发挥着重要的作用，遇到熟悉的题材时，若对题目把握不准，考生可以在立足文章内容的基础上结合社会常识来解答此类题。
对英语语言、社会、文化的了解是一个长期的过程，在复习时要注意：
1.增加英语词汇量、掌握语法和习惯用法。
在复习过程中加强对语言基础知识的掌握。普通中学毕业生应具备2000~3500的词汇量，并掌握其词类、意思和基本用法。掌握句子结构和句子成分之间的关系。熟悉固定词组、固定搭配等约定俗成的语法项目。
2.扩大知识面，认真研读历届高考题。
从近年的高考题看，阅读内容的社会实用性越来越强，更重视语言和文化的关系，阅读材料会更多地涉及社会文化背景知识，因此，要阅读更多关于社会文化背景知识的内容，通过阅读丰富自己的知识。同时，要认真研读近五年的高考篇目，增加语言经验，适应选材特点，熟悉题材和体裁，了解设问形式，感悟设问特点。
II 科普知识类
从文章的体裁看，这类文章一般都是说明文，通过对某种自然现象、某项科学研究、某个最新发现等的详细描述，让大家认识、了解某方面的科学知识，并学会在生活中运用这种知识。有时候科普知识类文章的体裁也可能为记叙文，通常叙述与某项发明或发现相关的人物及事件。
科普知识类文章的设题一般都以考查文章的细节为主。因此，答题时，只要抓住主要信息，仔细比较题目与原文信息的异同，一般便可以作出正确选择。不过，这类题目的文章往往专业性较强，专业术语多，阅读起来较为困难，但是，这类题目的命题一般都很简单，且生词不会影响考生做题。因此，做题时要学会“跳读”，即要跳过有些不影响做题和理解文章内容的生词，只要抓住核心词句即可。
III 人物故事类
这类文章一般可分为人物传记和短篇故事两类。人物传记主要涉及某人的生平事迹、趣闻轶事、生活背景、个性特征、成长和奋斗历程等，其特点是以时间的先后或事件的发展为主线，脉络清楚，可读性较强。短篇故事与人物传记不同的是，这类文章一般描述的是某一件具体事情的发生、发展或结局有人物、时间、地点和事件。
人物故事类文章一般较长，题目多为细节理解题和推理判断题。考生在做此类阅读理解题时往往有材料看得懂但题目不好做的感觉。因此，考生在阅读文章时要把重点放在事情发展的过程和结果进程及人物之间的关系、细节与主题的关系及用以说明人物性格特点的事实、作者的态度等，这些内容往往是推理判断题的命题点。掌握了这些内容，考生在做推理判断题时，就不会以个人思维想象代替根据文章事实进行合乎逻辑的推理判断，也只有这样才不会以偏概全。至于细节理解题的解答，考生切忌想当然或者凭印象，一定要找到文章中的原句和题干进行比较，再做出正确选择。
IV 应用广告类
高考广告类短文贴近学生生活，如学习、旅游、保健、购物、招生、招聘、餐饮、网络交流等，这类短文有以下几个特点：
（1）篇幅短小，形式灵活，信息量大。无论整篇广告还是数则广告，都很短小精悍，但其中的信息可能较多甚至较为纷繁。
（2）用词和句法简练。广告用词筒单，句法以简单句为主，目的是让读者一目了然，很快捕捉到信息。
（3）专有名词和缩略词多。广告涉及的商品和活动以及人物等经常以专有名词出现，而时间、地点等经常以缩略词出现。
（4）生词多。广告涉及领城众多、涉及面广，因此会有生词，但往往不影响阅读。
广告类短文的试题多是以获取信息为主的细节理解题，即考查考生对广告具体细节的了解、分析和概括等能力。阅读此类短文需要考生具备较好的 skimming（略读）和 scanning（细查）的阅读技能，即快速读懂文章大意和寻找目标信息。
1.题干定位法：先阅读题干，然后根据问题按照题目顺序有针对性地结合题干中的关键词到文中定位，阅读相关部分并快速寻找有效信息，再将原文和选项进行比较。当问题与原文材料相同的时候，对号入座；如果问题与原文不同，则可以同义替换、归纳事实等。
2.补全成分法：省略词和省略句在应用文中大量出现。对于影响语境理解的省略情况，应将省略句补全，从而更加准确地理解其意思。
3.信息再加工法：主要用于词义或句意推测题以及涉及数字转换的推理判断题。需要对原文相关信息作正确理解，并通过推理判断或计算对信息进行再加工。
V 生态环保类
高考题中，常见的热门题材主要有：人与自然的和谐发展，人与自然的生态现状和未来发展，环保的生活方式，生态旅游，生态农业等。
考生在平时学习中要有关注热点环保题材的意识，把握环保新潮流，留心相关题材的文章特点，这样在做这类题时才会得心应手。
VI 史地常识类
史地常识类文章通常介绍历史事件、异域风光等。在选材方面，多选择说英语的国家的主要名胜历史事件等。在设题方面，通常以细节题为主，同时也有一定的主观推断题。命题的形式通常多样，可能涉及图表题、数字计算题、排序题、表格题等。
对此类试题，要特别注意积累与西方社会的风土人情、社交活动、风俗习惯及历史事件有关的专业英语常识。平时养成读书看报的习惯，勤于积累，提高文化素质，掌握已经考过的英语常识试题，在此基础上，进一步丰富常识。此外，要掌握必要的解题技巧，考生可运用英语学科知识，联系有关的历史地理知识，从材料中抓住关键词，获取和解读有效信息，分析历史、地理试题的内涵和外延，并结合选项进行甄别、筛选，做出综合思考和理性的判断，从而选出最符合题意要求的选项。
VII 新闻报道类
新闻报道类文章都具有时代性，材料反映当代社会的某个方面。新闻报道类文章要点突出，主题鲜明；一般来说，看文章的首段或者首句便可知全文的主要内容，如时间、地点、人物等；新闻报道类文章清楚地告知读者when，where，who，what，how等内容。
1.泛读各类文章，积累背景知识。做阅读时，背景知识对阅读理解水平有着重要的影响。因此，考生对文章内容的熟悉程度有时要比其本身的语言水平更重要。所以考生在复习迎考时，要有针对性地选读一些有关各学科知识的文章，留意各类评论性文章，增加一些背景知识，有意识地强化记忆有关词汇，以便能理解考试中将会遇到的各种内容的文章，从而达到事半功倍的效果。
2.重视文章的首段、首句。一般来说，根据文章第一段或者仅仅根据第一句话便可知全文的主要内容，如事件、时间、地点、人物等。
3.在阅读中要忽略人名、地名，不要被这些专有名词弄乱自己的思路和情绪，但要理清地点的位置及人物之间的关系
4.做题时要先读问题，再读文章，之后再回归问题。
Let’s go
典例剖析
PART SIX
My sweet mom went to be with her lord four years ago. She did it her way.
I got the call at work, and I headed home quickly. Mom and Dad lived on a small farm that they have owned since I was seven. I hated going there every weekend. There was nothing for a young girl to do but watch the one station on the old TV set. The place was shabby, with no indoor pipes or heat. We had a big wood stove in the kitchen that did its best to heat the little farmhouse, but it always seemed cold and too quiet for me.
My mom, on the other hand, loved the peace and quiet of the land and loved to work in the garden among her flowers and vegetables. In the evening, my mom and I would sit for hours singing in the little kitchen. I sang the melody and mom harmonized. Her favourite song was "Moon River" and we sang it over and over. Mom told me stories about how when I was a little girl, I could sing before I could talk. She loved to tell me over and over again that my playpens(婴儿床) was then placed in the kitchen next to the radio and there was one song I particularly loved called "Ivory Tower".
As time passed, I had my own children and being a mother myself just allowed me to visit them every week or two. The kids loved the farm and the tractor rides with my dad. Me, well, I still hate the silence of the farm. While my mom loved to sit at her kitchen table and look out at her garden and flowers and retell all the old stories, I missed the hustle and bustle of my life at home.But I sat there listening quietly as she recalled.
Now, I sat back in the silence and the silence was deafening so I finally leaned over to turn on an old radio. Music always comforted me.
My heart skipped a beat. "Moon River" was playing on the radio. I sat there stunned, with a tear running down my cheek, as I listened to every familiar note.
Then the radio announcer came on. "Here's one we haven't heard in a while," and an unfamiliar song began. I began to cry harder as I heard the words sung over the airwaves. "Come down, come down from your Ivory Tower...".
1. The writer didn't like staying in the farm for the following reasons EXCEPT that _______.
A.it was always too cold and quiet
B. she couldn't watch any TV program
C. there was nothing more that could make her excited.
D. life on the farm was too dull for a young girl of her age.
答案：B
解析：细节理解题。根据文章第二段There was nothing for a young girl to do but watch the one station on the old TV set.(一个年轻的女孩除了在那台旧电视上看一个频道外没有别的事可做。)可知C原因；We had a big wood stove in the kitchen that did its best to heat the little farmhouse, but it always seemed cold and too quiet for me.(我们的厨房里有一个很大的木质炉子，尽力为这个小农舍取暖，但我总觉得它又冷又静)以及 I still hate the silence of the farm. (我仍讨厌农场的寂静)可知A是不喜欢的原因；.The place was shabby, with no indoor pipes or heat. (这个地方是乡村风格，没有室内管道，也没有暖气)可知D是作者讨厌乡村的原因之一。故选B。
2. What does the underlined phrase refer to
the busy and noisy
B. the simple and easy
C. the slow-paced and comfortable
D. the old-fashioned and classic
答案：A
解析：推理判断题。根据文章第四段 I still hate the silence of the farm. While my mom loved to sit at her kitchen table and look out at her garden and flowers and retell all the old stories, I missed the hustle and bustle of my life at home. But I sat there listening quietly as she recalled(我仍然讨厌农村的寂静。虽然妈妈喜欢坐在厨房的餐桌旁向外望去欣赏自己的花园和鲜花，讲述过去的故事但我却怀念城市的喧嚣。但是在她回忆着一切时，我还是静静的聆听)可知作者喜欢的生活和妈妈的截然相反。妈妈喜欢的是安静的生活，那么我怀念的是城市喧嚣的生活。因此选A。
3. According to the text, we can infer that __________.
A. the writer's kids hate the farm as she does
B. the writer's mother passed away four years ago
C. the writer's father worked as a tractor driver for a living
D. the writer has been living together with his parents since she was 7
答案：B
解析：细节理解题。根据地一段My sweet mom went to be with her lord four years ago.(四年前我的妈妈去和主在一起了)可知，作者的妈妈四年前去世了。故选B。
4. Which of the following would be the best title for the text
A. Cherish Life B. Mom's Song
C. Our Small Farmhouse D. My happy Childhood
答案：B
解析：主旨大意题。本文主要是作者在追忆自己的母亲。而其中最为突出的是和母亲一块儿唱儿歌的情景，所以标有Mom's Song(母亲的歌)作为文章标题最为合适，故选B。
NASA's James Webb Space Telescope has taken its first image of a planet outside of our solar system. The telescope recorded four different views of HIP 65426 b, a large planet about 6 to 12 times the mass of the planet Jupiter.
"This is a historic moment, not only for Webb but also for astronomy generally," said Sasha Hinkley, associate professor of physics and astronomy at the University of Exeter. Astronomers discovered HIP 65426 b in 2017 using the European Southern Observatory's Very Large Telescope in Chile. It is a young exoplanet (系外行星) around 15 to 20 million years old—Earth is 4.5 billion years old.
According to NASA, taking direct images of exoplanets presents a challenge because stars are much brighter than their surrounding planets—HIP 65426 b is more than 10,000 times duller than its host star in the near-infrared (近红外光), and a few thousand times duller in the mid-infrared.
Webb has a near-infrared camera and mid-infrared instrument, which are both equipped with coronagraphs (日冕仪). "It was really impressive how well the Webb coronagraphs worked to suppress the light of the host star, " Prof. Hinkley said. Since the planet is around 100 times further away from its host star than Earth is from the Sun, the telescope can easily separate it from the star in the image.
Although this is not the first direct image of an exoplanet taken from space, as the Hubble Space Telescope has taken direct exoplanet images previously, the image points the way to future observations that will disclose more information about exoplanets. "I think what's most exciting is that we've only just begun," said Aarynn Carter, a postdoctoral researcher at the University of California. "There are many more images of exoplanets to come that will shape our overall understanding of their physics, chemistry, and formation. We may even discover previously unknown planets, too. "
5. What can be inferred about HIP 65426 b
It was first observed in Chile.
B. It is a planet of the solar system.
C. It is about the size of Jupiter.
D. It has a longer history than Earth.
答案：A
解析：细节理解题。根据第二段中的"Astronomers discovered HIP 65426 b in 2017 using the European Southern Observatory's Very Large Telescope in Chile. (天文学家于2017年在智利使用欧洲南方天文台的超大望远镜发现了HIP 65426 b)"可知，天文学家2017年在智利使用欧洲南方天文台的甚大望远镜发现了HIP 65426 b，故选A项。
6. Why is it hard to take direct images of HIP 65426 b
It's very close to its host star.
B. Infrared cameras can't spot it.
C. It's surrounded by other planets.
D. The light of its host star is too strong.
答案：D
解析：推理判断题。根据第三段"According to NASA, taking direct images of exoplanets presents a challenge because stars are much brighter than their surrounding planets — HIP 65426 b is more than 10,000 times duller than its host star in the near-infrared(根据美国国家航空航天局的说法，直接拍摄系外行星的图像是一项挑战，因为它的宿主恒星比周围的行星亮得多—HIP 65426 b在近红外波段比其主星暗10000多倍)"可知，很难直接拍摄HIP 65426 b的图像的原因是它的宿主恒星的光线太强了，故选D项。
7. What does the underlined word "suppress" in paragraph 4 mean
Strengthen. B. Block.
C. Identify. D. Adjust.
答案：B
解析：词义猜测题。根据第三段"HIP 65426 b is more than 10,000 times duller than its host star in the near-infrared(HIP 65426 b在近红外波段比其主星暗10000多倍)"、第四段"Webb has a near-infrared camera and mid-infrared instrument, which are both equipped with coronagraphs(韦布有一个近红外相机和中红外仪器，这两个仪器都配备了日冕仪)"以及"the telescope can easily separate it from the star in the image(望远镜可以很容易地将它与图像中的恒星分开)" 可知，HIP 65426 b的宿主恒星太亮导致无法对它直接拍摄，下文说能够拍摄，由此可推理出日冕仪挡住了HIP 65426 b的宿主恒星的光线，划线词的含义应为"挡住"含义，故选B项。
8. What does Aarynn Carter say about the image of HIP 65426 b
A. It is the only image of exoplanets.
B. It is useful in exploring other exoplanets.
C. It provides details of the exoplanet.
D. It helps understand the solar system better.
答案：B
解析：推理判断题。根据最后一段"There are many more images of exoplanets to come that will shape our overall understanding of their physics, chemistry, and formation. We may even discover previously unknown planets, too(未来还有更多的系外行星图像，这些图像将塑造我们对其物理、化学和构成的整体理解。我们甚至可能发现以前未知的行星)"可知，Aarynn Carter 认为 HIP 65426 b的图像可用于探索其他系外行星，故选B项。
Thank you(共17张PPT)
单元十四
阅读理解
Popularization has in some cases changed the original meaning of emotional(情感的) intelligence. Many people now misunderstand emotional intelligence as almost everything desirable in a person's makeup that cannot be measured by an IQ test, such as character, motivation, confidence, mental stability, optimism and "people skills." Research has shown that emotional skills may contribute to some of these qualities, but most of them move far beyond skill-based emotional intelligence.
We prefer to describe emotional intelligence as a specific set of skills that can be used for either good or bad purposes. The ability to accurately understand how others are feeling may be used by a doctor to find how best to help her patients, while a cheater might use it to control potential victims. Being emotionally intelligent does not necessarily make one a moral person.
Although popular beliefs regarding emotional intelligence run far ahead of what research can reasonably support, the overall effects of the publicity have been more beneficial than harmful. The most positive aspect of this popularization is a new and much needed emphasis(重视) on emotion by employers, educators and others interested in promoting social well-being. The popularization of emotional intelligence has helped both the public and researchers re-evaluate the functionality of emotions and how they serve people adaptively in everyday life.
Although the continuing popular appeal of emotional intelligence is desirable, we hope that such attention will excite a greater interest in the scientific and scholarly study of emotion. It is our hope that in coming decades, advances in science will offer new perspectives(视角) from which to study how people manage their lives. Emotional intelligence, with its focus on both head and heart, may serve to point us in the right direction.
1.What is a common misunderstanding of emotional intelligence
A. It can be measured by an IQ test.
B. It helps to exercise a person's mind.
C. It includes a set of emotional skills.
D. It refers to a person's positive qualities.
答案：D
解析：细节理解题。根据文章第一段中的Many, people now misunderstand emotional intelligence as almost everything desirable in a person's makeup that cannot be measured by an IQ test, such as character, motivation, confidence, mental stability, optimism and "people skills."可知, 如今, 许多人都误认为情商是一个人的品性、积极性、自信、心理稳定性、乐观和"人际交往能力"等几乎所有值得拥有的品质。由此可知, 大众对情商的误解是认为情商指一个人的优良品质。
2.Why does the author mention "doctor" and "cheater" in paragraph 2
A. To explain a rule. B. To clarify a concept.
C. To present a fact. D. To make a prediction.
答案：B
解析：推理判断题。根据第二段第一句We prefer to describe emotional intelligence as a specific set of skills that can be used for either good or bad purposes.可知, 人们更喜欢把情商描述为一套特定的技能, 可以用于好的或是坏的目的; 再根据第二段第二句The ability to accurately understand how others are feeling may be used by a doctor...while a cheater might use it to control potential victims.可推知, 本段提及医生和诈骗者是以其为例阐明本段首句提出的观点。
3.What is the author's attitude to the popularization of emotional intelligence
A. Favorable. B. Intolerant.
C. Doubtful. D. Unclear.
答案：A
解析：推理判断题。根据第三段中的the overall effects of the publicity have been more beneficial than harmful和The most positive aspect...可知, 作者认为对情商这一概念的关注所产生的整体效果利大于弊, 并列举了情商概念大众化的积极方面, 由此可推知, 作者对情商概念大众化持赞成(favorable)的态度。
4.What does the last paragraph mainly talk about concerning emotional intelligence
A. Its appeal to the public.
B. Expectations for future studies.
C. Its practical application.
D. Scientists with new perspectives.
答案：B
解析：主旨大意题。通读最后一段并根据最后一段中的we hope that such attention will excite a greater interest in the scientific and scholarly study of emotion和It is our hope that in coming...可知, 最后一段主要阐述了对于未来有关情商的研究的期待。
According to a recent study in the Journal of Consumer Research, both the size and consumption habits of our eating companions can influence our food intake. And contrary to existing research that says you should avoid eating with heavier people who order large portions(份), it's the beanpoles with big appetites you really need to avoid.
To test the effect of social influence on eating habits, the researchers conducted two experiments. In the first, 95 undergraduate women were individually invited into a lab to ostensibly(表面上) participate in a study about movie viewership. Before the film began, each woman was asked to help herself to a snack. An actor hired by the researchers grabbed her food first. In her natural state, the actor weighed 105 pounds. But in half the cases she wore a specially designed fat suit which increased her weight to 180 pounds.
Both the fat and thin versions of the actor took a large amount of food. The participants followed suit, taking more food than they normally would have. However, they took significantly more when the actor was thin.
For the second test, in one case the thin actor took two pieces of candy from the snack bowls. In the other case, she took 30 pieces. The results were similar to the first test: the participants followed suit but took significantly more candy when the thin actor took 30 pieces.
The tests show that the social environment is extremely influential when we're making decisions. If this fellow participant is going to eat more, so will I. Call it the "I'll have what she's having" effect. However, we'll adjust the influence. If an overweight person is having a large portion, I'll hold back a bit because I see the results of his eating habits. But if a thin person eats a lot, I'll follow suit. If he can eat much and keep slim, why can't I
1. What is the recent study mainly about
A. Food safety. B. Movie viewership.
C. Consumer demand. D. Eating behavior.
答案：D
解析：细节理解题。根据第一段中的"According to a recent study in the Journal of Consumer Research, both the size and consumption habits of our eating companions can influence our food intake."可知, 根据《消费者研究杂志》最近的一项研究, 我们的饮食同伴的体型和消费习惯都会影响我们的食物摄入量。因此这项研究是关于饮食行为的。故选D项。
2. What does the underlined word "beanpoles" in Paragraph 1 refer to
A. Big eaters. B. Overweight persons.
C. Picky eaters. D. Tall thin persons.
答案：D
解析：词义猜测题。根据第一段中的"And contrary to existing research that says you should avoid eating with heavier people who order large portions, it's the beanpoles with big appetites you really need to avoid."可知, 研究表明, 与现有的研究发现(应该避免和食量大的胖人一起吃饭)相反, 你真正需要避开的是食量大且又高又瘦的人。由"contrary to"可推断出, 画线词和"heavier people"含义相反。故选D项。picky挑剔的; 难伺候的。
3. Why did the researchers hire the actor
A. To see how she would affect the participants.
B. To test if the participants could recognize her.
C. To find out what she would do in the two tests.
D. To study why she could keep her weight down.
答案：A
解析：推理判断题。根据第二段中的"To test the effect of social influence on eating habits, the researchers conducted two experiments."可知, 为了验证社交对饮食习惯的影响, 研究人员进行了两个实验。根据倒数第三段的内容可知, 在两个实验中, 胖型和瘦型演员都吃了大量的食物。参与者也照做, 吃的食物比平常多。然而, 当演员是瘦型的时候, 参与者们进食更多。由此推断, 研究人员雇用演员是为了查看演员如何影响参与者。故选A项。
4. On what basis do we "adjust the influence" according to the last paragraph
A. How hungry we are. B. How slim we want to be.
C. How we perceive others. D. How we feel about the food.
答案：C
解析：推理判断题。根据最后一段中的"If an overweight person is having a large portion, I'll hold back a bit because I see the results of his eating habits. But if a thin person eats a lot, I'll follow suit."可知, 如果一个超重的人吃很大一份, 我会忍住一点, 因为我看到了他饮食习惯的结果。但如果一个瘦的人吃很多, 我会跟着做。因此推断我们对自己饮食的调整是以分析他人的饮食习惯和结果(即如何看待他人)为基础的。故选C项。
Thank you单元十四 阅读理解（精准训练）——2024届高考英语解锁大单元一轮复习【配套新教材】
阅读理解
A
On one of her trips to New York several years ago, Eudora Welty decided to take a couple of New York friends out to dinner. They settled in at a comfortable East Side cafe and within minutes, another customer was approaching their table.
"Hey, aren't you from Mississippi " the elegant, white-haired writer remembered being asked by the stranger. "I'm from Mississippi too."
Without a second thought, the woman joined the Welty party. When her dinner partner showed up, she also pulled up a chair.
"They began telling me all the news of Mississippi," Welty said. "I didn't know what my New York friends were thinking."
Taxis on a rainy New York night are rarer than sunshine. By the time the group got up to leave, it was pouring outside. Welty's new friends immediately sent a waiter to find a cab. Heading back downtown toward her hotel, her big-city friends were amazed at the turn of events that had changed their Big Apple dinner into a Mississippi.
"My friends said: 'Now we believe your stories,'" Welty added. "And I said: 'Now you know. These are the people that make me write them.'"
Sitting on a sofa in her room, Welty, a slim figure in a simple gray dress, looked pleased with this explanation.
"I don't make them up," she said of the characters in her fiction these last 50 or so years. "I don't have to."
Beauticians, bartenders, piano players and people with purple hats, Welty's people come from afternoons spent visiting with old friends, from walks through the streets of her native Jackson, Miss., from conversations overheard on a bus. It annoys Welty that, at 78, her left ear has now given out. Sometimes, sitting on a bus or a train, she hears only a fragment(片段) of a particularly interesting story.
1. What happened when Welty was with her friends at the cafe
A. Two strangers joined her.
B. Her childhood friends came in.
C. A heavy rain ruined the dinner.
D. Some people held a party there.
2. The underlined word "them" in Paragraph 6 refers to Welty's ________.
A. readers B. parties C. friends D. stories
3. What can we learn about the characters in Welty's fiction
A. They live in big cities.
B. They are mostly women.
C. They come from real life.
D. They are pleasure seekers.
B
We often hear about schools cutting back on bus routes to save money, yet plenty of communities have their buses stopping almost as often as the mail truck. While the presence of sidewalks, and the safety of area roads, play a role in who gets house-to-house pickup or end-of-the-street pickup, Peter Mannella, director at the New York Association for Pupil Transportation says community culture can play an even larger role in the transportation situation.
For example: Several years ago, Bethlehem tried spacing out its stops, says Mannella. The parents were unhappy, expressed as much and, within three days, the routes were back to their original frequency. "You can say 'We are going to save $100,000 by not stopping at every house,' but parents don't want their kids walking," Mannella says. As you'd expect, this is especially true in bad weather or during winter.
As a student in the 1980s, we walked to our stops. The neighborhood wait-spot was a good quarter mile away. Parents didn't make a fuss (大惊小怪), and no child was injured. In fact, the walking was good — it woke us up each morning. Not to mention, the sense of community that came with hanging out together each morning waiting for bus No. 23 to roll up and take us all to school.
Thing is, a lot has changed since the 1980s. Too many people are texting and driving, making them as dangerous on the roads as drunken drivers. And, with reduced work forces at many companies, parents often work longer hours, meaning they aren't around to guard their kids to and from stops like many parents did when we were growing up.
So I'll give them an understanding pass on not wanting their children to walk a mile each way to get to and from school. I can't agree with the complaints of having kids walk to a community neighborhood stop, though. If you worry they're going to be cold, get them a hat. If you fear they may miss the bus, send them out the door ve minutes earlier.
4. What do we know about Bethlehem's plan
A. It ended up in failure. B. It lasted for a long time.
C. It wasn't put into practice. D. It saved a lot of money.
5. What can we learn about students in the 1980s from paragraph 3
A. They woke up early in the morning.
B. They were driven to school by parents.
C. They usually hung out with their neighbors.
D. They bene ted by walking to a neighborhood stop.
6. Why are today's parents unwilling to let their children walk to a neighborhood stop
A. Drivers do not concentrate on driving.
B. The weather conditions are awful in winter.
C. Children might be late for school.
D. The house-to-house pickup is available.
7. What is the author's attitude towards children walking to bus stops
A. Doubtful. B. Cautious. C. Supportive. D. Critical.
C
How AI will transform education is very important to schools such as mine, teachers such as me, and hardworking care-givers such as the parents in my community. Could AI get our children to grasp new concepts and skills Might AI be better equipped to help them exploit their own intelligence After a few days watching my children use artificial intelligence-based learning tools, I can tell you the short answer is NO.
Human intelligence is different from the computer's. For one, human intelligence can not be measured. The brain is plastic, always developing and growing as we learn from our environments. In addition, human intelligence relies on human interaction. Exercising our intelligence is something we do naturally as we connect with others, consider the world around us and seek to improve our relationship to that world.
In education, there has been a movement toward social-emotional and problem-based learning. So educators attempt to motivate interest in subjects and skills by turning learning moments into communal (共有的) problem-solving events. When we combine analytical learning with social- emotional learning, students become mastered in the material we want them to know and get more excited about the learning process.
Using AI looks very different from this. AI learning often involves an individual working alone with a computer program. It can crowd source information to help students find facts about their environment, solve a problem and come up with a creative way forward. But AI doesn't force students to think through or keep anything. And simply being fed facts and information is not the same as "learning".
It is fascinating to imagine that AI might cure what annoys us. Many parents don't have the resources-in time, money or energy—to teach their kids at home. If AI could fill the gaps, how great, right Yet the nature of AI "teaching" as it currently exists means that students merely level up without learning. When it comes to developing intelligence, nothing can beat what we humans have been doing, face to face, for centuries.
8. What do we know about human intelligence according to paragraph 2
A. It is measured easily B. It is of great significance
C. It is related to education D. It is changeable and interactive
9. What can be inferred about AI learning from paragraph 4
A. It is widely used at school.
B. It makes no difference to education.
C. It helps develop students' intelligence
D. It does little help with students' true learning.
10. What is the author's attitude to AI learning
A. Unclear B. Neutral C. Disapproving D. Favorable
11. What can be a suitable title for the text
A. Could AI Really Teach Students
B. Should students Use AI Frequently
C. How Students Use AI in Their Study
D. How Teachers Interact with Students
D
"Ladies and gentlemen, welcome aboard NASA's Space Elevator. We're going to leave soon. The entire ride will take about five hours, so sit back and enjoy the trip."
Does this sound like the Sci-Fi Channel Well, it's not. Although space elevators are often considered as a science fiction dream, I believe they will exist soon—perhaps in two or three decades.
Throughout my career as an aerospace engineer and physics professor, I keep coming back to the concept of a cable stretching from Earth to space, along which people and cargo can easily travel. In recent years I and other researchers have found new ways to tinker with designs and answer questions about how space elevators could work.
There are many reasons to build a space elevator. The obvious one is the major energy and cost savings; it's a much more practical way to get to orbit than rockets. Another reason that is often overlooked is accessibility. The word "space mission" would be replaced by "transit," as trips to space become routine and mostly independent of weather conditions. Transits involving humans would be safer than current practices, whereby astronauts must accept an enormous risk to their lives with each launch. A space elevator becomes a bridge to the entire solar system. Release a payload in the lower portion, and you orbit Earth, but do so in the upper portion, and you orbit the sun; all without fuel.
Although I may come across as a space elevator advocate, the truth is, I simply enjoy studying their mechanics. In a world with monumental problems, dreaming of such projects allows me to envision a scenario where we have become responsible custodians （守护者）on this planet.
12. What's the function of Paragraph 1
A. To introduce the topic. B. To set a background.
C. To make a comparison. D. To give an example.
13. What does the underlined phrase "tinker with" mean in Paragraph 3
A. Abandon. B. Improve. C. Establish. D. Discuss.
14. What is the purpose of building a space elevator
A. To please science fiction fans. B. To promote space tourism.
C. To protect astronauts' safety. D. To make space travel easier.
15. What is the author's attitude towards space elevators
A. Unclear. B. Doubtful. C. Optimistic. D. Dismissive.
E
Kamisi Adetunji, a 17-year-old student from North Carolina, is making headlines with her science project that aims to tackle community health and safety risks.
Her project aims to improve treatment for sickle cell disease(镰状细胞贫血).This genetic disease causes red blood cells to sickle, making it harder for those cells to carry oxygen throughout the body. Natural compounds called flavonoids were known to reduce sickle cells. By changing the chemical structure of flavonoids extracted from fruits, Adetunji was able to improve their anti-sickling powers.
Adetunji's inspiration for the project came from her personal experience. "My family is Nigerian," Adetunji said. "One day I was walking with my mom, and we were talking about a family friend who was currently battling sickle cell disease. And she told me about all the people back home that she knew who had it or have passed from it." When having the opportunity to do research at school, she immediately knew that she wanted to study sickle cell disease.
The biggest challenge Adetunji faced was that she had no experience with a science project like this. She had to trust in herself and believe that she would be able to finish this project and continue trying different things when her methods at first weren't working.
What's next for Adetunji She plans to continue the research on sickle cell disease. "I still want to do medicinal chemistry research, especially with other diseases that affect minority communities. If you asked me two years ago if I would be doing this research... I would have been like," Adetunji said. "I think the most important thing is to just trust that you're capable of a lot more than you think you are."
16. What is Kamisi Adetunji's project aimed at
A. Rooting out sickle cell disease. B. Taking flavonoids from fruits.
C. Improving blood circulation. D. Increasing cure effects of flavonoids.
17. What caused Kamisi Adetunji to start the project
A. Her personal experience. B. Her interest in medicine.
C. Her mother's encouragement. D. Her education background.
18. Which of the following best describes Kamisi Adetunji
A. Creative and outgoing. B. Ordinary but ambitious.
C. Caring and self-confident. D. Popular and imaginative.
19. What is the best title for the text
A. A Young Scientist's Ambition.
B. A U.S. Girl's Research on Blood Disease.
C. A New Treatment for Sickle Cell Disease.
D. A Science Project on Community Health.
答案以及解析
阅读理解
A
1.答案：A
解析：细节理解题。根据第一段的"another customer was approaching their table "和第三段的"the woman joined the Welty party. When her dinner partner showed up, she also pulled up a chair "可知，先后有两个陌生人（一位女士及其同伴）加入了Welty的聚会，故选A。
2.答案：D
解析：猜测词义题。画线的them指代前面提到的人或物，根据"Now we believe your stories "可知，them指代的是Welty写的小说里面的故事，听了Welty和两个陌生人的有关密西西比的谈话之后，Welty的朋友相信了Welty小说里的故事都是来源于生活，故选D。
3.答案：C
解析：推理判断题。根据倒数第二段中"I don't make them up "和最后一段最后一句"Sometimes, sitting on a bus or a train, she hears only a fragment(片段) of a particularly interesting story. "可知，Welty小说里的人物并不是虚构的，他们都来源于现实生活，故选C。
B
4.答案：A
解析：细节理解题。根据第二自然段"The parents were unhappy, expressed as much and, within three days, the routes were back to their original frequency. (家长们很不高兴，并且在三天之内，这些路线又改回到了原来的站点设置)"可知，Bethlehem 新的校车线路实施不到三天，这些路线又改回到了原来的样子，由此可知该计划以失败告终。故选A项。
5.答案：D
解析：推理判断题。根据第三自然段"In fact, the walking was good — it woke us up each morning. Not to mention, the sense of community that came with hanging out together each morning waiting for bus No. 23 to roll up and take us all to school. (事实上，步行去乘车的感觉很好——它每天早上唤醒我们。更不用说，每天早上在一起等23路公交车来送我们去学校带来的那种社区归属感)"可推知，上世纪 80 年代的学生受益于走路去社区校车站。故选D项。
6.答案：A
解析：推理判断题。根据第四自然段"Thing is, a lot has changed since the 1980s. Too many people are texting and driving, making them as dangerous on the roads as drunken drivers. (问题是，20世纪80年代以来发生了很多变化。太多人边开车边发短信，这使得他们在路上和酒后驾车的人一样危险)"可推知，因为现在的司机开车不专注，家长们担心孩子的安全，所以不愿意让孩子们走路去乘车。故选A项。
7.答案：C
解析：推理判断题。根据第五自然段"I can't agree with the complaints of having kids walk to a community neighborhood stop, though. If you worry they're going to be cold, get them a hat. If you fear they may miss the bus, send them out the door ve minutes earlier. (不过，我不赞同对让孩子步行到社区站乘车的抱怨。如果你担心他们会觉得冷，给他们带顶帽子。如果你担心他们错过公共汽车，让他们提前5分钟出门)"可推知，作者认为让孩子步行到社区站乘车不应该遭到抱怨，他支持让孩子步行到社区站乘车。故选C项。
C
8.答案：D
解析：细节理解题。根据第二段"For one, human intelligence can not be measured. The brain is plastic, always developing and growing as we learn from our environments. In addition, human intelligence relies on human interaction. (首先，人类的智力是无法测量的。大脑是可塑的，总是随着我们从环境中学习而发展和成长。此外，人类的智能依赖于人类的互动。)"可知，人类的智能因大脑的发展成长而一直在改变，同时也存在互动性。故选D项。
9.答案：D
解析：推理判断题。根据第四段"AI learning often involves an individual working alone with a computer program. It can crowd source information to help students find facts about their environment, solve a problem and come up with a creative way forward. But AI doesn't force students to think through or keep anything. And simply being fed facts and information is not the same as 'learning'. (人工智能学习通常需要一个人单独使用计算机程序。它可以集中资源信息，帮助学生找到有关环境的事实，解决问题，并提出创造性的前进道路。但人工智能不会强迫学生思考或保留任何东西。简单地接受事实和信息与'学习'是不一样的。)"可知，人工智能学习的过程中，学生只是简单的接受事实和信息，没有思考或保留任何东西，并不是真正意义上的学习，所以对于学生的学习没什么帮助。故选D项。
10.答案：C
解析：推理判断题。根据第一段"After a few days watching my children use artificial intelligence-based learning tools, I can tell you the short answer is NO. (在观察了我的孩子们使用基于人工智能的学习工具几天后，我可以告诉你简短的答案是否定的。)"，以及最后一段"Many parents don't have the resources—in time, money or energy—to teach their kids at home. If AI could fill the gaps, how great, right Yet the nature of AI 'teaching' as it currently exists means that students merely level up without learning. When it comes to developing intelligence, nothing can beat what we humans have been doing, face to face, for centuries. (许多父母没有足够的资源，无论是时间、金钱还是精力，在家教育孩子。如果人工智能能填补这些空白，那该有多好，对吧？然而，目前存在的人工智能'教学'的本质意味着，学生只是在没有学习的情况下升级。说到发展智力，没有什么能比得上几个世纪以来我们人类面对面所做的事情。)"可知，作者认为发展只能还得靠人类面对面的教学，许多父母因没有足够的资源，无论是时间、金钱还是精力，在家教育孩子，而选择人工智能教孩子，其实人工智能并没有填补这些空白，故作者对人工智能是不赞同的。故选C项。
11.答案：A
解析：主旨大意题。通读全文，尤其是第一段"How AI will transform education is very important to schools such as mine, teachers such as me, and hardworking care-givers such as the parents in my community. Could AI get our children to grasp new concepts and skills Might AI be better equipped to help them exploit their own intelligence After a few days watching my children use artificial intelligence-based learning tools, I can tell you the short answer is NO. (人工智能将如何改变教育，对于像我这样的学校、像我这样的老师，以及像我所在社区的父母这样勤奋的照顾者来说，都是非常重要的。人工智能能让我们的孩子掌握新的概念和技能吗？人工智能是否能更好地帮助人类开发自己的智力？在观察了我的孩子们使用基于人工智能的学习工具几天后，我可以告诉你简短的答案是否定的。)"可知，作者列出多个问题，引出本文主题：人工智能能否教学生，Could AI Really Teach Students，适合作标题，故选A项。
D
12.答案：A
解析：推理判断题。根据文章第一段"Ladies and gentlemen, welcome aboard NASA's Space Elevator. We're going to leave soon. The entire ride will take about five hours, so sit back and enjoy the trip."("女士们先生们，欢迎乘坐美国宇航局的太空电梯。我们马上就要走了。整个旅程大约需要5个小时，所以请坐好，享受旅程吧。")"可推知，文章第一段的作用是引出太空电梯这一主题。故选A。
13.答案：B
解析：词句猜测题。根据上文"Throughout my career as an aerospace engineer and physics professor, I keep coming back to the concept of a cable stretching from Earth to space, along which people and cargo can easily travel.(在我作为一名航空航天工程师和物理学教授的职业生涯中，我不断地想到从地球延伸到太空的电缆的概念，人们和货物可以很容易地沿着它旅行。)"可知，有了建造太空电梯的想法以后，近年来，作者和其他研究人员发现了新的方法来修补设计，并回答了有关太空电梯如何工作的问题。由此可知，tinker with意为"修复"，与B项improve意思接近。故选B。
14.答案：D
解析：推理判断题。根据文章第三段"Throughout my career as an aerospace engineer and physics professor, I keep coming back to the concept of a cable stretching from Earth to space, along which people and cargo can easily travel.(在我作为一名航空航天工程师和物理学教授的职业生涯中，我不断地想到从地球延伸到太空的电缆的概念，人们和货物可以很容易地沿着它旅行。)和第四段"Another reason that is often overlooked is accessibility.(另一个经常被忽视的原因是易用性。)"可推知，建造太空电梯的目的是为了让太空旅行更容易。故选D。
15.答案：C
解析：推理判断题。根据文章第二段"Although space elevators are often considered as a science fiction dream, I believe they will exist soon—perhaps in two or three decades.(虽然太空电梯经常被认为是科幻小说中的梦想，但我相信它们很快就会存在——也许再过二三十年。)"第四段"There are many reasons to build a space elevator. The obvious one is the major energy and cost savings; it's a much more practical way to get to orbit than rockets. Another reason that is often overlooked is accessibility.(建造太空电梯的理由有很多。最明显的一个是主要的能源和成本节约；这是一种比火箭更实用的进入轨道的方式。另一个经常被忽视的原因是易用性。)"可知，作者认为建造太空电梯有好处并且在不久的将来将会实现，由此可推知，作者对于建造太空电梯持积极的态度。故选C。
E
16.答案：D
解析：细节理解题。由文章第二段中"Her project aims to improve treatment for sickle cell disease(镰状细胞贫血）.（她的项目旨在改善镰状细胞病的治疗）"和"Natural compounds called flavonoids were known to reduce sickle cells. By changing the chemical structure of flavonoids extracted from fruits, Adetunji was able to improve their anti-sickling powers.(已知一种名为黄酮类化合物的天然化合物可以减少镰状细胞。通过改变果实中黄酮类化合物的化学结构，Adetunji能够提高果实的抗镰能力"可知，她的项目旨在提高黄酮类化合物对镰状细胞贫血治疗效果。故选D。
17.答案：A
解析：细节理解题。由文章第三段中"Adetunji's inspiration for the project came from her personal experience.(Adetunji对这个项目的灵感来自于她的个人经历)"可知，她的个人经历导致Kamisi Adetunji启动该项目。故选A。
18.答案：C
解析：推理判断题。由文章第三段中"One day I was walking with my mom, and we were talking about a family friend who was currently battling sickle cell disease. And she told me about all the people back home that she knew who had it or have passed from it." When having the opportunity to do research at school, she immediately knew that she wanted to study sickle cell disease("有一天，我和妈妈一起散步，我们谈论着一位正在与镰状细胞病作斗争的家庭朋友。她告诉我，老家所有她认识的患这种病或者因这种病去世的人。"当有机会在学校做研究时，她立刻知道她想研究镰状细胞病)"可知她关心他人。由文章第四段"The biggest challenge Adetunji faced was that she had no experience with a science project like this. She had to trust in herself and believe that she would be able to finish this project and continue trying different things when her methods at first weren't working.(Adetunji面临的最大挑战是她没有这样的科学项目的经验。她必须相信自己，相信自己能够完成这个项目，并在最初她的方法不起作用时继续尝试不同的事情"可知，她非常自信。故选C。
19.答案：B
解析：主旨大意题。由文章第一段"Kamisi Adetunji, a 17-year-old student from North Carolina, is making headlines with her science project that aims to tackle community health and safety risks.(来自北卡罗来纳州的17岁学生Kamisi Adetunji因其旨在解决社区健康和安全风险的科学项目而成为头条新闻"引出本文的主题一位美国女孩血液病研究。接着文章讲述了该研究的起因和过程。因此B项"A U.S. Girl's Research on Blood Disease.(一位美国女孩对血液病的研究）可以作为本文的最佳标题。故选B。
