2024高三二轮——阅读理解（科普文）
第1篇
（2024福建漳州市二模C）“The opposite of play isn’t work; it’s depression,” says play researcher Stuart Brown. “The adult-play shortage is becoming a public health crisis.” Play may appear insignificant, but recent studies indicate it may be as essential as the need for sleep. Playfulness helps some young animals learn to master their bodies and their environments — and once they do, most stop playing as adults.
“Adult play promotes qualities that we humans could use more of,” says Jeff Harry, a play consultant. Unfortunately, social standards restrain (抑制) our urge to let loose. “Being a playful adult is really disapproved in our society,” he says. “You don’t want people to think that you’re childish.”
“It hasn’t always been this way,” says Peter Gray, a play researcher at Boston University. When Gray reviewed descriptions of the last remaining hunter-gatherer tribes, he noticed that they were often described as “good-humored” and “joyful”. “What we would call work — hunting and gathering — was fun,” he says. “Generally speaking, we like to do the things that are necessary for our survival. Humans took one giant step away from fun when we started planting crops. Then we invented factories and lost sight of play entirely,” Gray adds.
We may be able to reverse this situation, says Harry. As we fully make the transition to a knowledge-based economy, work and play are beginning to merge (合并) again. Some of today’s most successful companies, such as Google and Apple, were started by people tinkering (小修补) in their garages.
“Play is all about looking at a tough world with creativity and optimism,” Brown says. He goes so far as to declare that “adult play is necessary for our survival as a species”.
The next time I’m caught playing, I know exactly what I’ll say, “I am not wasting time, or acting immature. I’m playing for the benefit of all humanity. You’re welcome.”
1. Why does Stuart Brown consider adult play essential
A. It promotes creativity. B. It battles depression.
C It facilitates cooperation. D. It improves adaptivity.
2. What societal factor restrains adult play according to Jeff Harry
A. Fear of judgment from others. B. Lack of sufficient time for leisure.
C. Cultural emphasis on personal values. D. Pressure from work-related responsibilities
3. Which statement will Peter Gray agree with according to Paragraph 3
A. Adult play contributes positively to work.
B. Social attitudes toward play regularly shift.
C. Humans initially found joy in survival activities.
D. Industrialization closely connected work and play.
4. What is the purpose of the text
A. To stress the significance of adult play. B. To discuss the evolution of work and play.
C. To advocate playfulness in modern businesses. D. To explore the impact of adult play on depression.
【答案】1. B 2. A 3. C 4. A
【解析】
【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了成人玩游戏对个体和社会的重要性，呼吁社会重新认识并重视成人玩游戏的作用。
【1题详解】
细节理解题。根据第一段中Stuart Brown所说的话“The opposite of play isn’t work; it’s depression (游戏的反义词不是工作，而是抑郁)”和“The adult-play shortage is becoming a public health crisis. (成人游戏的短缺正成为一场公共健康危机)”可知，Stuart Brown认为成人玩游戏重要的原因在于它可以对抗抑郁。故选B项。
【2题详解】
细节理解题。根据第二段中Jeff Harry所说的话“Being a playful adult is really disapproved in our society (在我们的社会里，做一个爱玩的成年人是不被认可的)”和“You don’t want people to think that you’re childish. (你不想让别人觉得你幼稚)”可知，Jeff Harry认为成人害怕被别人评判的心理导致他们限制自己进行游戏。故选A项。
【3题详解】
推理判断题。根据第三段中“When Gray reviewed descriptions of the last remaining hunter-gatherer tribes, he noticed that they were often described as “good-humored” and “joyful”. “What we would call work — hunting and gathering — was fun,” he says. (当Gray回顾对最后幸存的狩猎采集部落的描述时，他注意到他们经常被描述为“幽默”和“快乐”。“我们所谓的工作——狩猎和采集——很有趣，”他说)”和“Generally speaking, we like to do the things that are necessary for our survival. (一般来说，我们喜欢做生存所必需的事情)”可知，Peter Gray发现这些部落在狩猎和采集这样的生存活动中得到了乐趣，变得幽默而快乐。由此推知，他会赞同“人类最初在生存活动中找到快乐”的观点。故选C项。
【4题详解】
推理判断题。通读全文，并结合第一段中“Play may appear insignificant, but recent studies indicate it may be as essential as the need for sleep. (玩耍可能看起来微不足道，但最近的研究表明，它可能和睡眠一样重要)”可知，文章主要讨论了成人玩游戏对个体和社会的重要性。研究表明，游戏不仅可以帮助小动物学会控制自己和环境，还可以帮助成人对抗抑郁。然而，社会往往并不认可成人玩游戏的行为。但实际上，狩猎采集部落中的工作实际上是有趣而快乐的。由此可知，文章的写作目的在于强调成人玩游戏的重要性。故选A项。
第2篇
（2024江苏省连云港市二模C）The science of why insects gather around lights at night has never been nailed down. Popular theories propose that moths and other insects navigate (导航) by the moon and mistake lamps for moonlight, or that the insects fly towards light to escape coming danger. Now researchers believe they have a more convincing answer: contrary to current theories, insects are not attracted to light from far away, but become trapped if they fly close to an artificial light source.
According to Dr Sam Fabian, study co-author and Imperial College London entomologist, moths and many other insects that fly at night evolved to tilt (倾斜) their backs to wherever is brightest. For hundreds of millions of years, this was the sky rather than the ground. The trick told insects which way was up and ensured they flew level. But then came artificial lighting. Moths found themselves tilting their backs to street lamps. This caused them to circle around the lamps endlessly, the insects trapped by their evolution.
Fabian and his colleagues filmed insect flight paths around lights in the lab. The videos reveal that time and again, moths and dragonflies turned their backs to artificial lights, which appeared to greatly change their flight paths. If the light is above them, they might start orbiting it, but if it’s behind them, they start tilting backwards and end up flying in circles or diving toward the ground.
Researchers have long warned that light pollution is a big driving force in the dramatic decline in insect populations. Moths and other insects that become trapped around lamps become easily caught by bats. The artificial lighting can also fool them into thinking it is daytime, causing them to bed down and skip a night’s feeding.
There are, Fabian believes, helpful lessons from the research. “What this tells us is that the direction of artificial light matters. Could we change lighting environments to not trap insects For we’re facing a massive decline in insects around the world, and artificial light at night is one of the factors that could potentially be leading to this decline,” Fabian said.
5. What do the underlined words “nailed down” in paragraph 1 mean
A. Popularized widely. B. Discussed openly.
C. Defined accurately. D. Explored academically.
6. Fabian’s study found that moths circle around the lamps endlessly because ______.
A. they can’t keep their balance.
B. they use improper flight attitude.
C. they lose track of which way is up.
D. they are attracted to lights from far away.
7. What is the significance of the research finding
A. It may lead to better conservation of insects.
B. Natural enemies of insects will be got rid of.
C. Artificial lighting will be greatly reduced at night.
D. It may raise concerns for insects’ eating behavior.
8. What is the text mainly about
A. Why insects lose their ability to fly at night.
B. Why artificial light and evolution trap insects.
C. How artificial light impacts insect populations.
D. How insects evolved distinct strategies of flight.
【答案】5. C 6. B 7. A 8. B
【解析】
【导语】这是一篇说明文，文章主要介绍了一项对昆虫夜晚趋光的研究，研究发现昆虫被进化困住，无休止地围绕人工照明转，这启示我们可以改变人造光的方向，更好地保护昆虫。
【5题详解】
词句猜测题。根据划线短语下文“Popular theories propose that moths and other insects navigate (导航) by the moon and mistake lamps for moonlight, or that the insects fly towards light to escape coming danger. Now researchers believe they have a more convincing answer(流行的理论认为，飞蛾和其他昆虫是靠月亮导航的，它们把灯误认为是月光，或者是昆虫为了躲避即将到来的危险而飞向光明。现在研究人员相信他们有了一个更有说服力的答案)”可知，对于昆虫为何会在夜间聚集在灯光周围这一问题没有标准答案，故可推知划线短语所在句意为“昆虫为何会在夜间聚集在灯光周围，这一科学问题从未得到明确解释”，推测划线短语nailed down意为“明确解释”，与Defined accurately意义相近。故选C。
【6题详解】
细节理解题。根据第二段中“Moths found themselves tilting their backs to street lamps. This caused them to circle around the lamps endlessly, the insects trapped by their evolution.(飞蛾发现自己把背向路灯倾斜。这导致它们无休止地绕着灯转，这些昆虫被它们的进化困住了)”可知，飞蛾把背向路灯倾斜，这导致它们无休止地绕着灯转，故是不正确的飞行姿态导致飞蛾无休止地绕着灯转。故选B。
【7题详解】
推理判断题。根据最后一段“There are, Fabian believes, helpful lessons from the research. ‘What this tells us is that the direction of artificial light matters. Could we change lighting environments to not trap insects For we’re facing a massive decline in insects around the world, and artificial light at night is one of the factors that could potentially be leading to this decline,’ Fabian said.(Fabian相信，这项研究有一些有益的教训。‘这告诉我们，人造光的方向很重要。我们能不能改变照明环境，让昆虫不被困住？因为我们正面临着全球昆虫数量的大幅下降，而夜间的人造光是可能导致这种下降的因素之一，’ Fabian说)”可知，这项研究结果的意义是告诉我们可以改变人造光的方向，使昆虫不被困住，从而更好地保护昆虫。故选A。
【8题详解】
主旨大意题。根据全文内容，结合第一段中“Now researchers believe they have a more convincing answer: contrary to current theories, insects are not attracted to light from far away, but become trapped if they fly close to an artificial light source.(现在研究人员相信他们有了一个更有说服力的答案：与目前的理论相反，昆虫不会被远处的光吸引，但如果它们飞得离人造光源很近，就会被困住)”可知，文章主要介绍了一项对昆虫夜晚趋光的研究，研究发现昆虫被进化困住，无休止地围绕人工照明转，这启示我们可以改变人造光的方向，更好地保护昆虫，所以B项“为什么人造光和进化会困住昆虫？”符合题意。故选B。
第3篇
（2024江苏省连云港市二模D）I’m a layperson with a love of science who occasionally reads science magazines. My approach was from an author’s angle, spending months on research before writing a single word for Pig Heart Boy.
So where did I get the idea Whenever I attend a school event, that question is asked. The answer is simple. Back in the mid 1990s, I read a newspaper article written by a doctor who guessed that we would eventually have to turn to xenotransplantation (异种器官移植) as a possible solution to the lack of human organ donors. It left my mind filled with questions. What are the consequences Do we really have the right to treat animals as me re organ sources for humans So I headed to my nearest bookshop and bought all the books I could on heart transplants in particular.
I’ve found questions are one of the best places to start from when writing a novel. In my story Cameron, who needs a heart transplant, knows he is unlikely to see his next birthday unless he receives one, but he is a long way down the waiting list. When a genetically modified (GM) pig’s heart is offered by a pioneering doctor, Cameron decides to go for it —and his new heart completely changes his life in unexpected ways.
Now some people think that the subject matter is not suitable for children, criticizing the cruel and inhuman ways of xenotransplantation. I completely disagree. As a children’s author, it never ceases to amaze me how some adults underestimate what subject matter will interest and stimulate children. I wanted to write a story that provided no right or wrong answers, a story that would allow the reader to walk in Cameron’s shoes for a while and think about what decisions they would make and how they would react if they too were faced with his situation.
Fictional stories that explore new ideas when it comes to STEM (science, technology, engineering and mathematics) subjects also have a part to play in enriching our children’s reading and learning. Various studies have shown that reading fiction enhances our children’s ability to grasp new concepts. Pig Heart Boy was my attempt to incorporate science possible into a believable, thought-provoking (令人深思的) story.
9. Where did the author get inspiration from to write Pig Heart Boy
A. A school event. B. A news item.
C. Science magazines. D. Books on heart transplants.
10. What might be a major concern of those who disagree with Pig Heart Boy
A. Animal rights. B. GM technology.
C. Organ transplant risks. D. Organ shortage crisis.
11. What are the last two paragraphs of the text mainly about
A. Ways of tapping children ‘s intelligence. B. Potential application of fictional stories.
C. Supporting evidence for justifying the book. D. Influence of fictional stories on STEM subjects.
12. What is Pig Heart Boy
A. An author profile. B. A science fiction novel.
C. A guidebook to xenotransplantation. D. An essay on writing children’s literature.
【答案】9. B 10. A 11. C 12. B
【解析】
【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章主要讲述了作者从异种器官移植报道中获得灵感创作小说《Pig Heart Boy》的故事。
【9题详解】
细节理解题。根据第二段“Back in the mid 1990s, I read a newspaper article written by a doctor who guessed that we would eventually have to turn to xenotransplantation (异种器官移植) as a possible solution to the lack of human organ donors.(早在20世纪90年代中期，我在报纸上读到一篇医生写的文章，他猜测我们最终将不得不转向异种移植，作为解决人体器官捐献者缺乏的可能方案)”可知，作者写Pig Heart Boy的灵感来自新闻。故选B。
【10题详解】
推理判断题。根据第四段“Now some people think that the subject matter is not suitable for children, criticizing the cruel and inhuman ways of xenotransplantation.(现在有些人认为这个题材不适合儿童，批评异种移植的残忍和不人道的方式)”可知，有些人认为这个器官移植的题材不适合儿童，是因为他们批评这种器官移植的残忍和不人道的方式。可以推断出这些人认为这些器官移植损害了其他动物的权利，故选A。
【11题详解】
主旨大意题。根据倒数第二段“As a children’s author, it never ceases to amaze me how some adults underestimate what subject matter will interest and stimulate children. I wanted to write a story that provided no right or wrong answers, a story that would allow the reader to walk in Cameron’s shoes for a while and think about what decisions they would make and how they would react if they too were faced with his situation.(作为一名儿童作家，一些成年人低估了什么题材会引起孩子们的兴趣和刺激，这一直让我感到惊讶。我想写一个没有正确或错误答案的故事，一个让读者站在卡梅伦的立场上思考一下，如果他们也面临他的处境，他们会做出什么决定，以及他们会如何反应的故事)”以及最后一段“Fictional stories that explore new ideas when it comes to STEM (science, technology, engineering and mathematics) subjects also have a part to play in enriching our children’s reading and learning. Various studies have shown that reading fiction enhances our children’s ability to grasp new concepts. Pig Heart Boy was my attempt to incorporate science possible into a believable, thought-provoking (令人深思的) story.(在STEM(科学、技术、工程和数学)学科中，探索新思想的虚构故事也可以丰富孩子们的阅读和学习。各种研究表明，阅读小说可以提高孩子掌握新概念的能力。《猪心男孩》是我试图将科学融入一个可信、发人深省的故事)”可知，最后两段主要是讲了支持这本书的证据。故选C。
【12题详解】
推理判断题。根据第三段“In my story Cameron, who needs a heart transplant, knows he is unlikely to see his next birthday unless he receives one, but he is a long way down the waiting list. When a genetically modified (GM) pig’s heart is offered by a pioneering doctor, Cameron decides to go for it —and his new heart completely changes his life in unexpected ways.(在我的故事中，需要心脏移植的卡梅伦知道，除非他得到一个，否则他不可能活到下一个生日，但他的等待名单已经排在很长的一段路了。当一位开拓性的医生提供了一颗转基因猪的心脏时，卡梅伦决定接受它——他的新心脏以意想不到的方式彻底改变了他的生活)”可推知，这本书主要讲述了需要心脏移植的主人公使用了猪的心脏，并且改变了他的命运。故Pig Heart Boy是一部科幻小说。故选B。
第4篇
（2024陕西榆林二模D） A sugar replacement called erythritol (赤藓糖醇) has been linked to blood clotting (血液凝固), stroke, heart attack and death, according to a new study.
“The degree of risk was not modest,” said lead study author Dr. Stanley Hazen. People with existing risk factors for heart disease will be twice as likely to experience the risk if they have the highest levels of erythritol in their blood. Erythritol appears to be causing blood platelets (血小板) to clot more readily. Clots can break off and travel to the heart or the brain, causing a heart attack or a stroke.
Erythritol is a sugar alcohol, a carb found naturally in many fruits and vegetables. However, artificially manufactured in massive quantities, erythritol has become an extremely popular additive to low-carb products.
The discovery of the connection between erythritol and cardiovascular issues was purely accidental. Hazen’s research had a simple goal: find unknown chemicals or compounds in a person’s blood. To do so, the team analyzed 1,157 blood samples. “We found this substance that seemed to play a big role, but we didn’t know it was erythritol, a sweetener until later,” said Hazen. To confirm the findings, the team tested another two batches of blood samples and found that higher levels of erythritol were connected to a greater risk of heart attack, stroke or death within three years.
“This certainly sounds an alarm,” said Dr. Andrew Freeman, director of a hospital inDenver. “Science needs to take a deeper div e into erythritol and in a hurry, because this substance is widely available right now. If it’s harmful, we should know about it.”
Hazen agreed,“I normally don’t get up on a pedestal (崇高地位) and sound the alarm, but this is something that I think we need to be looking at carefully.”
13. About the risk, what does Hazen’s word in paragraph 2 mean
A. It is not worth considering. B. It is removed by erythritol.
C. It should not be underestimated. D. It is just present in people with disease.
14. What do we know about erythritol
A. Its quality is uncertain. B. It has been used widely in food.
C. It is manufactured by artists. D. It mainly exists in fruits.
15. What can be concluded from the last two paragraphs
A. Erythritol is not available to people.
B. Hazen likes warning people about potential dangers.
C. People have realized that erythritol is dangerous.
D. Further research should be done on erythritol.
16. What can be the best title for the text
A. The Accidental Discovery of a New Sweetener
B. The Potential Health Risks of Erythritol Uncovered
C. The Rise of Erythritol as a Popular Sugar Substitute
D. The Surprising Benefits of Erythritol in Diet Products
【答案】13. C 14. B 15. D 16. B
【解析】
【导语】这是一篇说明文。主要介绍了一项新的研究表明，一种名为赤藓糖醇的糖替代品与血液凝固、中风、心脏病发作和死亡有关。
【13题详解】
推理判断题。根据第二段““The degree of risk was not modest,” said lead study author Dr. Stanley Hazen. People with existing risk factors for heart disease will be twice as likely to experience the risk if they have the highest levels of erythritol in their blood. Erythritol appears to be causing blood platelets(血小板)to clot more readily. Clots can break off and travel to the heart or the brain, causing a heart attack or a stroke.”（该研究的主要作者斯坦利·哈森博士说：“风险程度并不低。”如果血液中赤藓糖醇的含量达到最高水平，有心脏病风险因素的人患心脏病的可能性会增加一倍。赤藓糖醇似乎能使血小板更容易凝结。血块会破裂并进入心脏或大脑，导致心脏病发作或中风。）可推知，关于风险，哈森在第二段的话是为了表明它不应被低估。故选C项。
【14题详解】
细节理解题。根据第三段“Erythritol is a sugar alcohol, a carb found naturally in many fruits and vegetables. However, artificially manufactured in massive quantities, erythritol has become an extremely popular additive to low-carb products.”（赤藓糖醇是一种糖醇，是一种存在于许多水果和蔬菜中的天然碳水化合物。然而，大量人工制造的赤藓糖醇已经成为一种非常受欢迎的低碳水化合物产品添加剂。）可知，赤藓糖醇它被广泛应用于食品中。故选B项。
【15题详解】
推理判断题。根据倒数第二段““This certainly sounds an alarm,” said Dr. Andrew Freeman, director of a hospital inDenver. “Science needs to take a deeper div e into erythritol and in a hurry, because this substance is widely available right now. If it’s harmful, we should know about it.””（丹佛一家医院的院长安德鲁·弗里曼博士说：“这无疑敲响了警钟。”“科学需要对赤藓糖醇进行更深入的研究，而且要抓紧时间，因为这种物质现在已经广泛存在。如果它有害，我们应该知道它。”）可推知，科学应该对赤藓糖醇进行进一步的研究。故选D项。
【16题详解】
主旨大意题。根据文章大意以及第一段“A sugar replacement called erythritol(赤藓糖醇)has been linked to blood clotting(血液凝固), stroke, heart attack and death, according to a new study.”（一项新的研究表明，一种名为赤藓糖醇的糖替代品与血液凝固、中风、心脏病发作和死亡有关。）可知，文章主要讲的是研究表明，一种名为赤藓糖醇的糖替代品与血液凝固、中风、心脏病发作和死亡有关。故文章最好的标题是“发现赤藓糖醇的潜在健康风险”。故选B项。
第5篇
（2024成都二模C）Two powerful NASA telescopes have detected the oldest and most distant black hole ever found. Data collected via energetic X-rays by the Chandra X-ray Observatory and James Webb Space Telescope has helped astronomers spot the signature of a growing black hole within the early universe just 470 million years after the big bang which occurred 13.8 billion years ago. The discovery, described in a study published in Nature Astronomy, may help astronomers figure out how some of the first supermassive black holes formed in the universe.
“We needed Webb to find this remarkably distant galaxy (星系) and Chandra to find its supermassive black hole, “ said lead study author Akos Bogdan, in a statement. ”We also took advantage of a cosmic magnifying glass (宇宙放大镜) that boosted the amount of light we detected. “ He was referring to an effect called gravitational lensing (引力透镜效应), which occurs when closer objects act like a magnifying glass for distant objects. Gravity essentially twists and strengthens the light of distant galaxies in the background of whatever is doing the magnifying, enabling observations of otherwise invisible features.
Astronomers detected the black hole in a galaxy called UHZ1. At first glance, the galaxy appeared in the same direction as a cluster of galaxies known as Abell 2744, which is located about 3. 5 billion light-years from Earth. But data collected by the Webb telescope showed that UHZl is actually much farther away and located beyond the cluster at 13. 2 billion light-years from Earth.
The team used the Chandra Observatory to detect superheated gas releasing X-rays within UHZ1, the obvious sign of a supermassive black hole growing in size. The detection was made possible by the Abell cluster of galaxies, which intensified the light of the UHZ1 galaxy and the X-rays released by the black hole by a factor of four.
Astronomers think the discovery will help them better understand how supermassive black holes appeared and reached their huge masses so soon after the beginning of the universe.
17. What’s the possible age of the newly-found black hole
A. 470 million years. B. 13.33 billion years.
C. 13. 8 billion years. D. 14. 27 billion years.
18. What is Paragraph 2 mainly about
A. The process of the research.
B. The significance of the discovery.
C. The contributors to the discovery.
D. The background of the research.
19. Which best shows the position of Abell 2744, Earth and UHZ1
A. B.
C. D.
20. Which can be a suitable title for the text
A. The Oldest and Most Distant Black Hole Spotted.
B. Two Powerful NASA Telescopes Coming into Service.
C. New Supporting Evidence of the Big Bang Theory Detected.
D. Astronomers Figuring Out How the First Black Holes Formed.
【答案】107. B 18. C 19. B 20. A
【解析】
【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章讲述了美国宇航局两台强大的望远镜发现了迄今为止发现的最古老、最遥远的黑洞。
【17题详解】
细节理解题。根据文章第一段“Data collected via energetic X-rays by the Chandra X-ray Observatory and James Webb Space Telescope has helped astronomers spot the signature of a growing black hole within the early universe just 470 million years after the big bang, which occurred 13.8 billion years ago.(钱德拉X射线天文台和詹姆斯·韦伯太空望远镜通过高能X射线收集的数据帮助天文学家发现了138亿年前大爆炸后4.7亿年早期宇宙中一个正在增长的黑洞的特征。)”可知，新发现黑洞的可能年龄为13.8billion-0.47billion=13.33billion。故选B。
【18题详解】
主旨大意题。根据文章第二段““We needed Webb to find this remarkably distant galaxy (星系) and Chandra to find its supermassive black hole, “ said lead study author Akos Bogdan, in a statement. ”We also took advantage of a cosmic magnifying glass (宇宙放大镜) that boosted the amount of light we detected. “ He was referring to an effect called gravitational lensing (引力透镜效应), which occurs when closer objects act like a magnifying glass for distant objects. Gravity essentially twists and strengthens the light of distant galaxies in the background of whatever is doing the magnifying, enabling observations of otherwise invisible features.(“我们需要韦伯来发现这个非常遥远的星系，需要钱德拉来发现它的超大质量黑洞，”该研究的主要作者阿科斯·波格丹在一份声明中说。我们还利用了一个宇宙放大镜来增加我们探测到的光的数量。他指的是一种叫做引力透镜的效应，当较近的物体像放大镜一样放大远处的物体时，就会发生这种效应。从本质上讲，引力扭曲并增强了背景中遥远星系的光，使人们能够观察到其他不可见的特征。)”可知，第二段主要讲述了这一发现的贡献者。故选C。
【19题详解】
推理判断题。根据文章第三段“Astronomers detected the black hole in a galaxy called UHZ1. At first glance, the galaxy appeared in the same direction as a cluster of galaxies known as Abell 2744, which is located about 3. 5 billion light-years from Earth. But data collected by the Webb telescope showed that UHZl is actually much farther away and located beyond the cluster at 13. 2 billion light-years from Earth.(天文学家在一个名为UHZ1的星系中发现了这个黑洞。乍一看，这个星系与一个名为Abell 2744的星系团的方向相同，该星系团距离地球约35亿光年。但韦伯望远镜收集的数据显示，UHZl实际上要远得多，位于星系团之外，距离地球132亿光年。)”可知，Abell 2744的星系团距离地球约35亿光年，UHZl星系团距离地球132亿光年，并且UHZl位于Abell 2744的星系团之外，考虑到UHZl星系团和Abell 2744星系团到地球的距离以及这两个星系团没有交集。故选B。
【20题详解】
主旨大意题。根据文章第一段“Two powerful NASA telescopes have detected the oldest and most distant black hole ever found.(美国宇航局两台强大的望远镜发现了迄今为止发现的最古老、最遥远的黑洞。)”可知，文章主要讲述了最古老，最遥远的黑洞被发现。故选A。
第6篇
（2024成都二模D）There’s an enormous amount of personal health information people now feed or tap into digital monitors, health apps, search engines and other online tools. If the same information were provided in your doctor’s office, your privacy would be safeguarded. But that’s not how the digitized health world works.
Instead, we have an ecosystem of abuse in which health technology companies operate largely outside the law that requires doctors and other medical personnel, hospitals and insurers to protect an individual’s health information.
That means technology companies can — and do — dig your digital data for clues about your health status, accessing information like prescriptions you have purchased and other health services you might have sought, and potentially link this information to your name, address, email address and other personally identifying information. The data can then be used by platforms including Facebook and Google to help advertisers target promotions or other communications to you.
It’s a gaping hole in health privacy protections that comes from the privacy law, which protects interactions between patients, medical professionals and insurers but does not, in most cases, protect patient health data that is recorded on new technologies.
Closing the patient privacy gap can- and should -be a priority for lawmakers. The consequences of digital exposure for those seeking reproductive services have drawn significant concern and attention. These worries are reasonable. But reproductive care is only one area of health services where private patient information is digitally disclosed.
Therefore, lawmakers must take action to protect the privacy of people who are now online for all manners of personal, professional and other reasons. Until then, a narrowly targeted approach that protects health privacy may be politically easier to come into effect. The explosion of digital health technology and the dramatic increase in its use in the past few years require it greatly.
21. What can we learn about the present situation of the digitized health world
A. Personal health data is used for other purposes.
B. Personal health information is difficult to identify.
C. Targeted promotions are used to improve people’s health.
D. Medical personnel protect the personal health information well.
22. What’s the author’s attitude towards the present privacy law
A. Approving. B. Critical. C. Cautious. D. Ambiguous.
23. What does the underlined word “it” in Paragraph 6 refer to
A. The spread of health service.
B. People’s privacy.
C. A narrowly targeted approach.
D. The explosion of digital technology.
24. What is the purpose of the text
A. To advocate improvement in the privacy law.
B. To report cases of illegal information exposure.
C. To explain how the digitized health world works.
D. To introduce a debate on the effect of technology.
【答案】21. A 22. B 23. C 24. A
【解析】
【导语】本文是一篇议论文。文章主要围绕数字化健康世界中个人隐私保护的问题展开论述，分析了当前健康技术公司在处理个人健康信息时存在的法律漏洞和滥用现象，并强调了立法者需要采取行动来保护个人隐私的重要性。
【21题详解】
细节理解题。根据文章第二段“Instead, we have an ecosystem of abuse in which health technology companies operate largely outside the law that requires doctors and other medical personnel, hospitals and insurers to protect an individual’s health information.(相反，我们有一个滥用的生态系统，在这个生态系统中，医疗技术公司在很大程度上违反了要求医生和其他医务人员、医院和保险公司保护个人健康信息的法律)”以及第三段“That means technology companies can — and do — dig your digital data for clues about your health status, accessing information like prescriptions you have purchased and other health services you might have sought, and potentially link this information to your name, address, email address and other personally identifying information. The data can then be used by platforms including Facebook and Google to help advertisers target promotions or other communications to you.(这意味着科技公司可以——也确实做到了——挖掘你的数字数据，寻找你健康状况的线索，获取你购买的处方和你可能寻求的其他健康服务等信息，并可能将这些信息与你的姓名、地址、电子邮件地址和其他个人身份信息联系起来。然后，这些数据可以被包括Facebook和谷歌在内的平台使用，以帮助广告商向你定向促销或其他通信)”可知，现在我们的个人健康信息没有得到应有的保护，反而这些数据被包括Facebook和谷歌在内的平台使用，以帮助广告商向你定向促销或其他通信。故选A。
【22详解】
推理判断题。根据文章第四段“It’s a gaping hole in health privacy protections that comes from the privacy law, which protects interactions between patients, medical professionals and insurers but does not, in most cases, protect patient health data that is recorded on new technologies.(这是来自隐私法的健康隐私保护的一个巨大漏洞，隐私法保护患者，医疗专业人员和保险公司之间的互动，但在大多数情况下，不保护记录在新技术上的患者健康数据)”可知，作者认为现行的隐私法存在巨大漏洞。由此推知，他对现行隐私法是批评的。故选B。
【23题详解】
词义猜测题。根据划线单词上一句“Until then, a narrowly targeted approach that protects health privacy may be politically easier to come into effect.(在此之前，保护健康隐私的针对性较窄的方法在政治上可能更容易生效)”以及划线单词上文“The explosion of digital health technology and the dramatic increase in its use in the past few years require it greatly.(数字医疗技术的爆炸式增长及其使用在过去几年中急剧增加，对它提出了极大的要求)”可推测，划线词it指的是上文提到的“targeted approach”。故选C。
【24题详解】
推理判断题。根据文章最后一段“Therefore, lawmakers must take action to protect the privacy of people who are now online for all manners of personal, professional and other reasons. Until then, a narrowly targeted approach that protects health privacy may be politically easier to come into effect. The explosion of digital health technology and the dramatic increase in its use in the past few years require it greatly.(因此，立法者必须采取行动，保护那些出于个人、职业和其他原因上网的人的隐私。在此之前，保护健康隐私的针对性较窄的方法在政治上可能更容易生效。数字医疗技术的爆炸式增长及其使用在过去几年中急剧增加，对它提出了极大的要求)”以及全文内容可知，文章主要讨论了数字化健康世界中个人隐私保护的问题，特别指出了当前隐私法存在的漏洞以及健康技术公司如何滥用个人健康信息。作者强调了这一问题的严重性，并呼吁立法者采取行动来弥补这一漏洞，保护个人隐私。由此推知，文章的目的是倡导改进隐私法，以确保个人健康信息得到妥善保护。故选A。
第7篇
（四川凉山州高三二模B）There are a lot of potential sources of clean energy out there: solar energy, wind energy, hydrogen-based energy, and more. One of the less-known sources of clean energy is wave energy. Now Oneka, a Canadian startup that uses the power of waves to desalinate (脱盐) water, is turning seawater into drinking water.
More than half the world’s inhabitants struggle to find drinking water at least one month a year. And with climate change bringing with it extreme weather and heat, that figure will likely rise. That is why it is estimated that the desalination sector will rise by nine percent by 2030.
In general, there are two kinds of desalination technology. The first is thermal (热能) . The second technology is membrane (薄膜) based. Whichever technology is used, however, most desalination plants run on non-renewable energy. And there is also the issue of the salt itself. The high salinity (盐分) of the water and salt that flows back into the ocean often create dead zones. The water in these zones is so salty that marine life dies off in those areas.
“Desalination facilities are conventionally powered by fossil fuels,” Hunt said. “But the world has certainly reached a pivot point. We want to move away from fossil fuel powered desalination.” This is where Oneka’s unique desalination technology comes in. In fact, the city of Fort Bragg, California, has decided to use state funds to begin a new kind of desalination technology in partnership with the Canadian startup.
Oneka uses floating desalination machines, attached to buoys (浮标) . The buoys then absorb energy from the ocean waves, and convert it into mechanical forces, pumping the water through the membrane system. The fresh water is then pumped to land, also using the power of the waves.
The water that streams back into the ocean only contains a 30 percent increase in salinity, and is quickly dispersed (分散) by the waves, leaving no dead zones. This innovative technology shows is that sometimes the solutions to complicated problems don’t have to be complicated at all. Sometimes all you need are the ocean waves.
25. Why will the desalination sector be expected to increase by 2030
A. Because desalination sector will increase by nine percent.
B. Because half people in the world can’t find drinking water.
C. Because the situation of lacking water worsens with climate change.
D. Because people are short of drinking water as a result of climate change.
26. What does the underlined word “pivot” mean in Paragraph 4
A. Cautious. B. Crucial.
C. Troublesome. D. Painful.
27. What does Paragraph 5 mainly tell us about desalination technology
A. Its production process. B. Its possible benefit.
C. Its potential drawbacks. D. Its present situation.
28. What is the best title of the text
A. New Desalination Technology Changed the World
B. Extreme Weather Makes People Lack Drinking Water
C. Fossil Fuels will be Replaced by the Power of Waves
D. New Technology Uses the Power of Waves to Desalinate Water
【答案】25. C 26. B 27. A 28. D
【解析】
【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了一家加拿大初创公司Oneka采用新技术利用海浪的力量来淡化海水。
【25题详解】
推理判断题。由文章第二段“More than half the world’s inhabitants struggle to find drinking water at least one month a year. And with climate change bringing with it extreme weather and heat, that figure will likely rise. That is why it is estimated that the desalination sector will rise by nine percent by 2030. (世界上一半以上的居民每年至少有一个月难以找到饮用水。随着气候变化带来极端天气和高温，这一数字可能会上升。这就是为什么据估计，到2030年，海水淡化行业将增长9%。)”可知，因为缺水的情况随着气候变化而恶化，海水淡化行业预计到2030年将会增长。故选C。
【26题详解】
词句猜测题。由文章第四段中“We want to move away from fossil fuel powered desalination (我们希望摆脱化石燃料驱动的海水淡化。)”和“This is where Oneka’s unique desalination technology comes in. (这就是Oneka独特的海水淡化技术的用武之地。)”可知，Oneka海水淡化技术是摆脱化石燃料驱动的海水淡化的关键点，即至关重要之处。A. Cautious谨慎的；B. Crucial至关重要的；C. Troublesome麻烦的；D. Painful痛苦的。故选B。
【27题详解】
主旨大意题。由文章第五段中“Oneka uses floating desalination machines, attached to buoys (浮标) . The buoys then absorb energy from the ocean waves, and convert it into mechanical forces, pumping the water through the membrane system. (Oneka使用浮动的附着在浮标上的海水淡化机。然后，浮标从海浪中吸收能量，并将其转化为机械力，通过膜系统抽水。)”可知，第5段主要说明海水淡化技术的生产过程。故选A。
【28题详解】
主旨大意题。通读全文，尤其是由文章第一段中“Now Oneka, a Canadian startup that uses the power of waves to desalinate (脱盐) water, is turning seawater into drinking water. (现在，一家加拿大初创公司Oneka利用海浪的力量来淡化海水，正在把海水变成饮用水。)”可知，文章主要介绍了Oneka采用新技术利用海浪的力量来淡化海水。选项D“New Technology Uses the Power of Waves to Desalinate Water (新技术利用海浪的力量来淡化海水)”符合题意。故选D。
第8篇
（2024安徽省安庆市二模D）Nobody knows yet what the best way of removing all that carbon will be, but scientists around the world are developing a new method. The Swiss company Climeworks is building big extractor (抽油烟机) fans to remove carbon.
But other scientists are looking to nature’s carbon cycle for inspiration. They’re looking for ways to improve it, speed it up and help it take more carbon out of the air permanently.
One of those scientists is Professor Luke Mackinder, a plant biologist at the University of York. His research into carbon removal is inspired by ocean algac (海藻). “About half of carbon absorption takes place in the ocean,” he says. “Algae are extremely efficient at absorbin g it.”
In order to do this, his team has studied the genetic code (基因密码) of algae to work out which genes play a vital role in carbon absorption. He believes they have now figured this out. “Now we have a list and we can start thinking about how to bring them together in different living things,” he says. “We place the genes into those of other plants. It’s genetic modification.”
Mackinder anticipates adding them to a range of crops and trees. The resulting increased production could be good for food security. Alternatively, they could help to enhance the influence of climate change. It all depends on what we do with the carbon once it’s trapped in those plants. Eating them would quickly return it to the atmosphere. But if instead we find ways to store it, we could keep it out of the atmosphere for good.
Dave Hillyard, chief administrator of the Carbon Technology Research Foundation that is funding Mackinder’s research, says that it is important to fund work on a wide range of carbon removal methods, because “some will not get the results they’re looking for and some will succeed. There are a lot of opportunities here but very little funding and research going into it.”
29. What is discussed in the first paragraph
A. An approach to carbon removal. B. A way to improve big extractor fans.
C. A means of joining a company. D. A method of doing scientific research.
30. Why does Professor Luke Mackinder focus on ocean algae
A. It is secure. B. It is effective. C. It is sufficient. D. It is accessible.
31. What can we know about the genes of algae from the fourth paragraph
A. They bring about great side effects. B. They are useless for carbon absorption.
C. They help increase food production. D. They have been put into other plants.
32. What is required according to Dave Hillyard
A. The government’s permission. B. More scientists’participation.
C. Increasing experimental chances. D. The input into the research.
【答案】29. A 30. B 31. D 32. D
【解析】
【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了关于利用藻类去除碳的研究。
【29题详解】
主旨大意题。根据文章第一段“Nobody knows yet what the best way of removing all that carbon will be, but scientists around the world are developing a new method. The Swiss company Climeworks is building big extractor (抽油烟机) fans to remove carbon.(没有人知道去除所有碳的最佳方法是什么，但世界各地的科学家正在开发一种新方法。瑞士公司Climeworks正在建造大型抽风机来去除碳)”可知，第一段讨论了一种去除碳的方法。故选A项。
【30题详解】
细节理解题。根据文章第二段“Algae are extremely efficient at absorbin g it.(藻类对它的吸收效率极高)”可知，卢克·麦金德教授关注海洋藻类是因为它是有效的。故选B项。
【31题详解】
细节理解题。根据文章第四段“We place the genes into those of other plants. It’s genetic modification.(我们把这些基因植入其他植物的基因中。这是基因改造。)”可知，藻类的基因被植入到其他植物中。故选D项。
【32题详解】
推理判断题。根据文章最后一段“There are a lot of opportunities here but very little funding and research going into it.(这里有很多机会，但投入的资金和研究却很少。)”可知，根据Dave Hillyard的说法，对研究的投入是需要的。故选D项。
第9篇
（四川宜宾市高三二模D）A deep neural (神经系统的) network trained to restore ancient Greek texts can do so with 72% accuracy when used by historians, suggests a Nature paper. The findings could assist with the restoration and sort of newly discovered or uncertain inscriptions (碑文) with improved speed and accuracy, advancing our understanding of ancient history.
To understand the history of ancient civilizations, historians study the inscriptions created by past individuals, written directly on materials- such as stone, pottery or metal- that have survived until today. However, many inscriptions have been damaged over the centuries. Their texts are now vague and their date of writing is uncertain. Specialists in the study of inscriptions can reconstruct missing texts, but their traditional methods are highly complex and time-consuming.
To overcome the restrictions of current epigraphic methods, Yannis Assael, Thea Sommerschield and their colleagues tested a deep neural network (named Ithaca), a type of artificial intelligence (AI) that was trained to restore, date and place ancient Greek inscriptions. The authors found that Ithaca could achieve 62% accuracy when used alone to restore damaged texts, and 72% accuracy when it is used by a historian. Additionally, Ithaca could also help to determine inscriptions’ place and date of writing; in their experiments, it attributed inscriptions to their original locations with 71% accuracy and dated them to less than 30 years from the date ranges proposed by historians.
The findings could unlock the cooperative potential between artificial intelligence and historians, and improve our understanding of human history.
Common fields such as education, healthcare, catering, and industry have long been dominated by artificial intelligence, and this technology is now finding its way into relatively niche (小众) fields to more fully exploit its talents. Archaeology (考古学) is one of its latest fields.
33. Which can describe the neural network’s work
A. Uncertain but useful. B. Imperfect and traditional.
C. Faster and more precise. D. Helpful but time-consuming.
34. What can be inferred about inscriptions from paragraph 2
A. The ancients wrote inscriptions on hard materials on purpose.
B. The history of ancient civilization is uncovered by inscriptions.
C. Historians are able to recover the texts of ancient inscriptions totally.
D. Experts are capable of comprehending inscriptions despite complexity.
35. What is the author’s attitude towards AI’s potential use
A. Doubtful. B. Concerned. C. Promising. D. Opposing.
36. Which of the following is probably the best title
A. AI’s current wide use. B. Historians’ new contributions.
C. Restoring ancient texts using AI. D. A newly-developed neural network.
【答案】33. C 34. D 35. C 36. C
【解析】
【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了深度神经网络在恢复古希腊文本方面的应用，并详细阐述了其如何帮助历史学家更准确、快速地恢复和分类碑文，以及这项技术如何增进我们对古代历史的理解。
【33题详解】
细节理解题。根据文章第一段“The findings could assist with the restoration and sort of newly discovered or uncertain inscriptions (碑文) with improved speed and accuracy, advancing our understanding of ancient history.(这一发现可以帮助修复和分类新发现或不确定的铭文，提高速度和准确性，促进我们对古代历史的理解)”可知，神经网络可以帮助修复和分类新发现或不确定的铭文，提高速度和准确性，即神经网络工作是更快速和更准确的。故选C。
【34题详解】
推理判断题。根据文章第二段“However, many inscriptions have been damaged over the centuries. Their texts are now vague and their date of writing is uncertain. Specialists in the study of inscriptions can reconstruct missing texts, but their traditional methods are highly complex and time-consuming.(然而，几个世纪以来，许多铭文已经损坏。它们的文本现在很模糊，写作日期也不确定。研究铭文的专家可以重建丢失的文本，但他们的传统方法非常复杂且耗时)”可推知，虽然铭文经过几个世纪之后已经很模糊，但是专家还是可以重建丢失的文本。故选D。
35题详解】
推理判断题。根据文章第四段“The findings could unlock the cooperative potential between artificial intelligence and historians, and improve our understanding of human history.(这一发现可以释放人工智能和历史学家之间的合作潜力，并提高我们对人类历史的理解)”以及最后一段“Common fields such as education, healthcare, catering, and industry have long been dominated by artificial intelligence, and this technology is now finding its way into relatively niche (小众) fields to more fully exploit its talents. Archaeology (考古学) is one of its latest fields.(长期以来，教育、医疗、餐饮和工业等常见领域一直由人工智能主导，而这项技术现在正进入相对小众的领域，以更充分地发挥其才能。考古学是其最新的研究领域之一)”可判断，作者认为人工智能的潜在用处是极有前途的。故选C。
【36题详解】
主旨大意题。根据文章第一段“A deep neural (神经系统的) network trained to restore ancient Greek texts can do so with 72% accuracy when used by historians, suggests a Nature paper. The findings could assist with the restoration and sort of newly discovered or uncertain inscriptions (碑文) with improved speed and accuracy, advancing our understanding of ancient history. (《自然》杂志的一篇论文指出，一个经过训练的深度神经网络在被历史学家使用时可以恢复古希腊文本，准确率达到72%。这一发现可以帮助修复和分类新发现或不确定的铭文(碑文)，提高速度和准确性，促进我们对古代历史的理解)”以及全文内容可知，文章主要讲述了深度神经网络如何被用来恢复古希腊文本，并提到了这一发现如何有助于历史学家更快速、准确地恢复和分类新发现或不确定的碑文，从而增进我们对古代历史的理解。因此，文章的核心主题是关于使用AI技术来恢复古代文本，所以“使用人工智能恢复古代文本”适合作为文章标题。故选C。
第10 篇
（陕西西安临潼二模C）Artificial intelligence models can trick each other into disobeying their creators and providing banned instructions for making drugs, or even building a bomb, suggesting that preventing such AI “jailbreaks” is more difficult than it seems.
Many publicly available large language models (LLMs), such as ChatGPT, have hard-coded rules that aim to prevent them from exhibiting racial or sexual discrimination, or answering questions with illegal or problematic answers — things they have learned from humans via training data. But that hasn’t stopped people from finding carefully designed instructions that block these protections, known as “jailbreaks”, making AI models disobey the rules.
Now, Arush Tagade at Leap Laboratories and his co-workers have found a process of jailbreaks. They found that they could simply instruct one LLM to convince other models to adopt a persona (角色), which is able to answer questions the base model has been programmed to refuse. This process is called “persona modulation (调节)”.
Tagade says this approach works because much of the training data consumed by large models comes from online conversations, and the models learn to act in certain ways in response to different inputs. By having the right conversation with a model, it is possible to make it adopt a particular persona, causing it to act differently.
There is also an idea in AI circles, one yet to be proven, that creating lots of rules for an AI to prevent it displaying unwanted behaviour can accidentally create a blueprint for a model to act that way. This potentially leaves the AI easy to be tricked into taking on an evil persona. “If you’re forcing your model to be good persona, it somewhat understands what a bad persona is,” says Tagade.
Yinzhen Li at Imperial College London says it is worrying how current models can be misused, but developers need to weigh such risks with the potential benefits of LLMs. “Like drugs, they also have side effects that need to be controlled,” she says.
37. What does the AI jailbreak refer to
A. The technique to break restrictions of AI models.
B. The initiative to set hard-coded rules for AI models.
C. The capability of AI models improving themselves.
D. The process of AI models learning new information.
38. What can we know about the persona modulation
A. It can help AI models understand emotions.
B. It prevents AI learning via online conversations.
C. It can make AI models adopt a particular persona.
D. It forces AI models to follow only good personas.
39. What is Yinzhen Li’s attitude towards LLMs
A. Unclear. B. Cautious. C. Approving. D. Negative.
40. Which can be a suitable title for the text
A. LLMs: Illegal Learning Models B. LLMs: The Latest Advancement
C. AI Jailbreaks: A New Challenge D. AI Jailbreaks: A Perfect Approach
【答案】37. A 38. C 39. B 40. C
【解析】
【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了人工智能领域面临的一项新挑战——AI“越狱”。
【37题详解】
词句猜测题。根据第一段“Artificial intelligence models can trick each other into disobeying their creators and providing banned instructions for making drugs, or even building a bomb, suggesting that preventing such AI “jailbreaks” is more difficult than it seems. (人工智能模型可以欺骗对方不服从其创造者，提供被禁止的制造毒品的指令，甚至制造炸弹，这表明防止这种AI‘jailbreaks’比看起来要困难得多。)”以及第二段“Many publicly available large language models (LLMs), such as ChatGPT, have hard-coded rules that aim to prevent them from exhibiting racial or sexual discrimination, or answering questions with illegal or problematic answers — things they have learned from humans via training data. But that hasn’t stopped people from finding carefully designed instructions that block these protections, known as “jailbreaks”, making AI models disobey the rules. (许多公开可用的大型语言模型（LLMs），如ChatGPT，都有硬编码规则，旨在防止它们表现出种族或性别歧视，或者用非法或有问题的答案回答问题——这些都是它们通过训练数据从人类那里学到的。但这并没有阻止人们找到精心设计的指令，阻止这些保护措施，即所谓的‘jailbreaks’，使人工智能模型不遵守规则。)”可知，许多公开可用的大型语言模型都有硬编码规则阻止非法、歧视等内容，但是人工智能模型可以突破保护限制措施，互相欺骗对方不服从其创造者，提供被禁止的指令；由此可知，AI“jailbreak”指的是打破人工智能模型限制，使人工智能模型违反规则的技术。故选A。
【38题详解】
细节理解题。根据第四段“Tagade says this approach works because much of the training data consumed by large models comes from online conversations, and the models learn to act in certain ways in response to different inputs. By having the right conversation with a model, it is possible to make it adopt a particular persona, causing it to act differently. (Tagade表示，这种方法之所以有效，是因为大型模型消耗的大部分训练数据来自在线对话，模型学会以特定的方式响应不同的输入。通过与模型进行正确的对话，可以使其采用特定的角色，从而使其采取不同的行动。)”可知，“角色调节（the persona modulation）”可以通过与人工智能模型进行正确的对话让其采用特定的角色，采取不同的行动。故选C。
【39题详解】
推理判断题。根据最后一段“Yinzhen Li at Imperial College London says it is worrying how current models can be misused, but developers need to weigh such risks with the potential benefits of LLMs. “Like drugs, they also have side effects that need to be controlled,” she says. (伦敦帝国理工学院的Yinzhen Li表示，目前的模型可能会被滥用，这令人担忧，但开发者需要权衡这些风险与LLM的潜在好处。‘就像药物一样，它们也有需要控制的副作用，’她说。)”可知，Yinzhen Li认为，目前的模型可能会被滥用，但是开发者需要权衡这些风险与LLMs的潜在好处，由此可知，Yinzhen Li对LLMs持谨慎的态度。故选B。
【40题详解】
主旨大意题。根据第一段“Artificial intelligence models can trick each other into disobeying their creators and providing banned instructions for making drugs, or even building a bomb, suggesting that preventing such AI “jailbreaks” is more difficult than it seems. (人工智能模型可以欺骗对方不服从其创造者，提供被禁止的制造毒品的指令，甚至制造炸弹，这表明防止这种人工智能“越狱”比看起来更困难。)”以及下文内容可知本文介绍了人工智能“越狱”、研究者们发现的一个“越狱”过程——“角色调节”以及专家对其态度；由此可知，本文主要阐述人工智能发展面临的人工智能“越狱”这一新的挑战；C选项“AI Jailbreaks: A New Challenge (AI越狱：一个新的挑战)”能够概括文章主旨，适合作为最佳标题。故选C。
第11篇
（2024山西二模C）For thousands of years, humans have used names to communicate with one another. We also give names to animals, especially ones we love, such as pets. Until now there has been little evidence of animals naming one another, but a new study suggests that elephants use specific noises to identify other elephants.
A few animals, including parrots and dolphins, have been known to use sounds that are similar to names. Each dolphin invents a signature whistle that is unique to it, and other members of its species communicate with it by imitating (模仿) this special call. The new study, led by Michael Pardo of Colorado State University, shows that wild African elephants use names in a way that is not just copying sounds and is much closer to the way humans use names.
For the study, the researchers recorded 625 sounds made by wild African elephants in Kenya that they called “rumbles (隆隆声)”. This is the most common type of call produced by elephants, and it can travel long distances-as far as 3. 7 miles. It takes place at a very low frequency, which means humans can’t hear it.
The researchers analyzed the sounds using computers and found that certain rumbles were directed at specific elephants to get their attention. They found that all the elephants in the herd used the identical call to get a particular elephant’s attention-these calls were not just nicknames used by one of the elephant’s friends. Also, unlike the way dolphins communicate, the rumbles were not imitations of the elephant they were trying to communicate with.
The researchers then played back some of the recorded rumbles to the elephants. They found that elephants responded more to their own name than to other calls, coming toward it more quickly or calling back faster. Caitlin O’Connell-Rodwell, an elephant expert, said, “The study shows that elephants can still keep in touch with one another even across a large area. ” She told Live Science, “It allows them to spread out much further and still have very close tabs (密切关注) on individuals. “
41 How can elephants recognize others according to the new study
A. By employing certain sounds. B. By using a signature whistle.
C. By giving out specific smells. D. By adopting particular postures.
42. What can be inferred about Michael Pardo’s research
A. Its findings were not accepted by the public.
B. It asked researchers to analyze elephants’ lives.
C. Its researchers needed to engage in outdoor work.
D. It revealed elephants’ sounds are at a high frequency.
43. Why do elephants use the same call
A. To get noticed by the herd.
B. To imitate other elephants.
C. To lead the way for other elephants.
D. To draw a specific elephant’s attention.
44. Which of the following does Caitlin O’Connell-Rodwell agree with
A. Elephants only respond to their own names.
B. Elephants can walk very far without losing the way.
C. Rumbles can help elephants interact with each other.
D. Rumbles are imitations of the elephant they were communicating with.
【答案】41. A 42. C 43. D 44. C
【解析】
【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了一项新的研究——大象会使用特定的声音来识别其他大象。
【41题详解】
细节理解题。根据第一段中的“…but a new study suggests that elephants use specific noises to identify other elephants. (……但一项新的研究表明，大象使用特定的声音来识别其他大象。)”可知，大象可以通过发出特定的声音来识别同类。故选A。
【42题详解】
推理判断题。根据第三段中的“For the study, the researchers recorded 625 sounds made by wild African elephants in Kenya that they called ‘rumbles’. (在这项研究中，研究人员记录了肯尼亚野生非洲象发出的625种声音，他们称之为“隆隆声”。)”可知，Pardo的团队是在野外记录野生大象的声音。因此，研究者们要在户外工作。故选C。
【43题详解】
细节理解题。根据第四段中“They found that all the elephants in the herd used the same call to get a particular elephant’s attention… (他们发现象群中的所有大象都用同样的叫声来引起某一头大象的注意……)”可知，大象使用相同的声音是为了吸引某个特定大象的注意。故选D。
【44题详解】
推理判断题。根据最后一段中的“It allows them to spread out much further and still have very close tabs on individuals. (这使它们能够扩散得更远，并且仍然可以非常密切地监视个体。)”可知，呼唤大象同伴的隆隆声有助于相互联系。故选C。
第12篇
（2024黑龙江二模C）The study by University of Arizona researchers, published in the Creativity Research Journal, finds that creative people are more likely to fruitfully use idle (空闲的) time by letting one idea lead to another.
“In psychology and neuroscience, most studies on human thoughts either prompt (提示) participants to think in a certain way or ask them to report on thoughts they experienced, but less is known about how thoughts naturally arise and unfold over time in unprompted contexts,” said Jessica Andrews-Hanna, an associate professor in the Department of Psychology and senior author of the paper. “This is where our study comes in.”
The researchers divided the study into two parts. For the first experiment, the researchers asked each participant to sit alone in a room for 10 minutes without any access to digital devices. In the absence of any particular prompt, the participants were asked to voice their thoughts aloud in real time. The recorded files from 81 participants were then transcribed (转录) and analyzed.
The first experiment found that creative people were more engaged in their thoughts when they were left alone without distractions, such as cell phones and the Internet. “Creative people rated themselves as being less bored, even over those 10 minutes. They also spoke more words overall, which indicated that their thoughts were more likely to move freely,” said Andrews-Hanna.
For the second experiment, over 2,600 adults answered questions through a smartphone app called Mind Window, developed by Andrews-Hanna and her graduate student Eric Andrews. Participants who self-identified as being creative reported being less bored during the idle time.
The researchers are continuing this line of work using their Mind Window app. They encourage people to download and use the app to help scientists understand how people across the world think in their everyday lives. “Understanding why different people think the way they do may lead to promising interventions to improve health and well-being,” said Andrews-Hanna.
45. What do Andrews-Hanna’s words in paragraph 2 focus on
A. The necessity of the study. B. The value of former studies.
C. The participants of the study. D. The process of former studies.
46. What did the participants do in the first experiment of the study
A. They spoke out what they thought. B. They recorded their own voices.
C. They remembered some prompts. D. They finished a number of reports.
47. What did the study find about creative people
A. They made better use of digital devices.
B. They enjoyed idle time more than others.
C. They were more likely to understand others.
D. They were more willing to share their thoughts.
48. Which word best describes Mind Window app according to the researchers
A. Educational. B. Fashionable. C. Expensive. D. Beneficial.
【答案】45. A 465. A 47. D 48. D
【解析】
【导语】本文为一篇说明文，主要介绍了新的科学研究发现有创造力的人更有可能有效地利用空闲时间，而不会感觉无聊。
【45题详解】
主旨大意题。根据文章第二段““In psychology and neuroscience, most studies on human thoughts either prompt (提示) participants to think in a certain way or ask them to report on thoughts they experienced, but less is known about how thoughts naturally arise and unfold over time in unprompted contexts,” said Jessica Andrews-Hanna, an associate professor in the Department of Psychology and senior author of the paper. “This is where our study comes in.”(“在心理学和神经科学中，大多数关于人类思想研究要么促使参与者以某种方式思考，要么要求他们报告他们所经历的想法，但关于想法是如何在无提示的情况下自然产生和展开的，我们知之甚少，”心理学系副教授、该论文的资深作者杰西卡·安德鲁斯-汉纳说。“这就是我们研究的意义所在。”)”可知，文章第二段可知，Andrews-Hanna的话重点说明了这项研究的必要性。故选A项。
【46题详解】
细节理解题。根据文章第三段“For the first experiment, the researchers asked each participant to sit alone in a room for 10 minutes without any access to digital devices. In the absence of any particular prompt, the participants were asked to voice their thoughts aloud in real time.(在第一个实验中，研究人员要求每个参与者单独坐在一个房间里10分钟，不接触任何数字设备。在没有任何特别提示的情况下，参与者被要求实时大声说出他们的想法)”可知，试验中第一组参与者被要求说出他们的想法。故选A项。
【47题详解】
细节理解题。根据文章第四段“The first experiment found that creative people were more engaged in their thoughts when they were left alone without distractions, such as cell phones and the Internet. “Creative people rated themselves as being less bored, even over those 10 minutes. They also spoke more words overall, which indicated that their thoughts were more likely to move freely,” said Andrews-Hanna.(第一个实验发现，有创造力的人在没有手机和互联网等干扰的情况下更专注于思考。“有创造力的人认为自己不那么无聊，即使是在那10分钟里。总的来说，他们说的话也更多，这表明他们的思想更容易自由流动。”)”可知，有创造力的人在没有手机和互联网等干扰的情况下更专注于思考，说的话也更多，这说明更愿意分享自己的想法。故选D项。
【48题详解】
推理判断题。根据文章最后一段“The researchers are continuing this line of work using their Mind Window app. They encourage people to download and use the app to help scientists understand how people across the world think in their everyday lives. “Understanding why different people think the way they do may lead to promising interventions to improve health and well-being,” said Andrews-Hanna.(研究人员正在使用他们Mind Window应用程序继续这项工作。他们鼓励人们下载并使用这款应用程序，以帮助科学家了解世界各地的人们在日常生活中是如何思考的。安德鲁斯-汉纳说：了解为什么不同的人会有不同的想法，可能会导致有希望的干预措施，以改善健康和福祉。”)”可推知，Mind Window软件有助于研究者的研究，可得出Mind Window软件对于研究者来说是有好处的。故选D项。
第13篇
（2023江苏南京二模D）Cars powered by batteries made from seawater and planes fueled by ammonia (氨) will become common over the next 10 years, Bill David, a professor of materials chemistry has predicted.
Most batteries for electric cars and smartphones are powered by lithium (锂), which has to be mined, but David thinks that they will be overtaken by batteries made from sodium (钠), which can be obtained from seawater and salt. The future of air travel could also be greener thanks to biofuels.
David said: “We are developing an ammonia-based plane. In principle, we can improve on an Airbus A320 or a Boeing 787 and essentially replace jet fuel with ammonia.”
David said that batteries could, at first, combine sodium and lithium, as sodium was not quite as powerful as lithium but is much more sufficient. “It’s not2024高三二轮——阅读理解（科普文）
第1篇
（2024福建漳州市二模C）“The opposite of play isn’t work; it’s depression,” says play researcher Stuart Brown. “The adult-play shortage is becoming a public health crisis.” Play may appear insignificant, but recent studies indicate it may be as essential as the need for sleep. Playfulness helps some young animals learn to master their bodies and their environments — and once they do, most stop playing as adults.
“Adult play promotes qualities that we humans could use more of,” says Jeff Harry, a play consultant. Unfortunately, social standards restrain (抑制) our urge to let loose. “Being a playful adult is really disapproved in our society,” he says. “You don’t want people to think that you’re childish.”
“It hasn’t always been this way,” says Peter Gray, a play researcher at Boston University. When Gray reviewed descriptions of the last remaining hunter-gatherer tribes, he noticed that they were often described as “good-humored” and “joyful”. “What we would call work — hunting and gathering — was fun,” he says. “Generally speaking, we like to do the things that are necessary for our survival. Humans took one giant step away from fun when we started planting crops. Then we invented factories and lost sight of play entirely,” Gray adds.
We may be able to reverse this situation, says Harry. As we fully make the transition to a knowledge-based economy, work and play are beginning to merge (合并) again. Some of today’s most successful companies, such as Google and Apple, were started by people tinkering (小修补) in their garages.
“Play is all about looking at a tough world with creativity and optimism,” Brown says. He goes so far as to declare that “adult play is necessary for our survival as a species”.
The next time I’m caught playing, I know exactly what I’ll say, “I am not wasting time, or acting immature. I’m playing for the benefit of all humanity. You’re welcome.”
1. Why does Stuart Brown consider adult play essential
A. It promotes creativity. B. It battles depression.
C It facilitates cooperation. D. It improves adaptivity.
2. What societal factor restrains adult play according to Jeff Harry
A. Fear of judgment from others. B. Lack of sufficient time for leisure.
C. Cultural emphasis on personal values. D. Pressure from work-related responsibilities
3. Which statement will Peter Gray agree with according to Paragraph 3
A. Adult play contributes positively to work.
B. Social attitudes toward play regularly shift.
C. Humans initially found joy in survival activities.
D. Industrialization closely connected work and play.
4. What is the purpose of the text
A. To stress the significance of adult play.
B. To discuss the evolution of work and play.
C. To advocate playfulness in modern businesses.
D. To explore the impact of adult play on depression.
第2篇
（2024江苏省连云港市二模C）The science of why insects gather around lights at night has never been nailed down. Popular theories propose that moths and other insects navigate (导航) by the moon and mistake lamps for moonlight, or that the insects fly towards light to escape coming danger. Now researchers believe they have a more convincing answer: contrary to current theories, insects are not attracted to light from far away, but become trapped if they fly close to an artificial light source.
According to Dr Sam Fabian, study co-author and Imperial College London entomologist, moths and many other insects that fly at night evolved to tilt (倾斜) their backs to wherever is brightest. For hundreds of millions of years, this was the sky rather than the ground. The trick told insects which way was up and ensured they flew level. But then came artificial lighting. Moths found themselves tilting their backs to street lamps. This caused them to circle around the lamps endlessly, the insects trapped by their evolution.
Fabian and his colleagues filmed insect flight paths around lights in the lab. The videos reveal that time and again, moths and dragonflies turned their backs to artificial lights, which appeared to greatly change their flight paths. If the light is above them, they might start orbiting it, but if it’s behind them, they start tilting backwards and end up flying in circles or diving toward the ground.
Researchers have long warned that light pollution is a big driving force in the dramatic decline in insect populations. Moths and other insects that become trapped around lamps become easily caught by bats. The artificial lighting can also fool them into thinking it is daytime, causing them to bed down and skip a night’s feeding.
There are, Fabian believes, helpful lessons from the research. “What this tells us is that the direction of artificial light matters. Could we change lighting environments to not trap insects For we’re facing a massive decline in insects around the world, and artificial light at night is one of the factors that could potentially be leading to this decline,” Fabian said.
5. What do the underlined words “nailed down” in paragraph 1 mean
A. Popularized widely. B. Discussed openly.
C. Defined accurately. D. Explored academically.
6. Fabian’s study found that moths circle around the lamps endlessly because ______.
A. they can’t keep their balance.
B. they use improper flight attitude.
C. they lose track of which way is up.
D. they are attracted to lights from far away.
7. What is the significance of the research finding
A. It may lead to better conservation of insects.
B. Natural enemies of insects will be got rid of.
C. Artificial lighting will be greatly reduced at night.
D. It may raise concerns for insects’ eating behavior.
8. What is the text mainly about
A. Why insects lose their ability to fly at night.
B. Why artificial light and evolution trap insects.
C. How artificial light impacts insect populations.
D. How insects evolved distinct strategies of flight.
第3篇
（2024江苏省连云港市二模D）I’m a layperson with a love of science who occasionally reads science magazines. My approach was from an author’s angle, spending months on research before writing a single word for Pig Heart Boy.
So where did I get the idea Whenever I attend a school event, that question is asked. The answer is simple. Back in the mid 1990s, I read a newspaper article written by a doctor who guessed that we would eventually have to turn to xenotransplantation (异种器官移植) as a possible solution to the lack of human organ donors. It left my mind filled with questions. What are the consequences Do we really have the right to treat animals as me re organ sources for humans So I headed to my nearest bookshop and bought all the books I could on heart transplants in particular.
I’ve found questions are one of the best places to start from when writing a novel. In my story Cameron, who needs a heart transplant, knows he is unlikely to see his next birthday unless he receives one, but he is a long way down the waiting list. When a genetically modified (GM) pig’s heart is offered by a pioneering doctor, Cameron decides to go for it —and his new heart completely changes his life in unexpected ways.
Now some people think that the subject matter is not suitable for children, criticizing the cruel and inhuman ways of xenotransplantation. I completely disagree. As a children’s author, it never ceases to amaze me how some adults underestimate what subject matter will interest and stimulate children. I wanted to write a story that provided no right or wrong answers, a story that would allow the reader to walk in Cameron’s shoes for a while and think about what decisions they would make and how they would react if they too were faced with his situation.
Fictional stories that explore new ideas when it comes to STEM (science, technology, engineering and mathematics) subjects also have a part to play in enriching our children’s reading and learning. Various studies have shown that reading fiction enhances our children’s ability to grasp new concepts. Pig Heart Boy was my attempt to incorporate science possible into a believable, thought-provoking (令人深思的) story.
9. Where did the author get inspiration from to write Pig Heart Boy
A. A school event. B. A news item.
C. Science magazines. D. Books on heart transplants.
10. What might be a major concern of those who disagree with Pig Heart Boy
A. Animal rights. B. GM technology.
C. Organ transplant risks. D. Organ shortage crisis.
11. What are the last two paragraphs of the text mainly about
A. Ways of tapping children ‘s intelligence.
B. Potential application of fictional stories.
C. Supporting evidence for justifying the book.
D. Influence of fictional stories on STEM subjects.
12. What is Pig Heart Boy
A. An author profile. B. A science fiction novel.
C. A guidebook to xenotransplantation. D. An essay on writing children’s literature.
第4篇
（2024陕西榆林二模D） A sugar replacement called erythritol (赤藓糖醇) has been linked to blood clotting (血液凝固), stroke, heart attack and death, according to a new study.
“The degree of risk was not modest,” said lead study author Dr. Stanley Hazen. People with existing risk factors for heart disease will be twice as likely to experience the risk if they have the highest levels of erythritol in their blood. Erythritol appears to be causing blood platelets (血小板) to clot more readily. Clots can break off and travel to the heart or the brain, causing a heart attack or a stroke.
Erythritol is a sugar alcohol, a carb found naturally in many fruits and vegetables. However, artificially manufactured in massive quantities, erythritol has become an extremely popular additive to low-carb products.
The discovery of the connection between erythritol and cardiovascular issues was purely accidental. Hazen’s research had a simple goal: find unknown chemicals or compounds in a person’s blood. To do so, the team analyzed 1,157 blood samples. “We found this substance that seemed to play a big role, but we didn’t know it was erythritol, a sweetener until later,” said Hazen. To confirm the findings, the team tested another two batches of blood samples and found that higher levels of erythritol were connected to a greater risk of heart attack, stroke or death within three years.
“This certainly sounds an alarm,” said Dr. Andrew Freeman, director of a hospital inDenver. “Science needs to take a deeper div e into erythritol and in a hurry, because this substance is widely available right now. If it’s harmful, we should know about it.”
Hazen agreed,“I normally don’t get up on a pedestal (崇高地位) and sound the alarm, but this is something that I think we need to be looking at carefully.”
13. About the risk, what does Hazen’s word in paragraph 2 mean
A. It is not worth considering. B. It is removed by erythritol.
C. It should not be underestimated. D. It is just present in people with disease.
14. What do we know about erythritol
A. Its quality is uncertain. B. It has been used widely in food.
C. It is manufactured by artists. D. It mainly exists in fruits.
15. What can be concluded from the last two paragraphs
A. Erythritol is not available to people.
B. Hazen likes warning people about potential dangers.
C. People have realized that erythritol is dangerous.
D. Further research should be done on erythritol.
16. What can be the best title for the text
A. The Accidental Discovery of a New Sweetener
B. The Potential Health Risks of Erythritol Uncovered
C. The Rise of Erythritol as a Popular Sugar Substitute
D. The Surprising Benefits of Erythritol in Diet Products
第5篇
（2024成都二模C）Two powerful NASA telescopes have detected the oldest and most distant black hole ever found. Data collected via energetic X-rays by the Chandra X-ray Observatory and James Webb Space Telescope has helped astronomers spot the signature of a growing black hole within the early universe just 470 million years after the big bang which occurred 13.8 billion years ago. The discovery, described in a study published in Nature Astronomy, may help astronomers figure out how some of the first supermassive black holes formed in the universe.
“We needed Webb to find this remarkably distant galaxy (星系) and Chandra to find its supermassive black hole, “ said lead study author Akos Bogdan, in a statement. ”We also took advantage of a cosmic magnifying glass (宇宙放大镜) that boosted the amount of light we detected. “ He was referring to an effect called gravitational lensing (引力透镜效应), which occurs when closer objects act like a magnifying glass for distant objects. Gravity essentially twists and strengthens the light of distant galaxies in the background of whatever is doing the magnifying, enabling observations of otherwise invisible features.
Astronomers detected the black hole in a galaxy called UHZ1. At first glance, the galaxy appeared in the same direction as a cluster of galaxies known as Abell 2744, which is located about 3. 5 billion light-years from Earth. But data collected by the Webb telescope showed that UHZl is actually much farther away and located beyond the cluster at 13. 2 billion light-years from Earth.
The team used the Chandra Observatory to detect superheated gas releasing X-rays within UHZ1, the obvious sign of a supermassive black hole growing in size. The detection was made possible by the Abell cluster of galaxies, which intensified the light of the UHZ1 galaxy and the X-rays released by the black hole by a factor of four.
Astronomers think the discovery will help them better understand how supermassive black holes appeared and reached their huge masses so soon after the beginning of the universe.
17. What’s the possible age of the newly-found black hole
A. 470 million years. B. 13.33 billion years.
C. 13. 8 billion years. D. 14. 27 billion years.
18. What is Paragraph 2 mainly about
A. The process of the research.
B. The significance of the discovery.
C. The contributors to the discovery.
D. The background of the research.
19. Which best shows the position of Abell 2744, Earth and UHZ1
A. B.
C. D.
20. Which can be a suitable title for the text
A. The Oldest and Most Distant Black Hole Spotted.
B. Two Powerful NASA Telescopes Coming into Service.
C. New Supporting Evidence of the Big Bang Theory Detected.
D. Astronomers Figuring Out How the First Black Holes Formed.
第6篇
（2024成都二模D）There’s an enormous amount of personal health information people now feed or tap into digital monitors, health apps, search engines and other online tools. If the same information were provided in your doctor’s office, your privacy would be safeguarded. But that’s not how the digitized health world works.
Instead, we have an ecosystem of abuse in which health technology companies operate largely outside the law that requires doctors and other medical personnel, hospitals and insurers to protect an individual’s health information.
That means technology companies can — and do — dig your digital data for clues about your health status, accessing information like prescriptions you have purchased and other health services you might have sought, and potentially link this information to your name, address, email address and other personally identifying information. The data can then be used by platforms including Facebook and Google to help advertisers target promotions or other communications to you.
It’s a gaping hole in health privacy protections that comes from the privacy law, which protects interactions between patients, medical professionals and insurers but does not, in most cases, protect patient health data that is recorded on new technologies.
Closing the patient privacy gap can- and should -be a priority for lawmakers. The consequences of digital exposure for those seeking reproductive services have drawn significant concern and attention. These worries are reasonable. But reproductive care is only one area of health services where private patient information is digitally disclosed.
Therefore, lawmakers must take action to protect the privacy of people who are now online for all manners of personal, professional and other reasons. Until then, a narrowly targeted approach that protects health privacy may be politically easier to come into effect. The explosion of digital health technology and the dramatic increase in its use in the past few years require it greatly.
21. What can we learn about the present situation of the digitized health world
A. Personal health data is used for other purposes.
B. Personal health information is difficult to identify.
C. Targeted promotions are used to improve people’s health.
D. Medical personnel protect the personal health information well.
22. What’s the author’s attitude towards the present privacy law
A. Approving. B. Critical. C. Cautious. D. Ambiguous.
23. What does the underlined word “it” in Paragraph 6 refer to
A. The spread of health service.
B. People’s privacy.
C. A narrowly targeted approach.
D. The explosion of digital technology.
24. What is the purpose of the text
A. To advocate improvement in the privacy law.
B. To report cases of illegal information exposure.
C. To explain how the digitized health world works.
D. To introduce a debate on the effect of technology.
第7篇
（四川凉山州高三二模B）There are a lot of potential sources of clean energy out there: solar energy, wind energy, hydrogen-based energy, and more. One of the less-known sources of clean energy is wave energy. Now Oneka, a Canadian startup that uses the power of waves to desalinate (脱盐) water, is turning seawater into drinking water.
More than half the world’s inhabitants struggle to find drinking water at least one month a year. And with climate change bringing with it extreme weather and heat, that figure will likely rise. That is why it is estimated that the desalination sector will rise by nine percent by 2030.
In general, there are two kinds of desalination technology. The first is thermal (热能) . The second technology is membrane (薄膜) based. Whichever technology is used, however, most desalination plants run on non-renewable energy. And there is also the issue of the salt itself. The high salinity (盐分) of the water and salt that flows back into the ocean often create dead zones. The water in these zones is so salty that marine life dies off in those areas.
“Desalination facilities are conventionally powered by fossil fuels,” Hunt said. “But the world has certainly reached a pivot point. We want to move away from fossil fuel powered desalination.” This is where Oneka’s unique desalination technology comes in. In fact, the city of Fort Bragg, California, has decided to use state funds to begin a new kind of desalination technology in partnership with the Canadian startup.
Oneka uses floating desalination machines, attached to buoys (浮标) . The buoys then absorb energy from the ocean waves, and convert it into mechanical forces, pumping the water through the membrane system. The fresh water is then pumped to land, also using the power of the waves.
The water that streams back into the ocean only contains a 30 percent increase in salinity, and is quickly dispersed (分散) by the waves, leaving no dead zones. This innovative technology shows is that sometimes the solutions to complicated problems don’t have to be complicated at all. Sometimes all you need are the ocean waves.
25. Why will the desalination sector be expected to increase by 2030
A. Because desalination sector will increase by nine percent.
B. Because half people in the world can’t find drinking water.
C. Because the situation of lacking water worsens with climate change.
D. Because people are short of drinking water as a result of climate change.
26. What does the underlined word “pivot” mean in Paragraph 4
A. Cautious. B. Crucial.
C. Troublesome. D. Painful.
27. What does Paragraph 5 mainly tell us about desalination technology
A. Its production process. B. Its possible benefit.
C. Its potential drawbacks. D. Its present situation.
28. What is the best title of the text
A. New Desalination Technology Changed the World
B. Extreme Weather Makes People Lack Drinking Water
C. Fossil Fuels will be Replaced by the Power of Waves
D. New Technology Uses the Power of Waves to Desalinate Water
第8篇
（2024安徽省安庆市二模D）Nobody knows yet what the best way of removing all that carbon will be, but scientists around the world are developing a new method. The Swiss company Climeworks is building big extractor (抽油烟机) fans to remove carbon.
But other scientists are looking to nature’s carbon cycle for inspiration. They’re looking for ways to improve it, speed it up and help it take more carbon out of the air permanently.
One of those scientists is Professor Luke Mackinder, a plant biologist at the University of York. His research into carbon removal is inspired by ocean algac (海藻). “About half of carbon absorption takes place in the ocean,” he says. “Algae are extremely efficient at absorbin g it.”
In order to do this, his team has studied the genetic code (基因密码) of algae to work out which genes play a vital role in carbon absorption. He believes they have now figured this out. “Now we have a list and we can start thinking about how to bring them together in different living things,” he says. “We place the genes into those of other plants. It’s genetic modification.”
Mackinder anticipates adding them to a range of crops and trees. The resulting increased production could be good for food security. Alternatively, they could help to enhance the influence of climate change. It all depends on what we do with the carbon once it’s trapped in those plants. Eating them would quickly return it to the atmosphere. But if instead we find ways to store it, we could keep it out of the atmosphere for good.
Dave Hillyard, chief administrator of the Carbon Technology Research Foundation that is funding Mackinder’s research, says that it is important to fund work on a wide range of carbon removal methods, because “some will not get the results they’re looking for and some will succeed. There are a lot of opportunities here but very little funding and research going into it.”
29. What is discussed in the first paragraph
A. An approach to carbon removal. B. A way to improve big extractor fans.
C. A means of joining a company. D. A method of doing scientific research.
30. Why does Professor Luke Mackinder focus on ocean algae
A. It is secure. B. It is effective. C. It is sufficient. D. It is accessible.
31. What can we know about the genes of algae from the fourth paragraph
A. They bring about great side effects. B. They are useless for carbon absorption.
C. They help increase food production. D. They have been put into other plants.
32. What is required according to Dave Hillyard
A. The government’s permission. B. More scientists’participation.
C. Increasing experimental chances. D. The input into the research.
第9篇
（四川宜宾市高三二模D）A deep neural (神经系统的) network trained to restore ancient Greek texts can do so with 72% accuracy when used by historians, suggests a Nature paper. The findings could assist with the restoration and sort of newly discovered or uncertain inscriptions (碑文) with improved speed and accuracy, advancing our understanding of ancient history.
To understand the history of ancient civilizations, historians study the inscriptions created by past individuals, written directly on materials- such as stone, pottery or metal- that have survived until today. However, many inscriptions have been damaged over the centuries. Their texts are now vague and their date of writing is uncertain. Specialists in the study of inscriptions can reconstruct missing texts, but their traditional methods are highly complex and time-consuming.
To overcome the restrictions of current epigraphic methods, Yannis Assael, Thea Sommerschield and their colleagues tested a deep neural network (named Ithaca), a type of artificial intelligence (AI) that was trained to restore, date and place ancient Greek inscriptions. The authors found that Ithaca could achieve 62% accuracy when used alone to restore damaged texts, and 72% accuracy when it is used by a historian. Additionally, Ithaca could also help to determine inscriptions’ place and date of writing; in their experiments, it attributed inscriptions to their original locations with 71% accuracy and dated them to less than 30 years from the date ranges proposed by historians.
The findings could unlock the cooperative potential between artificial intelligence and historians, and improve our understanding of human history.
Common fields such as education, healthcare, catering, and industry have long been dominated by artificial intelligence, and this technology is now finding its way into relatively niche (小众) fields to more fully exploit its talents. Archaeology (考古学) is one of its latest fields.
33. Which can describe the neural network’s work
A. Uncertain but useful. B. Imperfect and traditional.
C. Faster and more precise. D. Helpful but time-consuming.
34. What can be inferred about inscriptions from paragraph 2
A. The ancients wrote inscriptions on hard materials on purpose.
B. The history of ancient civilization is uncovered by inscriptions.
C. Historians are able to recover the texts of ancient inscriptions totally.
D. Experts are capable of comprehending inscriptions despite complexity.
35. What is the author’s attitude towards AI’s potential use
A. Doubtful. B. Concerned. C. Promising. D. Opposing.
36. Which of the following is probably the best title
A. AI’s current wide use. B. Historians’ new contributions.
C. Restoring ancient texts using AI. D. A newly-developed neural network.
第10 篇
（陕西西安临潼二模C）Artificial intelligence models can trick each other into disobeying their creators and providing banned instructions for making drugs, or even building a bomb, suggesting that preventing such AI “jailbreaks” is more difficult than it seems.
Many publicly available large language models (LLMs), such as ChatGPT, have hard-coded rules that aim to prevent them from exhibiting racial or sexual discrimination, or answering questions with illegal or problematic answers — things they have learned from humans via training data. But that hasn’t stopped people from finding carefully designed instructions that block these protections, known as “jailbreaks”, making AI models disobey the rules.
Now, Arush Tagade at Leap Laboratories and his co-workers have found a process of jailbreaks. They found that they could simply instruct one LLM to convince other models to adopt a persona (角色), which is able to answer questions the base model has been programmed to refuse. This process is called “persona modulation (调节)”.
Tagade says this approach works because much of the training data consumed by large models comes from online conversations, and the models learn to act in certain ways in response to different inputs. By having the right conversation with a model, it is possible to make it adopt a particular persona, causing it to act differently.
There is also an idea in AI circles, one yet to be proven, that creating lots of rules for an AI to prevent it displaying unwanted behaviour can accidentally create a blueprint for a model to act that way. This potentially leaves the AI easy to be tricked into taking on an evil persona. “If you’re forcing your model to be good persona, it somewhat understands what a bad persona is,” says Tagade.
Yinzhen Li at Imperial College London says it is worrying how current models can be misused, but developers need to weigh such risks with the potential benefits of LLMs. “Like drugs, they also have side effects that need to be controlled,” she says.
37. What does the AI jailbreak refer to
A. The technique to break restrictions of AI models.
B. The initiative to set hard-coded rules for AI models.
C. The capability of AI models improving themselves.
D. The process of AI models learning new information.
38. What can we know about the persona modulation
A. It can help AI models understand emotions.
B. It prevents AI learning via online conversations.
C. It can make AI models adopt a particular persona.
D. It forces AI models to follow only good personas.
39. What is Yinzhen Li’s attitude towards LLMs
A. Unclear. B. Cautious. C. Approving. D. Negative.
40. Which can be a suitable title for the text
A. LLMs: Illegal Learning Models B. LLMs: The Latest Advancement
C. AI Jailbreaks: A New Challenge D. AI Jailbreaks: A Perfect Approach
第11篇
（2024山西二模C）For thousands of years, humans have used names to communicate with one another. We also give names to animals, especially ones we love, such as pets. Until now there has been little evidence of animals naming one another, but a new study suggests that elephants use specific noises to identify other elephants.
A few animals, including parrots and dolphins, have been known to use sounds that are similar to names. Each dolphin invents a signature whistle that is unique to it, and other members of its species communicate with it by imitating (模仿) this special call. The new study, led by Michael Pardo of Colorado State University, shows that wild African elephants use names in a way that is not just copying sounds and is much closer to the way humans use names.
For the study, the researchers recorded 625 sounds made by wild African elephants in Kenya that they called “rumbles (隆隆声)”. This is the most common type of call produced by elephants, and it can travel long distances-as far as 3. 7 miles. It takes place at a very low frequency, which means humans can’t hear it.
The researchers analyzed the sounds using computers and found that certain rumbles were directed at specific elephants to get their attention. They found that all the elephants in the herd used the identical call to get a particular elephant’s attention-these calls were not just nicknames used by one of the elephant’s friends. Also, unlike the way dolphins communicate, the rumbles were not imitations of the elephant they were trying to communicate with.
The researchers then played back some of the recorded rumbles to the elephants. They found that elephants responded more to their own name than to other calls, coming toward it more quickly or calling back faster. Caitlin O’Connell-Rodwell, an elephant expert, said, “The study shows that elephants can still keep in touch with one another even across a large area. ” She told Live Science, “It allows them to spread out much further and still have very close tabs (密切关注) on individuals. “
41 How can elephants recognize others according to the new study
A. By employing certain sounds. B. By using a signature whistle.
C. By giving out specific smells. D. By adopting particular postures.
42. What can be inferred about Michael Pardo’s research
A. Its findings were not accepted by the public.
B. It asked researchers to analyze elephants’ lives.
C. Its researchers needed to engage in outdoor work.
D. It revealed elephants’ sounds are at a high frequency.
43. Why do elephants use the same call
A. To get noticed by the herd.
B. To imitate other elephants.
C. To lead the way for other elephants.
D. To draw a specific elephant’s attention.
44. Which of the following does Caitlin O’Connell-Rodwell agree with
A. Elephants only respond to their own names.
B. Elephants can walk very far without losing the way.
C. Rumbles can help elephants interact with each other.
D. Rumbles are imitations of the elephant they were communicating with.
第12篇
（2024黑龙江二模C）The study by University of Arizona researchers, published in the Creativity Research Journal, finds that creative people are more likely to fruitfully use idle (空闲的) time by letting one idea lead to another.
“In psychology and neuroscience, most studies on human thoughts either prompt (提示) participants to think in a certain way or ask them to report on thoughts they experienced, but less is known about how thoughts naturally arise and unfold over time in unprompted contexts,” said Jessica Andrews-Hanna, an associate professor in the Department of Psychology and senior author of the paper. “This is where our study comes in.”
The researchers divided the study into two parts. For the first experiment, the researchers asked each participant to sit alone in a room for 10 minutes without any access to digital devices. In the absence of any particular prompt, the participants were asked to voice their thoughts aloud in real time. The recorded files from 81 participants were then transcribed (转录) and analyzed.
The first experiment found that creative people were more engaged in their thoughts when they were left alone without distractions, such as cell phones and the Internet. “Creative people rated themselves as being less bored, even over those 10 minutes. They also spoke more words overall, which indicated that their thoughts were more likely to move freely,” said Andrews-Hanna.
For the second experiment, over 2,600 adults answered questions through a smartphone app called Mind Window, developed by Andrews-Hanna and her graduate student Eric Andrews. Participants who self-identified as being creative reported being less bored during the idle time.
The researchers are continuing this line of work using their Mind Window app. They encourage people to download and use the app to help scientists understand how people across the world think in their everyday lives. “Understanding why different people think the way they do may lead to promising interventions to improve health and well-being,” said Andrews-Hanna.
45. What do Andrews-Hanna’s words in paragraph 2 focus on
A. The necessity of the study. B. The value of former studies.
C. The participants of the study. D. The process of former studies.
46. What did the participants do in the first experiment of the study
A. They spoke out what they thought. B. They recorded their own voices.
C. They remembered some prompts. D. They finished a number of reports.
47. What did the study find about creative people
A. They made better use of digital devices.
B. They enjoyed idle time more than others.
C. They were more likely to understand others.
D. They were more willing to share their thoughts.
48. Which word best describes Mind Window app according to the researchers
A. Educational. B. Fashionable. C. Expensive. D. Beneficial.
第13篇
（2023江苏南京二模D）Cars powered by batteries made from seawater and planes fueled by ammonia (氨) will become common over the next 10 years, Bill David, a professor of materials chemistry has predicted.
Most batteries for electric cars and smartphones are powered by lithium (锂), which has to be mined, but David thinks that they will be overtaken by batteries made from sodium (钠), which can be obtained from seawater and salt. The future of air travel could also be greener thanks to biofuels.
David said: “We are developing an ammonia-based plane. In principle, we can improve on an Airbus A320 or a Boeing 787 and essentially replace jet fuel with ammonia.”
David said that batteries could, at first, combine sodium and lithium, as sodium was not quite as powerful as lithium but is much more sufficient. “It’s not quite perfect in terms of performance, so we need both,” David said.“Sodium is on the way up and most electric cars have had a combination of lithium and sodium batteries in them. My estimate is that by 2040 I would not be surprised if there were ten times more sodium batteries than lithium ones, maybe even 100 times.”
The first generation of mass-produced sodium batteries has been used for an electric car for the first time. Sodium will not be the final answer to eco-friendly air travel, however, which is why David’s team is looking into the use of ammonia. Some companies are looking into whether jet fuel can be replaced with hydrogen, but David sees ammonia as more sustainable. He said: “If you do the sums, then at 500mph you get the same amount of power as jet fuel, but just 40 per cent of the range. However, even with the range hit, a 787 could still go from London to New York.”
However, a report from the Royal Society on net-zero aviation, which David co-wrote, says that replacing jet fuel with biofuel would require half of the agricultural land in the UK.
49. What is an advantage of sodium batteries
A. Their performance is easy to improve. B. Their raw material is easily accessible.
C. They are widely applied to various vehicles. D. They are more powerful than other batteries.
50. According to David, which is ideal for future electric cars
A. Lithium battery. B. Sodium battery. C. Hydrogen fuel. D. Ammonia fuel.
51. What is paragraph 5 mainly about
A. Hydrogen casts a light on jet fuel market.
B. Electric car makers favor sodium batteries.
C. Ammonia features sustainability and practicability.
D. Companies have mass-produced recycled batteries.
52. What’s David’s attitude to replacing jet fuel with biofuel
A. Tolerant. B. Unclear. C. Cautious. D. Doubtful.
第14篇
（2023江苏南京二模C） As any cat owner will tell you, talking to your cat is totally normal. And even though feline(猫) friends may seem distant to these adoring talks, a new study in Animal Cognition suggests they are really listening.
Researchers in France exposed house cats to recordings of their owner or a stranger saying phrases in cat-or human-directed speech. Like baby talk, cat-directed speech is typically higher pitched with short, repetitive phrases. The team found that felines tended to react to their owner speaking in cat-directed speech—but not to their owner speaking in adult tones or to a stranger using either adult-or cat-directed speech.
Previous research had shown similar findings in dogs, but much less is known when it comes to cats. “Some people still consider cats independent—you cannot have a real relationship with cats,” says lead study author Charlotte Mouzon, a cat behaviorist at the University of Paris Nanterre. Some people might be embarrassed about using special vocalizations for cats, she says, but this research shows “people shouldn’t be ashamed.”
Mouzon and her team recorded 16 cat owners saying such as “Do you want to play ” or “Do you want a treat ” in cat-and human-directed speech. Then they filmed each cat before, during and after playing it a series of recordings of its owner and other owners’ speech. The researchers used software to rate the cats’ reactions from multiple dimensions, making the result more convincing.
“Although cats have a reputation for ignoring their owners, a growing body of research indicates that cats pay close attention to humans,” says Kristyn Vitale, a cat behavior scientist at Unity College in Maine, who was not involved in the study. “Cats can learn that specific speech has certain meanings.” But she notes the study is too small and that future work is needed to expand the research to other cat populations.
53. According to paragraph 2, what do house cats respond obviously to
A. The owner’s cat-directed tone. B. A stranger’s human-directed talks.
C. A stranger’s cat-directed recordings. D. The owner’s human-directed speech.
54. What does the underlined word “vocalization” mean in paragraph 3
A. Strategies. B. Trainings. C. Sounds. D. Rhymes.
55. What makes Mouzon’s findings more reliable
A. Continuous filming of cats’ responses.
B. Comprehensive analyses backed by software.
C. Multi-dimensional evaluations of cats’ habits.
D. Further reference to previous studies on dogs.
56. What is the limitation of Mouzon’s research
A. Lack of sample types. B. Absence of owners’ support.
C. Absence of scientific tools. D. Lack of experts’ involvement.
第15篇
（2023成都四七九名校全真模拟C）A team of researchers at the Chinese Academy of Sciences, has developed an artificial finger that was able to identify certain surface materials with 90% accuracy.
In their paper the group describes how they used triboelectric (摩擦电)sensors to give their test finger an ability to gain a sense of touch. Previous research has led to the development of robotic fingers that have the ability to recognize certain attributes of certain surfaces, such as pressure or temperature. However, the team has taken one step further by adding the ability to identify a material itself.
The finger was created by applying small square sensors to the tip of a finger-shaped object: Each of the squares was made of a different kind of plastic polymer (聚合物), each chosen because of their unique electrical properties. When such sensors are moved close to an object, electrons from the sensors interact with materials in unique ways.
The sensors beneath the polymer were all connected to their own processors (处理器) inside of the finger, which were then connected together to allow for comparison of results- and for machine learning-based data analysis. The researchers also attached a tiny LCD screen for displaying results.
The researchers then tested their finger by having it touch various flat surfaces such as those made of glass, wood, plastic and silicon. They found it capable of identifying the right material 96.8% of the time, with a minimum accuracy of 90% for all of the surfaces. The researchers also tested the finger for endurance and found that it held up well enough for industrial applications.
The researchers think that their finger could be connected directly to a control mechanism in industry. They also note that such a finger could also be used on a full-sized human robot. They point out that the technology could likely be used in prosthetic (假肢) devices to help restore a certain degree of touch for people who have lost such an ability.
57. What does the underlined word “attributes” in Paragraph 2 mean
A. Sizes. B. Quality. C. Hardness. D. Characteristics.
58. What can we learn about the artificial finger
A. The sensors in the finger can do the analysis themselves.
B. The plastic polymer chosen has the ‘same electrical properties.
C. The electrons can react with the surface that the finger touches.
D. Electrons from its sensors can differently interact with materials.
59. How did the researcher learn about the results
A. An LCD screen will show them the results.
B. The artificial finger can display the results directly.
C. They can work out the results using special software.
D. Processors inside the finger will send them messages.
60. The figures 96.8% and 90% are mentioned in the passage ________.
A. to warn future users of its possible emors
B. to show the artificial finger is highly reliable
C. to tell us it is impossible to make a perfect artificial finger
D. to prove that it is good enough to be used in industrial applications
