《备战2024年高考英语名校真题零失误规范训练》（山东专用）
专题03 阅读理解说明文最新真题模拟16篇（干货+模拟）
解析版
技能专区：冲刺备考名师提醒，洞悉高考命题规律，提供高效提分干货
一、阅读理解说明文细节理解题注意落实“定位原文”和“同义替换”技巧。
二、数据计算题注重“原文定位”和“细节理解”，弄清来龙去脉再计算。
三、重视说明文“倒三角形”结构，特别是首段和段首的独特引领作用。
四、标题概括题重视三性：概括性、简洁性和新颖性；同时联系首段和关键词。
五、说明文长难句较多增加了理解的难度，落实“括号法”，（从句）（非谓语）
（介词短语）（名词短语）。
六、规范训练目标：做标记，留痕迹；零失误；限时6分钟/每篇。
模拟专区：做好题才有好成绩！练技能，补漏洞，提分数，强信心！
（2024·山东济南·一模）A new study reveals that pigeons (鸽子) can tackle some problems just like artificial intelligence, enabling them to solve difficult tasks that might challenge humans. Previous research has theorized that pigeons employ a problem-solving strategy, involving a trial-and- error approach, which is similar to the approach used in AI models but differs from humans’ reliance on selective attention and rule use. To examine it, Brandon Turner, a psychology professor at the Ohio State University, and his colleagues conducted the new study.
In the study, the pigeons were presented with various visual images, including lines of different widths and angles, and different types of rings. The pigeons had to peck (啄) a button on the right or left to indicate the category to which the image belonged. If they got it correct, they received food; if they were wrong, they received nothing. Results showed that, through trial and error, the pigeons improved their accuracy in categorization tasks, increasing their correct choices from about 55% to 95%.
Researchers believed pigeons used associative learning, which is linking two phenomena with each other. For example, it is easy to understand the link. between “water” and “wet”. “Associative learning is frequently assumed to be far too primitive to. explain complex visual categorization like what we saw the pigeons do,” Turner said. But that’s exactly what the researchers found.
The researchers’ AI model tackled the same tasks using just the two simple mechanisms that pigeons were assumed to use: associative learning and error correction. And, like the pigeons, the AI model learned to make the right predictions to significantly increase the number of correct answers. For humans, the challenge when given tasks like those given to pigeons is that they would try to come up with rules that could make the task easier. But in this case, there were no rules, which upsets humans.
What’s interesting, though, is that pigeons use this method of learning that is very similar to AI designed by humans, Turner said. “We celebrate how smart we are that we designed artificial intelligence: at the same time, we regard pigeons as not clever animals,” he said.
1．What is the purpose of the new study
A．To test a theory. B．To evaluate a model.
C．To employ a strategy. D．To involve an approach.
2．What were the pigeons expected to do in the experiment
A．Draw circles. B．Correct errors. C．Copy gestures. D．Identify images.
3．What do pigeons and AI have in common according to the study
A．They are of equal intelligence.
B．They are good at making rules.
C．They respond rapidly to orders from humans.
D．They employ simple ways to get things done.
4．What can be a suitable title for the text
A．Pigeons’ trial-and-error method is revealed
B．Pigeons outperform humans in tough tasks
C．“Not smart” pigeons may be as smart as AI
D．AI models after pigeons’ learning approach
【答案】1．A 2．D 3．D 4．C
【导语】本文是说明文。文章介绍了一项新的研究，该研究揭示了鸽子在某些问题解决上的能力与人工智能相似，并通过实验验证了这一观点。
1．细节理解题。根据第一段“A new study reveals that pigeons (鸽子) can tackle some problems just like artificial intelligence, enabling them to solve difficult tasks that might challenge humans. Previous research has theorized that pigeons employ a problem-solving strategy, involving a trial-and- error approach, which is similar to the approach used in AI models but differs from humans’ reliance on selective attention and rule use. To examine it, Brandon Turner, a psychology professor at the Ohio State University, and his colleagues conducted the new study.(一项新的研究表明，鸽子可以像人工智能一样解决一些问题，使它们能够解决可能挑战人类的困难任务。先前的研究推测，鸽子采用一种解决问题的策略，包括试错法，这与人工智能模型中使用的方法类似，但不同于人类对选择性注意和规则使用的依赖。为了检验这一点，俄亥俄州立大学的心理学教授布兰登 特纳和他的同事进行了这项新研究)”可知，这项新研究的目的是为了检验一个理论。故选A项。
2．细节理解题。根据第二段“In the study, the pigeons were presented with various visual images, including lines of different widths and angles, and different types of rings. The pigeons had to peck (啄) a button on the right or left to indicate the category to which the image belonged.(在这项研究中，研究人员向鸽子展示了各种视觉图像，包括不同宽度和角度的线条，以及不同类型的环。鸽子必须啄一下图片左边或右边的一个按钮来表示图片所属的类别)”可知，鸽子在实验中需要识别图像。故选D项。
3．推理判断题。根据倒数第二段“The researchers’ AI model tackled the same tasks using just the two simple mechanisms that pigeons were assumed to use: associative learning and error correction.(研究人员的人工智能模型只使用了假设鸽子使用的两种简单机制：联想学习和纠错)”以及最后一段“What’s interesting, though, is that pigeons use this method of learning that is very similar to AI designed by humans, Turner said. “We celebrate how smart we are that we designed artificial intelligence: at the same time, we regard pigeons as not clever animals,” he said.(Turner说，有趣的是，鸽子使用的这种学习方法与人类设计的人工智能非常相似。他说：“我们为自己设计出人工智能而感到高兴，但同时，我们认为鸽子并不聪明。”)”可知，根据这项研究，鸽子和人工智能都采用简单的方法来完成任务。故选D项。
4．主旨大意题。根据第一段“A new study reveals that pigeons (鸽子) can tackle some problems just like artificial intelligence, enabling them to solve difficult tasks that might challenge humans. Previous research has theorized that pigeons employ a problem-solving strategy, involving a trial-and- error approach, which is similar to the approach used in AI models but differs from humans’ reliance on selective attention and rule use. To examine it, Brandon Turner, a psychology professor at the Ohio State University, and his colleagues conducted the new study.(一项新的研究表明，鸽子可以像人工智能一样解决一些问题，使它们能够解决可能挑战人类的困难任务。先前的研究推测，鸽子采用一种解决问题的策略，包括试错法，这与人工智能模型中使用的方法类似，但不同于人类对选择性注意和规则使用的依赖。为了检验这一点，俄亥俄州立大学的心理学教授布兰登 特纳和他的同事进行了这项新研究)”以及纵观全文可知，文章主要讲述了研究表明鸽子在某些问题解决上的能力与人工智能相似，因此选项C““Not smart” pigeons may be as smart as AI(“不聪明”的鸽子可能和人工智能一样聪明)”是本文最好的标题。故选C项。
（2024·山东潍坊·一模）Hiring processes can be thought of as a battle between integrity and dishonesty. You might imagine this is a simple fight between truth-seeking firms and self-promoting candidates, and to a certain extent it is. But companies themselves are prone (有倾向的) to bend reality out of shape in ways that are self-defeating.
Start with the obvious wrongdoers: job applicants. When it comes to writing the resume (简历), they tend to massage (美化) reality into the most appealing shape possible. Everyone beyond a certain level of experience is a transformational leader personally responsible for generating millions income; the world economy would be about 15 times bigger than it actually is if all such claims were true. The average British spends four and a half hours a day watching TV and online videos. But each average job candidate is an enthusiast for public welfare, using their spare time only for worthy purposes, like volunteering in soup kitchens.
But the tendency to stretch the truth infects companies as well as applicants. The typical firm will write a job description that invariably describes the work environment as fast-paced and innovative, and then lays out a set of improbable requirements for the “ideal candidate”, someone who almost by definition does not exist. Sometimes, the requirements include an ability to go back and change the course of history.
Too few firms offer an accurate account of what a position actually involves in their job previews, which are supposed to give prospective employees a genuine sense of the negatives and positives of the job, as well as a clear idea of the company’s corporate culture. One effective strategy is to lay out in text or video, what a typical day in the role would look like.
Such honesty can be its own reward. Research has long suggested that realistic job previews lead to lower turnover and higher employee satisfaction. A paper in 2011 by David Eamest of Towson University and his co-authors concluded that favourable perceptions of the organisation’s honesty are the best explanation for why. So a process designed to uncover the truth about job applicants would run a lot more smoothly if firms were also honest about themselves.
5．Why are “leader” and “enthusiast” mentioned in paragraph 2
A．To present a rule. B．To clarify a fact.
C．To make a comparison. D．To explain a phenomenon.
6．What does the underlined word “stretch” in paragraph 3 mean
A．Overstate. B．Overturn. C．Overlook. D．Overestimate.
7．What are job previews expected to be like in paragraph 4
A．They show a position as it is. B．They are made either in text or video.
C．They are favorable for bigger firms. D．They mainly contain negatives of a job.
8．What does the text mainly talk about
A．Pains and gains of employees. B．How to get the lying out of hiring.
C．How to be more appealing in hiring. D．A wrestle between applicants and companies.
【答案】5．D 6．A 7．A 8．B
【导语】这是一篇说明文，文章介绍了招聘过程中求职者和公司都倾向于夸大事实，很少有公司提供真实的职位预览，但研究表明诚实是一种回报，真实的职位预览会降低离职率，提高员工满意度。
5．推理判断题。第二段中“When it comes to writing the resume (简历), they tend to massage (美化) reality into the most appealing shape possible.(在写简历的时候，他们倾向于把现实情况美化成最吸引人的样子)”提到求职者写简历时会美化现实，下文“Everyone beyond a certain level of experience is a transformational leader personally responsible for generating millions income(每个经验稍长的人都是变革型领导者，个人负责创造数百万的收入)”和“But each average job candidate is an enthusiast for public welfare, using their spare time only for worthy purposes, like volunteering in soup kitchens.(但平均每位求职者都热衷于公益事业，他们只把业余时间用于有价值的目的，比如在施粥处做志愿)”都是举例具体说明上述现象，故选D。
6．词句猜测题。根据划线词下文“as well as applicants(和申请者一样)”以及“The typical firm will write a job description that invariably describes the work environment as fast-paced and innovative, and then lays out a set of improbable requirements for the ‘ideal candidate’, someone who almost by definition does not exist.(典型的公司会撰写一份工作描述，总是将工作环境描述为快节奏和创新的，并提出一套对‘理想候选人’的不太可能的要求，几乎按定义来说，这样的人并不存在)”可知，公司和申请者一样，也有夸大事实的倾向，stretch意为“夸大”，故选A。
7．细节理解题。根据第四段“Too few firms offer an accurate account of what a position actually involves in their job previews, which are supposed to give prospective employees a genuine sense of the negatives and positives of the job, as well as a clear idea of the company’s corporate culture. One effective strategy is to lay out in text or video, what a typical day in the role would look like.(很少有公司会在职位预览中准确地描述一个职位的实际工作内容，而预览的目的是让未来的员工真正了解这份工作的优缺点，以及公司的企业文化。一个有效的策略是在文字或视频中列出这个职位的典型一天是怎么过的)”可知，职位预览应该展示一个职位的真实情况，故选A。
8．主旨大意题。根据全文内容，结合最后一段中“Such honesty can be its own reward.(这种诚实本身就是一种回报)”可知，文章介绍了招聘过程中求职者和公司都倾向于夸大事实，很少有公司提供真实的职位预览，但研究表明诚实是一种回报，真实的职位预览会降低离职率，提高员工满意度，B项“如何消除招聘中的谎言”能够总结文章大意，故选B。
（2024·山东潍坊·一模）People have come to understand the enormous impacts-beneficial as well as harmful- plastics have on human lives and the environment. As polymer (聚合物) scientists committed to inventing sustainable solutions for real-world problems, we set out to tackle the issue of plastic waste by rethinking the way polymers are designed so we could make plastics with recyclability built right in.
Everyday items including milk jug, grocery bags, and takeout containers are made from a class of polymers called polyolefins. These plastics are really durable (耐用的) because the chemical bonds in those polymers are extremely stable. In a world set up for disposable (一次性的) items, durability is no longer a design feature but rather a design drawback. Imagine if half the plastics used today were recyclable through twice as many processes as they are now. Also conventional recycling requires careful sorting of all the collected materials, which can be challenging with so many different plastics. For example, separating paper from metal doesn’t require complex technology, but sorting a container from a milk jug of a different polyolefin is difficult to do without the occasional mistake.
In a study published in Science in October 2023, we described a series of polymers with only two building blocks-one soft polymer and one hard polymer-that behave like polyolefins but could be chemically recycled. Connecting two different polymers multiple times until they form a single, long molecule (分子) creates what’s called a multiblock polymer. By changing how much of each polymer type goes into the multiblock polymer, our team produced a wide range of materials with properties that covered all polyolefin types.
Using the same strategy but by adding hydrogen, we could disconnect the polymers back into their building blocks and easily separate them to use again. When we made new polymers out of these recycled plastics, they performed just as well as the original materials even after several rounds of chemical recycling. So we were able to create materials with similar properties of the plastics the world relies on. We believe this work is a step toward more sustainable plastics.
9．What is paragraph 2 mainly about concerning plastics
A．Their multiple uses. B．Their chemical properties.
C．Their recycling challenges. D．Their classification criteria.
10．A key factor of producing diverse multiblock polymers is ______.
A．mixing building blocks with long molecules
B．integrating chemicals into the two polymers
C．combining two different multiblock polymers
D．adjusting the percentage of the two polymers
11．Which is a feature of multiblock polymers
A．They are made from sustainable materials.
B．They can be recycled by adding hydrogen.
C．Their reliability outperforms traditional plastics.
D．Their properties change with rounds of recycling.
12．Which of the following might be the best title
A．Designing for Recycling B．Classifying Plastic Waste
C．Replace Plastics with Polymers D．Technology Creates the Future
【答案】9．C 10．D 11．B 12．A
【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了聚合物科学家如何致力于解决塑料废物问题，通过重新设计聚合物的结构以实现其可回收性。
9．主旨大意题。根据文章第二段“ In a world set up for disposable (一次性的) items, durability is no longer a design feature but rather a design drawback. Imagine if half the plastics used today were recyclable through twice as many processes as they are now. Also conventional recycling requires careful sorting of all the collected materials, which can be challenging with so many different plastics. For example, separating paper from metal doesn’t require complex technology, but sorting a container from a milk jug of a different polyolefin is difficult to do without the occasional mistake.(在一次性物品的世界中，耐用性不再是一个设计特征，而是一个设计缺陷。想象一下，如果今天使用的一半塑料可以通过两倍于现在的过程进行回收。此外，传统的回收需要对所有收集到的材料进行仔细的分类，这对于这么多不同的塑料来说是具有挑战性的。例如，将纸和金属分开并不需要复杂的技术，但将一个容器和一个牛奶罐中不同的聚烯烃进行分类却很难做到没有偶尔的错误。)”可知，文章第二段主要讲述的是关于塑料回收的挑战。故选C。
10．细节理解题。根据文章第三段“In a study published in Science in October 2023, we described a series of polymers with only two building blocks-one soft polymer and one hard polymer-that behave like polyolefins but could be chemically recycled. Connecting two different polymers multiple times until they form a single, long molecule (分子) creates what’s called a multiblock polymer. By changing how much of each polymer type goes into the multiblock polymer, our team produced a wide range of materials with properties that covered all polyolefin types.(在2023年10月发表在《科学》杂志上的一项研究中，我们描述了一系列聚合物，它们只有两种基本成分——一种软聚合物和一种硬聚合物——它们的行为像聚烯烃，但可以化学回收。将两种不同的聚合物多次连接，直到它们形成一个单一的长分子，就形成了所谓的多嵌段聚合物。通过改变多嵌段聚合物中每种聚合物的含量，我们的团队生产出了各种各样的材料，其性能涵盖了所有类型的聚烯烃。)”可知，生产多种多嵌段聚合物的关键因素是调整两种聚合物的含量。故选D。
11．细节理解题。根据文章最后一段“Using the same strategy but by adding hydrogen, we could disconnect the polymers back into their building blocks and easily separate them to use again. When we made new polymers out of these recycled plastics, they performed just as well as the original materials even after several rounds of chemical recycling. (使用相同的策略，但通过添加氢，我们可以将聚合物分离回它们的组成部分，并轻松地将它们分离出来再次使用。当我们用这些回收塑料制成新的聚合物时，即使经过几轮化学回收，它们的性能也和原始材料一样好。)”可知，多嵌段聚合物可以通过添加氢的方式被分离出来再次使用。故选B。
12．主旨大意题。根据文章第一段“People have come to understand the enormous impacts-beneficial as well as harmful- plastics have on human lives and the environment. As polymer (聚台物) scientists committed to inventing sustainable solutions for real-world problems, we set out to tackle the issue of plastic waste by rethinking the way polymers are designed so we could make plastics with recyclability built right in.(人们已经开始了解塑料对人类生活和环境的巨大影响，既有有益的，也有有害的。聚合物科学家致力于为现实世界的问题发明可持续的解决方案，我们开始通过重新思考聚合物的设计方式来解决塑料垃圾问题，这样我们就可以制造出具有可回收性的塑料。)”以及全文内容可知，文章主要讲述了聚合物科学家如何通过重新设计聚合物的结构来解决塑料废物问题，以实现其可回收性。文章强调了设计的重要性，并介绍了如何通过特殊的化学方法制造和回收一种新型的多嵌段聚合物。因此，最能概括文章主题的标题应该是强调“设计”和“回收”这两个关键词的。故选A。
（2024·山东聊城·一模）For many people, it is hard to imagine what it is like to lose their sense of smell. Known as “anosmia”, loss of smell can have a substantial effect on our overall wellbeing and quality of life. But while a sudden respiratory infection (呼吸道感染) might lead to a temporary loss of this important sense, your sense of smell may well have been gradually eroding away for years due to something else- air pollution.
Exposure to PM2. 5 has previously been linked with smell loss, but typically only in occupational or industrial settings. But new research is now starting to reveal the true scale and the potential damage caused by the pollution we breathe in every day. On the underside of our brains lies the olfactory bulb (嗅球). This sensitive bit of tissue is essential for the enormously varied picture of the world we get from our sense of smell. It’s also our first line of defense against viruses and pollutants entering the brain. But, with repeated exposure to PM2. 5, these defenses slowly get worn down.
“Our data show there’s a 1.6 to 1.7-fold increased risk of developing anosmia with sustained particulate pollution (粒状物污染),” says Murugappan Ramanathan, a rhinologist. One Mexican study in 2006, which used strong coffee and orange odors showed that residents of Mexico City which often struggles with air pollution — tended to have a poorer sense of smell on average than people living in rural areas of the country.
So, should we care that air pollution to which we are all exposed -is damaging our sense of smell and causing anosmia Clearly, the answer is yes. Ramanathan says, “Air quality matters. I think we need tight regulations and control. Many people may not even realize the pollution they are exposed to. But even the everyday, low level air pollution we are exposed to should be taken more seriously.”
13．What do the underlined words “eroding away” mean in paragraph 1
A．Evolving. B．Becoming weak.
C．Becoming sharp. D．Appearing.
14．What can we infer from paragraph 2
A．Exposure to PM2. 5 has nothing to do with smell loss.
B．The pollution we breathe in on a daily basis may cause harm.
C．Our nose stops viruses and pollutants from entering the brain.
D．Our defenses will disappear quickly with air pollution exposure.
15．What does the study reveal about people in Mexico City
A．They have developed anosmia with air pollution.
B．Their sense of smell is poorer than rural people’s.
C．They often consume strong coffee.
D．They tend to have a good sense of smell.
16．What will the author probably talk about next
A．How we should react to air pollution.
B．What we should do to protect the environment.
C．What steps we can take to recover from anosmia.
D．How we can improve our life quality.
【答案】13．B 14．B 15．B 16．A
【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍了空气污染对嗅觉丧失是有影响的。
13．词句猜测题。根据划线词上文“Known as “anosmia”, loss of smell can have a substantial effect on our overall wellbeing and quality of life.(嗅觉丧失被称为“嗅觉缺失症”，会对我们的整体健康和生活质量产生重大影响)”及“a sudden respiratory infection (呼吸道感染) might lead to a temporary loss of this important sense(突然的呼吸道感染可能会导致这种重要感觉的暂时丧失)”可知，此处是在说嗅觉的丧失。由此可知，划线短语eroding away意为“逐渐消失”，和becoming weak意思相近，故选B。
14．推理判断题。根据第二段“But new research is now starting to reveal the true scale and the potential damage caused by the pollution we breathe in every day.(但新的研究现在开始揭示我们每天呼吸的污染的真实规模和潜在危害)”可推知，我们每天吸入的污染可能会造成伤害。故选B。
15．细节理解题。根据倒数第二段“One Mexican study in 2006, which used strong coffee and orange odors showed that residents of Mexico City which often struggles with air pollution — tended to have a poorer sense of smell on average than people living in rural areas of the country.(2006年，墨西哥的一项研究使用了浓郁的咖啡和橙味，结果显示，经常与空气污染作斗争的墨西哥城居民的平均嗅觉往往比生活在该国农村地区的人差)”可知，这项研究揭示了墨西哥城人的嗅觉比农村人差。故选B。
16．推理判断题。根据最后一段“But even the everyday, low level air pollution we are exposed to should be taken more seriously.(但即使是我们每天暴露在低水平的空气污染中，也应该更加重视)”可推知，作者接下来可能会谈论我们应该如何应对空气污染。故选A。
（2024·山东聊城·一模）Crowded streets, noise, and unattractive grey buildings can be boring and stressful. A solution to such problems may lie in nature, which can have calming and renewing power.
Introducing vegetation or colorful designs may make cities more livable. However, growing plants or covering buildings in paint to test these approaches is expensive and inconvenient. Moreover, studying these phenomena outdoors can be tricky, as many factors can affect the final results. “Measuring pleasure and motivation in natural settings is extremely hard,” explained Prof. Yvonne Delevoye -Turrell of the University of Lille. “Human reactions are sensitive to environmental changes, such as weather or traffic. Consequently, we used virtual reality to measure reactions to these factors in a virtual urban space.”
Using virtual reality, the team created an immersive (沉浸式的) urban environment with either no vegetation or some green vegetation, as well as introduced colorful patterns onto a path. Then they invited students to participate in the study. Wearing a VR headset and walking on the spot, the students spent time exploring the virtual environment. To find out where the volunteers were looking and for how long, each headset included an eye tracker.
The researchers found that the students walked more slowly when there was green vegetation present in the experiment, and their heart rate increased. They would spend less time looking at the ground and more time observing their surroundings. These results indicate a pleasurable experience. Bright color patterns alone did not have quite the same uplifting effect as the green vegetation, but they inspired interest and passion of the students and attracted their stare while increasing their heart rate.
Virtual reality could be a valuable tool for urban planners, enabling them to virtually test the impact of various factors. In the future, the researchers hope to make the VR experience even more immersive to obtain the most accurate results.
17．What does Delevoye -Turrell think is difficult for the solution to boring city life
A．Sensing people’s reactions to pleasure.
B．Having reasonable designs for buildings.
C．Applying VR technology to city planning.
D．Testing the effects in the real world.
18．How does virtual reality work in the study
A．By creating an immersive virtual urban environment.
B．By inviting students to walk in the street.
C．By covering the path with colorful patterns.
D．By creating virtual participants.
19．What can be inferred about bright color patterns
A．They guided students to find greens in real life.
B．They helped students control their strong emotions.
C．They awakened students’ enthusiasm.
D．They weakened the impact of vegetation.
20．What is the main idea of the text
A．City buildings take pleasure away from people.
B．Nature empowers people in special ways.
C．VR helps test the effect of colors and greens in cities.
D．Colors and greens in cities promote human health.
【答案】17．D 18．A 19．C 20．C
【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍了利用虚拟现实创造虚拟的城市环境来帮助测试自然对人的影响的研究。
17．细节理解题。根据第一段“Crowded streets, noise, and unattractive grey buildings can be boring and stressful. A solution to such problems may lie in nature, which can have calming and renewing power.(拥挤的街道、噪音和没有吸引力的灰色建筑会让人感到无聊和压力。解决这些问题的办法可能在于大自然，它具有镇静和恢复活力的力量。)”和第二段““Measuring pleasure and motivation in natural settings is extremely hard,” explained Prof. Yvonne Delevoye -Turrell of the University of Lille.(Lille大学的Yvonne Delevoye -Turrell教授解释说：“在自然环境中测量快乐和动机是非常困难的。”)”可知，解决无聊的城市生活的办法的困难在于在现实世界中测试它的效果。故选D。
18．细节理解题。根据第三段“Using virtual reality, the team created an immersive (沉浸式的) urban environment with either no vegetation or some green vegetation, as well as introduced colorful patterns onto a path.(利用虚拟现实技术，该团队创造了一个沉浸式的城市环境，要么没有植被，要么有一些绿色植被，并在路径上引入了彩色图案)”可知，虚拟现实通过创造一个沉浸式的虚拟城市环境在研究中发挥作用。故选A。
19．推理判断题。根据倒数第二段“Bright color patterns alone did not have quite the same uplifting effect as the green vegetation, but they inspired interest and passion of the students and attracted their stare while increasing their heart rate.(明亮的色彩图案本身并没有绿色植被那么令人振奋的效果，但它们激发了学生们的兴趣和激情，吸引了他们的目光，同时增加了他们的心率)”可知，鲜艳的色彩图案唤醒了学生的激情。故选C。
20．主旨大意题。通读全文，尤其是第二段““Measuring pleasure and motivation in natural settings is extremely hard,” explained Prof. Yvonne Delevoye -Turrell of the University of Lille.(Lille大学的Yvonne Delevoye -Turrell教授解释说：“在自然环境中测量快乐和动机是非常困难的。”)”和第二段“Consequently, we used virtual reality to measure reactions to these factors in a virtual urban space.(因此，我们使用虚拟现实来测量在虚拟城市空间中对这些因素的反应。)”可知，本文主要讲的是利用虚拟现实创造虚拟的城市环境来帮助测试自然对人的影响的研究，因此本文的主旨是C选项“VR helps test the effect of colors and greens in cities.(VR有助于测试城市中颜色和绿色的效果。)”。故选C。
（2024·山东德州·一模）Social media provides materialists with ideal opportunities to compare themselves with others, which makes them subject to passive and addictive user behavior. This stresses them out and, ultimately, leads to low life satisfaction, according to a new study.
The researchers headed by Dr. Phillip Ozimek from Germany employed 1, 230 people for their online survey. In order to participate, respondents had to visit at least one social media channel at least once a week. On average, the participants stated they spent just over two hours a day on social media.
The team used six different questionnaires to determine the extent to which the participants had a materialistic attitude and tended to compare themselves with others, whether they used social media more actively or passively, whether they were addicted to social media, how stressed and how satisfied they were with their lives.
“The data showed a stronger materialistic approach goes hand in hand with a tendency to compare oneself with others,” points out Ozimek. This comparison is easy to make on social media, primarily through passive use—by looking at the content posted by other users. Materialism and passive use were also linked to addictive use of social media.
“Users are constantly thinking about the respective channels and fear they’re missing out on something if they aren’t online,” explains Ozimek. “This in turn leads to poorer mental health like stress. The final link in the chain is reduced life satisfaction.”
“Overall, the study provides further evidence that the use of social media is associated with risks, especially for people with a highly materialistic mindset,” says the psychologist. “This is particularly worrying, because social media can stimulate and increase materialistic values through influence r marketing. Meanwhile, the platforms attract materialists anyway, as they’re a perfect way to satisfy materialistic needs.”
“It’s definitely a good idea to be aware of the amount of time you spend on social media and to reduce it,” recommends Ozimek, who advises against giving up social media completely. “If you did, you’re likely to over-correct.” He also suggests recording materialism and social media use in patients undergoing treatment for mental health disorders. “While these factors are often irrelevant, they can be a starting point for additional interventions patients can try out at home.”
21．Which of the following is a suitable title for the text
A．The Virtual World, the Real Danger
B．Showing Superiority Causes Heavy Media Use
C．More Social Media Materialism, Less Happiness
D．Materialistic Values: A Stepping Stone to Discontent
22．To qualify for the survey, a participant must ______
A．be a big spender B．specialize in data analysis
C．be a regular social media user D．upload web surfing history
23．What kind of feeling is expressed by Ozimek in paragraph 6
A．Pessimism. B．Sympathy. C．Shock. D．Concern.
24．What does Ozimek propose concerning using social media
A．Restricting the duration. B．Logging onto well-rated websites.
C．Abandoning it for good. D．Prohibiting patients from using it.
【答案】21．C 22．C 23．D 24．A
【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章主要说明了研究发现社交媒体会导致人们的幸福感降低的问题，解释了研究开展的经过以及建议。
21．主旨大意题。根据第一段“Social media provides materialists with ideal opportunities to compare themselves with others, which makes them subject to passive and addictive user behavior. This stresses them out and, ultimately, leads to low life satisfaction, according to a new study.(社交媒体为唯物主义者提供了与他人比较的理想机会，这使他们受到被动和上瘾的用户行为的影响。根据一项新的研究，这会给他们带来压力，最终导致生活满意度降低)”结合文章主要说明了研究发现社交媒体会导致人们的幸福感降低的问题，解释了研究开展的经过以及建议。故C选项“更多的社交媒体唯物主义，更少的幸福”最符合文章标题。故选C。
22．细节理解题。根据第二段“ In order to participate, respondents had to visit at least one social media channel at least once a week. (为了参与调查，受访者必须每周至少访问一个社交媒体渠道一次。)”可知，要符合调查资格，参与者必须是社交媒体的常规用户。故选C。
23．推理判断题。根据第六段““Overall, the study provides further evidence that the use of social media is associated with risks, especially for people with a highly materialistic mindset,” says the psychologist. “This is particularly worrying, because social media can stimulate and increase materialistic values through influence r marketing. Meanwhile, the platforms attract materialists anyway, as they’re a perfect way to satisfy materialistic needs.”(这位心理学家说：“总的来说，这项研究提供了进一步的证据，证明使用社交媒体与风险有关，尤其是对那些具有高度物质主义心态的人来说。”“这尤其令人担忧，因为社交媒体可以通过影响力营销刺激和增加物质价值。同时，这些平台也吸引了物质主义者，因为它们是满足物质需求的完美方式。”)”可推知，作者表达了一种关心，关注。故选D。
24．细节理解题。根据最后一段““It’s definitely a good idea to be aware of the amount of time you spend on social media and to reduce it,” recommends Ozimek, who advises against giving up social media completely. (“意识到你花在社交媒体上的时间并减少它绝对是一个好主意，”奥兹梅克建议，她不建议完全放弃社交媒体。)”可知，Ozimek建议限制时间。故选A。
（2024·山东德州·一模）Think you have a good grasp of English Good. Read the six sentences below, then.
Sentence 1: The old man the boat.
Sentence 2: The cotton clothing is made of grows in Mississippi.
Sentence 3: Time flies like an arrow; fruit flies like a banana.
Sentence 4: Fat people eat collects.
Sentence 5: The man who hunts ducks out on weekends.
Sentence 6: The complex houses married and single soldiers and their families.
Linguists (语言学家) call these “garden path sentences”, which take you by the hand and lead you down a winding path to a dead end. Despite this, they’re all grammatically correct. Let’s see why.
Sentence 1: The old man the boat.
Besides sounding like a rejected Hemingway title, this sentence is indeed grammatically correct thanks to some well-placed homonyms—words that share the same spellings but have different meanings. Homonym 1 here is “old”, used as a noun, meaning “old people”; homonym 2 is “man”, used as a verb, meaning “to serve in/on”. With that in mind, the sentence means “The old people serve on the boat”.
Sentence 2: The cotton clothing is made of grows in Mississippi.
At first read, you’d think “is made of” is the main verb of this sentence. But it’s not. The simplest form of this sentence is “The cotton grows in Mississippi”; confusingly, “clothing is made of” is used to tell us what cotton we’re talking about. This sentence would make way more sense if written “The cotton that clothing is made of grows in Mississippi”, but English allows us to remove certain conjunctions like “that”, with its meaning maintained.
Sentence 3: Time flies like an arrow; fruit flies like a banana.
The first half of this sentence is easy to catch. So when dealing with the other half, people usually follow the structure of the first half, and it’d be understood as “fruits fly like bananas”. This is obviously unreasonable. Only when people rethink can they recognize the true meaning of the sentence. Therefore, such sentences manage to make people ignore the structure of the sentence itself, thus departing from its original meaning.
Come on! Take a walk down the garden path with the rest of the sentences.
25．What’s the characteristic of “garden path sentences” according to linguists
A．Misleading but error-free. B．Accurate and plain.
C．Improperly-worded and meaningless. D．Ungrammatical but comprehensible.
26．Which word is an example similar to the homonym of “man” in sentence 1
A．“grows” in sentence 2. B．“eat” in sentence 4.
C．“hunts” in sentence 5. D．“houses” in sentence 6.
27．Which of the following correctly interprets “fruit flies like a banana” in sentence 3
A．“fruit flies” refers to a sort of insect. B．“flies” serves as the verb of the sentence.
C．“flies like” explains what fruit is talked about. D．“like” has the same meaning as the “like” before it.
28．What can be the troublemaker in sentence 4
A．The ill-placed verbs. B．The removal of “that”.
C．The grammar mistakes. D．The lack of noun behind “collects”.
【答案】25．A 26．D 27．A 28．B
【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了对特殊的英文句子的理解。
25．推理判断题。由文章第八段中“Linguists (语言学家) call these “garden path sentences”, which take you by the hand and lead you down a winding path to a dead end. Despite this, they’re all grammatically correct. Let’s see why. (语言学家称这些句子为“花园小径句”，它们牵着你的手，把你带到一条蜿蜒的小路上，直到一个死胡同。尽管如此，它们的语法都是正确的。让我们看看为什么。)”可知，这些句子的特点是误导但没有错误。故选A。
26．推理判断题。由文章第一个黑标题Sentence 1: The old man the boat.下的“Homonym 1 here is “old”, used as a noun, meaning “old people”; homonym 2is “man”, used as a verb, meaning “to serve in/on”. (这里的第一个同形异义词是“old”，用作名词，意思是“老人”；第二个同音异义词是“man”，用作动词，意思是“服务于”。)”和第七段“Sentence 6: The complex houses married and single soldiers and their families. (建筑群给已婚和单身士兵及其家属提供住处。)”可知，第6句中的“houses”可以是名词“房子”，本句中用作动词“给（某人）提供住处”与第1句中“man”都是具有名词词性，在句子中用作动词。故选D。
27．词句猜测题。由文章第三个黑标题Sentence 3: Time flies like an arrow; fruit flies like a banana.下的“The first half of this sentence is easy to catch. So when dealing with the other half, people usually follow the structure of the first half, and it’d be understood as “fruits fly like bananas”. This is obviously unreasonable. Only when people rethink can they recognize the true meaning of the sentence. Therefore, such sentences manage to make people ignore the structure of the sentence itself, thus departing from its original meaning. (这句话的前半部分很容易听懂。所以在处理另一半的时候，人们通常会遵循前一半的结构，可以理解为“水果像香蕉一样飞”。这显然是不合理的。人们只有重新思考，才能认识到句子的真正含义。因此，这类句子设法使人们忽略了句子本身的结构，从而偏离了句子的本意。)”可知，句子应该理解为“fruit flies”为句子主语，意为“果蝇”，指的是一种昆虫；谓语是“like”意为“喜欢”；宾语是“a banana”，意为“香蕉”。故选A。
28．推理判断题。由文章第五段中“Sentence 4: Fat people eat collects. (人们吃的脂肪会聚集。)”可知，people前省略了that，that people eat为定语从句，修饰先行词Fat，所以“that”的省略导致句子不好理解。故选B。
（2024·山东菏泽·一模）The apparent complexities of the TikTok algorithm(算法)may actually be as simple as a bag of chips. In a video with more than 700,000 views, creator Celeste Aria laid out her “Dorito theory”, which she uses to explain the addictive nature of endlessly-scrolling social media feeds.
Everyone has a topic they just can’t stop thinking about, and Aria’s Roman Empire is Doritos. In her popular video, she expresses that TikTok scrolling is so addictive because it is never fully satisfying. Like a Dorito, a scrolling session on the For You Page is most stimulating during the first few bites. The end of the chip or video brings a desire to start consuming another one, thus returning to that first-bite feeling.
Essentially, the Dorito theory suggests that activities like eating Doritos, which provide a quick burst of pleasure but lack lasting satisfaction, can be highly addictive. Aria compared it to consuming foods that offer deeper satisfaction, like a hearty steak, where the feeling of fullness and contentment lasts longer.
The theory can apply to a lot of different experiences, but it’s particularly well-suite d as a metaphor for the dopamine(多巴胺)boosts that occur while scrolling through social media feeds. Dr. Jamie Sorenson, a board-certified psychiatrist, said that the Dorito theory is consistent with existing ideas regarding addiction. “The more immediate the reward is, the more likely we are to repeat that behavior, whether it’s eating Doritos or scrolling on social media.”
Aria may not be a licensed medical professional, but she treats junk food the way any nutritionist would. “I’d recommend just trying to remove anything that you think falls into the Dorito category,” she says in her video.
The Dorito theory trend has led to reflections on the nature of addiction and the pursuit of instant satisfaction in today’s society, resonating(共鸣)with many TikTok users who recognize similar patterns in their own lives. So, it feels like it’s only a matter of time before Doritos responds to Aria’s theory.
29．What do the underlined words “Roman Empire” in paragraph 2 probably refer to
A．A video. B．A subject. C．A country. D．A snack.
30．What makes Aria addicted to chips according to the text
A．Social media. B．Different flavors. C．Lasting satisfaction. D．First-bite feeling.
31．How does Aria explain the Dorito theory
A．By introducing a concept. B．By conducting an experiment.
C．By making a comparison. D．By quoting an expert’s words.
32．What is a suitable title for the text
A．TikTok: an appealing platform
B．Celeste Aria: an insightful discoverer
C．Chips or steaks: a challenging choice
D．The Dorito theory: an ongoing hit online
【答案】29．B 30．D 31．C 32．D
【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了Aria用她提出的多力多滋理论解释了社交媒体无尽滚动信息流为何具有高度成瘾性，这一理论引起了广大群众的共鸣，已成为一个热点话题。
29．词义猜测题。根据划线词前“Everyone has a topic they just can’t stop thinking about(每个人都有一个自己无法停止思考的话题)”可推知，Aria的话题是多力多滋薯片，故B项“话题”与划线词含义一致。故选B项。
30．细节理解题。根据文章第二段“Like a Dorito, a scrolling session on the For You Page is most stimulating during the first few bites. The end of the chip or video brings a desire to start consuming another one, thus returning to that first-bite feeling.(就如同吃一袋多力多滋薯片一样，刚开始吃的时候最为诱人且兴奋，用户在“为你推荐”页面上滑动浏览时也是如此，最初的几条内容最能激起人们的兴趣。每当一片薯片或是一个视频结束时，人们便会渴望继续下一个，这样一来又可以重拾那种初见时的新鲜感和兴奋感)”可知，Aria对薯片上瘾正是由于这种“第一口”的感觉。故选D项。
31．推理判断题。根据文章第二段“In her popular video, she expresses that TikTok scrolling is so addictive because it is never fully satisfying. Like a Dorito, a scrolling session on the For You Page is most stimulating during the first few bites. The end of the chip or video brings a desire to start consuming another one, thus returning to that first-bite feeling.(在她那部广受欢迎的视频中，她阐述了TikTok滚动浏览之所以如此令人上瘾，是因为它永远无法让人感到彻底满足。就如同吃一袋多力多滋薯片一样，刚开始吃的时候最为诱人且兴奋，用户在“为你推荐”页面上滑动浏览时也是如此，最初的几条内容最能激起人们的兴趣。每当一片薯片或是一个视频结束时，人们便会渴望继续下一个，这样一来又可以重拾那种初见时的新鲜感和兴奋感)”可知，Aria通过类比的方式阐述了多力多滋理论。故选C项。
32．主旨大意题。结合全文及文章最后一段“The Dorito theory trend has led to reflections on the nature of addiction and the pursuit of instant satisfaction in today’s society, resonating with many TikTok users who recognize similar patterns in their own lives. So, it feels like it’s only a matter of time before Doritos responds to Aria’s theory.(多力多滋理论趋势引发了一场对当今社会中成瘾本质以及追求即时满足心理的深刻反思，这一理论在抖音用户中引起了广泛共鸣，许多用户都在自己的生活中识别出了相似的行为模式。因此，看起来多力多滋公司回应Aria这一理论只是时间早晚的问题)”可知，文章主要介绍了Aria的多力多滋理论，且这一理论引起了广大群众的共鸣，已成为一个热点话题，故D项“多力多滋理论：一个网络上持续走红的热点”适合作为文章的标题。故选D项。
（2024·山东菏泽·一模）A man rides at full speed on a single-wheeled bike, leaning back on a seat fixed above a recycled tyre as he performs wheelies (杂技). This machine is just one of many crazy inventions from Make It Extreme, a You Tube channel run by Michael Mavros and George Shiailis, two best friends who use old materials to create unique and innovative mechanical projects.
The partners of this DIY design make the inventions to promote the joys of mechanical engineering and inspire creativity in others.
On Make It Extreme, they transform everyday objects and vehicles into extreme versions of themselves, pushing creative boundaries in the process. They build and design their projects, film and edit the entire process, then finally showcase the results.
“By passionately crafting furniture, engines, tools, toys and vehicles while using our imagination, we try to offer innovative solutions to various mechanical challenges,” explains Mavros, “We’ve shared this passion since our early years, and now, through our channel, we share it with millions of other people in an easily understandable way.”
For its 100th video, Make It Extreme introduced the Monotrack bike, constructed entirely from recycled and old materials. They utilised a 100cc two-stroke engine from an old scooter (摩托车), cutting the sidewalls of a used car tyre and fitting it around a recycled motor. The bike reflects their commitment to sustainability and creativity, purely for the joy and curiosity it brings.
“The idea for the Monotrack bike came from an old wartime photo where we saw a similar vehicle,” says Mavros, “Our creations are often inspired by things we’ve encountered before. For example, the Monowheel, where a person sits inside a huge wheel, was inspired by similar vehicles from decades ago, and our tank chair stemmed from the idea of creating an accessible adventure vehicle for people with limited mobility.”
Make It Extreme now has almost two million subscribers who are eager to tune in every month to see the partners’ latest invention. And Mavros promises that 2024 will see them create their most daring project yet.
33．Why do Mavros and Shiailis run Make It Extreme
A．To make profits. B．To earn popularity.
C．To develop hobby. D．To awaken innovation.
34．What do we think of their inventions according to paragraph 5
A．Practical. B．Eco-friendly. C．Costly. D．Convenient.
35．What is paragraph 6 mainly about
A．Why the old things were used. B．Where the Monowheel was found.
C．What their inspirations originated from. D．How the Monotrack bike was invented.
36．What can we learn from Mavros and Shiailis in the text
A．Nothing is impossible. B．Hard work will pay off.
C．Success needs perseverance. D．Many hands make light work.
【答案】33．D 34．B 35．C 36．A
【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章主要说明了Michael Mavros和George Shiailis使用旧材料创造出独特而创新的机械项目，他们想发明来促进机械工程的乐趣，并激发其他人的创造力。
33．细节理解题。根据第二段“The partners of this DIY design make the inventions to promote the joys of mechanical engineering and inspire creativity in others.(这个DIY设计的合作伙伴通过发明来促进机械工程的乐趣，并激发其他人的创造力)”可知，Mavros和Shiailis经营Make It Extreme是为了唤醒创新。故选D。
34．细节理解题。根据第五段“For its 100th video, Make It Extreme introduced the Monotrack bike, constructed entirely from recycled and old materials.(在其第100个视频中，Make It Extreme介绍了Monotrack自行车，完全由回收和旧材料制成)”可知，他们的发明是环保的。故选B。
35．主旨大意题。根据第六段““The idea for the Monotrack bike came from an old wartime photo where we saw a similar vehicle,” says Mavros, “Our creations are often inspired by things we’ve encountered before. For example, the Monowheel, where a person sits inside a huge wheel, was inspired by similar vehicles from decades ago, and our tank chair stemmed from the idea of creating an accessible adventure vehicle for people with limited mobility.”(马夫罗斯说:“单轨自行车的想法来自于一张战时的旧照片，我们在那里看到了一辆类似的车辆。我们的创作灵感往往来自于我们以前遇到过的东西。”例如，Monowheel，一个人坐在一个巨大的轮子里，灵感来自几十年前的类似车辆，而我们的坦克椅源于为行动不便的人创造一种方便的冒险车的想法。”)”可知，第6段的主要内容是他们的灵感来源。故选C。
36．推理判断题。根据最后一段“Make It Extreme now has almost two million subscribers who are eager to tune in every month to see the partners’ latest invention. And Mavros promises that 2024 will see them create their most daring project yet.(Make It Extreme现在有近200万订户，他们每个月都渴望收看这两位合作伙伴的最新发明。Mavros承诺，2024年他们将创造出迄今为止最大胆的项目)”结合文章主要说明了Michael Mavros和George Shiailis使用旧材料创造出独特而创新的机械项目，他们想发明来促进机械工程的乐趣，并激发其他人的创造力。可推知，Mavros和Shiailis告诉我们没有什么是不可能的。故选A。
（2024·山东临沂·一模）When American anthropologist Colin Turnbull published The Mountain People in 1972, he referred to his subjects — a Ugandan group called the Ik — as “the loveless people.” After two years of observations, he decided that they reflected humanity’s basic instincts (本能): cheat, thievery, and pitilessness. But when Athena Aktipis and her colleagues from the Human Generosity Project took a deeper look, they identified a community that shared everything. “Turnbull had visited Uganda during a disastrous famine (饥荒). All he saw is what happens when people are starving.” says Aktipis. But her team revealed that despite living under pressure, the Ik placed a high value on helping one another when they could.
Aktipis believes that altruism is more common and beneficial than evolutionary social science has long thought. “It was assumed that people are designed to only do things to help themselves or their relatives.” she says. By studying the unique, selfless practices that helped nine communities across the world to continue to exist, the experts from the Project are looking to show that we are indeed capable of widespread cooperation.
The Maasai people in Kenya provide one of the project’s main points. They rely on two-way friendships for resources like food or water when they’re in need, without expecting any repayment. Also, a world away, in New Mexico, while folks often help transport cattle and receive support in return, they will assist without repayment if someone faces difficulties, such as an injury or the death of a loved one.
Aktipis believes theoretical frameworks she’s perfected through studying these groups can apply broadly to any interdependent systems. Her big goal is to design social-service systems that support everyone. Take market-based insurance in the United States as an example: It’s priced based on individual risk factors such as health histories and where people live, which means millions of Americans can’t afford it. But in a system built on neighboring, pooled costs (合并成本) would level the burden during collective hardship like natural disasters and pandemics.
37．What did Turnbull think of the Ik people
A．Heartless. B．Helpful. C．Restless. D．Generous.
38．What does the underlined word “altruism” in paragraph 2 probably mean
A．Trying to be strong and tough to survive.
B．Making full use of the surrounding resources.
C．Being devoted to themselves or their relatives.
D．Caring about the needs and happiness of others.
39．What does paragraph 3 intend to convey
A．Friendships guarantee a well-being life. B．Folks assist each other to get support.
C．Cooperation is a good and natural instinct. D．People tend to provide resources for free.
40．How does Aktipis intend to apply her findings
A．By designing a policy for public health.
B．By monitoring individual health histories.
C．By creating a system against collective hardship.
D．By lowering insurance prices for individual victims.
【答案】37．A 38．D 39．C 40．C
【导语】这是一篇说明文，文章主要讲述Athena Aktipis通过研究一个乌干达群体Ik人发现，他们非常重视互相帮助，Aktipis认为利他主义比进化社会科学长期以来认为的更为普遍和有益，可以通过合作建立一个对抗集体困难的制度。
37．细节理解题。根据第一段中“When American anthropologist Colin Turnbull published The Mountain People in 1972, he referred to his subjects — a Ugandan group called the Ik — as ‘the loveless people.’(当美国人类学家Colin Turnbull在1972年出版The Mountain People时，他把他的研究对象——一个叫做Ik的乌干达群体——称为‘无爱的人’)”可知，Turnbull认为Ik人很无情，故选A。
38．词义猜测题。根据第一段末句“But her team revealed that despite living under pressure, the Ik placed a high value on helping one another when they could.(但她的团队透露，尽管生活在压力之下，但Ik人非常重视在可能的情况下互相帮助)”及划线词下文“It was assumed that people are designed to only do things to help themselves or their relatives.(人们被认为只会做有利于自己或亲人的事情)”可知，Ik人会互相帮助，故划线词所在句意为“Aktipis认为，利他主义比进化社会科学长期以来认为的更为普遍和有益”，altruism意为“利他主义”，故选D。
39．推理判断题。根据第三段“The Maasai people in Kenya provide one of the project’s main points. They rely on two-way friendships for resources like food or water when they’re in need, without expecting any repayment. Also, a world away, in New Mexico, while folks often help transport cattle and receive support in return, they will assist without repayment if someone faces difficulties, such as an injury or the death of a loved one.(肯尼亚的马赛人提供了该项目的主要观点之一。当他们需要食物或水等资源时，他们依靠双向友谊，而不期望任何回报。另外，在另一个世界的新墨西哥州，虽然人们经常帮助运输牲畜并获得支持作为回报，但如果有人遇到困难，比如亲人受伤或死亡，他们会无偿提供帮助)”可知，本段旨在通过两个例子表明，合作是一种良好而自然的本能，故选C。
40．推理判断题。根据最后一段中“Aktipis believes theoretical frameworks she’s perfected through studying these groups can apply broadly to any interdependent systems. Her big goal is to design social-service systems that support everyone.(Aktipis认为，她通过研究这些群体而完善的理论框架可以广泛应用于任何相互依存的系统)”以及“But in a system built on neighboring, pooled costs (合并成本) would level the burden during collective hardship like natural disasters and pandemics.(但在一个建立在相邻基础上的体系中，在自然灾害和流行病等集体困难时期，合并成本将减轻负担)”可知，Aktipis打算通过建立一个对抗集体困难的制度来应用她的发现，故选C。
（2024·山东临沂·一模）Humans work hard to avoid viruses. Sick people are isolated, diseased animals are killed and fields of infected crops are fired up. Reviving(复活)an ancient virus would surely be a disaster.
But a new study led by Fiddamanfrom Oxford, challenges this conventional wisdom. It shows how the revival of an ancient virus can unlock the secrets of its evolution.
The virus in the study is Marek’s disease virus(MDV), killing more than 90% of chickens. Yet when it was discovered in 1907, MDV rarely caused death.
Dr Fiddaman wondered whether its new-found virulence(毒性)was a result of large structural changes. To find out, he and his colleagues got their hands on nearly 1,000 chicken bones from ancient times across Europe and Asia, some of them up to 2000 years old. Sections of DNA from these remains were mapped on to the ones of today’s virus.
As the authors pieced together the sets of genes of ancient MDV, however, they noticed that the genes were arranged identically to those in modern species. It suggests that the increased virulence resulted not from large structural changes, but from point mutations(突变). In particular, changes had occurred in the arrangement of a gene called MEQ, which has an essential role in tumour(肿瘤)formation.
This discovery suggests that the ancient MDV may not have been able to cause tumours. To test this assumption, Dr Fiddaman followed up with a daring experiment. He made the ancient form of the MEQ gene and shoot it into living chicken cells. It did not turn on any of the genes associated with tumour formation. In comparison, a modern MEQ gene quickly showed its tendency to cause tumours.
By combining ancient and modern genetic biology, the methods pioneered in the paper reveal how, and more importantly why, any virus mutates. That could help scientists tackle other viruses that pull on the purse-strings of farmers —by designing new vaccines(疫苗), for instance— or even to work out how to prevent another global pandemic.
41．What is widely acknowledged about the revival of an ancient virus
A．It is a challenging task. B．It reveals the virus evolution.
C．It means a disaster for humans. D．It helps people fight diseases.
42．What caused the virulence change of MDV
A．Point mutations in MEQ. B．The occurrance of a new gene.
C．The reproduction of the ancient MDV. D．Large structural changes in modern species.
43．How did Dr Fiddaman test the assumption
A．By investigating a typical case. B．By conducting a field survey.
C．By studying the related theories. D．By doing a comparative experiment.
44．What can we infer from the last paragraph
A．Viruses weaken gradually when they mutate.
B．The finding throws light on handling other viruses.
C．A global pandemic requires a world effort to end it.
D．Farmers will face more complex challenges than before.
【答案】41．C 42．A 43．D 44．B
【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章主要讲述牛津大学的Fiddamanf领导的一项新研究来展示了一种古老病毒的复活如何解开其进化的秘密。
41．细节理解题。由文章第一段“Humans work hard to avoid viruses. Sick people are isolated, diseased animals are killed and fields of infected crops are fired up. Reviving（复活）an ancient virus would surely be a disaster.(人类努力躲避病毒。病人被隔离，患病的动物被杀死，被感染的作物被点燃。复活一种古老的病毒肯定是一场灾难。 )”可知，普遍认为，复活一种古老的病毒肯定是一场灾难。故选C项。
42．细节理解题。由文章第五段“It suggests that the increased virulence resulted not from large structural changes, but from point mutations(突变). In particular, changes had occurred in the arrangement of a gene called MEQ, which has an essential role in tumour(肿瘤)formation.(这表明毒力的增加不是由大的结构变化引起的，而是由点突变引起的。特别是，一种名为MEQ的基因的排列发生了变化，该基因在肿瘤形成中起着重要作用。)”可知，MEQ点突变引起MDV毒力变化。故选A项。
43．推理判断题。由文章倒数第二段“To test this assumption, Dr Fiddaman followed up with a daring experiment. He made the ancient form of the MEQ gene and shoot it into living chicken cells. It did not turn on any of the genes associated with tumour formation. In comparison, a modern MEQ gene quickly showed its tendency to cause tumours.(为了验证这一假设，Fiddaman博士进行了一项大胆的实验。他制造了古老的MEQ基因，并将其注射到活的鸡细胞中。它没有启动任何与肿瘤形成相关的基因。相比之下，现代的MEQ基因很快就显示出了导致肿瘤的趋势。)”可知，Fiddaman博士通过做一个比较实验来验证这一假设。故选D项。
44．推理判断题。由文章最后一段“By combining ancient and modern genetic biology, the methods pioneered in the paper reveal how, and more importantly why, any virus mutates. That could help scientists tackle other viruses that pull on the purse-strings of farmers —by designing new vaccines(疫苗), for instance— or even to work out how to prevent another global pandemic.(通过结合古代和现代基因生物学，论文中开创的方法揭示了任何病毒是如何变异的，更重要的是为什么变异。这可能有助于科学家应对其它影响农民钱包的病毒——例如，通过设计新的疫苗——甚至研究如何预防另一场全球大流行。)”可知，这一发现为处理其它病毒提供了线索。故选B项。
（2024·山东淄博·一模）Would you rather watch a new movie, or an old favorite Would you rather try a dish you’ve never had at a restaurant, or stick with something you know you’ll like Researchers studying the “mere exposure effect” have found that we often prefer the familiar over the novel.
People didn’t need to experience a reward or positive outcome while around the object—simply being exposed to the object would be enough to make people like it. To test this, social psychologist Robert Zajonc had participants read words in a foreign language out loud and varied how often participants read each word (up to 25 repetitions). Next, after reading the words, participants were asked to guess at the meaning of each word by filling out a rating scale (indicating how positive or negative they thought the meaning of the word was).
He found that participants liked words that they had said more often, while words that participants hadn’t read at all were rated more negatively, and words that had been read 25 times were rated highest. Just the me re exposure to the word was enough to make participant s like it more.
One place where the me re exposure effect occurs is in advertising. It explains why seeing the same advertisement multiple times could be more convincing than just seeing it once. Of course, there’s a caution here:the me re exposure effect doesn’t happen for things we initially dislike. Researchers have found that our liking for a variety of things (including pictures, sounds, foods, and smells) can be increased with repeated exposure, suggesting that the mere exposure effect isn’t limited to just one of our senses. Additionally, researchers have found that the me re exposure effect occurs in studies with human research participants as well as in studies with non-human animals.
Another key finding from this analysis was that participants eventually started to like object s less after many repeated exposures. In other words,a smaller number of repeated exposures will make you like something more——but, if the repeated exposures continue, you could eventually get tired of it.
45．What is the key factor in Robert Zajonc’s test
A．Frequency. B．Preference. C．Originality. D．Achievement.
46．Which of the following is an example of mere-exposure effect
A．We favor an advertisement at the first sight.
B．A student joined in the club because of love.
C．We are more convinced of what we met before.
D．A student read as many English words as possible.
47．What can we learn about “mere exposure effect” according to paragraph 4
A．It is the result of advertising. B．It has nothing to do with animals.
C．It is true of what we dislike at first. D．It can be applied to multiple senses.
48．What is the text mainly about
A．More love because of more exposures. B．The study on mere exposure effect.
C．Better results from the earlier exposures. D．The application of mere exposure effect.
【答案】45．A 46．C 47．D 48．B
【导语】这是一篇说明文。本文介绍了曝光效应，即一种我们会偏好自己熟悉的事物心理现象。本文阐述了曝光效应的提出，应用以及原理。
45．细节理解题。根据第二段“To test this, social psychologist Robert Zajonc had participants read words in a for eign language out loud and varied how often participants read each word(up to 25 repetitions). (为了验证这一点，社会心理学家Robert Zajonc让参与者大声朗读一门外语中的单词，并改变参与者阅读每个单词的频率（最多重复25次）)。”可知，Robert Zajonc测试的关键因素是频率。故选A。
46．推理判断题。根据第一段“Researchers studying the “mere exposure effect” have found that we often prefer the familiar over the novel. (研究“曝光效应”的研究人员发现，我们往往更喜欢熟悉的东西，而不是新奇的东西。)”可知，C选项“我们更相信以前遇见的”是曝光效应的例子。故选C。
47．细节理解题。根据第四段“Researchers have found that our liking for a variety of things(including pictures, sounds, foods, and smells) can be increased with repeated exposure, suggesting that the me re exposure effect isn’t limited to just one of our senses. (研究人员发现，我们对各种事物（包括图片、声音、食物和气味）的喜爱程度可以通过反复接触而增强，这表明重复接触效应并不局限于我们的一种感官。)”可知，“曝光效应”可以应用于多种感官。故选D。
48．主旨大意题。根据第一段“Would you rather watch a new movie, or an old favorite Would you rather try a dish you’ve never had at a restaurant, or stick with something you know you’ll like Researchers studying the “mere exposure effect” have found that we often prefer the familiar over the novel. (你想看一部新电影，还是老电影？你是宁愿尝试你从未在餐馆吃过的菜肴，还是坚持吃你知道你会喜欢的东西？研究“曝光效应”的研究人员发现，我们往往更喜欢熟悉的东西，而不是新奇的东西。)”结合本文介绍了曝光效应，即一种我们会偏好自己熟悉的事物心理现象。本文阐述了曝光效应的提出，应用以及原理。可知，这篇文章的主要内容是曝光效应的研究。故选B。
（2024·山东淄博·一模）Chances are you’ve heard the phrase “like a moth to a flame”——and probably seen it in action at a nighttime fire or barbecue, too. It turns out, however, this age-old saying may not be quite right. Rather than being attracted to light, moths’ tendency to fly toward brightness is a behavioral response to help them determine which way is up, suggests a new study published in the journal Nature Communications.
To avoid falling down to the gr《备战2024年高考英语名校真题零失误规范训练》（山东专用）
专题03 阅读理解说明文最新真题模拟16篇（干货+模拟）
原卷版
技能专区：冲刺备考名师提醒，洞悉高考命题规律，提供高效提分干货
一、阅读理解说明文细节理解题注意落实“定位原文”和“同义替换”技巧。
二、数据计算题注重“原文定位”和“细节理解”，弄清来龙去脉再计算。
三、重视说明文“倒三角形”结构，特别是首段和段首的独特引领作用。
四、标题概括题重视三性：概括性、简洁性和新颖性；同时联系首段和关键词。
五、说明文长难句较多增加了理解的难度，落实“括号法”，（从句）（非谓语）
（介词短语）（名词短语）。
六、规范训练目标：做标记，留痕迹；零失误；限时6分钟/每篇。
模拟专区：做好题才有好成绩！练技能，补漏洞，提分数，强信心！
（2024·山东济南·一模）A new study reveals that pigeons (鸽子) can tackle some problems just like artificial intelligence, enabling them to solve difficult tasks that might challenge humans. Previous research has theorized that pigeons employ a problem-solving strategy, involving a trial-and- error approach, which is similar to the approach used in AI models but differs from humans’ reliance on selective attention and rule use. To examine it, Brandon Turner, a psychology professor at the Ohio State University, and his colleagues conducted the new study.
In the study, the pigeons were presented with various visual images, including lines of different widths and angles, and different types of rings. The pigeons had to peck (啄) a button on the right or left to indicate the category to which the image belonged. If they got it correct, they received food; if they were wrong, they received nothing. Results showed that, through trial and error, the pigeons improved their accuracy in categorization tasks, increasing their correct choices from about 55% to 95%.
Researchers believed pigeons used associative learning, which is linking two phenomena with each other. For example, it is easy to understand the link. between “water” and “wet”. “Associative learning is frequently assumed to be far too primitive to. explain complex visual categorization like what we saw the pigeons do,” Turner said. But that’s exactly what the researchers found.
The researchers’ AI model tackled the same tasks using just the two simple mechanisms that pigeons were assumed to use: associative learning and error correction. And, like the pigeons, the AI model learned to make the right predictions to significantly increase the number of correct answers. For humans, the challenge when given tasks like those given to pigeons is that they would try to come up with rules that could make the task easier. But in this case, there were no rules, which upsets humans.
What’s interesting, though, is that pigeons use this method of learning that is very similar to AI designed by humans, Turner said. “We celebrate how smart we are that we designed artificial intelligence: at the same time, we regard pigeons as not clever animals,” he said.
1．What is the purpose of the new study
A．To test a theory. B．To evaluate a model.
C．To employ a strategy. D．To involve an approach.
2．What were the pigeons expected to do in the experiment
A．Draw circles. B．Correct errors. C．Copy gestures. D．Identify images.
3．What do pigeons and AI have in common according to the study
A．They are of equal intelligence.
B．They are good at making rules.
C．They respond rapidly to orders from humans.
D．They employ simple ways to get things done.
4．What can be a suitable title for the text
A．Pigeons’ trial-and-error method is revealed
B．Pigeons outperform humans in tough tasks
C．“Not smart” pigeons may be as smart as AI
D．AI models after pigeons’ learning approach
（2024·山东潍坊·一模）Hiring processes can be thought of as a battle between integrity and dishonesty. You might imagine this is a simple fight between truth-seeking firms and self-promoting candidates, and to a certain extent it is. But companies themselves are prone (有倾向的) to bend reality out of shape in ways that are self-defeating.
Start with the obvious wrongdoers: job applicants. When it comes to writing the resume (简历), they tend to massage (美化) reality into the most appealing shape possible. Everyone beyond a certain level of experience is a transformational leader personally responsible for generating millions income; the world economy would be about 15 times bigger than it actually is if all such claims were true. The average British spends four and a half hours a day watching TV and online videos. But each average job candidate is an enthusiast for public welfare, using their spare time only for worthy purposes, like volunteering in soup kitchens.
But the tendency to stretch the truth infects companies as well as applicants. The typical firm will write a job description that invariably describes the work environment as fast-paced and innovative, and then lays out a set of improbable requirements for the “ideal candidate”, someone who almost by definition does not exist. Sometimes, the requirements include an ability to go back and change the course of history.
Too few firms offer an accurate account of what a position actually involves in their job previews, which are supposed to give prospective employees a genuine sense of the negatives and positives of the job, as well as a clear idea of the company’s corporate culture. One effective strategy is to lay out in text or video, what a typical day in the role would look like.
Such honesty can be its own reward. Research has long suggested that realistic job previews lead to lower turnover and higher employee satisfaction. A paper in 2011 by David Eamest of Towson University and his co-authors concluded that favourable perceptions of the organisation’s honesty are the best explanation for why. So a process designed to uncover the truth about job applicants would run a lot more smoothly if firms were also honest about themselves.
5．Why are “leader” and “enthusiast” mentioned in paragraph 2
A．To present a rule. B．To clarify a fact.
C．To make a comparison. D．To explain a phenomenon.
6．What does the underlined word “stretch” in paragraph 3 mean
A．Overstate. B．Overturn. C．Overlook. D．Overestimate.
7．What are job previews expected to be like in paragraph 4
A．They show a position as it is. B．They are made either in text or video.
C．They are favorable for bigger firms. D．They mainly contain negatives of a job.
8．What does the text mainly talk about
A．Pains and gains of employees. B．How to get the lying out of hiring.
C．How to be more appealing in hiring. D．A wrestle between applicants and companies.
（2024·山东潍坊·一模）People have come to understand the enormous impacts-beneficial as well as harmful- plastics have on human lives and the environment. As polymer (聚合物) scientists committed to inventing sustainable solutions for real-world problems, we set out to tackle the issue of plastic waste by rethinking the way polymers are designed so we could make plastics with recyclability built right in.
Everyday items including milk jug, grocery bags, and takeout containers are made from a class of polymers called polyolefins. These plastics are really durable (耐用的) because the chemical bonds in those polymers are extremely stable. In a world set up for disposable (一次性的) items, durability is no longer a design feature but rather a design drawback. Imagine if half the plastics used today were recyclable through twice as many processes as they are now. Also conventional recycling requires careful sorting of all the collected materials, which can be challenging with so many different plastics. For example, separating paper from metal doesn’t require complex technology, but sorting a container from a milk jug of a different polyolefin is difficult to do without the occasional mistake.
In a study published in Science in October 2023, we described a series of polymers with only two building blocks-one soft polymer and one hard polymer-that behave like polyolefins but could be chemically recycled. Connecting two different polymers multiple times until they form a single, long molecule (分子) creates what’s called a multiblock polymer. By changing how much of each polymer type goes into the multiblock polymer, our team produced a wide range of materials with properties that covered all polyolefin types.
Using the same strategy but by adding hydrogen, we could disconnect the polymers back into their building blocks and easily separate them to use again. When we made new polymers out of these recycled plastics, they performed just as well as the original materials even after several rounds of chemical recycling. So we were able to create materials with similar properties of the plastics the world relies on. We believe this work is a step toward more sustainable plastics.
9．What is paragraph 2 mainly about concerning plastics
A．Their multiple uses. B．Their chemical properties.
C．Their recycling challenges. D．Their classification criteria.
10．A key factor of producing diverse multiblock polymers is ______.
A．mixing building blocks with long molecules
B．integrating chemicals into the two polymers
C．combining two different multiblock polymers
D．adjusting the percentage of the two polymers
11．Which is a feature of multiblock polymers
A．They are made from sustainable materials.
B．They can be recycled by adding hydrogen.
C．Their reliability outperforms traditional plastics.
D．Their properties change with rounds of recycling.
12．Which of the following might be the best title
A．Designing for Recycling B．Classifying Plastic Waste
C．Replace Plastics with Polymers D．Technology Creates the Future
（2024·山东聊城·一模）For many people, it is hard to imagine what it is like to lose their sense of smell. Known as “anosmia”, loss of smell can have a substantial effect on our overall wellbeing and quality of life. But while a sudden respiratory infection (呼吸道感染) might lead to a temporary loss of this important sense, your sense of smell may well have been gradually eroding away for years due to something else- air pollution.
Exposure to PM2. 5 has previously been linked with smell loss, but typically only in occupational or industrial settings. But new research is now starting to reveal the true scale and the potential damage caused by the pollution we breathe in every day. On the underside of our brains lies the olfactory bulb (嗅球). This sensitive bit of tissue is essential for the enormously varied picture of the world we get from our sense of smell. It’s also our first line of defense against viruses and pollutants entering the brain. But, with repeated exposure to PM2. 5, these defenses slowly get worn down.
“Our data show there’s a 1.6 to 1.7-fold increased risk of developing anosmia with sustained particulate pollution (粒状物污染),” says Murugappan Ramanathan, a rhinologist. One Mexican study in 2006, which used strong coffee and orange odors showed that residents of Mexico City which often struggles with air pollution — tended to have a poorer sense of smell on average than people living in rural areas of the country.
So, should we care that air pollution to which we are all exposed -is damaging our sense of smell and causing anosmia Clearly, the answer is yes. Ramanathan says, “Air quality matters. I think we need tight regulations and control. Many people may not even realize the pollution they are exposed to. But even the everyday, low level air pollution we are exposed to should be taken more seriously.”
13．What do the underlined words “eroding away” mean in paragraph 1
A．Evolving. B．Becoming weak.
C．Becoming sharp. D．Appearing.
14．What can we infer from paragraph 2
A．Exposure to PM2. 5 has nothing to do with smell loss.
B．The pollution we breathe in on a daily basis may cause harm.
C．Our nose stops viruses and pollutants from entering the brain.
D．Our defenses will disappear quickly with air pollution exposure.
15．What does the study reveal about people in Mexico City
A．They have developed anosmia with air pollution.
B．Their sense of smell is poorer than rural people’s.
C．They often consume strong coffee.
D．They tend to have a good sense of smell.
16．What will the author probably talk about next
A．How we should react to air pollution.
B．What we should do to protect the environment.
C．What steps we can take to recover from anosmia.
D．How we can improve our life quality.
（2024·山东聊城·一模）Crowded streets, noise, and unattractive grey buildings can be boring and stressful. A solution to such problems may lie in nature, which can have calming and renewing power.
Introducing vegetation or colorful designs may make cities more livable. However, growing plants or covering buildings in paint to test these approaches is expensive and inconvenient. Moreover, studying these phenomena outdoors can be tricky, as many factors can affect the final results. “Measuring pleasure and motivation in natural settings is extremely hard,” explained Prof. Yvonne Delevoye -Turrell of the University of Lille. “Human reactions are sensitive to environmental changes, such as weather or traffic. Consequently, we used virtual reality to measure reactions to these factors in a virtual urban space.”
Using virtual reality, the team created an immersive (沉浸式的) urban environment with either no vegetation or some green vegetation, as well as introduced colorful patterns onto a path. Then they invited students to participate in the study. Wearing a VR headset and walking on the spot, the students spent time exploring the virtual environment. To find out where the volunteers were looking and for how long, each headset included an eye tracker.
The researchers found that the students walked more slowly when there was green vegetation present in the experiment, and their heart rate increased. They would spend less time looking at the ground and more time observing their surroundings. These results indicate a pleasurable experience. Bright color patterns alone did not have quite the same uplifting effect as the green vegetation, but they inspired interest and passion of the students and attracted their stare while increasing their heart rate.
Virtual reality could be a valuable tool for urban planners, enabling them to virtually test the impact of various factors. In the future, the researchers hope to make the VR experience even more immersive to obtain the most accurate results.
17．What does Delevoye -Turrell think is difficult for the solution to boring city life
A．Sensing people’s reactions to pleasure.
B．Having reasonable designs for buildings.
C．Applying VR technology to city planning.
D．Testing the effects in the real world.
18．How does virtual reality work in the study
A．By creating an immersive virtual urban environment.
B．By inviting students to walk in the street.
C．By covering the path with colorful patterns.
D．By creating virtual participants.
19．What can be inferred about bright color patterns
A．They guided students to find greens in real life.
B．They helped students control their strong emotions.
C．They awakened students’ enthusiasm.
D．They weakened the impact of vegetation.
20．What is the main idea of the text
A．City buildings take pleasure away from people.
B．Nature empowers people in special ways.
C．VR helps test the effect of colors and greens in cities.
D．Colors and greens in cities promote human health.
（2024·山东德州·一模）Social media provides materialists with ideal opportunities to compare themselves with others, which makes them subject to passive and addictive user behavior. This stresses them out and, ultimately, leads to low life satisfaction, according to a new study.
The researchers headed by Dr. Phillip Ozimek from Germany employed 1, 230 people for their online survey. In order to participate, respondents had to visit at least one social media channel at least once a week. On average, the participants stated they spent just over two hours a day on social media.
The team used six different questionnaires to determine the extent to which the participants had a materialistic attitude and tended to compare themselves with others, whether they used social media more actively or passively, whether they were addicted to social media, how stressed and how satisfied they were with their lives.
“The data showed a stronger materialistic approach goes hand in hand with a tendency to compare oneself with others,” points out Ozimek. This comparison is easy to make on social media, primarily through passive use—by looking at the content posted by other users. Materialism and passive use were also linked to addictive use of social media.
“Users are constantly thinking about the respective channels and fear they’re missing out on something if they aren’t online,” explains Ozimek. “This in turn leads to poorer mental health like stress. The final link in the chain is reduced life satisfaction.”
“Overall, the study provides further evidence that the use of social media is associated with risks, especially for people with a highly materialistic mindset,” says the psychologist. “This is particularly worrying, because social media can stimulate and increase materialistic values through influence r marketing. Meanwhile, the platforms attract materialists anyway, as they’re a perfect way to satisfy materialistic needs.”
“It’s definitely a good idea to be aware of the amount of time you spend on social media and to reduce it,” recommends Ozimek, who advises against giving up social media completely. “If you did, you’re likely to over-correct.” He also suggests recording materialism and social media use in patients undergoing treatment for mental health disorders. “While these factors are often irrelevant, they can be a starting point for additional interventions patients can try out at home.”
21．Which of the following is a suitable title for the text
A．The Virtual World, the Real Danger
B．Showing Superiority Causes Heavy Media Use
C．More Social Media Materialism, Less Happiness
D．Materialistic Values: A Stepping Stone to Discontent
22．To qualify for the survey, a participant must ______
A．be a big spender B．specialize in data analysis
C．be a regular social media user D．upload web surfing history
23．What kind of feeling is expressed by Ozimek in paragraph 6
A．Pessimism. B．Sympathy. C．Shock. D．Concern.
24．What does Ozimek propose concerning using social media
A．Restricting the duration. B．Logging onto well-rated websites.
C．Abandoning it for good. D．Prohibiting patients from using it.
（2024·山东德州·一模）Think you have a good grasp of English Good. Read the six sentences below, then.
Sentence 1: The old man the boat.
Sentence 2: The cotton clothing is made of grows in Mississippi.
Sentence 3: Time flies like an arrow; fruit flies like a banana.
Sentence 4: Fat people eat collects.
Sentence 5: The man who hunts ducks out on weekends.
Sentence 6: The complex houses married and single soldiers and their families.
Linguists (语言学家) call these “garden path sentences”, which take you by the hand and lead you down a winding path to a dead end. Despite this, they’re all grammatically correct. Let’s see why.
Sentence 1: The old man the boat.
Besides sounding like a rejected Hemingway title, this sentence is indeed grammatically correct thanks to some well-placed homonyms—words that share the same spellings but have different meanings. Homonym 1 here is “old”, used as a noun, meaning “old people”; homonym 2 is “man”, used as a verb, meaning “to serve in/on”. With that in mind, the sentence means “The old people serve on the boat”.
Sentence 2: The cotton clothing is made of grows in Mississippi.
At first read, you’d think “is made of” is the main verb of this sentence. But it’s not. The simplest form of this sentence is “The cotton grows in Mississippi”; confusingly, “clothing is made of” is used to tell us what cotton we’re talking about. This sentence would make way more sense if written “The cotton that clothing is made of grows in Mississippi”, but English allows us to remove certain conjunctions like “that”, with its meaning maintained.
Sentence 3: Time flies like an arrow; fruit flies like a banana.
The first half of this sentence is easy to catch. So when dealing with the other half, people usually follow the structure of the first half, and it’d be understood as “fruits fly like bananas”. This is obviously unreasonable. Only when people rethink can they recognize the true meaning of the sentence. Therefore, such sentences manage to make people ignore the structure of the sentence itself, thus departing from its original meaning.
Come on! Take a walk down the garden path with the rest of the sentences.
25．What’s the characteristic of “garden path sentences” according to linguists
A．Misleading but error-free. B．Accurate and plain.
C．Improperly-worded and meaningless. D．Ungrammatical but comprehensible.
26．Which word is an example similar to the homonym of “man” in sentence 1
A．“grows” in sentence 2. B．“eat” in sentence 4.
C．“hunts” in sentence 5. D．“houses” in sentence 6.
27．Which of the following correctly interprets “fruit flies like a banana” in sentence 3
A．“fruit flies” refers to a sort of insect. B．“flies” serves as the verb of the sentence.
C．“flies like” explains what fruit is talked about. D．“like” has the same meaning as the “like” before it.
28．What can be the troublemaker in sentence 4
A．The ill-placed verbs. B．The removal of “that”.
C．The grammar mistakes. D．The lack of noun behind “collects”.
（2024·山东菏泽·一模）The apparent complexities of the TikTok algorithm(算法)may actually be as simple as a bag of chips. In a video with more than 700,000 views, creator Celeste Aria laid out her “Dorito theory”, which she uses to explain the addictive nature of endlessly-scrolling social media feeds.
Everyone has a topic they just can’t stop thinking about, and Aria’s Roman Empire is Doritos. In her popular video, she expresses that TikTok scrolling is so addictive because it is never fully satisfying. Like a Dorito, a scrolling session on the For You Page is most stimulating during the first few bites. The end of the chip or video brings a desire to start consuming another one, thus returning to that first-bite feeling.
Essentially, the Dorito theory suggests that activities like eating Doritos, which provide a quick burst of pleasure but lack lasting satisfaction, can be highly addictive. Aria compared it to consuming foods that offer deeper satisfaction, like a hearty steak, where the feeling of fullness and contentment lasts longer.
The theory can apply to a lot of different experiences, but it’s particularly well-suite d as a metaphor for the dopamine(多巴胺)boosts that occur while scrolling through social media feeds. Dr. Jamie Sorenson, a board-certified psychiatrist, said that the Dorito theory is consistent with existing ideas regarding addiction. “The more immediate the reward is, the more likely we are to repeat that behavior, whether it’s eating Doritos or scrolling on social media.”
Aria may not be a licensed medical professional, but she treats junk food the way any nutritionist would. “I’d recommend just trying to remove anything that you think falls into the Dorito category,” she says in her video.
The Dorito theory trend has led to reflections on the nature of addiction and the pursuit of instant satisfaction in today’s society, resonating(共鸣)with many TikTok users who recognize similar patterns in their own lives. So, it feels like it’s only a matter of time before Doritos responds to Aria’s theory.
29．What do the underlined words “Roman Empire” in paragraph 2 probably refer to
A．A video. B．A subject. C．A country. D．A snack.
30．What makes Aria addicted to chips according to the text
A．Social media. B．Different flavors. C．Lasting satisfaction. D．First-bite feeling.
31．How does Aria explain the Dorito theory
A．By introducing a concept. B．By conducting an experiment.
C．By making a comparison. D．By quoting an expert’s words.
32．What is a suitable title for the text
A．TikTok: an appealing platform
B．Celeste Aria: an insightful discoverer
C．Chips or steaks: a challenging choice
D．The Dorito theory: an ongoing hit online
（2024·山东菏泽·一模）A man rides at full speed on a single-wheeled bike, leaning back on a seat fixed above a recycled tyre as he performs wheelies (杂技). This machine is just one of many crazy inventions from Make It Extreme, a You Tube channel run by Michael Mavros and George Shiailis, two best friends who use old materials to create unique and innovative mechanical projects.
The partners of this DIY design make the inventions to promote the joys of mechanical engineering and inspire creativity in others.
On Make It Extreme, they transform everyday objects and vehicles into extreme versions of themselves, pushing creative boundaries in the process. They build and design their projects, film and edit the entire process, then finally showcase the results.
“By passionately crafting furniture, engines, tools, toys and vehicles while using our imagination, we try to offer innovative solutions to various mechanical challenges,” explains Mavros, “We’ve shared this passion since our early years, and now, through our channel, we share it with millions of other people in an easily understandable way.”
For its 100th video, Make It Extreme introduced the Monotrack bike, constructed entirely from recycled and old materials. They utilised a 100cc two-stroke engine from an old scooter (摩托车), cutting the sidewalls of a used car tyre and fitting it around a recycled motor. The bike reflects their commitment to sustainability and creativity, purely for the joy and curiosity it brings.
“The idea for the Monotrack bike came from an old wartime photo where we saw a similar vehicle,” says Mavros, “Our creations are often inspired by things we’ve encountered before. For example, the Monowheel, where a person sits inside a huge wheel, was inspired by similar vehicles from decades ago, and our tank chair stemmed from the idea of creating an accessible adventure vehicle for people with limited mobility.”
Make It Extreme now has almost two million subscribers who are eager to tune in every month to see the partners’ latest invention. And Mavros promises that 2024 will see them create their most daring project yet.
33．Why do Mavros and Shiailis run Make It Extreme
A．To make profits. B．To earn popularity.
C．To develop hobby. D．To awaken innovation.
34．What do we think of their inventions according to paragraph 5
A．Practical. B．Eco-friendly. C．Costly. D．Convenient.
35．What is paragraph 6 mainly about
A．Why the old things were used. B．Where the Monowheel was found.
C．What their inspirations originated from. D．How the Monotrack bike was invented.
36．What can we learn from Mavros and Shiailis in the text
A．Nothing is impossible. B．Hard work will pay off.
C．Success needs perseverance. D．Many hands make light work.
（2024·山东临沂·一模）When American anthropologist Colin Turnbull published The Mountain People in 1972, he referred to his subjects — a Ugandan group called the Ik — as “the loveless people.” After two years of observations, he decided that they reflected humanity’s basic instincts (本能): cheat, thievery, and pitilessness. But when Athena Aktipis and her colleagues from the Human Generosity Project took a deeper look, they identified a community that shared everything. “Turnbull had visited Uganda during a disastrous famine (饥荒). All he saw is what happens when people are starving.” says Aktipis. But her team revealed that despite living under pressure, the Ik placed a high value on helping one another when they could.
Aktipis believes that altruism is more common and beneficial than evolutionary social science has long thought. “It was assumed that people are designed to only do things to help themselves or their relatives.” she says. By studying the unique, selfless practices that helped nine communities across the world to continue to exist, the experts from the Project are looking to show that we are indeed capable of widespread cooperation.
The Maasai people in Kenya provide one of the project’s main points. They rely on two-way friendships for resources like food or water when they’re in need, without expecting any repayment. Also, a world away, in New Mexico, while folks often help transport cattle and receive support in return, they will assist without repayment if someone faces difficulties, such as an injury or the death of a loved one.
Aktipis believes theoretical frameworks she’s perfected through studying these groups can apply broadly to any interdependent systems. Her big goal is to design social-service systems that support everyone. Take market-based insurance in the United States as an example: It’s priced based on individual risk factors such as health histories and where people live, which means millions of Americans can’t afford it. But in a system built on neighboring, pooled costs (合并成本) would level the burden during collective hardship like natural disasters and pandemics.
37．What did Turnbull think of the Ik people
A．Heartless. B．Helpful. C．Restless. D．Generous.
38．What does the underlined word “altruism” in paragraph 2 probably mean
A．Trying to be strong and tough to survive.
B．Making full use of the surrounding resources.
C．Being devoted to themselves or their relatives.
D．Caring about the needs and happiness of others.
39．What does paragraph 3 intend to convey
A．Friendships guarantee a well-being life. B．Folks assist each other to get support.
C．Cooperation is a good and natural instinct. D．People tend to provide resources for free.
40．How does Aktipis intend to apply her findings
A．By designing a policy for public health.
B．By monitoring individual health histories.
C．By creating a system against collective hardship.
D．By lowering insurance prices for individual victims.
（2024·山东临沂·一模）Humans work hard to avoid viruses. Sick people are isolated, diseased animals are killed and fields of infected crops are fired up. Reviving(复活)an ancient virus would surely be a disaster.
But a new study led by Fiddamanfrom Oxford, challenges this conventional wisdom. It shows how the revival of an ancient virus can unlock the secrets of its evolution.
The virus in the study is Marek’s disease virus(MDV), killing more than 90% of chickens. Yet when it was discovered in 1907, MDV rarely caused death.
Dr Fiddaman wondered whether its new-found virulence(毒性)was a result of large structural changes. To find out, he and his colleagues got their hands on nearly 1,000 chicken bones from ancient times across Europe and Asia, some of them up to 2000 years old. Sections of DNA from these remains were mapped on to the ones of today’s virus.
As the authors pieced together the sets of genes of ancient MDV, however, they noticed that the genes were arranged identically to those in modern species. It suggests that the increased virulence resulted not from large structural changes, but from point mutations(突变). In particular, changes had occurred in the arrangement of a gene called MEQ, which has an essential role in tumour(肿瘤)formation.
This discovery suggests that the ancient MDV may not have been able to cause tumours. To test this assumption, Dr Fiddaman followed up with a daring experiment. He made the ancient form of the MEQ gene and shoot it into living chicken cells. It did not turn on any of the genes associated with tumour formation. In comparison, a modern MEQ gene quickly showed its tendency to cause tumours.
By combining ancient and modern genetic biology, the methods pioneered in the paper reveal how, and more importantly why, any virus mutates. That could help scientists tackle other viruses that pull on the purse-strings of farmers —by designing new vaccines(疫苗), for instance— or even to work out how to prevent another global pandemic.
41．What is widely acknowledged about the revival of an ancient virus
A．It is a challenging task. B．It reveals the virus evolution.
C．It means a disaster for humans. D．It helps people fight diseases.
42．What caused the virulence change of MDV
A．Point mutations in MEQ. B．The occurrance of a new gene.
C．The reproduction of the ancient MDV. D．Large structural changes in modern species.
43．How did Dr Fiddaman test the assumption
A．By investigating a typical case. B．By conducting a field survey.
C．By studying the related theories. D．By doing a comparative experiment.
44．What can we infer from the last paragraph
A．Viruses weaken gradually when they mutate.
B．The finding throws light on handling other viruses.
C．A global pandemic requires a world effort to end it.
D．Farmers will face more complex challenges than before.
（2024·山东淄博·一模）Would you rather watch a new movie, or an old favorite Would you rather try a dish you’ve never had at a restaurant, or stick with something you know you’ll like Researchers studying the “mere exposure effect” have found that we often prefer the familiar over the novel.
People didn’t need to experience a reward or positive outcome while around the object—simply being exposed to the object would be enough to make people like it. To test this, social psychologist Robert Zajonc had participants read words in a foreign language out loud and varied how often participants read each word (up to 25 repetitions). Next, after reading the words, participants were asked to guess at the meaning of each word by filling out a rating scale (indicating how positive or negative they thought the meaning of the word was).
He found that participants liked words that they had said more often, while words that participants hadn’t read at all were rated more negatively, and words that had been read 25 times were rated highest. Just the me re exposure to the word was enough to make participant s like it more.
One place where the me re exposure effect occurs is in advertising. It explains why seeing the same advertisement multiple times could be more convincing than just seeing it once. Of course, there’s a caution here:the me re exposure effect doesn’t happen for things we initially dislike. Researchers have found that our liking for a variety of things (including pictures, sounds, foods, and smells) can be increased with repeated exposure, suggesting that the mere exposure effect isn’t limited to just one of our senses. Additionally, researchers have found that the me re exposure effect occurs in studies with human research participants as well as in studies with non-human animals.
Another key finding from this analysis was that participants eventually started to like object s less after many repeated exposures. In other words,a smaller number of repeated exposures will make you like something more——but, if the repeated exposures continue, you could eventually get tired of it.
45．What is the key factor in Robert Zajonc’s test
A．Frequency. B．Preference. C．Originality. D．Achievement.
46．Which of the following is an example of mere-exposure effect
A．We favor an advertisement at the first sight.
B．A student joined in the club because of love.
C．We are more convinced of what we met before.
D．A student read as many English words as possible.
47．What can we learn about “mere exposure effect” according to paragraph 4
A．It is the result of advertising. B．It has nothing to do with animals.
C．It is true of what we dislike at first. D．It can be applied to multiple senses.
48．What is the text mainly about
A．More love because of more exposures. B．The study on mere exposure effect.
C．Better results from the earlier exposures. D．The application of mere exposure effect.
（2024·山东淄博·一模）Chances are you’ve heard the phrase “like a moth to a flame”——and probably seen it in action at a nighttime fire or barbecue, too. It turns out, however, this age-old saying may not be quite right. Rather than being attracted to light, moths’ tendency to fly toward brightness is a behavioral response to help them determine which way is up, suggests a new study published in the journal Nature Communications.
To avoid falling down to the ground, insects need to know which way is up, says study coauthor Yash Sondhi, a National Geographic Explorer. Without systems to maintain spatial (空间的) orientation, the brightness of the sky, even at night, has always been a strong indicator of “up”——until artificial lights came along. If they mess that up, they start plummeting.
Sondhi and a team of researchers set up experiments to investigate how different lights influence flight behavior. First, the researchers suspended a light bulb from a rope between two trees——resembling a typical downward-pointing light——and in a separate test, they turned the light upward by mounting it on a tripod (三脚架). In both cases, insects leaned their winged backs to the bulb. But when the light was pointed up, the insects often bumped to the ground.
What if the light is spread over a wide area The researchers stretched a large white sheet across the tree and projected a UV light on it. If the insects were truly “attracted” to the light, they should fly up toward it. Instead, the insects cruised (巡航) straight through this illuminated corridor, flying how they would during the day. The team then placed the sheet on the ground and shined the light on it, which is when something truly odd happened: All these moths flying over it turned upside down and crashed out of the sky. Directionality of light is a huge factor in the pattern we have seen, not just brightness or color.
“Artificial lights may cause a mismatch between the insect’s sense of which way is up and true direction of gravity, which spells trouble for insects population.” says Sondhi.
49．What can be inferred about “like a moth to a flame” in the new study
A．A moth is generally attracted by a flame. B．Artificial lights are valuable for a moth.
C．Brightness indicates up for a moth. D．A moth has a sense of direction.
50．What does the underlined word “plummeting” in paragraph 2 mean
A．Crashing. B．Speeding. C．Freezing. D．Suspending.
51．What lights influence insects most in the experiments
A．UV lights on the tree. B．Upward-pointing lights.
C．Downward-pointing lights. D．Lights of different colors.
52．What is Sondhi’s attitude toward artificial lights
A．Concerned. B．Dismissive. C．Doubtful. D．Neutral.
（2024·山东淄博·一模）There was no way to escape when they spotted a polar bear. Verena Mohaupt and a handful of colleagues were trapped on a floating sea ice while the bear gazed at them, smelling the air, a dangerous sign.
“That’s when everything kicks in,” Mohaupt says, “and you focus on what’s important.” As a colleague fired into the sky as a warning shot, Mohaupt radioed their research ship a few kilometres away, whose helicopter luckily arrived quickly and Mohaupt didn’t have to use the gun that was hanging over her shoulder.
Keeping a lookout for bears was a regular duty for Mohaupt, the logistics coordinator(后勤协调员) for a year-long mission known as the MOSAiC——the largest Arctic research exploration in history. The project, consisting of roughly 300 scientists, led by scientist MarkusRex, has collected massive measurements that will help better forecast how warming will transform the globe in the coming decades. For months, the exploration operated in constant darkness while polar bears wandered nearby, storms rocked the ship and the ice shifted and cracked. Then, when the Sun returned, the ice began to melt, creating a life-threatening risk and a nightmare for researchers who needed to keep their instruments from sinking.
Tasked with the security of the mission, Mohaupt designed an extensive training course for the participants in which they learnt how to avoid the danger, like storm-rocking and ice-cracking. They jumped into a Norwegian channel in their survival suits and climbed out of the freezing waters using only their ice picks. They learnt how to escape from a crashed helicopter. And they discussed the psychological effects of being far from home. Mohaupt brought knitting equipment, yoga mats and a violin for their men tal health——although having been prepared for the isolation.
Mohaupt didn’t expect a career in polar regions, but says she has always been drawn to the north. “She was there to make sure that we were protected,” says Markus Rex, “Mohaupt is certainly the champion in the field.”
53．Why does the author mention a polar bear in the beginning
A．To show the threat of bears. B．To tell an interesting story.
C．To introduce Mohaupt’s job. D．To describe the polar scenery.
54．What can we know from paragraph 3
A．The working conditions were tough. B．Mohaupt helped to collect massive data.
C．The exploration went on in total darkness. D．Mohaupt’s duty was to protect polar bears.
55．Which of the following best describes Mohaupt
A．Ambitious and brave. B．Passionate and dependent.
C．Considerate and modest. D．Professional and responsible.
56．What is a suitable title for the text
A．A Potential Danger in the Exploration. B．A Guardian Angel of Polar Researchers.
C．A Great Scientific Exploration in History. D．A Great Female Scientist in Polar Research.
（2024·山东青岛·一模）An ancient Latin proverb says “Aquila non capit muscas” —cagles don’t hunt flies—meaning that important ones shouldn’t concern themselves with small, insignificant matters.But the lions in East Africa should concern themselves with the seemingly insignificant ants, because these ants are changing their lifestyles.
The story starts with the acacia trees(金合欢树)in an African wildlife area in central KenyaSome of these acacia trees provide food and shelter for specific ant species, which in turn defend the tree against herbivores(食草动物).The ants are actively attacking and driving away herbivores that attempt to feed on the tree’s leavesThis is highly effective; the ants not only physically harm the herbivores but also release chemicals that can deter other potential attackers.
But these ants are in trouble.Another species called the “big-headed” ant is destroying entire groups of tree-protecting ants.This, in turn, sets off an entire chain of events that ends up influencing when and how lions can hunt.
This ant invasion(入侵)affects one thing after the other.It leaves the acacia trees defenseless against herbivores especially elephants.The elephants come in and eat the acacias at five to seven times the rate observed in uninvaded areas.The lions, while hunting for food, have no more trees to use for hiding.This reduced tree cover makes lions less successful at hunting and pushes them to find different areas to hunt in．
“These tiny invaders are pulling on the ties that put an African ecosystem together, determining who is eaten andwhere,” said Todd Palmer, an ecologist from Florida.
The lions, which are already endangered, are managing to cope with this by no longer focusing their attention on zebras.The zebras, of course, can see them much better on the approach given the lack of cover.Instead, they are targeting water buffalo.But this also isn’t the end of the story.Who knows what the lions’ changing strategy will mean for the ecosystem down the line
57．What does the underlined word “deter” in paragraph 2mean
A．Direct. B．Discourage. C．Identify. D．Seek.
58．What role do the elephants play in the chain reaction
A．Cooperating with “big-headed” ants. B．Damaging the hiding place for lions.
C．Protecting the acacias from herbivores. D．Starting off the disturbance of the chain.
59．The author mentions lions, zebras and water buffalo to show that ______.
A．animals fall victim to bigger ones B．the ecology is on the road to recovery
C．animals are corelated in the ecosystem D．species are firmly positioned in the food chain
60．What is the text mainly about
A．What ecologists find about animals. B．Why African lions are endangered.
C．How tiny ants affect the way lions hunt. D．How the law of the jungle works in Africa.
（2024·山东泰安·一模）“Deep Work: Rules for Focused Success in a Distracted World” by Cal Newport is an exploration of the challenges posed by our modern, digitally-driven environment and the strategies one can employ to achieve focused success. Newport researches the concept of deep work, emphasizing its critical role in an era marked by constant distractions.
The book addresses the common issue of information overload and the impact of shallow tasks on productivity. Newport argues that the ability to engage in deep, concentrated work is essential for success. The author supports his claims with research, including experiments comparing brain connectivity patterns during deep work and shallow tasks.
Newport’s work agrees with earlier studies, confirming that handwritten notes outperform (胜过) typed ones in academic performance. Beyond academia, Newport presents evidence of the cognitive (认知的) benefits of deep work.
The book provides practical strategies for integrating deep work into one’s professional life, advocating for routines and intentional changing of the brain to resist distractions. Newport introduces concepts like productive meditation (冥想) and the craftsman approach to tool selection, offering readers actionable advice to enhance their focus and productivity.
“Deep Work” has won widespread praise for its insights into productivity in a distracted world. Many praise Newport’s thorough research, combining neuroscience with practical advice. Readers appreciate the real-world examples, from Carl Jung’s focused mindset to a social media pioneer’s distraction-free writing journey.
In conclusion, “Deep Work” stands as a valuable guide for navigating the challenges of the digital age. Newport’s exploration of deep work as a catalyst (催化剂) for success, supported by research and concrete strategies, has left a lasting impact on how individuals approach their professional and personal lives. It serves as a timely reminder to prioritize focus and concentration in an era defined by constant connectivity and distractions.
61．What kind of writing is this passage
A．A book review. B．An advertisement.
C．A science report. D．A psychological research.
62．How does Cal Newport support his claims about the benefits of deep work in the book
A．By sharing personal experiences.
B．By providing practical strategies.
C．By doing experiments on brain connectivity.
D．By integrating deep work into one’s professional life
63．What does Newport advocate as a strategy in “Deep Work”
A．Selective tools. B．Inflexible mind.
C．Changeable routines. D．Productive meditation.
64．What does the author want to tell us in the book
A．Achieving success through focus.
B．The necessity of handwritten notes.
C．The drawbacks of constant connectivity.
D．An analysis of modern workforce challenges.
（2024·山东济宁·一模）With the completion of the Human Genome Project more than 20 years ago, and the discovery of the double helix structure of DNA enjoying its 70th birthday last year, you might assume that we know how life works. Think again!
Evolution has a 4 billion-year head start on us. However, several aspects of the standard picture of how life works-the idea of the genome as a blueprint, of genes as instructions for building an organism, of proteins as precisely tailored molecular machines and more- have wildly reduced the complexity of life.
In the excellent book How Life Works, Philip Ball explores the new biology, revealing life to be a far richer, more delicate affair than we have understood. Ball explains that life is a system of many levels—genes, proteins, cells, tissues, and body modules-each with its own rules and principles, so there is no unique place to look for an answer to it.
Also, How Life Works is a much more appealing title than the overused question of “What is life ”. We should be less concerned with what a thing is, and rather more focused on what a thing does. Defining a living thing implies an unchangeable ideal type, but this will run counter to the Darwinian principle that living things are four-dimensional, ever changing in time as well as space.
But it’s an idea that is deeply rooted within our culture. Ball points out that we rely on metaphors (比喻) to explain and explore the complexities of life, but none suffice. We are taught that cells are machines, though no machine we have invented behaves like the simplest cell; that DNA is a code or a blueprint, though it is neither; that the brain is a computer, though no computer behaves like a brain at all.
Ball is a terrific writer, pumping out books on incredibly diverse subjects. There’s a wealth of well-researched information in here, and some details that are a bit chewy for the lay reader. But the book serves as an essential introduction on our never-ending quest to understand life.
65．What does paragraph 2 intend to state
A．The research of biology is tricky.
B．Human evolution is a lengthy process.
C．Genes determine the structure of living things.
D．Commonly held models of life are oversimplified.
66．What does the underlined phrase “run counter to” in paragraph 4 mean
A．Go against. B．Refer to. C．Account for. D．Contribute to.
67．What is Ball’s attitude to using metaphors to explain life
A．Tolerant. B．Disapproving. C．Objective. D．Indecisive.
68．What is the purpose of the text
A．To review a book. B．To introduce genetic map.
C．To honour a writer. D．To correct a misperception.
（2024·山东济宁·一模）These days, many young people wonder if they would be better served by striking out on their own than pursuing a college education. In this rapidly evolving digital era, narratives of overnight success and entrepreneurial glory have flooded our social media feeds, fascinating the digital natives of Gen Z into questioning the worth of an expensive traditional college degree.
Contrary to popular belief, successful entrepreneurship is rarely seen among the young. Recent research suggests that the average age in the U. S. of founders when they launched their companies is 42, rising to 45 for those within the top 0.1% of earnings based on growth in their first five years. That’s even the case for high-tech startups. Indeed, successful entrepreneurship is frequently the result of years of learning, experimenting and risk-taking—traits cultivated over time.
Campuses create environments rich in intellectual diversity and foster cooperation among their inhabitants, promoting an entrepreneurial mindset. They encourage students to challenge established norms and develop their unique thinking patterns to create value — practices that are also key to entrepreneurial success. Thus, higher education is not just about attaining a degree; it’s more importantly about acquiring the skills and experiences that inspire and enable the entrepreneurs of tomorrow.
But some may doubt since formal entrepreneurship itself isn’t typically a course of study, are all college majors capable of instilling entrepreneurial skills Let’s examine the arts majors, which are often subjected to the most suspicion concerning their career paths. Consider a theater major. That curriculum often includes entrepreneurship-focused capabilities beyond stage direction, lighting, sound systems and performance. Students learn to mobilize resources, lead creative teams and navigate the uncertainties of a theatrical production — skills that are readily transferable to launching any entrepreneurial business.
Like a compass for the future, entrepreneurship guides us toward a society that prizes critical thinking, nurtures intellectual curiosity and champions innovation. Let’s not get swept away by short-lived trends or misleading narratives. Instead, we should appreciate the enduring value of college education.
69．What do the figures in paragraph 2 indicate
A．The chance of success multiplies with age. B．Young people dominate high-tech startups.
C．Quite a number of enterprises are in the red. D．Successful entrepreneurship isn’t built in a day.
70．Which of the following practice is the most crucial to entrepreneurial success
A．Sticking to one’s own principles. B．Acquiring knowledge from textbooks.
C．Developing a startup mentality. D．Following established norms and traditions.
71．Why is a theater major mentioned in paragraph 4
A．To illustrate it is complex and demanding.
B．To prove people’s suspicion is reasonable.
C．To show entrepreneurial skills can be integrated into all majors.
D．To stress it is the launchpad for successful entrepreneurship.
72．Which section of a newspaper does the text probably come from
A．Arts. B．Insights. C．Entertainment. D．News.
（2024·山东济宁·一模）My wife and I have always had a non-negotiable when looking for a place to rent: a gas stove. We love cooking together, and countless food shows have impressed upon us that there is nothing more essential to a tasty meal than a flame.
Then came the shift of work forcing us to move into a new apartment with an induction cooker. Past encounters with the slow and inconsistent heating elements of early electric stoves had soured us to the idea of cooking with electricity, but it took only a couple of days for us to realize that our new induction cooker was far superior: Water boiled at lightning speed; I could set a timer and walk away knowing the heat would automatically turn off.
Our belated switch to induction came amid a rise of horrifying stories about the health and climate risks of gas stoves. Studies have found cooking with gas is like having secondhand smoke in the kitchen. Worse still, the primary ingredient that fuels gas stoves are methane, a greenhouse gas 80 times more harmful to the environment than carbon dioxide. That’s why I finally quit using gas stoves and abandoned my prior conviction that I could never live in a home without one.
Don’t get me wrong—there’s still a place for flame, and there’s a reason why barbecued—food is so delicious. Barbecuing food imparts special flavour that you can’t experience with an electric cooker. But dishes that truly require cooking over an open flame are the exception, not the rule.
Changing the fundamentals of our lives is hard. But just as we have stopped commuting by horse, or have replaced a coal fireplace with central heating, it’s time to move gas out of our kitchens. Some might be horrified. The rest of us, though, can step calmly into the future. Hopefully the governments, too, will soon smell the gas.
73．How did the author feel about cooking with early electric stoves
A．Unpleasant. B．Concerned. C．Panicky. D．Stressed.
74．What can be inferred from paragraph 4
A．The author regrets giving up gas stoves. B．Barbecued food is tastier and healthier.
C．It is a common practice to cook outdoors. D．Gas stoves still have a role to play.
75．What does the author want to convey in the last paragraph
A．Be open to changes. B．Be brave in the face of uncertainty.
C．The old should give way to the new. D．Governments should be gas advocates.
76．What’s the best title of the text
A．Barbecue: Tasty or Risky B．A New “Flame” Has Come
C．Gas Stoves: To Leave or to Stay D．Electricity Has Taken the Lead
（2024·山东日照·一模）Dr Paul King at Texas Christian University has been an influential scholar in the field of communication studies for 30 years. I spoke to King about his research into “state anxiety in listening performance”. Most of us believe that anxiety impacts only the person giving the speech or presentation. Dr King has discovered that audience members feel anxiety, too.
King says that listening is a tiring activity because the learner is continually adding material to be remembered-retrieved-later. This is what he means by “cognitive backlog(认知积压)”. Put simply, the longer the task or the more information that is delivered, the greater the cognitive load. According to King, listening to a five-minute presentation produces a relatively small amount of cognitive backlog; an 18-minute presentation produces a little more, while a 60-minute presentation produces so much backlog that you risk seriously upsetting your audience unless you create a very engaging presentation with “soft breaks”— stories, videos, demonstrations, or other speakers.
The longer the presentation, the more the listener has to organize, comprehend, and remember. The burden increases along with a listener’s anxiety. They become increasingly frustrated, even angry. King says that the current research into memory processing suggests that it’s better to study content on two or three occasions for a short period of time instead of spending an entire evening cramming(填鸭式学习).
King applies the results to his graduate class on research methods. If given a choice, most graduate students would rather attend a single three-hour class than three 50-minute classes. When King taught his class once a week, he found that the students returned for the next class having lost most of the information they had learned the prior week. King discovered the “better practice” was to schedule the same content on three separate occasions, such as Monday, Wednesday, and Friday. King said that despite objections, when he taught the class on three occasions his students scored better and exhibited a better memory of the complex material.
77．What does Dr Paul King say about “cognitive backlog”
A．It should be prevented from happening.
B．It is affected by the number of listeners.
C．It changes with the length of a presentation.
D．It produces a negative effect on mental health.
78．What is the function of “soft breaks”
A．To ease listeners’ anxiety. B．To show the talents of speakers.
C．To add topics to the presentation. D．To make the presentation longer.
79．What does Dr Paul King’s new practice focus on
A．Exploring complex materials. B．Completing a single task at a time.
C．Breaking up the whole into parts. D．Grouping students by their levels.
80．What can we learn about Dr Paul King’s new class schedule
A．It was welcomed by students. B．It turned out to be a success.
C．It made no difference indeed. D．It still had room for improvement.
