2024届高考英语二轮复习阅读理解—主旨大意题教案（表格式）

阅读理解——主旨大意
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教学内容 阅读理解之主旨大意
教学目标 了解高考阅读理解主旨大意出题方式； 掌握主旨大意题的解题方法。
教学重点、难点 教学重点； 阅读理解主旨大意题： 1.概括段落大意； 2.概括文章大意； 3.归纳最佳标题 阅读理解主旨大意题及技巧点拨； 教学难点； 如何使学生掌握主旨大意题解题技巧。
教学过程： Step1 设题方式 1.段落大意题的主要设问方式: （1）What is the second paragraph mainly about （2）What is the main idea of Paragraph 1 2.文章大意题的主要设问方式: （1）Which of the following best states the main idea of the passage （2）What is the passage/text mainly about （3）What is the main idea of the passage 3.标题归纳题的主要设问方式: （1）What is/can be the best title for this passage/the text （2）Which of the following can be the best title for the text 一.概括段落大意 技法点拨 段落大意题常在说明文和议论文中考查。文章的每一个段落都围绕一个特定的主题按照一定的逻辑顺序展开。所以，段落的结构也有一定的规律性。 典例 [2022·全国甲卷·D片段]Sometime in the early 1960s, a significant thing happened in Sydney, Australia. The city discovered its harbor. Then, one after another, Sydney discovered lots of things that were just sort of there—broad parks, superb beaches, and a culturally diverse population. But it is the harbor that makes the city. 32.What is the first paragraph mainly about ( C ) A. Sydney's striking architecture. B. The cultural diversity of Sydney. C. The key to Sydney's development. D. Sydney's tourist attractions in the 1960s. 思路点拨 迅速定位原文信息，通过略读找到主题句。此段指出，20世纪60年代初，澳大利亚悉尼发生了一件大事。这座城市发现了它的港口。然后，一个接一个，许多东西被发现——开阔的公园、极好的海滩和文化多样的人口。最后一句“But it is the harbor that makes the city.（然而，是港口造就了城市。）”是本段主题句。由此可知，本段主要介绍了悉尼发展的关键因素。故选C。 真题体验 1. [2023·全国乙卷·D片段]If you want to tell the history of the whole world, a history that does not privilege one part of humanity, you cannot do it through texts alone, because only some of the world has ever had texts, while most of the world, for most of the time, has not. Writing is one of humanity's later achievements， and until fairly recently even many literate（有文字的） societies recorded their concerns not only in writing but in things. 32.What is the first paragraph mainly about ( A ) A. How past events should be presented. B. What humanity is concerned about. C. Whether facts speak louder than words. D. Why written language is reliable. [解析]此段内容讲述的是，客观公平地讲述全球历史仅仅通过文字资料是不可行的，因为世界上大多数地区在很长一段时间内都没有文字。文字是后来才出现的，而且即使有文字的地区也会用实物来记录重要的事情。由此可知，除文字外，我们还需要结合实物来讲述历史。A项“过去的事件应该如何呈现”符合题意。故选A。 2. [2021·新高考Ⅰ卷·D片段]Although the continuing popular appeal of emotional intelligence is desirable, we hope that such attention will excite a greater interest in the scientific and scholarly study of emotion. It is our hope that in coming decades, advances in science will offer new perspectives（视角） from which to study how people manage their lives. Emotional intelligence, with its focus on both head and heart, may serve to point us in the right direction. 35.What does the last paragraph mainly talk about concerning emotional intelligence ( B ) A. Its appeal to the public. B. Expectations for future studies. C. Its practical application. D. Scientists with new perspectives. [解析]分析本段可知,第一句为主旨句。虽然情商的持续流行的吸引力是可取的,但我们希望这种关注能引起人们对情感的科学和学术研究的更大的兴趣。又根据第二句可知，我们希望在未来的数十年里，科学的进步会提供新的视角来研究人们如何管理他们的生活。由此可知，这些是对未来研究的期望。故选B。 2.概括文章大意 说明文、记叙文、议论文三种文体涉及的多种话题，如社会文化类、人物故事类、科普说明类，都会考查文章大意类题目。 典例 [2021·八省联考·B片段] In my everyday life, I am on an ongoing journey to figure out different ways to reduce my carbon footprint on the planet. A carbon footprint is the measure of influence our activities have on the environment, in particular climate change. It is calculated by the amount of greenhouse gas we produce in our daily lives. Fortunately, nowadays it is much easier to make eco-friendly lifestyle choices than, let's say, 20 years ago. But one question has been on my mind a lot lately: is it better to buy new eco-friendly products or used traditionally produced goods After doing some research, I have decided that some things are better new and others are better used. Let me try to explain. A carbon footprint is made up of two parts, the primary footprint and the secondary footprint. The primary footprint is a measure of our direct emissions（排放） of carbon dioxide（CO2） from the burning of fuels, including household energy consumption and transportation. The secondary footprint is a measure of the indirect CO2 emissions from the whole lifecycle of products we use—those related to their production and breakdown. Based on this understanding, we have a good deal of control and responsibility over our carbon footprint. Things like dishes, clothes and furniture fall into the “secondary footprint” group, so less is more and we can focus on finding used goods to avoid the added production. However, for the car and the other appliances that we need, we can go with new, energy-saving models. I heard somewhere that electronics and appliances give off 90% of their carbon footprint after they leave the factory. So it seems most reasonable to go for the energy-saving models. The main concern here is the amount of energy that goes into the making of new products and whether or not that extra carbon is worth the footprint the product will make once it gets to you. 24.What is the text mainly about ( D ) A. What appliances to buy to save energy. B. What a carbon footprint means in our life. C. How to identify different carbon footprints. D. How to make eco-friendly lifestyle choices. 思路点拨 文章第一段中的关键信息为“幸运的是，现在更容易选择环保的生活方式”，接着作者提出一个困扰自己的问题“is it better to buy new eco-friendly products or used traditionally produced goods ”。第二段表明作者通过研究得出答案，有些时候是新型环保产品好，有时候是另一种更好。文章接下来的段落就分析了这个答案是怎样找到的。由此可知，文章主要是关于怎样选择更环保的生活方式。故选D。 真题体验 [2022·全国甲卷·C片段] As Ginni Bazlinton reached Antarctica, she found herself greeted by a group of little Gentoo penguins（企鹅） longing to say hello. These gentle, lovely gatekeepers welcomed her and kick-started what was to be a trip Ginni would never forget. Ever since her childhood, Ginni, now 71, has had a deep love for travel. Throughout her career（职业） as a professional dancer, she toured in the UK, but always longed to explore further. When she retired from dancing and her sons eventually flew the nest, she decided it was time to take the plunge. After taking a degree at Chichester University in Related Arts, Ginni began to travel the world, eventually getting work teaching English in Japan and Chile. And it was in Chile she discovered she could get last-minute cheap deals on ships going to Antarctica from the islands off Tierra del Fuego, the southernmost tip of the South American mainland. “I just decided I wanted to go,” she says. “I had no idea about what I'd find there and I wasn't nervous, I just wanted to do it. And I wanted to do it alone as I always prefer it that way.” In March 2008, Ginni boarded a ship with 48 passengers she'd never met before, to begin the journey towards Antarctica. “From seeing the wildlife to witnessing sunrises, the whole experience was amazing. Antarctica left an impression on me that no other place has,” Ginni says. “I remember the first time I saw a humpback whale; it just rose out of the water like some prehistoric creature and I thought it was smiling at us. You could still hear the operatic sounds it was making underwater.” The realization that this is a precious land, to be respected by humans, was one of the biggest things that hit home to Ginni. 31.What is the text mainly about？( B ) A. A childhood dream. B. An unforgettable experience. C. Sailing around the world. D. Meeting animals in Antarctica. [解析]文章主要介绍了71岁的 Ginni Bazlinton从小就对旅行有着深深的热爱，渴望探险,当退休和孩子们离开家之后，她开始旅游，并在 2008年开始了前往南极洲的旅程。A项“一个童年梦想”，与全文主题不符;C项“环球旅行”,范畴超过了本文内容;D项“遇见南极洲的动物”,以偏概全。B项“一次难忘的经历”能够概括文章主旨。故选B。 3.归纳最佳标题 标题归纳题的干扰项特点 1.相似主题 干扰项可能与文章的主题相关，但并不能完全捕捉到文章的核心思想。它们可能涉及文章中的某个细节或相关议题，但没有涉及文章的整体主旨。 2.范围限制 干扰项可能将文章中的观点或情况过度限定或扩大，使其偏离了文章的整体意义。这种限定范围的变化可能会使干扰项与文章的主旨不相符。 3.反向表述 干扰项可能使用否定或相反的表述方式，以混淆读者对文章主旨的理解。这种反向表述可能会使干扰项看起来与文章相符，但实际上与文章的主旨相反。 4.无关信息 干扰项可能包含与文章无关的信息，引导读者产生误解。这些干扰项可能是对相关议题或细节的扩展，但并不涉及文章的核心内容。 典例 [2023·四省联考·B片段] As a young girl growing up in France, Sarah Toumi dreamed of becoming a leader who could make the world a better place. Her passion to help others was awakened when, from the age of nine, she accompanied her Tunisian father to his birthplace in the east of the country during holidays. There she organized homework clubs and activities for children. Toumi witnessed first-hand the destructive effect of desertification. “Within 10 years rich farmers became worse off, and in 10 years from now they will be poor. I wanted to stop the Sahara Desert in its tracks.” A decrease in average rainfall and an increase in the severity of droughts（干旱） have led to an estimated 75 percent of Tunisia's agricultural lands being threatened by desertification. Toumi recognized that farming practices needed to change. She is confident that small land areas can bring large returns if farmers are able to adapt by planting sustainable crops, using new technologies for water treatment and focusing on natural products and fertilizers（肥料） rather than chemicals. In 2012, Toumi consolidated her dream to fight the desert. She moved to Tunisia, and set up a programme named Acacias for All to put her sustainable farming philosophy into action. “I want to show young people in rural areas that they can create opportunities where they are. Nobody is better able to understand the impact of desertification and climate change than somebody who is living with no access to water.” By September 2016, more than 130,000 acacia trees had been planted on 20 pilot farms, with farmers recording a 60 percent survival rate. Toumi estimates that some 3 million acacia trees are needed to protect Tunisia's farmland. She expects to plant 1 million trees by 2018. In the next couple of years, Toumi hopes to extend the programme to Algeria and Morocco. 27.Which of the following can be the best title for the text ( C ) A. Saving Water in Tunisia B. Planting Trees of Native Species C. Holding back the Sahara D. Fighting Poverty in North Africa 思路点拨 根据第二段中的第二句“在10年内，富裕的农民变得境况不好，而从现在开始的10年里，他们将变得贫穷。我想要阻止撒哈拉沙漠的脚步”和文章其他内容可知，Toumi通过植树造林和普及可持续性发展理念等方式来阻止土地荒漠化进程。C选项“Holding back the Sahara”符合题意。故选C。 真题体验 [2022·全国甲卷·B片段] Goffin's cockatoos, a kind of small parrot native to Australasia, have been shown to have similar shape-recognition abilities to a human two-year-old. Though not known to use tools in the wild, the birds have proved skilful at tool use while kept in the cage. In a recent experiment, cockatoos were presented with a box with a nut inside it. The clear front of the box had a “keyhole” in a geometric shape, and the birds were given five differently shaped “keys” to choose from. Inserting the correct “key” would let out the nut. In humans, babies can put a round shape in a round hole from around one year of age, but it will be another year before they are able to do the same with less symmetrical（对称的） shapes. This ability to recognize that a shape will need to be turned in a specific direction before it will fit is called an “allocentric frame of reference”. In the experiment, Goffin's cockatoos were able to select the right tool for the job, in most cases, by visual recognition alone. Where trial-and-error was used, the cockatoos did better than monkeys in similar tests. This indicates that Goffin's cockatoos do indeed possess an allocentric frame of reference when moving objects in space, similar to two-year-old babies. The next step, according to the researchers, is to try and work out whether the cockatoos rely entirely on visual clues（线索）, or also use a sense of touch in making their shape selections. 27.Which can be a suitable title for the text ( D ) A. Cockatoos:Quick Error Checkers B. Cockatoos:Independent Learners C. Cockatoos:Clever Signal-Readers D. Cockatoos:Skilful Shape-Sorters [解析]根据第一段的“Goffin's cockatoos, a kind of small parrot native to Australasia, have been shown to have similar shape-recognition abilities to a human two-year-old.”可知，D项Cockatoos: Skilful Shape-Sorters（凤头鹦鹉：娴熟的形状分类者）符合文意，最适合作为本文标题。故选D。 【干扰项排除】A项“凤头鹦鹉:快速错误勘查者”、C项“凤头鹦鹉:聪明的信号读取者”在文中均未提及。B项“凤头鹦鹉:独立的学习者”具有一定迷惑性,其含义过泛，且文章主要讲认知能力而非学习能力，与文章联系不够紧密,故排除。