《2024年高考英语名校真题二轮零失误规范训练》（T8专用）
专题03 阅读理解说明文最新真题模拟16篇（干货+模拟）
解析版
技能专区：冲刺备考名师提醒，洞悉高考命题规律，提供高效提分干货
一、阅读理解说明文细节理解题注意落实“定位原文”和“同义替换”技巧。
二、数据计算题注重“原文定位”和“细节理解”，弄清来龙去脉再计算。
三、重视说明文“倒三角形”结构，特别是首段和段首的独特引领作用。
四、标题概括题重视三性：概括性、简洁性和新颖性；同时联系首段和关键词。
五、说明文长难句较多增加了理解的难度，落实“括号法”，（从句）（非谓语）
（介词短语）（名词短语）。
六、规范训练目标：做标记，留痕迹；零失误；限时6分钟/每篇。
模拟专区：做好题才有好成绩！练技能，补漏洞，提分数，强信心！
（2024·江苏宿迁·一模）Reunions offer a chance to reflect on how much has changed. One happened in Hollywood when Here premiered (首映), bringing together the actors, director and writer behind Forrest Gump 40 years later for a new film. The stars were “de-aged” using new AI tools, making them more youthful in some scenes and enabling the filmmakers to see the transformation in real time while shooting.
With the use of generative AI in film making come things worth watching. The first is how AI will be used to tell new types of stories, as storytelling becomes more personalised and interactive. No one is quite sure how the nature of storytelling will change, but it is sure to. David Thomson, a film historian, compares generative AI to the advent of sound. When movies were no longer silent, it changed the way plot points were made and how deeply viewers could connect with characters. Cristóbal Valenzuela, who runs a company providing AI-enhanced software, says AI is like a “new kind of camera”, offering a fresh “opportunity to reimagine what stories are like”. Both are right.
Another big development to watch is how AI will be used as a time-saving tool. Generative AI will automate and simplify complex tasks like film-editing and special effects. For a glimpse of the future, watch Everything Everywhere All at Once, which won the Academy Award for Best Picture in 2023. It featured a scene that used a “rotoscoping” tool to edit out the green-screen background and make a talking rock more believable. It shortened into hours what might have otherwise taken days of video-editing.
What is also noticeable is more dramatic conflicts between creators and those running AI platforms. This year is likely to bring floods of lawsuits (诉讼) from authors, musicians and actors about how their works have been used to train AI systems without permission or payment. Perhaps they can agree on some sort of licensing arrangement, in which AI companies start paying copyright-holders.
It will probably be a few years before a full-length film is produced entirely by AI, but it is just a matter of time.
1．What can we learn about the film Here
A．It relates a story about youth. B．The theme of the film is reunion.
C．AI tools are employed in the film. D．It is adapted from Forrest Gump.
2．What does David think of AI’s application in film making
A．Transformative. B．Destructive. C．Representative. D．Irreplaceable.
3．Why does the author mention the film Everything Everywhere All at Once
A．To show the high efficiency of AI tools. B．To demonstrate the influence of the film.
C．To analyse a novel way of video-editing. D．To praise the hard work behind the scenes.
4．What is the article mainly about
A．Conflicts between man and machine. B．AI’s huge effects on film production.
C．Drawbacks of dependence on AI tools. D．Hot debate on the use of technology.
【答案】1．C 2．A 3．A 4．B
【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章主要说明了人工智能工具开始应用于电影制作，并列举了两个值得关注的重大发展。
1．细节理解题。根据第一段“The stars were “de-aged” using new AI tools, making them more youthful in some scenes and enabling the filmmakers to see the transformation in real time while shooting. (这些明星使用新的人工智能工具“减龄”，使他们在某些场景中更年轻，并使制片人能够在拍摄时实时看到他们的变化)”可知，Here影片中使用了人工智能工具。故选C。
2．推理判断题。根据第二段“David Thomson, a film historian, compares generative AI to the advent of sound. When movies were no longer silent, it changed the way plot points were made and how deeply viewers could connect with characters.(电影历史学家大卫 汤姆森将生成式人工智能比作声音的出现。当电影不再是无声的时候，它改变了情节点的制作方式，也改变了观众与角色之间的联系)”可知，大卫认为人工智能在电影制作中的应用是变革性的。故选A。
3．推理判断题。根据第三段“It featured a scene that used a “rotoscoping” tool to edit out the green-screen background and make a talking rock more believable. It shortened into hours what might have otherwise taken days of video-editing.(影片中有一个场景使用了“移动显微镜”工具来编辑绿幕背景，使会说话的石头更可信。它将原本可能需要几天时间的视频剪辑缩短到了几个小时)”可知，作者提到电影《Everything Everywhere All at Once》是为了展示人工智能工具的高效率。故选A。
4．主旨大意题。根据第二段“With the use of generative AI in film making come things worth watching.(随着在电影制作中使用生成式人工智能，出现了一些值得观看的东西)”结合文章主要说明了人工智能工具开始应用于电影制作，并列举了两个值得关注的重大发展。可知，这篇文章的主要内容是人工智能对电影制作的巨大影响。故选B。
（2024·河北保定·一模）The 7,400 or so languages in use today speak to the fact that our species is born to communicate. But while it is tempting to view language as merely a consequence of our extraordinary cognitive (认知的) powers, Caleb Everett thinks there may be more going on.
In A Myriad of Tongues: How languages reveal differences in how we think, he argues that language itself may shape our understanding of the world and our experience of time and space. To put it another way, the language we speak may influence the way we think.
Such a provocative (挑衅的) idea might have been controversial (有争议的) a few decades ago, says Everett, because language experts restricted themselves to analyzing languages of industrialized, higher-income countries. But we now know they fall short of representing the variety of languages spoken today — and the more we learn about understudied tongues, the more evidence we find for the complicated interplay between language and thinking.
Take Berinmo, a language of Papua New Guinea, as an example. Unlike English speakers, explains Everett, Berinmo speakers struggle to remember whether an object they were shown earlier was blue or green-perhaps because that language doesn’t distinguish between these colours. But it does make a formal distinction between yellowish — greens and other greens, and Berinmo speakers typically find it easy to remember which of these colours an object they saw earlier was painted, while English speakers struggle to do this.
Language also influences how we think about objects. Yucatec Maya, spoken in Mexico, encourages its speakers to classify objects according to their material properties rather than their function. Where an English speaker might group a plastic comb and a wooden comb together and exclude a wooden stick, a Yucatec Maya speaker would usually group the wooden objects together. English-speaking people get the information they need by sight alone.
We live through a language extinction event predicted to see the loss of about 30 per cent of today’s tongues by 2100. His book makes it clear this is more than just a tragedy (悲剧) for local communities. Given the insights that languages offer into the human mind, their disappearance is a loss for us all.
5．Why is Everett’s book mentioned
A．To set off a discussion.
B．To lead in the topic of the text.
C．To recommend a meaningful book.
D．To show the importance of languages.
6．What will we find if we learn more about understudied languages
A．Proof of the complex relationship between language and thinking.
B．Different means of communication in different regions.
C．The variety of languages spoken in the world.
D．The reasons for language extinction.
7．What does Yucatec Maya speakers categorize items based on
A．Their colours. B．Their function.
C．Their appearance. D．Their material characteristics.
8．What’s Everett’s attitude to the future loss of human languages
A．Concerned. B．Doubtful. C．Uncaring. D．Shocked.
【答案】5．B 6．A 7．D 8．A
【导语】这是一篇说明文。主要介绍了Caleb Everett发现，对人类思想的宝贵见解可能会随着数千种语言的灭绝而消失。
5．推理判断题。根据第二段提到的这本书以及“…he argues that language itself may shape our understanding of the world and our experience of time and space. To put it another way, the language we speak may influence the way we think.”（他认为语言本身可能会塑造我们对世界的理解以及我们对时间和空间的体验。换句话说，我们所说的语言可能会影响我们的思维方式。）和接下来的段落叙述可知，这本书的主要观点是本文主要论述的内容，因此提到该本书是为了引出本文话题。故选B项。
6．细节理解题。根据第三段中“But we now know they fall short of representing the variety of languages spoken today — and the more we learn about understudied tongues, the more evidence we find for the complicated interplay between language and thinking.”（但我们现在知道，它们不足以代表今天所说的语言的多样性——我们对未被研究的语言了解得越多，我们就越能找到语言和思维之间复杂相互作用的证据。）可知，如果我们更多地了解未被研究的语言，我们会发现语言和思维之间复杂关系的证据。故选A项。
7．细节理解题。根据第五段中“Yucatec Maya, spoken in Mexico, encourages its speakers to classify objects according to their material properties rather than their function.”（尤卡泰克玛雅语是墨西哥的一种语言，它鼓励说这种语言的人根据物品的物质属性而不是功能对物品进行分类。）可知，尤卡泰克玛雅语使用者根据物品的物质属性对物品进行分类。故选D项。
8．推理判断题。根据最后一段中“His book makes it clear this is more than just a tragedy(悲剧)for local communities. Given the insights that languages offer into the human mind, their disappearance is a loss for us all.”（他的书清楚地表明，这不仅仅是当地社区的悲剧。考虑到语言对人类思维的洞察力，它们的消失对我们所有人来说都是一种损失。）可推知，Everett对未来人类语言的消失是担忧的。故选A项。
（2024·浙江宁波·二模）The rate of childhood obesity in the U. S. has tripled over the past 50 years. The American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP) made waves this year by recommending that doctors put obese kids as young as two years old on intensive, family-oriented lifestyle and behavior plans. It also suggested prescribing weight-loss drugs to children l2 and older and surgery to teens 13 and older. This advice reflects the organization’s adoption of a more active position on childhood obesity.
Yet the lifestyle programs the AAP recommends are expensive, inaccessible to most children and hard to maintain. Few weight-loss drugs have been approved for children. And surgery has potential risks and few long-term safety data. Furthermore, it’s not clear whether interventions in youngsters help to improve health or merely add to the psychological burden overweight kids face from the society.
Rather than paying close attention to numbers on a scale, the U. S. and countries with similar trends should focus on an underlying truth: we need to invest in more and safer places for children to play where they can move and run around, climb and jump, ride and skate.
Why is it so hard to get kids moving Experts blame the problem on the privatization of sports — as public investment in school-based athletics dwindles, expensive private leagues have grown, leaving many kids out. In addition to fewer opportunities at school, researchers cite increased screen time and a lack of safe places for them to play outside the home. New York City, for example, had 2,067 public playgrounds as of 2019 — a very small amount for its large population. In Los Angeles in 2015, only 33 percent of youths lived within walking distance of a park.
Kids everywhere need more places to play. Public funding to build and keep up these areas is crucial, but other options such as shared-use agreements can make unused spaces available to the public. These opportunities aren’t primarily about changing children’s waistlines — they’re how we keep childhood healthy and fun.
9．What can we learn from the first two paragraphs
A．Childhood obesity is well under control in recent years.
B．Weight-loss surgery are recommended to children 12 and older.
C．AAP plays a more active role in fighting against childhood obesity.
D．Expensive as it is, lifestyle programs are practical for most children.
10．The underlined word “dwindle” is closest in meaning to ______.
A．decline B．quit C．increase D．develop
11．In the author’s opinion, what measures should be taken to create more safe areas
A．Prepare fitness equipment at home.
B．Live within walking distance of a park.
C．Promote investment in private athletics.
D．Open up playgrounds when school’s out.
12．What’s the main idea of the text
A．Sports play an important role in children’s growth.
B．More safe areas for outdoor fun are in urgent need.
C．Family-oriented lifestyles are crucial to children’s health.
D．Medical intervention is important to ease psychological burden.
【答案】9．C 10．A 11．D 12．B
【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章主要讲述在过去的50年里，美国儿童肥胖率增加了两倍，美国儿科学会提出的建议难以实现，研究表明多运动有助于身心健康，因此需要投资更多、更安全的地方，让孩子们玩耍运动，文章还分析了孩子运动量减少的原因。
9．细节理解题。根据第一段“The American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP) made waves this year by recommending that doctors put obese kids as young as two years old on intensive, family-oriented lifestyle and behavior plans. It also suggested prescribing weight-loss drugs to childrenl2 and older and surgery to teens 13 and older. This advice reflects the organization’s adoption of a more active position on childhood obesity.(美国儿科学会 (AAP) 今年引起了轰动，它建议医生让年仅两岁的肥胖儿童接受强化的、以家庭为导向的生活方式和行为计划。它还建议为 12 岁及以上的儿童开减肥药，并为 13 岁及以上的青少年开手术。这一建议反映了该组织在儿童肥胖问题上采取了更加积极的立场。)”可知，美国儿科学会在对抗儿童肥胖方面发挥着更加积极的作用。故选C项。
10．词句猜测题。根据倒数第二段“Experts blame the problem on the privatization of sports — as public investment in school-based athletics dwindles, expensive private leagues have grown, leaving many kids out.(专家将问题归咎于体育运动的私有化——随着对学校体育运动的公共投资dwindles，昂贵的私人联赛不断壮大，许多孩子被排除在外。)”可知，许多孩子被排除在运动之外原因之一是对学校体育运动的公共投资下降减少，划线词意义与“decline (减少)”相近。故选A项。
11．细节理解题。根据最后一段“Kids everywhere need more places to play. Public funding to build and keep up these areas is crucial, but other options such as shared-use agreements can make unused spaces available to the public. (世界各地的孩子都需要更多玩耍的地方。建设和维护这些区域的公共资金至关重要，但共享使用协议等其他选择可以将未使用的空间提供给公众。)”可知，学校放假时开放操场，可以给孩子们提供玩耍空间，这是创建更多安全区域的措施。故选D项。
12．主旨大意题。根据第三段“Rather than paying close attention to numbers on a scale, the U. S. and countries with similar trends should focus on an underlying truth: we need to invest in more and safer places for children to play where they can move and run around, climb and jump, ride and skate.(美国和具有类似趋势的国家不应该密切关注规模上的数字，而应该关注一个基本事实：我们需要投资于更多、更安全的儿童玩耍场所，让他们可以移动、奔跑、攀爬和跳跃，骑行和滑冰)”和全文可知，文章的主旨大意是迫切需要更多安全的户外娱乐场所。故选B项。
（2024·浙江·二模）The maker of ChatGPT recently announced its next move into generative artificial intelligence. San Francisco-based OpenAI’s new text-to-video generator, called Sora, is a tool that instantly makes short videos based on written commands, called prompts.
Sora is not the first of its kind. Google, Meta and Runway ML are among the other companies to have developed similar technology. But the high quality of videos displayed by OpenAI — some released after CEO Sam Altman asked social media users to send in ideas for written prompts-surprised observers.
A photographer from New Hampshire posted one suggestion, or prompt, on X. The prompt gave details about a kind of food to be cooked, gnocchi (意大利团子), as well as the setting — an old Italian country kitchen. The prompt said: “An instructional cooking session for homemade gnocchi, hosted by a grandmother — a social media influencer, set in a rustic (土气的) Tuscan country kitchen.” Altman answered a short time later with a realistic video that showed what the prompt described.
The tool is not yet publicly available. OpenAI has given limited information about how it was built. The company also has not stated what imagery and video sources were used to train Sora. At the same time, the video results led to fears about the possible ethical and societal effects.
The New York Times and some writers have taken legal actions against OpenAI for its use of copyrighted works of writing to train ChatGPT. And OpenAI pays a fee to The Associated Press, the source of this report, to license its text news archive (档案) . OpenAI said in a blog post that it is communicating with artists, policymakers and others before releasing the new tool to the public.
The company added that it is working with “red teamers” — people who try to find problems and give helpful suggestions — to develop Sora. “We are working with red teamers-express in areas like misinformation, hateful content, and bias — who will be adversarially testing the model,” the company said. “We’re also building tools to help detect misleading content such as a detection classifier that can tell when a video was generated by Sora.”
13．What makes Sora impressive
A．Its extraordinary video quality. B．Its ethical and societal influence.
C．Its artificial intelligence history. D．Its written commands and prompts.
14．What can we infer from the text
A．Some disagreements over Sora have arisen.
B．Sora is the first text-to-video generator in history.
C．OpenAI CEO Altman wrote a prompt as an example.
D．All the details about how Sora was built have been shared.
15．What is the main idea of Paragraph 6
A．The company’s current challenge.
B．The company’s advanced technology.
C．The company’s problems in management.
D．The company’s efforts for Sora’s improvement.
16．What is the author’s attitude towards Sora
A．Neutral. B．Optimistic. C．Pessimistic. D．Cautious.
【答案】13．A 14．A 15．D 16．A
【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了OpenAI新推出了一款文本到视频生成器Sora，文章介绍了其特点以及其争议。
13．细节理解题。根据第二段的“But the high quality of videos displayed by OpenAI—some released after CEO Sam Altman asked social media users to send in ideas for written prompts-surprised observers.(但OpenAI显示的高质量视频——其中一些是在首席执行官萨姆·奥特曼要求社交媒体用户发送书面提示的想法后发布的——让观察者感到惊讶)”可知，Sora让人印象深刻的是其非凡的视频质量。故选A。
14．推理判断题。根据第四段的“OpenAI has given limited information about how it was built. The company also has not stated what imagery and video sources were used to train Sora. At the same time, the video results led to fears about the possible ethical and societal effects.(OpenAI提供的关于它是如何构建的信息有限。该公司也没有说明用于训练Sora的图像和视频来源。与此同时，视频结果引发了人们对可能产生的道德和社会影响的担忧)”可知，视频结果引发了人们对可能产生的道德和社会影响的担忧。由此可知，社会上就Sora出现了一些分歧。故选A。
15．主旨大意题。根据第六段“The company added that it is working with “red teamers” —people who try to find problems and give helpful suggestions—to develop Sora. “We are working with red teamers-express in areas like misinformation, hateful content, and bias—who will be adversarially testing the model,” the company said. “We’re also building tools to help detect misleading content such as a detection classifier that can tell when a video was generated by Sora.”(该公司补充说，它正在与“红队成员”合作开发索拉。红队成员试图发现问题并提出有用的建议。该公司表示：“我们正在与错误信息、仇恨内容和偏见等领域的红队快递员合作，他们将对该模式进行不利的测试。”。“我们还在构建一些工具来帮助检测误导性内容，比如一个检测分类器，它可以判断视频是由索拉生成的。”)”可知，第六段主要介绍了公司为Sora的改进所做的努力。故选D。
16．推理判断题。根据第一段“The maker of ChatGPT recently announced its next move into generative artificial intelligence. San Francisco-based OpenAI’s new text-to-video generator, called Sora, is a tool that instantly makes short videos based on written commands, called prompts.(ChatGPT的制造商最近宣布了其向生成人工智能的下一步行动。基于旧金山的OpenAI新的文本到视频生成器Sora是一种基于书面命令（称为提示）即时制作短视频的工具)”可知，主要介绍了OpenAI新推出了一款文本到视频生成器Sora。作者客观的在陈述Sora的特点以及其争议，该公司为了Sora的改进所做的努力。所以作者对Sora的态度是中立的。故选A。
（2024·浙江温州·二模）Bonobos often form friendly relationships with other bonobo s in separate social groups — the first time this has been seen in non-human primates (灵长类). This is in line with humans, but in contrast to chimpanzees, another primate, which frequently kill chimps in other groups. The findings challenge the idea that humans evolved (进化) from violent apes, says Surbeck at Harvard University. “This potential to form cooperative links between different groups is not uniquely human and it might have occurred earlier than we thought,” he says.
Many animals cooperate, but they seem to do so only with those within their social circle, or in-group. Hostile (敌对的 ) interactions between groups are common among animals, including chimpanzees, so scientists have often assumed that hostility towards other social groups in humans is natural, says Samuni, also at Harvard. However, humans also often cooperate with people in different social circles, for example, by trading or teaching.
Bonobos are one of our closest living relatives. They are less studied than chimpanzees, but are known to be more peaceful, says Surbeck. To learn more about interactions between groups, Surbeck and Samuni observed 31 adult bonobo s from two social groups in Congo over a two-year period. The pair documented 95 encounters between the groups, which represented about 20% of their total observation time. Unlike chimpanzees observed in previous studies, they showed cooperation with out-group members. In fact,10% of all mutual grooming (梳毛) and 6% of all food sharing occurred among members of different social groups.
While bonobo s that groomed others usually got an immediate benefit, food sharing rarely resulted in a gift in return. This suggests that their actions were “not just motivated by selfish interests or immediate rewards”, Surbeck and Samuni report.
Otten, a researcher from the Netherlands, finds the study “exciting”, especially as it “challenges the idea of human exceptionalism” with regard to out-group cooperation. Otten says the bonobo s that were most cooperative within their groups were the same ones that cooperated more with out-group members. This agrees with findings from humans. “Scholars used to believe that in-group ‘love’ goes together with out-group ‘hate’, but recent research suggests that often in-group cooperators are also out-group cooperators,” he says.
17．What is the focus of the study on bonobos
A．Their social behavior. B．Their survival skills.
C．Their evolutionary process. D．Their intelligence level.
18．What can be learnt about the bonobos
A．They are humans’ closest relatives. B．They can be taught to cooperate.
C．They interact friendly beyond groups. D．They share food for immediate rewards.
19．How was the study conducted
A．By comparing different primates. B．By observing bonobos’ interactions.
C．By listing group members’ motivations. D．By analysing statistics of previous studies.
20．How does Otten find the study
A．Forward-looking. B．Groundbreaking.
C．Controversial. D．One-sided.
【答案】17．A 18．C 19．B 20．B
【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了人类对倭黑猩猩的社交行为的研究。
17．推理判断题。由文章第三段中“To learn more about interactions between groups, Surbeck and Samuni observed 31 adult bonobo s from two social groups in Congo over a two-year period. (为了更多地了解群体之间的互动，苏贝克和萨穆尼在两年的时间里观察了来自刚果两个社会群体的31只成年倭黑猩猩。)”可知，倭黑猩猩的研究重点是他们的社交行为。故选A。
18．推理判断题。由文章第三段中“Unlike chimpanzees observed in previous studies, they showed cooperation with out-group members. In fact,10% of all mutual grooming and 6% of all food sharing occurred among members of different social groups. (与之前的研究中观察到的黑猩猩不同，它们表现出与群体外成员的合作。事实上，10%的相互梳理和6%的食物分享发生在不同社会群体的成员之间。)”可知，倭黑猩猩在团体之外进行友好的互动。故选C。
19．细节理解题。由文章第三段中“To learn more about interactions between groups, Surbeck and Samuni observed 31 adult bonobo s from two social groups in Congo over a two-year period. (为了更多地了解群体之间的互动，苏贝克和萨穆尼在两年的时间里观察了来自刚果两个社会群体的31只成年倭黑猩猩。)”可知，这项研究是通过观察倭黑猩猩的互动进行。故选B。
20．推理判断题。由文章最后一段“Otten, a researcher from the Netherlands, finds the study “exciting”, especially as it “challenges the idea of human exceptionalism” with regard to out-group cooperation. Otten says the bonobo s that were most cooperative within their groups were the same ones that cooperated more with out-group members. This agrees with findings from humans. “Scholars used to believe that in-group ‘love’ goes together with out-group ‘hate’, but recent research suggests that often in-group cooperators are also out-group cooperators,” he says. (来自荷兰的研究人员Otten认为这项研究“令人兴奋”，特别是因为它在群体外合作方面“挑战了人类例外论的观点”。Otten说，在群体内最合作的倭黑猩猩与群体外成员合作得更多。这与人类的研究结果一致。他说:“学者们过去认为，群体内的‘爱’与群体外的‘恨’相伴而生，但最近的研究表明，群体内的合作者往往也是群体外的合作者。”)”可知，Otten认为这项研究是开创性的。故选B。
（2024·浙江绍兴·一模）Theophilus Tetteh is an African contemporary artist from Ghana. He buried himself in the study of graphic design and painting at school while experimenting with different media themes.
Now we hear about African painters stepping into the spotlight, but it might be challenging for Ghanaian artists to bring their careers to commercial success and critical recognition. The art market as such is not yet established in Ghana. The country doesn’t even have a national gallery to preserve and promote Ghanaian art. It can be problematic for young painters who cannot afford to move to Europe or the US to promote and market their art. Besides, many young artists can even have trouble getting painting materials.
Things changed for Tetteh when he got featured in BE OPEN Art, an online gallery of contemporary art. It was founded by philanthropist Elena Baturina with a desire to provide emerging artists worldwide with an opportunity to show their works to the world of art professionals. The platform especially welcomes artists who don’t have resources or promotional opportunities such as graduates and self-taught artists.
In December 2020, Tetteh was voted the Artist of the Month by the visitors of the BE OPEN Art. Later, he was chosen as the gallery’s first-ever Artist of the Year. The award brought him favorable publicity, so he was noticed by the art community, the media, collectors, etc. In 2021, he was interviewed frequently by the media and featured in a famous magazine. All these things let the prices of the artist’s work inch upwards.
Tetteh thinks the world can be a better place if young artists are guided on their way without any form of disregard, but with support of the senior. As his name has hit headlines of the arts world media, he hopes to help promote emerging talents in his native country. “The art makes the man and the man makes the art,” he says.
21．What can we learn about Ghanaian artists from paragraphs 1-2
A．They tend to combine designs with media themes.
B．They have established an art market to promote works.
C．They desire professional guidance on preserving national art.
D．They lack a supportive platform to realize commercial value of their works.
22．Why does Elena Baturina establish BE OPEN Art
A．To promote ancient African art treasures.
B．To broaden the artistic vision of self-taught artists.
C．To provide chances for young artists to display artistic talents.
D．To sponsor a project for the contemporary emerging artists from Ghana.
23．What kind of person is Tetteh according to the last paragraph
A．Socially responsible. B．Amazingly talented.
C．Commercially smart. D．Culturally conservative.
24．Which of the following best describes Tetteh’s change of fate
A．All that glitters is not gold.
B．Opportunity favors the prepared.
C．The strong is not without tears.
D．A good name is easier lost than won.
【答案】21．D 22．C 23．A 24．B
【导语】本文是一篇说明文。主要讲的是在线画廊BE OPEN Art为没有机会推广自己艺术作品机会的艺术家提供一个向世界艺术专业人士展示他们作品的机会。
21．推理判断题。根据文章第二段“The art market as such is not yet established in Ghana. The country doesn’t even have a national gallery to preserve and promote Ghanaian art.(加纳的艺术市场还没有建立起来。这个国家甚至没有一个国家美术馆来保护和推广加纳的艺术)”可知，加纳艺术家缺乏一个支撑其作品实现商业价值的平台。故选D。
22．细节理解题。根据文章第三段“It was founded by philanthropist Elena Baturina with a desire to provide emerging artists worldwide with an opportunity to show their works to the world of art professionals.(它是由慈善家Elena Baturina创立的，旨在为世界各地的新兴艺术家提供一个向世界艺术专业人士展示他们作品的机会)”可知，Elena Baturina创立BE OPEN Art，是为了给年轻艺术家提供展示艺术才华的机会。故选C。
23．推理判断题。根据文章最后一段“Tetteh thinks the world can be a better place if young artists are guided on their way without any form of disregard, but with support of the senior. As his name has hit headlines of the arts world media, he hopes to help promote emerging talents in his native country.(Tetteh 认为，如果年轻艺术家的道路上没有任何形式的漠视，但在前辈的支持下，世界会变得更美好。由于他的名字登上了艺术界媒体的头条，他希望能在自己的祖国帮助培养新兴人才)”可知，Tetteh希望能在自己的祖国帮助培养新兴人才，可推知他是有社会责任感的。故选A。
24．推理判断题。根据文章第一段“Theophilus Tetteh is an African contemporary artist from Ghana. He buried himself in the study of graphic design and painting at school while experimenting with different media themes.(Theophilus Tetteh是一位来自加纳的非洲当代艺术家。他在学校埋头学习平面设计和绘画，同时尝试不同的媒体主题)”、文章第三段“Things changed for Tetteh when he got featured in BE OPEN Art, an online gallery of contemporary art. It was founded by philanthropist Elena Baturina with a desire to provide emerging artists worldwide with an opportunity to show their works to the world of art professionals. The platform especially welcomes artists who don’t have resources or promotional opportunities such as graduates and self-taught artists.(当Tetteh成为在线当代艺术画廊BE OPEN Art的常客时，情况发生了变化。它是由慈善家Elena Baturina创立的，旨在为世界各地的新兴艺术家提供一个向世界艺术专业人士展示他们作品的机会。这个平台特别欢迎那些没有资源和推广机会的艺术家，比如毕业生和自学成才的艺术家)”以及文章第四段“In December 2020, Tetteh was voted the Artist of the Month by the visitors of the BE OPEN Art. Later, he was chosen as the gallery’s first-ever Artist of the Year. The award brought him favorable publicity, so he was noticed by the art community, the media, collectors, etc.(2020年12月，Tetteh被BE OPEN Art的参观者评选为本月艺术家。后来，他被选为该画廊的第一位年度艺术家。这个奖项给他带来了良好的宣传，因此他被艺术界、媒体、收藏家等注意到)”可知，在线当代艺术画廊BE OPEN Art为艺术家提供了向世界艺术专业人士展示作品的机会，Tetteh抓住机会，使自己的才能被注意到，说明机会青睐有准备的人。故选B。
（2024·福建莆田·二模）The year is 1763, and a 7-year-old Mozart is about to set off on a tour around Europe that will jump-start the Mozart legend. Mozart had a trick up his sleeve. When the young Mozart heard a note played-any note-he could immediately identify exactly which note it was. It was an ability now we know as “perfect pitch”, and it seemed to be an example of the mysterious gifts that young geniuses had been born with. But is that really so
Over my years of studying experts in various fields, like Mozart, I have found that there’s no such thing as a predefined ability. Actually, those people all develop their abilities through “deliberate practice”, a purposeful and systematic type of practice that makes it possible for them to do things they otherwise could not. In them, potential is an expandable vessel, shaped by the various things they do throughout their lives.
One of my testimonies came from Ray Allen, a ten-time All-Star in the NBA．Allen’s jump shot was not noticeably better than his teammates’ back in high school; in fact, it was poor. But with hard work and dedication, he transformed his jump shot into one so graceful and natural that people assumed he was born with it.
But it doesn’t mean “Just keep working at it, and you’ll get there”. Heartfelt desire and hard work alone will not lead to improved performance. The right sort of practice carried out over a sufficient period of time will lead to improvement. Nothing else. And this is true whether our goal is to become a concert pianist or just play the piano well enough to amuse ourselves, to be the greatest three-point shooter or just build ourselves up. Deliberate practice is the gold standard for anyone in any field who wishes to build new skills and abilities.
25．Why is Mozart’s perfect pitch mentioned in paragraph 1
A．To introduce an inborn talent. B．To explain reasons for success,
C．To lead to reflection on gifts. D．To define a brilliant trick.
26．Which is the most important in making an expert according to the writer
A．Affection. B．Experience. C．Training. D．Gifts.
27．What does the underlined word “testimonies” mean in paragraph 3
A．Challenges. B．Proofs. C．Comments. D．Puzzles.
28．Which of the following is the best title for the text
A．Secret of Great Talents B．Bom to Stand Out
C．A Surprising Discovery D．Start When Young
【答案】25．C 26．C 27．B 28．A
【导语】这是一篇说明文，各个领域的专家似乎具有某种与生俱来的神秘能力，但作者通过研究发现，这些人都是通过“刻意练习”来发展他们的能力的，刻意练习是任何人在任何领域希望建立新的技能和能力的黄金标准。
25．推理判断题。第一段中“It was an ability now we know as ‘perfect pitch’, and it seemed to be an example of the mysterious gifts that young geniuses had been born with. But is that really so (这种能力现在被我们称为‘完美音高’，它似乎是年轻天才与生俱来的神秘天赋的一个例子。但真的是这样吗？)”提到年轻的莫扎特具有似乎是天生的神秘天赋——“完美音高”的能力，接着提出一个问题，事实真的是这样吗？接着第二段中“Actually, those people all develop their abilities through “deliberate practice”(实际上，这些人都是通过‘刻意练习’来发展他们的能力的)”提到实际上这些人都是通过“刻意练习”来发展他们的能力的，故作者提到莫扎特的“完美音高”能力是为了导入对天赋的思考，故选C。
26．细节理解题。根据最后一段中“The right sort of practice carried out over a sufficient period of time will lead to improvement. Nothing else. And this is true whether our goal is to become a concert pianist or just play the piano well enough to amuse ourselves, to be the greatest three-point shooter or just build ourselves up. Deliberate practice is the gold standard for anyone in any field who wishes to build new skills and abilities.(在足够的时间内进行正确的练习将通向进步。没有其他的。无论我们的目标是成为一名音乐会钢琴家，还是只是把钢琴弹得足够好来娱乐自己，成为最伟大的三分射手，还是只是为了锻炼自己，这都是正确的。刻意练习是任何人在任何领域希望建立新的技能和能力的黄金标准)”可知，在作者看来，成为专家最重要的是刻意练习，故选C。
27．词义猜测题。第二段中“Actually, those people all develop their abilities through ‘deliberate practice’, a purposeful and systematic type of practice that makes it possible for them to do things they otherwise could not.(实际上，这些人都是通过‘刻意练习’来发展他们的能力的，这是一种有目的的、系统的练习，使他们有可能做他们本来做不到的事情)”提到，这些非凡的能力并非天生，而是通过“刻意练习”来发展的，结合划线词下文“Allen’s jump shot was not noticeably better than his teammates’ back in high school; in fact, it was poor. But with hard work and dedication, he transformed his jump shot into one so graceful and natural that people assumed he was born with it.(Allen的跳投并不比他的高中队友好多少;事实上，它很穷。但通过努力和投入，他将自己的跳投变得如此优雅和自然，以至于人们认为他是天生的)”可知，本段是通过Ray Allen的例子佐证上文说法，由此推知划线词所在句意为“我的一个见证来自Ray Allen，一个十次入选NBA全明星的球员”，testimonies意为“证据”，故选B。
28．主旨大意题。根据全文内容，结合第一段中“It was an ability now we know as ‘perfect pitch’, and it seemed to be an example of the mysterious gifts that young geniuses had been born with. But is that really so (这种能力现在被我们称为‘完美音高’，它似乎是年轻天才与生俱来的神秘天赋的一个例子。但真的是这样吗？)”和最后一段中“Deliberate practice is the gold standard for anyone in any field who wishes to build new skills and abilities.(刻意练习是任何人在任何领域希望建立新的技能和能力的黄金标准)”可知，各个领域的专家似乎具有某种与生俱来的神秘能力，但作者通过研究发现，这些人都是通过“刻意练习”来发展他们的能力的，刻意练习是任何人在任何领域希望建立新的技能和能力的黄金标准，A项“伟大天赋的秘诀”为最佳标题，故选A。
（2024·山东济南·一模）A new study reveals that pigeons (鸽子) can tackle some problems just like artificial intelligence, enabling them to solve difficult tasks that might challenge humans. Previous research has theorized that pigeons employ a problem-solving strategy, involving a trial-and- error approach, which is similar to the approach used in AI models but differs from humans’ reliance on selective attention and rule use. To examine it, Brandon Turner, a psychology professor at the Ohio State University, and his colleagues conducted the new study.
In the study, the pigeons were presented with various visual images, including lines of different widths and angles, and different types of rings. The pigeons had to peck (啄) a button on the right or left to indicate the category to which the image belonged. If they got it correct, they received food; if they were wrong, they received nothing. Results showed that, through trial and error, the pigeons improved their accuracy in categorization tasks, increasing their correct choices from about 55% to 95%.
Researchers believed pigeons used associative learning, which is linking two phenomena with each other. For example, it is easy to understand the link. between “water” and “wet”. “Associative learning is frequently assumed to be far too primitive to. explain complex visual categorization like what we saw the pigeons do,” Turner said. But that’s exactly what the researchers found.
The researchers’ AI model tackled the same tasks using just the two simple mechanisms that pigeons were assumed to use: associative learning and error correction. And, like the pigeons, the AI model learned to make the right predictions to significantly increase the number of correct answers. For humans, the challenge when given tasks like those given to pigeons is that they would try to come up with rules that could make the task easier. But in this case, there were no rules, which upsets humans.
What’s interesting, though, is that pigeons use this method of learning that is very similar to AI designed by humans, Turner said. “We celebrate how smart we are that we designed artificial intelligence: at the same time, we regard pigeons as not clever animals,” he said.
29．What is the purpose of the new study
A．To test a theory. B．To evaluate a model.
C．To employ a strategy. D．To involve an approach.
30．What were the pigeons expected to do in the experiment
A．Draw circles. B．Correct errors. C．Copy gestures. D．Identify images.
31．What do pigeons and AI have in common according to the study
A．They are of equal intelligence.
B．They are good at making rules.
C．They respond rapidly to orders from humans.
D．They employ simple ways to get things done.
32．What can be a suitable title for the text
A．Pigeons’ trial-and-error method is revealed
B．Pigeons outperform humans in tough tasks
C．“Not smart” pigeons may be as smart as AI
D．AI models after pigeons’ learning approach
【答案】29．A 30．D 31．D 32．C
【导语】本文是说明文。文章介绍了一项新的研究，该研究揭示了鸽子在某些问题解决上的能力与人工智能相似，并通过实验验证了这一观点。
29．细节理解题。根据第一段“A new study reveals that pigeons (鸽子) can tackle some problems just like artificial intelligence, enabling them to solve difficult tasks that might challenge humans. Previous research has theorized that pigeons employ a problem-solving strategy, involving a trial-and- error approach, which is similar to the approach used in AI models but differs from humans’ reliance on selective attention and rule use. To examine it, Brandon Turner, a psychology professor at the Ohio State University, and his colleagues conducted the new study.(一项新的研究表明，鸽子可以像人工智能一样解决一些问题，使它们能够解决可能挑战人类的困难任务。先前的研究推测，鸽子采用一种解决问题的策略，包括试错法，这与人工智能模型中使用的方法类似，但不同于人类对选择性注意和规则使用的依赖。为了检验这一点，俄亥俄州立大学的心理学教授布兰登·特纳和他的同事进行了这项新研究)”可知，这项新研究的目的是为了检验一个理论。故选A项。
30．细节理解题。根据第二段“In the study, the pigeons were presented with various visual images, including lines of different widths and angles, and different types of rings. The pigeons had to peck (啄) a button on the right or left to indicate the category to which the image belonged.(在这项研究中，研究人员向鸽子展示了各种视觉图像，包括不同宽度和角度的线条，以及不同类型的环。鸽子必须啄一下图片左边或右边的一个按钮来表示图片所属的类别)”可知，鸽子在实验中需要识别图像。故选D项。
31．推理判断题。根据倒数第二段“The researchers’ AI model tackled the same tasks using just the two simple mechanisms that pigeons were assumed to use: associative learning and error correction.(研究人员的人工智能模型只使用了假设鸽子使用的两种简单机制：联想学习和纠错)”以及最后一段“What’s interesting, though, is that pigeons use this method of learning that is very similar to AI designed by humans, Turner said. “We celebrate how smart we are that we designed artificial intelligence: at the same time, we regard pigeons as not clever animals,” he said.(Turner说，有趣的是，鸽子使用的这种学习方法与人类设计的人工智能非常相似。他说：“我们为自己设计出人工智能而感到高兴，但同时，我们认为鸽子并不聪明。”)”可知，根据这项研究，鸽子和人工智能都采用简单的方法来完成任务。故选D项。
32．主旨大意题。根据第一段“A new study reveals that pigeons (鸽子) can tackle some problems just like artificial intelligence, enabling them to solve difficult tasks that might challenge humans. Previous research has theorized that pigeons employ a problem-solving strategy, involving a trial-and- error approach, which is similar to the approach used in AI models but differs from humans’ reliance on selective attention and rule use. To examine it, Brandon Turner, a psychology professor at the Ohio State University, and his colleagues conducted the new study.(一项新的研究表明，鸽子可以像人工智能一样解决一些问题，使它们能够解决可能挑战人类的困难任务。先前的研究推测，鸽子采用一种解决问题的策略，包括试错法，这与人工智能模型中使用的方法类似，但不同于人类对选择性注意和规则使用的依赖。为了检验这一点，俄亥俄州立大学的心理学教授布兰登·特纳和他的同事进行了这项新研究)”以及纵观全文可知，文章主要讲述了研究表明鸽子在某些问题解决上的能力与人工智能相似，因此选项C““Not smart” pigeons may be as smart as AI(“不聪明”的鸽子可能和人工智能一样聪明)”是本文最好的标题。故选C项。
（2024·山东潍坊·一模）Hiring processes can be thought of as a battle between integrity and dishonesty. You might imagine this is a simple fight between truth-seeking firms and self-promoting candidates, and to a certain extent it is. But companies themselves are prone (有倾向的) to bend reality out of shape in ways that are self-defeating.
Start with the obvious wrongdoers: job applicants. When it comes to writing the resume (简历), they tend to massage (美化) reality into the most appealing shape possible. Everyone beyond a certain level of experience is a transformational leader personally responsible for generating millions income; the world economy would be about 15 times bigger than it actually is if all such claims were true. The average British spends four and a half hours a day watching TV and online videos. But each average job candidate is an enthusiast for public welfare, using their spare time only for worthy purposes, like volunteering in soup kitchens.
But the tendency to stretch the truth infects companies as well as applicants. The typical firm will write a job description that invariably describes the work environment as fast-paced and innovative, and then lays out a set of improbable requirements for the “ideal candidate”, someone who almost by definition does not exist. Sometimes, the requirements include an ability to go back and change the course of history.
Too few firms offer an accurate account of what a position actually involves in their job previews, which are supposed to give prospective employees a genuine sense of the negatives and positives of the job, as well as a clear idea of the company’s corporate culture. One effective strategy is to lay out in text or video, what a typical day in the role would look like.
Such honesty can be its own reward. Research has long suggested that realistic job previews lead to lower turnover and higher employee satisfaction. A paper in 2011 by David Eamest of Towson University and his co-authors concluded that favourable perceptions of the organisation’s honesty are the best explanation for why. So a process designed to uncover the truth about job applicants would run a lot more smoothly if firms were also honest about themselves.
33．Why are “leader” and “enthusiast” mentioned in paragraph 2
A．To present a rule. B．To clarify a fact.
C．To make a comparison. D．To explain a phenomenon.
34．What does the underlined word “stretch” in paragraph 3 mean
A．Overstate. B．Overturn. C．Overlook. D．Overestimate.
35．What are job previews expected to be like in paragraph 4
A．They show a position as it is. B．They are made either in text or video.
C．They are favorable for bigger firms. D．They mainly contain negatives of a job.
36．What does the text mainly talk about
A．Pains and gains of employees. B．How to get the lying out of hiring.
C．How to be more appealing in hiring. D．A wrestle between applicants and companies.
【答案】33．D 34．A 35．A 36．B
【导语】
这是一篇说明文，文章介绍了招聘过程中求职者和公司都倾向于夸大事实，很少有公司提供真实的职位预览，但研究表明诚实是一种回报，真实的职位预览会降低离职率，提高员工满意度。
33．推理判断题。第二段中“When it comes to writing the resume (简历), they tend to massage (美化) reality into the most appealing shape possible.(在写简历的时候，他们倾向于把现实情况美化成最吸引人的样子)”提到求职者写简历时会美化现实，下文“Everyone beyond a certain level of experience is a transformational leader personally responsible for generating millions income(每个经验稍长的人都是变革型领导者，个人负责创造数百万的收入)”和“But each average job candidate is an enthusiast for public welfare, using their spare time only for worthy purposes, like volunteering in soup kitchens.(但平均每位求职者都热衷于公益事业，他们只把业余时间用于有价值的目的，比如在施粥处做志愿)”都是举例具体说明上述现象，故选D。
34．词句猜测题。根据划线词下文“as well as applicants(和申请者一样)”以及“The typical firm will write a job description that invariably describes the work environment as fast-paced and innovative, and then lays out a set of improbable requirements for the ‘ideal candidate’, someone who almost by definition does not exist.(典型的公司会撰写一份工作描述，总是将工作环境描述为快节奏和创新的，并提出一套对‘理想候选人’的不太可能的要求，几乎按定义来说，这样的人并不存在)”可知，公司和申请者一样，也有夸大事实的倾向，stretch意为“夸大”，故选A。
35．细节理解题。根据第四段“Too few firms offer an accurate account of what a position actually involves in their job previews, which are supposed to give prospective employees a genuine sense of the negatives and positives of the job, as well as a clear idea of the company’s corporate culture. One effective strategy is to lay out in text or video, what a typical day in the role would look like.(很少有公司会在职位预览中准确地描述一个职位的实际工作内容，而预览的目的是让未来的员工真正了解这份工作的优缺点，以及公司的企业文化。一个有效的策略是在文字或视频中列出这个职位的典型一天是怎么过的)”可知，职位预览应该展示一个职位的真实情况，故选A。
36．主旨大意题。根据全文内容，结合最后一段中“Such honesty can be its own reward.(这种诚实本身就是一种回报)”可知，文章介绍了招聘过程中求职者和公司都倾向于夸大事实，很少有公司提供真实的职位预览，但研究表明诚实是一种回报，真实的职位预览会降低离职率，提高员工满意度，B项“如何消除招聘中的谎言”能够总结文章大意，故选B。
（2024·山东潍坊·一模）People have come to understand the enormous impacts-beneficial as well as harmful- plastics have on human lives and the environment. As polymer (聚合物) scientists committed to inventing sustainable solutions for real-world problems, we set out to tackle the issue of plastic waste by rethinking the way polymers are designed so we could make plastics with recyclability built right in.
Everyday items including milk jug, grocery bags, and takeout containers are made from a class of polymers called polyolefins. These plastics are really durable (耐用的) because the chemical bonds in those polymers are extremely stable. In a world set up for disposable (一次性的) items, durability is no longer a design feature but rather a design drawback. Imagine if half the plastics used today were recyclable through twice as many processes as they are now. Also conventional recycling requires careful sorting of all the collected materials, which can be challenging with so many different plastics. For example, separating paper from metal doesn’t require complex technology, but sorting a container from a milk jug of a different polyolefin is difficult to do without the occasional mistake.
In a study published in Science in October 2023, we described a series of polymers with only two building blocks-one soft polymer and one hard polymer-that behave like polyolefins but could be chemically recycled. Connecting two different polymers multiple times until they form a single, long molecule (分子) creates what’s called a multiblock polymer. By changing how much of each polymer type goes into the multiblock polymer, our team produced a wide range of materials with properties that covered all polyolefin types.
Using the same strategy but by adding hydrogen, we could disconnect the polymers back into their building blocks and easily separate them to use again. When we made new polymers out of these recycled plastics, they performed just as well as the original materials even after several rounds of chemical recycling. So we were able to create materials with similar properties of the plastics the world relies on. We believe this work is a step toward more sustainable plastics.
37．What is paragraph 2 mainly about concerning plastics
A．Their multiple uses. B．Their chemical properties.
C．Their recycling challenges. D．Their classification criteria.
38．A key factor of producing diverse multiblock polymers is ______.
A．mixing building blocks with long molecules
B．integrating chemicals into the two polymers
C．combining two different multiblock polymers
D．adjusting the percentage of the two polymers
39．Which is a feature of multiblock polymers
A．They are made from sustainable materials.
B．They can be recycled by adding hydrogen.
C．Their reliability outperforms traditional plastics.
D．Their properties change with rounds of recycling.
40．Which of the following might be the best title
A．Designing for Recycling B．Classifying Plastic Waste
C．Replace Plastics with Polymers D．Technology Creates the Future
【答案】37．C 38．D 39．B 40．A
【导语】
本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了聚合物科学家如何致力于解决塑料废物问题，通过重新设计聚合物的结构以实现其可回收性。
37．
主旨大意题。根据文章第二段“ In a world set up for disposable (一次性的) items, durability is no longer a design feature but rather a design drawback. Imagine if half the plastics used today were recyclable through twice as many processes as they are now. Also conventional recycling requires careful sorting of all the collected materials, which can be challenging with so many different plastics. For example, separating paper from metal doesn’t require complex technology, but sorting a container from a milk jug of a different polyolefin is difficult to do without the occasional mistake.(在一次性物品的世界中，耐用性不再是一个设计特征，而是一个设计缺陷。想象一下，如果今天使用的一半塑料可以通过两倍于现在的过程进行回收。此外，传统的回收需要对所有收集到的材料进行仔细的分类，这对于这么多不同的塑料来说是具有挑战性的。例如，将纸和金属分开并不需要复杂的技术，但将一个容器和一个牛奶罐中不同的聚烯烃进行分类却很难做到没有偶尔的错误。)”可知，文章第二段主要讲述的是关于塑料回收的挑战。故选C。
38．
细节理解题。根据文章第三段“In a study published in Science in October 2023, we described a series of polymers with only two building blocks-one soft polymer and one hard polymer-that behave like polyolefins but could be chemically recycled. Connecting two different polymers multiple times until they form a single, long molecule (分子) creates what’s called a multiblock polymer. By changing how much of each polymer type goes into the multiblock polymer, our team produced a wide range of materials with properties that covered all polyolefin types.(在2023年10月发表在《科学》杂志上的一项研究中，我们描述了一系列聚合物，它们只有两种基本成分——一种软聚合物和一种硬聚合物——它们的行为像聚烯烃，但可以化学回收。将两种不同的聚合物多次连接，直到它们形成一个单一的长分子，就形成了所谓的多嵌段聚合物。通过改变多嵌段聚合物中每种聚合物的含量，我们的团队生产出了各种各样的材料，其性能涵盖了所有类型的聚烯烃。)”可知，生产多种多嵌段聚合物的关键因素是调整两种聚合物的含量。故选D。
39．
细节理解题。根据文章最后一段“Using the same strategy but by adding hydrogen, we could disconnect the polymers back into their building blocks and easily separate them to use again. When we made new polymers out of these recycled plastics, they performed just as well as the original materials even after several rounds of chemical recycling. (使用相同的策略，但通过添加氢，我们可以将聚合物分离回它们的组成部分，并轻松地将它们分离出来再次使用。当我们用这些回收塑料制成新的聚合物时，即使经过几轮化学回收，它们的性能也和原始材料一样好。)”可知，多嵌段聚合物可以通过添加氢的方式被分离出来再次使用。故选B。
40．
主旨大意题。根据文章第一段“People have come to understand the enormous impacts-beneficial as well as harmful- plastics have on human lives and the environment. As polymer (聚台物) scientists committed to inventing sustainable solutions for real-world problems, we set out to tackle the issue of plastic waste by rethinking the way polymers are designed so we could make plastics with recyclability built right in.(人们已经开始了解塑料对人类生活和环境的巨大影响，既有有益的，也有有害的。聚合物科学家致力于为现实世界的问题发明可持续的解决方案，我们开始通过重新思考聚合物的设计方式来解决塑料垃圾问题，这样我们就可以制造出具有可回收性的塑料。)”以及全文内容可知，文章主要讲述了聚合物科学家如何通过重新设计聚合物的结构来解决塑料废物问题，以实现其可回收性。文章强调了设计的重要性，并介绍了如何通过特殊的化学方法制造和回收一种新型的多嵌段聚合物。因此，最能概括文章主题的标题应该是强调“设计”和“回收”这两个关键词的。故选A。
（2024·湖北·二模）A new study involving nearly 50,000 people from four continents offers new insights into identifying the quantity of daily walking steps that will best improve adults’ health and longevity(长寿), and whether the ideal number of steps differs across people of different ages. The study represents an effort to develop an evidence-based public health message about the benefits of physical activity. The often-repeated 10,000-step-a-day saying grew out of a decades-old marketing activity for a Japanese pedometer(计步器), with no science to back it up.
Led by physical activity professor Amanda Paluch, an international group of scientists conducted an experiment among adults aged 18 and older. They grouped the nearly 50,000 participants into four comparative groups according to average steps per day. The lowest step group averaged 3,500 steps; the second, 5,800; the third, 7,800; and the fourth, 10,900 steps per day. Among the three higher active groups, there was a 40—53% lower risk of death, compared to the lowest step group.
More specifically, for adults 60 and older, the risk of early death leveled off at about 6,000—8,000 steps per day, meaning that more steps than that provided no additional benefit for longevity, while for adults younger than 60, about 8, 000—10,000 steps per day.
“So, what we saw was this continuing reduction in risk as the number of steps increases, until it levels off. Interestingly, the study found no definitive association with walking speed.” Paluch says.
The new study supports and expands findings from another study led by Paluch before, which found that walking at least 7,000 steps a day reduced middle-aged people’s risk of early death. “There’s a lot of evidence suggesting that moving even a little more is beneficial, particularly for those who are doing very little activity.” Paluch says. “More steps per day are better for your health.”
41．Why did the scientists carry out the new study
A．To know about people’s health condition.
B．To explain the pedometer’s working principles.
C．To determine the best physical activity for people.
D．To provide a scientific guideline on daily walking.
42．What does the underlined words “leveled off” in paragraph 3 mean
A．Turned higher. B．Became stable. C．Fell sharply. D．Changed rapidly.
43．What does the experiment find
A．The old should walk as much as possible.
B．Young people usually walk more than the old.
C．The most beneficial steps differ by age groups.
D．Walking pace is the key to avoiding early death.
44．What does Paluch advise people doing little activity to do
A．To walk more steps. B．To control walking speed.
C．To limit walking distance. D．To track the number of steps.
【答案】41．D 42．B 43．C 44．A
【导语】
本文是一篇说明文，主要讲述了一项新研究对四大洲近5万人进行了分析，确定了能够最大程度改善健康、延长寿命的每日步数，同时调查了不同年龄段的人每日最佳步数是否有所不同。
41．推理判断题。根据文章第一段中的“The study represents an effort to develop an evidence-based public health message about the benefits of physical activity. The often-repeated 10,000-step-a-day saying grew out of a decades-old marketing activity for a Japanese pedometer(计步器), with no science to back it up.(这项研究代表了一项关于体育活动益处的循证公共卫生信息的开发工作。这个每天一万步经常被重复的说法源于几十年前日本计步器的营销活动，没有科学依据。)”可知，现有的观点缺乏科学依据，本项研究旨在为科学的走路步数提供证据，由此可推知本研究旨在为日常走路锻炼提供科学指导。故选D。
42．词义猜测题。根据画线短语后面的“meaning that more steps than that provided no additional benefit for longevity”可知，多余的步数并不会增加额外的好处，由此可推知步数到达一定量之后降低死亡的风险趋于稳定，不再变化。“leveled off”意为“保持水平，保持平稳发展”，与Became stable意思相近。故选B。
43．推理判断题。根据第三段“More specifically, for adults 60 and older, the risk of early death leveled off at about 6,000—8,000 steps per day, meaning that more steps than that provided no additional benefit for longevity, while for adults younger than 60, about 8, 000—10,000 steps per day.(更具体地说，对于60岁及以上的成年人来说，过早死亡的风险稳定在每天6000—8000步左右，这意味着更多的步数对寿命没有额外的好处，而对于60岁以下的成年人来说大约是每天8000—10000步。)”可推知，年龄不同，最佳效果步数也不一样。故选C。
44．细节理解题。根据最后一段Paluch所说的“There’s a lot of evidence suggesting that moving even a little more is beneficial, particularly for those who are doing very little activity.(有很多证据表明，多运动一点是有益的，尤其是对那些活动很少的人来说。)”和“More steps per day are better for your health.(每天多走几步对你的健康有益。)”可知，不运动的人，增加走路步数对健康有益，因此可知Paluch建议不运动的人应该增加走路步数。故选A。
（2024·湖南衡阳·二模）“What beautiful music!”I shout loudly as my 9-year-old son practices playing the violin. He’s used to this praise; I give rewards like that most days. But every once in a while, I skip it, and when I do, I can see the disappointment on his face when he’s finished.
Am I a bad mom Conventional wisdom says that consistency is key to parenting since it enables your child to predict how you’ll react, leading to good behavior. And it’s true that children need some level of predictability in their lives, particularly when it comes to discipline.
But research suggests that inconsistent gifts and praise can have a greater effect on motivation. While we all like to live in a predictable world, we often respond more strongly to unpredictable rewards.
In one experiment, my colleagues and I told participants they’d be paid if they could drink about one-and-a-half quarts of water in two minutes or less. In one condition, we offered people a $2 fixed reward. In another, there was an uncertain reward of either $2 or $1. The certain reward was a better deal, yet many more people successfully met the challenge when assigned an uncertain reward. Resolving the uncertainty—whether they would win $1 or $2—was significantly more motivating than winning $2 for sure.
Here is one of the reasons why uncertainty is motivating. What scientists call “intermittent (间歇性) reinforcement” —rewarding behavior on some but not all occasions—makes it more arduous to know when rewards will show up. If you very often, but don’t always, praise your child for completing their chores, they’ll keep up the good behavior in the hope of receiving praise the next time.
So don’t assume that if kids are always praised for finishing their homework, they’ll be more likely to do it. Do praise young people for a job well done, just not every time. And pick rewards out of a hat when they complete chores—the surprise prize might keep everyone motivated to get things done.
45．Why does the author mention her kid’s story in the first paragraph
A．To display the conclusion of her research.
B．To show that her kid is very smart.
C．To explain that she is a good mom.
D．To lead in the topic.
46．Why did more participants choose an uncertain reward in the experiment
A．It was more inspiring. B．It was more demanding.
C．It was fair to all participants. D．It was easy to get more rewards.
47．What does the underlined word “arduous” in paragraph 5 mean
A．Convenient. B．Popular. C．Flexible. D．Difficult.
48．What is the best title for the text
A．Why Consistency Is Critical to Parenting
B．Why Resolving Uncertainty Is Rewarding
C．How Inconsistent Praise Affects Motivation
D．How Parents’ Behaviors Affect Their Children
【答案】45．D 46．A 47．D 48．C
【导语】本文是一篇说明文，主要讲的是研究表明，不一致的礼物和表扬会对动机产生更大的影响。虽然我们都喜欢生活在一个可预测的世界里，但我们往往对不可预测的奖励反应更强烈，文章分析了原因。
45．推理判断题。根据第一段“I give rewards like that most days. But every once in a while, I skip it, and when I do, I can see the disappointment on his face when he’s finished.(我大多数时候都是这么奖励的。但每隔一段时间，我就跳过，当我跳过的时候，我能看到他读完后脸上的失望。)”和第三段“But research suggests that inconsistent gifts and praise can have a greater effect on motivation. While we all like to live in a predictable world, we often respond more strongly to unpredictable rewards.(但研究表明，不一致的礼物和表扬会对动机产生更大的影响。虽然我们都喜欢生活在一个可预测的世界里，但我们往往对不可预测的奖励反应更强烈。)”可知，第一段的故事引出了本文的主题，即不一致的礼物和表扬会对动机产生更大的影响。故选D。
46．细节理解题。根据倒数第三段“Resolving the uncertainty—whether they would win $1 or $2—was significantly more motivating than winning $2 for sure.(决定选不确定性——他们会赢得1美元还是2美元——比肯定赢得2美元更有动力。)”可知，更多的参与者在实验中选择不确定的奖励是因为它更鼓舞人心。故选A。
47．词句猜测题。根据倒数第二段“rewarding behavior on some but not all occasions(在某些情况下奖励行为，但不是所有情况)”可知，只在某些情况下才奖励行为，所以要知道奖励何时出现会变得更困难，划线词arduous的意思是“困难的”，和difficult意思相近。故选D。
48．主旨大意题。通读《2024年高考英语名校真题二轮零失误规范训练》（T8专用）
专题03 阅读理解说明文最新真题模拟16篇（干货+模拟）
原卷版
技能专区：冲刺备考名师提醒，洞悉高考命题规律，提供高效提分干货
一、阅读理解说明文细节理解题注意落实“定位原文”和“同义替换”技巧。
二、数据计算题注重“原文定位”和“细节理解”，弄清来龙去脉再计算。
三、重视说明文“倒三角形”结构，特别是首段和段首的独特引领作用。
四、标题概括题重视三性：概括性、简洁性和新颖性；同时联系首段和关键词。
五、说明文长难句较多增加了理解的难度，落实“括号法”，（从句）（非谓语）
（介词短语）（名词短语）。
六、规范训练目标：做标记，留痕迹；零失误；限时6分钟/每篇。
模拟专区：做好题才有好成绩！练技能，补漏洞，提分数，强信心！
（2024·江苏宿迁·一模）Reunions offer a chance to reflect on how much has changed. One happened in Hollywood when Here premiered (首映), bringing together the actors, director and writer behind Forrest Gump 40 years later for a new film. The stars were “de-aged” using new AI tools, making them more youthful in some scenes and enabling the filmmakers to see the transformation in real time while shooting.
With the use of generative AI in film making come things worth watching. The first is how AI will be used to tell new types of stories, as storytelling becomes more personalised and interactive. No one is quite sure how the nature of storytelling will change, but it is sure to. David Thomson, a film historian, compares generative AI to the advent of sound. When movies were no longer silent, it changed the way plot points were made and how deeply viewers could connect with characters. Cristóbal Valenzuela, who runs a company providing AI-enhanced software, says AI is like a “new kind of camera”, offering a fresh “opportunity to reimagine what stories are like”. Both are right.
Another big development to watch is how AI will be used as a time-saving tool. Generative AI will automate and simplify complex tasks like film-editing and special effects. For a glimpse of the future, watch Everything Everywhere All at Once, which won the Academy Award for Best Picture in 2023. It featured a scene that used a “rotoscoping” tool to edit out the green-screen background and make a talking rock more believable. It shortened into hours what might have otherwise taken days of video-editing.
What is also noticeable is more dramatic conflicts between creators and those running AI platforms. This year is likely to bring floods of lawsuits (诉讼) from authors, musicians and actors about how their works have been used to train AI systems without permission or payment. Perhaps they can agree on some sort of licensing arrangement, in which AI companies start paying copyright-holders.
It will probably be a few years before a full-length film is produced entirely by AI, but it is just a matter of time.
1．What can we learn about the film Here
A．It relates a story about youth. B．The theme of the film is reunion.
C．AI tools are employed in the film. D．It is adapted from Forrest Gump.
2．What does David think of AI’s application in film making
A．Transformative. B．Destructive. C．Representative. D．Irreplaceable.
3．Why does the author mention the film Everything Everywhere All at Once
A．To show the high efficiency of AI tools. B．To demonstrate the influence of the film.
C．To analyse a novel way of video-editing. D．To praise the hard work behind the scenes.
4．What is the article mainly about
A．Conflicts between man and machine. B．AI’s huge effects on film production.
C．Drawbacks of dependence on AI tools. D．Hot debate on the use of technology.
（2024·河北保定·一模）The 7,400 or so languages in use today speak to the fact that our species is born to communicate. But while it is tempting to view language as merely a consequence of our extraordinary cognitive (认知的) powers, Caleb Everett thinks there may be more going on.
In A Myriad of Tongues: How languages reveal differences in how we think, he argues that language itself may shape our understanding of the world and our experience of time and space. To put it another way, the language we speak may influence the way we think.
Such a provocative (挑衅的) idea might have been controversial (有争议的) a few decades ago, says Everett, because language experts restricted themselves to analyzing languages of industrialized, higher-income countries. But we now know they fall short of representing the variety of languages spoken today — and the more we learn about understudied tongues, the more evidence we find for the complicated interplay between language and thinking.
Take Berinmo, a language of Papua New Guinea, as an example. Unlike English speakers, explains Everett, Berinmo speakers struggle to remember whether an object they were shown earlier was blue or green-perhaps because that language doesn’t distinguish between these colours. But it does make a formal distinction between yellowish — greens and other greens, and Berinmo speakers typically find it easy to remember which of these colours an object they saw earlier was painted, while English speakers struggle to do this.
Language also influences how we think about objects. Yucatec Maya, spoken in Mexico, encourages its speakers to classify objects according to their material properties rather than their function. Where an English speaker might group a plastic comb and a wooden comb together and exclude a wooden stick, a Yucatec Maya speaker would usually group the wooden objects together. English-speaking people get the information they need by sight alone.
We live through a language extinction event predicted to see the loss of about 30 per cent of today’s tongues by 2100. His book makes it clear this is more than just a tragedy (悲剧) for local communities. Given the insights that languages offer into the human mind, their disappearance is a loss for us all.
5．Why is Everett’s book mentioned
A．To set off a discussion.
B．To lead in the topic of the text.
C．To recommend a meaningful book.
D．To show the importance of languages.
6．What will we find if we learn more about understudied languages
A．Proof of the complex relationship between language and thinking.
B．Different means of communication in different regions.
C．The variety of languages spoken in the world.
D．The reasons for language extinction.
7．What does Yucatec Maya speakers categorize items based on
A．Their colours. B．Their function.
C．Their appearance. D．Their material characteristics.
8．What’s Everett’s attitude to the future loss of human languages
A．Concerned. B．Doubtful. C．Uncaring. D．Shocked.
（2024·浙江宁波·二模）The rate of childhood obesity in the U. S. has tripled over the past 50 years. The American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP) made waves this year by recommending that doctors put obese kids as young as two years old on intensive, family-oriented lifestyle and behavior plans. It also suggested prescribing weight-loss drugs to children l2 and older and surgery to teens 13 and older. This advice reflects the organization’s adoption of a more active position on childhood obesity.
Yet the lifestyle programs the AAP recommends are expensive, inaccessible to most children and hard to maintain. Few weight-loss drugs have been approved for children. And surgery has potential risks and few long-term safety data. Furthermore, it’s not clear whether interventions in youngsters help to improve health or merely add to the psychological burden overweight kids face from the society.
Rather than paying close attention to numbers on a scale, the U. S. and countries with similar trends should focus on an underlying truth: we need to invest in more and safer places for children to play where they can move and run around, climb and jump, ride and skate.
Why is it so hard to get kids moving Experts blame the problem on the privatization of sports — as public investment in school-based athletics dwindles, expensive private leagues have grown, leaving many kids out. In addition to fewer opportunities at school, researchers cite increased screen time and a lack of safe places for them to play outside the home. New York City, for example, had 2,067 public playgrounds as of 2019 — a very small amount for its large population. In Los Angeles in 2015, only 33 percent of youths lived within walking distance of a park.
Kids everywhere need more places to play. Public funding to build and keep up these areas is crucial, but other options such as shared-use agreements can make unused spaces available to the public. These opportunities aren’t primarily about changing children’s waistlines — they’re how we keep childhood healthy and fun.
9．What can we learn from the first two paragraphs
A．Childhood obesity is well under control in recent years.
B．Weight-loss surgery are recommended to children 12 and older.
C．AAP plays a more active role in fighting against childhood obesity.
D．Expensive as it is, lifestyle programs are practical for most children.
10．The underlined word “dwindle” is closest in meaning to ______.
A．decline B．quit C．increase D．develop
11．In the author’s opinion, what measures should be taken to create more safe areas
A．Prepare fitness equipment at home.
B．Live within walking distance of a park.
C．Promote investment in private athletics.
D．Open up playgrounds when school’s out.
12．What’s the main idea of the text
A．Sports play an important role in children’s growth.
B．More safe areas for outdoor fun are in urgent need.
C．Family-oriented lifestyles are crucial to children’s health.
D．Medical intervention is important to ease psychological burden.
（2024·浙江·二模）The maker of ChatGPT recently announced its next move into generative artificial intelligence. San Francisco-based OpenAI’s new text-to-video generator, called Sora, is a tool that instantly makes short videos based on written commands, called prompts.
Sora is not the first of its kind. Google, Meta and Runway ML are among the other companies to have developed similar technology. But the high quality of videos displayed by OpenAI — some released after CEO Sam Altman asked social media users to send in ideas for written prompts-surprised observers.
A photographer from New Hampshire posted one suggestion, or prompt, on X. The prompt gave details about a kind of food to be cooked, gnocchi (意大利团子), as well as the setting — an old Italian country kitchen. The prompt said: “An instructional cooking session for homemade gnocchi, hosted by a grandmother — a social media influencer, set in a rustic (土气的) Tuscan country kitchen.” Altman answered a short time later with a realistic video that showed what the prompt described.
The tool is not yet publicly available. OpenAI has given limited information about how it was built. The company also has not stated what imagery and video sources were used to train Sora. At the same time, the video results led to fears about the possible ethical and societal effects.
The New York Times and some writers have taken legal actions against OpenAI for its use of copyrighted works of writing to train ChatGPT. And OpenAI pays a fee to The Associated Press, the source of this report, to license its text news archive (档案) . OpenAI said in a blog post that it is communicating with artists, policymakers and others before releasing the new tool to the public.
The company added that it is working with “red teamers” — people who try to find problems and give helpful suggestions — to develop Sora. “We are working with red teamers-express in areas like misinformation, hateful content, and bias — who will be adversarially testing the model,” the company said. “We’re also building tools to help detect misleading content such as a detection classifier that can tell when a video was generated by Sora.”
13．What makes Sora impressive
A．Its extraordinary video quality. B．Its ethical and societal influence.
C．Its artificial intelligence history. D．Its written commands and prompts.
14．What can we infer from the text
A．Some disagreements over Sora have arisen.
B．Sora is the first text-to-video generator in history.
C．OpenAI CEO Altman wrote a prompt as an example.
D．All the details about how Sora was built have been shared.
15．What is the main idea of Paragraph 6
A．The company’s current challenge.
B．The company’s advanced technology.
C．The company’s problems in management.
D．The company’s efforts for Sora’s improvement.
16．What is the author’s attitude towards Sora
A．Neutral. B．Optimistic. C．Pessimistic. D．Cautious.
（2024·浙江温州·二模）Bonobos often form friendly relationships with other bonobo s in separate social groups — the first time this has been seen in non-human primates (灵长类). This is in line with humans, but in contrast to chimpanzees, another primate, which frequently kill chimps in other groups. The findings challenge the idea that humans evolved (进化) from violent apes, says Surbeck at Harvard University. “This potential to form cooperative links between different groups is not uniquely human and it might have occurred earlier than we thought,” he says.
Many animals cooperate, but they seem to do so only with those within their social circle, or in-group. Hostile (敌对的 ) interactions between groups are common among animals, including chimpanzees, so scientists have often assumed that hostility towards other social groups in humans is natural, says Samuni, also at Harvard. However, humans also often cooperate with people in different social circles, for example, by trading or teaching.
Bonobos are one of our closest living relatives. They are less studied than chimpanzees, but are known to be more peaceful, says Surbeck. To learn more about interactions between groups, Surbeck and Samuni observed 31 adult bonobo s from two social groups in Congo over a two-year period. The pair documented 95 encounters between the groups, which represented about 20% of their total observation time. Unlike chimpanzees observed in previous studies, they showed cooperation with out-group members. In fact,10% of all mutual grooming (梳毛) and 6% of all food sharing occurred among members of different social groups.
While bonobo s that groomed others usually got an immediate benefit, food sharing rarely resulted in a gift in return. This suggests that their actions were “not just motivated by selfish interests or immediate rewards”, Surbeck and Samuni report.
Otten, a researcher from the Netherlands, finds the study “exciting”, especially as it “challenges the idea of human exceptionalism” with regard to out-group cooperation. Otten says the bonobo s that were most cooperative within their groups were the same ones that cooperated more with out-group members. This agrees with findings from humans. “Scholars used to believe that in-group ‘love’ goes together with out-group ‘hate’, but recent research suggests that often in-group cooperators are also out-group cooperators,” he says.
17．What is the focus of the study on bonobos
A．Their social behavior. B．Their survival skills.
C．Their evolutionary process. D．Their intelligence level.
18．What can be learnt about the bonobos
A．They are humans’ closest relatives. B．They can be taught to cooperate.
C．They interact friendly beyond groups. D．They share food for immediate rewards.
19．How was the study conducted
A．By comparing different primates. B．By observing bonobos’ interactions.
C．By listing group members’ motivations. D．By analysing statistics of previous studies.
20．How does Otten find the study
A．Forward-looking. B．Groundbreaking.
C．Controversial. D．One-sided.
（2024·浙江绍兴·一模）Theophilus Tetteh is an African contemporary artist from Ghana. He buried himself in the study of graphic design and painting at school while experimenting with different media themes.
Now we hear about African painters stepping into the spotlight, but it might be challenging for Ghanaian artists to bring their careers to commercial success and critical recognition. The art market as such is not yet established in Ghana. The country doesn’t even have a national gallery to preserve and promote Ghanaian art. It can be problematic for young painters who cannot afford to move to Europe or the US to promote and market their art. Besides, many young artists can even have trouble getting painting materials.
Things changed for Tetteh when he got featured in BE OPEN Art, an online gallery of contemporary art. It was founded by philanthropist Elena Baturina with a desire to provide emerging artists worldwide with an opportunity to show their works to the world of art professionals. The platform especially welcomes artists who don’t have resources or promotional opportunities such as graduates and self-taught artists.
In December 2020, Tetteh was voted the Artist of the Month by the visitors of the BE OPEN Art. Later, he was chosen as the gallery’s first-ever Artist of the Year. The award brought him favorable publicity, so he was noticed by the art community, the media, collectors, etc. In 2021, he was interviewed frequently by the media and featured in a famous magazine. All these things let the prices of the artist’s work inch upwards.
Tetteh thinks the world can be a better place if young artists are guided on their way without any form of disregard, but with support of the senior. As his name has hit headlines of the arts world media, he hopes to help promote emerging talents in his native country. “The art makes the man and the man makes the art,” he says.
21．What can we learn about Ghanaian artists from paragraphs 1-2
A．They tend to combine designs with media themes.
B．They have established an art market to promote works.
C．They desire professional guidance on preserving national art.
D．They lack a supportive platform to realize commercial value of their works.
22．Why does Elena Baturina establish BE OPEN Art
A．To promote ancient African art treasures.
B．To broaden the artistic vision of self-taught artists.
C．To provide chances for young artists to display artistic talents.
D．To sponsor a project for the contemporary emerging artists from Ghana.
23．What kind of person is Tetteh according to the last paragraph
A．Socially responsible. B．Amazingly talented.
C．Commercially smart. D．Culturally conservative.
24．Which of the following best describes Tetteh’s change of fate
A．All that glitters is not gold.
B．Opportunity favors the prepared.
C．The strong is not without tears.
D．A good name is easier lost than won.
（2024·福建莆田·二模）The year is 1763, and a 7-year-old Mozart is about to set off on a tour around Europe that will jump-start the Mozart legend. Mozart had a trick up his sleeve. When the young Mozart heard a note played-any note-he could immediately identify exactly which note it was. It was an ability now we know as “perfect pitch”, and it seemed to be an example of the mysterious gifts that young geniuses had been born with. But is that really so
Over my years of studying experts in various fields, like Mozart, I have found that there’s no such thing as a predefined ability. Actually, those people all develop their abilities through “deliberate practice”, a purposeful and systematic type of practice that makes it possible for them to do things they otherwise could not. In them, potential is an expandable vessel, shaped by the various things they do throughout their lives.
One of my testimonies came from Ray Allen, a ten-time All-Star in the NBA．Allen’s jump shot was not noticeably better than his teammates’ back in high school; in fact, it was poor. But with hard work and dedication, he transformed his jump shot into one so graceful and natural that people assumed he was born with it.
But it doesn’t mean “Just keep working at it, and you’ll get there”. Heartfelt desire and hard work alone will not lead to improved performance. The right sort of practice carried out over a sufficient period of time will lead to improvement. Nothing else. And this is true whether our goal is to become a concert pianist or just play the piano well enough to amuse ourselves, to be the greatest three-point shooter or just build ourselves up. Deliberate practice is the gold standard for anyone in any field who wishes to build new skills and abilities.
25．Why is Mozart’s perfect pitch mentioned in paragraph 1
A．To introduce an inborn talent. B．To explain reasons for success,
C．To lead to reflection on gifts. D．To define a brilliant trick.
26．Which is the most important in making an expert according to the writer
A．Affection. B．Experience. C．Training. D．Gifts.
27．What does the underlined word “testimonies” mean in paragraph 3
A．Challenges. B．Proofs. C．Comments. D．Puzzles.
28．Which of the following is the best title for the text
A．Secret of Great Talents B．Bom to Stand Out
C．A Surprising Discovery D．Start When Young
（2024·山东济南·一模）A new study reveals that pigeons (鸽子) can tackle some problems just like artificial intelligence, enabling them to solve difficult tasks that might challenge humans. Previous research has theorized that pigeons employ a problem-solving strategy, involving a trial-and- error approach, which is similar to the approach used in AI models but differs from humans’ reliance on selective attention and rule use. To examine it, Brandon Turner, a psychology professor at the Ohio State University, and his colleagues conducted the new study.
In the study, the pigeons were presented with various visual images, including lines of different widths and angles, and different types of rings. The pigeons had to peck (啄) a button on the right or left to indicate the category to which the image belonged. If they got it correct, they received food; if they were wrong, they received nothing. Results showed that, through trial and error, the pigeons improved their accuracy in categorization tasks, increasing their correct choices from about 55% to 95%.
Researchers believed pigeons used associative learning, which is linking two phenomena with each other. For example, it is easy to understand the link. between “water” and “wet”. “Associative learning is frequently assumed to be far too primitive to. explain complex visual categorization like what we saw the pigeons do,” Turner said. But that’s exactly what the researchers found.
The researchers’ AI model tackled the same tasks using just the two simple mechanisms that pigeons were assumed to use: associative learning and error correction. And, like the pigeons, the AI model learned to make the right predictions to significantly increase the number of correct answers. For humans, the challenge when given tasks like those given to pigeons is that they would try to come up with rules that could make the task easier. But in this case, there were no rules, which upsets humans.
What’s interesting, though, is that pigeons use this method of learning that is very similar to AI designed by humans, Turner said. “We celebrate how smart we are that we designed artificial intelligence: at the same time, we regard pigeons as not clever animals,” he said.
29．What is the purpose of the new study
A．To test a theory. B．To evaluate a model.
C．To employ a strategy. D．To involve an approach.
30．What were the pigeons expected to do in the experiment
A．Draw circles. B．Correct errors. C．Copy gestures. D．Identify images.
31．What do pigeons and AI have in common according to the study
A．They are of equal intelligence.
B．They are good at making rules.
C．They respond rapidly to orders from humans.
D．They employ simple ways to get things done.
32．What can be a suitable title for the text
A．Pigeons’ trial-and-error method is revealed
B．Pigeons outperform humans in tough tasks
C．“Not smart” pigeons may be as smart as AI
D．AI models after pigeons’ learning approach
（2024·山东潍坊·一模）Hiring processes can be thought of as a battle between integrity and dishonesty. You might imagine this is a simple fight between truth-seeking firms and self-promoting candidates, and to a certain extent it is. But companies themselves are prone (有倾向的) to bend reality out of shape in ways that are self-defeating.
Start with the obvious wrongdoers: job applicants. When it comes to writing the resume (简历), they tend to massage (美化) reality into the most appealing shape possible. Everyone beyond a certain level of experience is a transformational leader personally responsible for generating millions income; the world economy would be about 15 times bigger than it actually is if all such claims were true. The average British spends four and a half hours a day watching TV and online videos. But each average job candidate is an enthusiast for public welfare, using their spare time only for worthy purposes, like volunteering in soup kitchens.
But the tendency to stretch the truth infects companies as well as applicants. The typical firm will write a job description that invariably describes the work environment as fast-paced and innovative, and then lays out a set of improbable requirements for the “ideal candidate”, someone who almost by definition does not exist. Sometimes, the requirements include an ability to go back and change the course of history.
Too few firms offer an accurate account of what a position actually involves in their job previews, which are supposed to give prospective employees a genuine sense of the negatives and positives of the job, as well as a clear idea of the company’s corporate culture. One effective strategy is to lay out in text or video, what a typical day in the role would look like.
Such honesty can be its own reward. Research has long suggested that realistic job previews lead to lower turnover and higher employee satisfaction. A paper in 2011 by David Eamest of Towson University and his co-authors concluded that favourable perceptions of the organisation’s honesty are the best explanation for why. So a process designed to uncover the truth about job applicants would run a lot more smoothly if firms were also honest about themselves.
33．Why are “leader” and “enthusiast” mentioned in paragraph 2
A．To present a rule. B．To clarify a fact.
C．To make a comparison. D．To explain a phenomenon.
34．What does the underlined word “stretch” in paragraph 3 mean
A．Overstate. B．Overturn. C．Overlook. D．Overestimate.
35．What are job previews expected to be like in paragraph 4
A．They show a position as it is. B．They are made either in text or video.
C．They are favorable for bigger firms. D．They mainly contain negatives of a job.
36．What does the text mainly talk about
A．Pains and gains of employees. B．How to get the lying out of hiring.
C．How to be more appealing in hiring. D．A wrestle between applicants and companies.
（2024·山东潍坊·一模）People have come to understand the enormous impacts-beneficial as well as harmful- plastics have on human lives and the environment. As polymer (聚合物) scientists committed to inventing sustainable solutions for real-world problems, we set out to tackle the issue of plastic waste by rethinking the way polymers are designed so we could make plastics with recyclability built right in.
Everyday items including milk jug, grocery bags, and takeout containers are made from a class of polymers called polyolefins. These plastics are really durable (耐用的) because the chemical bonds in those polymers are extremely stable. In a world set up for disposable (一次性的) items, durability is no longer a design feature but rather a design drawback. Imagine if half the plastics used today were recyclable through twice as many processes as they are now. Also conventional recycling requires careful sorting of all the collected materials, which can be challenging with so many different plastics. For example, separating paper from metal doesn’t require complex technology, but sorting a container from a milk jug of a different polyolefin is difficult to do without the occasional mistake.
In a study published in Science in October 2023, we described a series of polymers with only two building blocks-one soft polymer and one hard polymer-that behave like polyolefins but could be chemically recycled. Connecting two different polymers multiple times until they form a single, long molecule (分子) creates what’s called a multiblock polymer. By changing how much of each polymer type goes into the multiblock polymer, our team produced a wide range of materials with properties that covered all polyolefin types.
Using the same strategy but by adding hydrogen, we could disconnect the polymers back into their building blocks and easily separate them to use again. When we made new polymers out of these recycled plastics, they performed just as well as the original materials even after several rounds of chemical recycling. So we were able to create materials with similar properties of the plastics the world relies on. We believe this work is a step toward more sustainable plastics.
37．What is paragraph 2 mainly about concerning plastics
A．Their multiple uses. B．Their chemical properties.
C．Their recycling challenges. D．Their classification criteria.
38．A key factor of producing diverse multiblock polymers is ______.
A．mixing building blocks with long molecules
B．integrating chemicals into the two polymers
C．combining two different multiblock polymers
D．adjusting the percentage of the two polymers
39．Which is a feature of multiblock polymers
A．They are made from sustainable materials.
B．They can be recycled by adding hydrogen.
C．Their reliability outperforms traditional plastics.
D．Their properties change with rounds of recycling.
40．Which of the following might be the best title
A．Designing for Recycling B．Classifying Plastic Waste
C．Replace Plastics with Polymers D．Technology Creates the Future
（2024·湖北·二模）A new study involving nearly 50,000 people from four continents offers new insights into identifying the quantity of daily walking steps that will best improve adults’ health and longevity(长寿), and whether the ideal number of steps differs across people of different ages. The study represents an effort to develop an evidence-based public health message about the benefits of physical activity. The often-repeated 10,000-step-a-day saying grew out of a decades-old marketing activity for a Japanese pedometer(计步器), with no science to back it up.
Led by physical activity professor Amanda Paluch, an international group of scientists conducted an experiment among adults aged 18 and older. They grouped the nearly 50,000 participants into four comparative groups according to average steps per day. The lowest step group averaged 3,500 steps; the second, 5,800; the third, 7,800; and the fourth, 10,900 steps per day. Among the three higher active groups, there was a 40—53% lower risk of death, compared to the lowest step group.
More specifically, for adults 60 and older, the risk of early death leveled off at about 6,000—8,000 steps per day, meaning that more steps than that provided no additional benefit for longevity, while for adults younger than 60, about 8, 000—10,000 steps per day.
“So, what we saw was this continuing reduction in risk as the number of steps increases, until it levels off. Interestingly, the study found no definitive association with walking speed.” Paluch says.
The new study supports and expands findings from another study led by Paluch before, which found that walking at least 7,000 steps a day reduced middle-aged people’s risk of early death. “There’s a lot of evidence suggesting that moving even a little more is beneficial, particularly for those who are doing very little activity.” Paluch says. “More steps per day are better for your health.”
41．Why did the scientists carry out the new study
A．To know about people’s health condition.
B．To explain the pedometer’s working principles.
C．To determine the best physical activity for people.
D．To provide a scientific guideline on daily walking.
42．What does the underlined words “leveled off” in paragraph 3 mean
A．Turned higher. B．Became stable. C．Fell sharply. D．Changed rapidly.
43．What does the experiment find
A．The old should walk as much as possible.
B．Young people usually walk more than the old.
C．The most beneficial steps differ by age groups.
D．Walking pace is the key to avoiding early death.
44．What does Paluch advise people doing little activity to do
A．To walk more steps. B．To control walking speed.
C．To limit walking distance. D．To track the number of steps.
（2024·湖南衡阳·二模）“What beautiful music!”I shout loudly as my 9-year-old son practices playing the violin. He’s used to this praise; I give rewards like that most days. But every once in a while, I skip it, and when I do, I can see the disappointment on his face when he’s finished.
Am I a bad mom Conventional wisdom says that consistency is key to parenting since it enables your child to predict how you’ll react, leading to good behavior. And it’s true that children need some level of predictability in their lives, particularly when it comes to discipline.
But research suggests that inconsistent gifts and praise can have a greater effect on motivation. While we all like to live in a predictable world, we often respond more strongly to unpredictable rewards.
In one experiment, my colleagues and I told participants they’d be paid if they could drink about one-and-a-half quarts of water in two minutes or less. In one condition, we offered people a $2 fixed reward. In another, there was an uncertain reward of either $2 or $1. The certain reward was a better deal, yet many more people successfully met the challenge when assigned an uncertain reward. Resolving the uncertainty—whether they would win $1 or $2—was significantly more motivating than winning $2 for sure.
Here is one of the reasons why uncertainty is motivating. What scientists call “intermittent (间歇性) reinforcement” —rewarding behavior on some but not all occasions—makes it more arduous to know when rewards will show up. If you very often, but don’t always, praise your child for completing their chores, they’ll keep up the good behavior in the hope of receiving praise the next time.
So don’t assume that if kids are always praised for finishing their homework, they’ll be more likely to do it. Do praise young people for a job well done, just not every time. And pick rewards out of a hat when they complete chores—the surprise prize might keep everyone motivated to get things done.
45．Why does the author mention her kid’s story in the first paragraph
A．To display the conclusion of her research.
B．To show that her kid is very smart.
C．To explain that she is a good mom.
D．To lead in the topic.
46．Why did more participants choose an uncertain reward in the experiment
A．It was more inspiring. B．It was more demanding.
C．It was fair to all participants. D．It was easy to get more rewards.
47．What does the underlined word “arduous” in paragraph 5 mean
A．Convenient. B．Popular. C．Flexible. D．Difficult.
48．What is the best title for the text
A．Why Consistency Is Critical to Parenting
B．Why Resolving Uncertainty Is Rewarding
C．How Inconsistent Praise Affects Motivation
D．How Parents’ Behaviors Affect Their Children
（2024·湖南·一模）On December 16, 2023, the first section of Maya Train officially opened, which runs between Campeche and Cancún, carrying up to 231 passengers across 290 miles and stopping at 14 train stations.
Built as an ambitious effort to promote tourism and boost Mexico’s economy, the rail system connects the major cities and tourist regions of the Yucatán Peninsula-from Cancún’s beaches to Tulum’s archaeological (考古的) wonders. Once the project is completed, the entire rail system will link tourist destinations across five states. However, environmentalists and archaeologists argue that the train route will cause great damage to the environment and ancient Mayan sites.
The Maya Train passes through six UNESCO World Heritage sites, and thousands of archaeological sites. One particular area of concern is the Calakmul biosphere reserve, which is home to many endangered species, such as jaguars and over 500 other animal species. The train lines, more than 60 meters wide, could act as artificial barriers that may limit the movement of these animals within the reserve, making it difficult for them to move around and access food and water sources.
Opponents also express safety concerns. Certain sections of the rail system will be built right on top of the aquifer’s (地下水层的) most fragile points of contact with the surface. “It’s like wanting to build over eggshells, says Guillermo Christy, a water treatment consultant.” Putting trains weighing thousands of tons on top could cause the underground caves to crash down. To construct the train infrastructure (基础设施) also requires driving long piles deep into the ground, which poses a big threat to this fragile ecosystem and leads to water shortages.
In the ongoing debate of Maya Train, it is crucial to consider the delicate balance between economic development and environmental preservation. While Maya Train may provide economic benefits, we must not overlook the potential environmental and cultural losses, as well as the safety risks it may bring. Achieving harmony between progress and conservation may be a significant challenge for the project, but we must take into account the long-term consequences of our actions.
49．What do we know about the Maya Train project
A．It consumes lots of labor in Mexico.
B．It was completed on December 16, 2023.
C．It has concerned some professionals.
D．It blocks the development of local tourism.
50．What is the effect of the train lines on the animals in the reserve
A．They disturb their sleeping patterns. B．They restrict their activities.
C．They pollute their water sources. D．They engage their enemies to the area.
51．Why does the author mention “eggshells” in paragraph 4
A．To show the difficulty of constructing the rail lines.
B．To prove the urgency of protecting the fragile ecosystem.
C．To explain the reasons for water shortages along the railway.
D．To stress the potential harm of Maya Train to the aquifer system.
52．Which statement would the author probably agree with
A．Preserving cultural sites requires strong financial support.
B．It is time to speed up the construction process of Maya Train.
C．Economic development should not come at the expense of the environment.
D．We should prize the economic benefits of the project in the long run.
（2024·广东广州·一模）There’s a classic short story in which a young man travels years ahead and meets his future self. Narratives like this have always been related to science fiction. But what if you could meet your future self
I’m a psychologist and professor. My research over the past 15 years isn’t far from this theme. I’ve largely focused on how people think about and relate to their future selves, and explored the reasons why we have such a hard time making long-term decisions. In my research, I’ve learnt that we often imagine our future selves like strangers, which can impede us in making long-term choices. One way to bridge the emotional gap is to think of future selves in more concrete and vivid ways, like writing letters to and from one’s future self, which can strengthen the connection between current and future selves.
Admittedly, having people engage in an imagined conversation is a far cry from actually meeting one’s future self. But it’s believed that far richer interactions may happen in the near future through artificial intelligence (AI). It wouldn’t be predicting exactly what choices you’d make. It’d be more about showing your potential, based on the lives of people similar to you: not just one possible life for you, but rather, the most possible life path for you. Such interactions could offer valuable insights into our potential future selves.
So, to return to my original question: if you could time-travel to meet your future self, what aspects of your life would you want to know more about I realized, through thorough reflections, that the most powerful questions would be ones that helped me make better choices today —questions exploring personal growth, regrets and unfulfilled actions.
Actually, you don’t need to wait for time travel or advanced AI for answers that you can act on. Through my research, I’ve learnt that simply taking a bit of time to picture this meeting can help you make better choices now. All you need is a little imagination, and the willingness to put yourself in the shoes of a person you currently treat as a stranger.
53．Why is it difficult for people to make long-term decisions according to the author
A．Technology for time travel is not available.
B．Strangers cannot help with decision-making.
C．Writing letters to one’s future self is impractical.
D．People find it hard to connect with their distant selves.
54．What does the underlined phrase “a far cry from” mean in paragraph 3
A．contradictory to B．very different from
C．not as convenient as D．less popular than
55．Which question would the author most likely ask his future self
A．Why hasn’t my hard work ever paid off
B．What can AI do to help people become better persons
C．If given the chance, what would you have done differently
D．How can I succeed without going through all the difficulties in life
56．Which of the following is a suitable title for the text
A．Time travel: What if you met your future self
B．My research: How do people view their future selves
C．Emotional gap: Why can’t we talk with our future selves
D．Artificial intelligence: Is it possible to meet your future self
（2024·广东梅州·一模）Jackdaws (寒鸦) are the smallest member of the crow family. They often live in a crowd. Indeed, when cold weather comes, they gather in the hundreds (and sometimes thousands) every evening so that they can sleep in the same place. If you’ve ever heard jackdaws during their evening gatherings and morning departures, you’ll know they are not quiet birds. Despite being fairly low-volume during the day, they are really loud on either side of their night-time get-togethers. Why might this be
A team of the Cornish Jackdaw Project set out to determine why jackdaws are so noisy before they depart from their sleeping spot. The team’s theory was that the morning calls might be a jackdaw version of “voting”. The researchers suspected that each individual’s call might count as an “I’m in!”. When a certain amount of “I’m in!”s are called —and so a certain volume of noise is reached -the group might then depart as a unit.
To test this idea, the researchers artificially increased the level of calls during the jackdaws’ natural morning calls. Their expectation was that, if jackdaws really are “voting with their voice” to decide when to depart the sleeping site, artificially adding calls would make them leave earlier than they naturally would have done. Subsequent experiments confirmed their expectation. The team therefore showed that jackdaws use their calls as a sort of voting system.
You might wonder why this happens. The researchers suggest that individual jackdaws benefit from the voting system because they are less at risk of being killed and they can get more access to social information — such as where to find food.
So the loud calls of jackdaws in the morning are therefore not the pure chaos it sounds like. If you are ever being driven mad by the sound in the morning, you can find comfort in the fact that the louder they get, the sooner they will leave you in peace.
57．What aspect of jackdaws confused scientists
A．Their strong team spirit. B．Their preference for noisy habitats.
C．Their collective sleeping habit. D．Their unusual calling behavior.
58．What happened to the jackdaws when artificial calls were added
A．They stopped calling together. B．They left their sleeping spot earlier.
C．They became noisier and more active. D．They changed their sleeping location.
59．What does the voting system mean to individual jackdaws
A．A signal of seeking food. B．A strategy for better survival.
C．A way to attract potential partners. D．A method of displaying social skills.
60．What can be the best title for the text
A．Jackdaws are Noise Makers.
B．Jackdaws Have a Complex Voting System.
C．Jackdaws ‘Vote’ to Make a Group Decision.
D．Jackdaws ‘Vote’ to Choose Their Group Leaders.
（2024·广东江门·一模）Demographic changes, such as aging populations and declining birth rates, pose challenges as well as offer opportunities for industries and countries. To overcome the challenges and seize the opportunities, especially to achieve long-term economic sustainability, economies need to enhance policies promoting innovations.
Now many countries in East Asia are facing the aging population and declining working-age population pared with other advanced countries, Japan encountered the population aging problem at a slightly earlier stage, starting in the mid-1990s. As Japan’s percentage of elderly population to the total population increased, it impacted the country’s economy, leading to a contraction in domestic demand and decline in both production and consumption, and restricting the growth of economy.
Some innovative companies have actively increased outward FDI (Foreign Direct Investment), providing cost advantages from inexpensive overseas labor to maintain their cost competitiveness. However, the global economy is facing the challenge of declining trade owing to the protectionism practiced by certain countries. Consequently, the chances of boosting growth through outward FDI may be limited.
Developing artificial intelligence is another solution to the negative impacts of the demographic changes. AI and robotics will play a crucial role in stimulating productivity and innovation by making payment for the decline in the working-age population, and the following increase in productivity will in turn raise the demand for labor by creating new employment opportunities.
AI, robotics and other advanced technologies give rise to new tasks within their fields and across other sectors. Therefore, it is necessary to employ cooperation policies to support corporations that promote innovations by increasing investment in research and development, facilitating the growth of new companies, and building a perfect system to protect intellectual properties. Since AI and robotics may replace certain jobs, it is essential to address the potential challenges they may create in the labor market and work out strategies to ensure a balanced and comprehensive transition.
61．What do we know about demographic changes from the first two paragraphs
A．There is no need to worry since the changes offer opportunities.
B．The changes won’t affect the long-term economic sustainability.
C．Japan is the only advanced country facing the changes at present.
D．Things should be done to overcome the challenges posed by the changes.
62．What does the underlined word “contraction” mean in the second paragraph
A．Push. B．Decrease. C．Pause. D．Change.
63．What is the writer’s attitude to FDI
A．Favorable. B．Intolerant. C．Objective. D．Indifferent.
64．What does the writer advise to tackle the new tasks posed by advanced technologies
A．Withdrawing investment in research and development.
B．Adopting policies that encourage innovation of corporations.
C．Establishing new companies to protect intellectual properties.
D．Creating potential labor market for more possible employments.
