2024届高考英语二轮复习语法专题：定语从句课件(共44张PPT)

(共44张PPT)
定语从句
Step 1
Speech
Step 2
Learning Objectives
Learning Objectives
1. To know the usage of attributive clause;
2. To improve the ability to solve the problem about it.
Step 3
Lead-in
[高考感悟]
1.（2023全国乙卷）But for all its ancient buildings, Beijing is also a place _________ welcomes the fast-paced development of modern life, with 21st-century architectural wonders standing side by side with historical buildings of the past.
4.（2023全国甲卷）Fables were part of the oral tradition of many early cultures, and the well-known Aesop’s fables date to the sixth century, B. C. Yet, the form of the fable still has values today, __________ Rachel Carson says in “A Fable for Tomorrow.”
5.（2023全国甲卷）There was once a town in the heart of America, __________ all life seemed to enjoy peaceful existence with its surroundings.
which
as
where
Step 4
Explanation
定语从句
定义：
在复合句中，修饰某一名词、代词或整个主句的从句叫定语从句。
核心概念：
先行词：被修饰的名词或代词
关系词：引导定语从句的词，定语从句放在先行词的后面。
I like online shopping, which is also a way to release(减轻) working stress.
先行词
关系词
分类 关系词 指代对象 在从句中的作用
who 人 作主语、宾语
whom 人 作宾语、表语
whose 人或物 作定语
that 人或物 作主语、表语、宾语
which 物 作主语、宾语、表语、定语
as 人或物 作主语、宾语、表语
when 时间 作时间状语
where 地点 作地点状语
why 原因 作原因状语
[考点一] 关系代词引导的定语从句
1. who，whom和whose引导的定语从句。
(1) who和whom都指人。who在定语从句中作主语、宾语；whom在定语从句中作宾语，在限制性定语从句中可省略。在口语中可用who代替whom。
I have many friends (who/whom) I’m going to send postcards to.
Some people who are successful language learners often fail in other fields.
[考点一] 关系代词引导的定语从句
(2) whose指人的或物的，在定语从句中作定语，指物时可用of which代替，指人时可用of whom代替。
My eldest son，whose work takes him all over the world，is in New York at the moment.
2. that和which引导的定语从句
that代替的先行词可以是人也可以是物，但是which代替的先行词只能是物。使用这两个关系词要注意以下两点：
(1) 6种只用that引导定语从句的情况。
①先行词是all，everything，anything，nothing，something，little，much，none，few，the one等不定代词时。
②先行词被all，any，few，every，no，little，much，some等修饰时。
③先行词被序数词、形容词最高级修饰或先行词本身是序数词或形容词最高级时。
④先行词被the only，the very (正是，恰是), the last修饰时。
⑤先行词既有人又有物时。
⑥当主句是以which开头的特殊疑问句时。
(2) 4种只用which引导定语从句的情况。
①引导非限制性定语从句时。
②先行词为物，关系代词充当介词的宾语，且介词位于关系代词之前时。
③先行词本身是that时。
④关系代词后有插入语时。
3. as引导的定语从句
as引导限制性定语从句主要用于the same...as...，such...as...和so...as...结构中。 as既可以指人也可以指物，在从句中可作主语、宾语和表语。
We have found the same materials as are used in their factory.
These houses are sold at such a low price as people expected.
4. 引导非限制性定语从句时as与which的区别
关系词 位置不同 表意不同
as 既可以放在主句前，也可以放在主句后，有时还可插入主句中 意为“正如……”，后面的谓语动词多用see，know，expect，say，mention，report等
which 通常放在主句之后 意为“这一点”或“这件事”等
As anybody can see，the elephant is like a snake.
The number of smokers，as is reported，has dropped by 17 percent in just one year.
She married again，which was unexpected.
5. 定语从句中的主谓一致
(1) 关系代词作从句的主语时，从句中谓语动词的人称和数要与先行词保持一致；先行词是句子时，从句的谓语动词用单数。
The recorder that has been given to me is homemade.
(2)“one of＋复数名词”位于关系代词前作先行词，且关系代词在从句中作主语时，从句的谓语动词常用复数，但当one前有the、the only、the very等修饰时，从句的谓语动词要用单数。
He is one of the students who have made great progress.
He is the only one of the students who has made great progress.
[考点二] 关系副词引导的定语从句
1. 关系副词指代的先行词及其作用。
先行词 关系副词 在从句中的作用 与“介词＋关系代词”的关系
表示时间的名词：time，day，year等 when 作时间状语 ＝at/in/on/during which
表示场所的名词：park，place，country，house等 where 作地点状语 ＝in/at/to/on which
表示原因的名词：reason why 作原因状语 ＝for which
We live in an age when(in which) more information is available with great ease than ever before.
The school where(at which) I studied for only two years was three kilometres away.
The reason why(for which) he didn’t pass the driving test was that he lacked practice.
2. 有时先行词是表示抽象地点的名词，像activity，business，career，case，job，point，position，race，stage，situation等，当从句中缺少状语时，用关系副词where。
They have reached the point where they have to separate from each other.
3. 先行词occasion意为“时机”时，用关系副词when；意为“场合”时，用关系副词where。
I can remember very few occasions when he had to cancel a meeting because of ill health.
Taking her with me on official occasions where many important figures are present has been a challenge.
4. 当先行词way意为“方法、方式”，且在从句中作状语时，关系词可用that，in which或省略关系词。
It’s not what you say；it’s the way(that/in which) you say it.
5. 关系副词与关系代词的选择。
选用关系代词与关系副词时，首先应明确关系副词不可作主语或宾语。若定语从句中缺少主语或宾语，则定语从句需用关系代词引导；从句的谓语是及物动词，而其后无宾语，就必须用关系代词替代先行词充当其宾语；若为不及物动词，则从句中不需要宾语，需要用关系副词。如：
典例1　The factory he once worked is closed now.
分析　work与factory不能直接构成动宾关系，只有后面加上介词in才能构成正确的表达形式，work in the factory。因此可推知work为不及物动词。因此此处应使用关系副词where作地点状语。
典例2　The factory he set up last year is operating well.
分析　该题从句谓语动词可以和先行词构成动宾结构set up the factory，所以set up 是及物动词短语。其后缺宾语，因此此处用关系代词that或which。
[考点三] “介词＋关系代词”引导的定语从句
1. 若介词放在关系代词之前，关系代词指人时常用whom，指物时常用which。另外，whose也可以放在介词后，即“介词＋whose＋名词”结构。
He is the person on whom you can depend.
He was the man from whose room the thief had stolen his bag.
Last Sunday I bought some books from the bookstore，three of which were English novels.
2.“介词＋关系代词”结构中介词的确定：
(1) 依据定语从句中动词的习惯搭配来确定
I bought a great many books，on which I spent all my money that I had saved.
(2) 依据先行词的某种习惯搭配来确定
I’ll never forget the time during which I spent my childhood in the country.
(3) 根据所表达的意思来确定
The colourless gas without which we cannot live is called oxygen.
3.whose引导的非限制性定语从句修饰物时，“whose＋名词”可以换为“the＋名词＋of which”；修饰人时，可以换为“the＋名词＋of whom”。
The newly built cafe，the walls of which(＝whose walls) are painted light green，is really a peaceful place for us，especially after hard work.
特别提醒　定语从句与其他七种易混句型的区别
(一)定语从句与并列句的区别
两个句子之间若有and，but，so等并列连词或分号则为并列句，此时不需要再填引导词。
1.She has written many novels，some of are interesting.
分析　which　[which引导定语从句，修饰先行词novels，“some of 　which”在从句中作主语。]
2.She has written many novels，and some of are interesting.
分析　them　[此句为and连接的并列句。]
(二) 定语从句与独立主格结构的区别
定语从句有谓语动词，所以需要引导词，而独立主格结构不是句子，没有谓语动词，所以不需要再填引导词。
1.She has collected many old stamps，most of are worth thousands of dollars.
分析　which　[which引导定语从句，修饰先行词stamps，“most of which”在从句中作主语，后边有谓语动词are。]
2.She has collected many old stamps，most of worth thousands of dollars.
分析　them　[逗号后面没有谓语动词，是独立主格结构，不需要引导词，故填them。]
(三) 定语从句与地点状语从句的区别
定语从句有表示地点的先行词，而地点状语从句则没有；定语从句修饰的是先行词，而地点状语从句修饰的是谓语动词。
1.We young people should go to the place is in need of help.
分析　which/that　[关系代词which/that引导定语从句，修饰先行词“the place”，且在从句中作主语。]
2.We young people should go we’re most needed.
分析　where　[where引导地点状语从句，修饰主句谓语动词go。]
(四) 定语从句与时间状语从句的区别
定语从句有表示时间的先行词，而时间状语从句则没有；定语从句修饰先行词，而时间状语从句修饰谓语动词。
1.I will always remember the days I lived with my grandparents in the countryside.
分析　when　[when引导定语从句，修饰先行词“the days”，且在从句中作状语。]
2.I always remember the days in the countryside I see the photo of my grandparents.
分析　when　[when引导时间状语从句，修饰谓语动词remember。]
(五) 定语从句与结果状语从句的区别
在the same...as...与such...as...结构中，as引导定语从句并在从句中充当一定的成分；such/so...that...引导的结果状语从句中，that在从句中不作成分。
1.This is such an interesting work of art all of us like.
分析　as　[as引导定语从句，as在从句中作like的宾语。]
2.This is such an interesting work of art all of us like it.
分析　that　[such...that...引导结果状语从句。]
(六) 定语从句与主语从句的区别
定语从句是形容词性从句，其作用相当于一个形容词，在整个句子中作定语，用来修饰前面的名词或代词；而主语从句是名词性从句，其作用相当于一个名词，在整个句子中作主语。
1. is known to everybody，the moon travels round the earth once every month.
分析　As　[as引导非限制性定语从句，修饰后面整句话的内容。]
2. is known to everybody that the moon travels round the earth once every month.
分析　It　[it作形式主语，真正的主语是that引导的从句。]
3. is known to everybody is that the moon travels round the earth once every month.
分析　What　[what在此引导主语从句，在从句中充当主语，而后面的that引导的则是表语从句。]
(七) 定语从句与强调句型的区别
强调句的结构为“It is/was＋被强调部分＋that/who＋其他部分”，It is/was和that/who在句中不作任何成分，也不起连接作用，去掉后，句子依然完整。但是定语从句的关系词既起连接作用还在从句中充当成分，去掉以后结构就不完整了。
1.It was on the morning of May 1st I met Liang Wei at the airport.
分析　that　[将句子改为： I met Liang Wei on the morning of May 1st at the airport.显然，这句话是完整的，故为强调句。]
2.It is the factory Mr Wang works.
分析　where　[此句是定语从句，用上述方法转换便知the factory前少介词in，故填where。]
Summary
解题策略
Step 5
Exercise
1. The GPNP is intended to provide stronger protection for all the species
　　　　 live within the Giant Panda Range and significantly improve
the health of the ecosystem in the area. (2022新高考Ⅰ)
2. On the 1,100-kilometer journey, the man Cao Shengkang, 　　　　　 lost his eyesight at the age of eight in a car accident, crossed 40 cities and
counties in three provinces. (2022全国甲)
3.Kim Cobb, a professor at the Georgia Institute of Technology in Atlanta, is
one of a small but growing minority of academics　　　　　 are cutting
back on their air travel because of climate change. (2022浙江1月)
高考真题练
that
that/who
who
4. The 80,000 objects collected by Sir Hans Sloane, for example, formed the
core collection of the British Museum　　　　　 opened in 1759. (202
0新高考Ⅰ)
5.The Digital World is a set of volumes 　　　　　 aim to describe how
digital systems influence society and help readers understand the nature of
digital systems and their many interacting parts. (2020新高考Ⅱ)
6.In ancient China lived an artist　　　　　 paintings were almost life-
like. (2020全国Ⅲ)
高考真题练
which/that
whose
which/that
7. Because the moon's body blocks direct radio communication with a
probe, China first had to put a satellite in orbit above the moon in a spot　
　　　 it could send signals to the spacecraft and to Earth. (2020全国
Ⅰ)
8.Dr. Rowan, 　　　　　 secretary resigned two weeks ago, has had to
do all his own typing. (2020天津夏)
高考真题练
whose
whose
Thank you!