《2024年高考英语名校真题二轮零失误规范训练》（全国通用）
专题18 阅读理解说明文最新真题模拟16篇（干货+模拟）
解析版
技能专区：冲刺备考名师提醒，洞悉高考命题规律，提供高效提分干货
一、阅读理解说明文细节理解题注意落实“定位原文”和“同义替换”技巧。
二、数据计算题注重“原文定位”和“细节理解”，弄清来龙去脉再计算。
三、重视说明文“倒三角形”结构，特别是首段和段首的独特引领作用。
四、标题概括题重视三性：概括性、简洁性和新颖性；同时联系首段和关键词。
五、说明文长难句较多增加了理解的难度，落实“括号法”，（从句）（非谓语）
（介词短语）（名词短语）。
六、规范训练目标：做标记，留痕迹；零失误；限时6分钟/每篇。
模拟专区：做好题才有好成绩！练技能，补漏洞，提分数，强信心
（2024·湖南·二模）If you’ve ever waded into the ocean for a swim and suddenly realized that the shore is getting farther away, not closer, you may have encountered a rip current (离岸流). Common at beaches worldwide, these powerful currents flow from the shore toward the sea at speeds up to several feet per second.
It’s important to know what rip currents are and how to look for them, because they are a leading cause of drownings in the surf zone near shore. Rip currents can form in several ways. One type of rip current, known as a channel rip current, forms when there are gaps between breaking waves. As waves break, they push water toward the beach and raise the level of the water slightly. If waves break on a sandbar (沙洲), but not in a deeper channel that cuts through the sandbar, the extra water that the waves have pushed toward the beacon escapes back to the ocean through the channel. The darker corridor of the escaping water acts like a conveyor belt, moving water, unsuspecting swimmers and small marine organisms offshore.
Another type, known as a transient or flash rip current, forms when surf is choppy (波涛汹涌的). The edges of breaking waves push on the water and make it spin, like a fast ice skater crashing into someone.
Think of a rip current as a swift river cutting through the surf away from the shore. Swimming against the current is going to tire you out and put you at risk of drowning. Instead, swim parallel to the beach—think of heading for the “river banks”—until you are out of the rip current’s pull. Once you’re no longer fighting it, you can swim
back to shore.
Rip currents aren’t just a safety issue. Scientists are beginning to better understand the crucial ecological role they play in the ocean. Many marine organisms, including oysters, barnacles, fish and coral, rely on ocean currents to find suitable habitats. These organisms swim up or down or attach to floating or sinking material and are transported by multiple ocean processes. Rip currents are a key mechanism for carrying larvae (幼体) to deeper waters or recalculating them in shallow waters. The type and behavior of the rip current may affect the movement of marine organisms.
1．What can we learn about channel rip currents according to the text
A．They cause a bit huger waves than common currents.
B．They form around deeper channels in the ocean’s bottom.
C．They present visually as darker areas between breaking waves.
D．They are generated when two waves meet close to the shore.
2．What does the underlined word “transient” in paragraph 3 probably mean
A．Dangerous. B．Powerful. C．Slow-flowing. D．Short-lived.
3．What suggestion does the author give on escaping from a rip current
A．Swimming with the current.
B．Avoiding swimming against the current.
C．Swimming under the current.
D．Avoiding floating with the current.
4．Why are rip currents important to the ocean ecology
A．They redistribute small marine organisms.
B．They provide habitats for marine organisms.
C．They change the structure of marine ecosystems.
D．They bring nutrients from the ocean’s bottom to the surface.
【答案】1．C 2．D 3．B 4．A
【导语】本文是一篇说明文。离岸流是指从海岸经波浪区向海中流动的一股狭窄而强劲的水流。离岸流具有很大的危险性，但同时对于海洋生态具有重要作用。
1．细节理解题。根据第二段的“One type of rip current, known as a channel rip current, forms when there are gaps between breaking waves.(一种类型的离岸流，被称为通道离岸流，当破碎波之间存在间隙时形成)”及“The darker corridor of the escaping water acts like a conveyor belt, moving water, unsuspecting swimmers and small marine organisms offshore.(流出水的较暗色地带就像一条传送带，移动着水，不知情的游泳者和
离岸的小型海洋生物)”可推知，channel rip currents在视觉上呈现为海浪裂口间较暗的区域。故选C。
2．词句猜测题。根据话线词后面的“or”可知，transient与“flash”是近义词，结合后文“forms when surf is choppy(波浪起伏时形成)”可知，划线词意为“短暂的，瞬间的”。故选D。
3．推理判断题。根据第四段的第二句“Swimming against the current is going to tire you out and put you at risk of drowning.(逆流游泳会使你疲惫不堪，并使你有溺水的危险)”可推知，作者建议避免逆流而游，因为逆流而游会导致疲惫甚至溺水。故选B。
4．推理判断题。根据最后一段的“Rip currents are a key mechanism for carrying larvae (幼体) to deeper waters or recirculation them in shallow waters. The type and behavior of the rip current may affect the movement of marine organisms.(离岸流是将幼虫带到较深水域或在浅水中再循环的关键机制。离岸流的类型和行为可能影响海洋生物的运动)”可推知，离岸流可重新分配海洋微生物，故而对海洋生态具有重要作用。故选A。
（2024·黑龙江·二模）Poverty has forced most Europeans to skip (跳过) meals during the past three years, according to a survey conducted by Ipsos on behalf of the charity French Secours Populaire, which supports people on low incomes. The survey of 10,000 Europeans in 10 nations asked whether money worries had worsened or improved during the past three years. More than half said their situation had worsened, with 29 percent saying they were so short of money that a single unexpected expense would put them into difficulty. The results, published on Monday in the charity’s European Barometer on Poverty and Precariousness, found 38 percent of Europeans were no longer able to eat three meals a day on a regular basis. And 21 percent of parents had skipped meals so they could feed their children.
The survey quizzed people living in France, Germany, Greece, Italy, Moldova, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Serbia, and the United Kingdom. The pollsters found the main reason for the poor financial situation in many European families was the fast-rising cost of goods and services, with price inflation (通货膨胀) increasing by three times during 2022 and the cost of housing, water, and fuel rising by 18 percent during the course of a year. At the same time wages remained relatively unchanged.
The survey followed other recent worrying assessments of increasing levels of poverty throughout Europe, with Eurostat, the European Union’s statistics agency reporting 17 percent of the population of the 27-nation group was “at risk of poverty” and that only 15percent of Europeans had enough money not to have financial worries. Another survey, conducted by the Joseph Rowntree Foundation in June, found the UK had 5.7 million low-income households that were so lacking in money that they had no adequate access to food.
And another survey, by the Equality Trust, found the great difference between rich and poor in the UK was actually being worsened by the government, which, it concluded, was spending more money than any other
European nation on subsidizing (补贴) the rich through structural inequality. Priya Sahni-Nicholas, the co-executive director of the Equality Trust, told The Guardian newspaper the growing chasm between rich and poor was “causing huge damage” to the economy. As a result, she said, “We have shorter healthy working lives, poorer education systems, more crime, and less happy societies.” The survey released this week for French Secours Populaire found money worries among Europe’s population now mean a significant number of people have turned off heaters, avoided treatment for medical problems, and borrowed money or other things as a result. The survey found one person in 12in Italy is in “absolute poverty” and relies on discounted food and food banks. And the situation was even worse in Greece and Moldova, which had more people at risk from poverty than any other European nation.
5．Why is there a poor financial situation in many European families
A．On account of increasing taxes. B．Because of their pay’s being cut.
C．Owing to many people’s losing jobs. D．Due to rising prices of goods and services.
6．What is the percentage of Europeans who had no financial worries
A．15%. B．17%. C．18%. D．21%.
7．What is the possible meaning of the underlined word “chasm” in the last paragraph
A．Misunderstanding. B．Difference. C．Conflict. D．Concern.
8．What can be a suitable title for the news report
A．Study shows rising poverty in Europe
B．Wages remain relatively unchanged in Europe
C．Poor people in Europe rely on discounted food
D．Survey quizzes people living in rich European countries
【答案】5．D 6．A 7．B 8．A
【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章主要说明了有研究表明，欧洲贫富差距加剧，贫困人口在增加，由此产生了一系列社会问题。
5．细节理解题。根据第二段“The pollsters found the main reason for the poor financial situation in many European families was the fast-rising cost of goods and services, with price inflation (通货膨胀) increasing by three times during 2022 and the cost of housing, water, and fuel rising by 18 percent during the course of a year. At the same time wages remained relatively unchanged.(调查人员发现，许多欧洲家庭财务状况不佳的主要原因是商品和服务成本的快速上涨，物价在2022年上涨了三倍，住房、水和燃料的成本在一年内上涨了18%。与此同时，工资水平保持相对不变)”可知，许多欧洲家庭的经济状况不佳是由于商品和服务价格的
上涨。故选D。
6．细节理解题。根据第三段“The survey followed other recent worrying assessments of increasing levels of poverty throughout Europe, with Eurostat, the European Union’s statistics agency reporting 17 percent of the population of the 27-nation group was “at risk of poverty” and that only 15percent of Europeans had enough money not to have financial worries. (在这项调查之前，欧盟统计机构欧盟统计局报告称，欧盟27个成员国中有17%的人口“面临贫困风险”，只有15%的欧洲人有足够的钱不用担心经济问题)”可知，没有财务担忧的欧洲人的比例是15%。故选A。
7．词句猜测题。根据划线词后文“between rich and poor”以及“As a result, she said, “We have shorter healthy working lives, poorer education systems, more crime, and less happy societies.”(因此，她说，“我们的健康工作寿命更短，教育体系更差，犯罪更多，社会更不幸福。”)”可知，穷人和富人存在明显不同，因此导致了一系列的社会问题。故划线词意思是“不同的”。故选B。
8．主旨大意题。根据第一段“Poverty has forced most Europeans to skip (跳过) meals during the past three years, according to a survey conducted by Ipsos on behalf of the charity French Secours Populaire, which supports people on low incomes. The survey of 10,000 Europeans in 10 nations asked whether money worries had worsened or improved during the past three years. More than half said their situation had worsened, with 29 percent saying they were so short of money that a single unexpected expense would put them into difficulty.(Ipsos代表支持低收入人群的慈善机构“法国民众援助”进行的一项调查显示，在过去三年里，贫困迫使大多数欧洲人不吃饭。这项对10个国家的1万名欧洲人进行的调查询问了在过去三年中，人们对金钱的担忧是恶化了还是改善了。超过一半的人说他们的情况恶化了，29%的人说他们非常缺钱，一笔意外开支就会让他们陷入困境)”结合文章主要说明了有研究表明，欧洲贫富差距加剧，贫困人口在增加，由此产生了一系列社会问题。可知，A选项“研究表明欧洲的贫困人口在增加”最符合文章标题。故选A。
（2024·湖北·二模）It was long theorized that people make decisions based on integrated global calculations that occur within the frontal cortex(额叶皮层) of the brain, which is considered the seat of higher-order thinking. However, Yale researchers have found that three distinct brain circuits from the frontal cortex connecting to different brain regions are involved in making good decisions, bad ones, and determining which of those past choices to store in memory.
The study of decision-making in rats may help scientists find the roots of flawed decision-making common to mental health disorders such as addiction, the authors say. They used-a new tool to manipulate(操纵) brain circuits in rats while they were making choices between actions that led to them receiving rewards or no rewards. If the rats made the right decision, one that ended in a reward, one of the brain circuits was activated, but another was activated if the rats made the wrong choice and received no reward. The third circuit stored past experiences and decisions to
help the rats with future choices.
Stephanie Groman, lead author of the research says, “A comparison would be deciding on a restaurant for dinner. For instance, without the ‘good choice’ circuit you may not return to the restaurant with good food and without the ‘bad choice’ circuit you might not avoid the restaurant with bad food. The third ‘memory’ circuit is crucial in making decisions such as whether to return to the restaurant after receiving one bad meal after several good ones.”
Changes in these circuits may help explain a typical feature of addiction—why people continue to make harmful choices even after repeated negative experiences. The Yale researchers previously showed that some of the same brain calculations were disrupted(扰乱)in animals that had taken methamphetamine. “Because we used a test that is similar to those used in studies of human decision making, our findings have direct relevance to humans and could aid in the search for novel treatments for substance abuse in humans,” Groman said.
9．How was Yale’s research different from the previous theory
A．It defined the function of different brain regions.
B．It identified specific circuits involved in decision-making.
C．It focused on the connection between choices and memories.
D．It highlighted the role of the frontal cortex in higher-order thinking.
10．What can be inferred from Stephanie Groman’s words
A．Memories are related to all the three circuits.
B．People base their decisions on personal preferences.
C．The three circuits are all of vital importance in making decisions.
D．The circuit related to rewards is the foundation of deciding wisely.
11．What does the last paragraph mainly focus on
A．The limitations of the present study. B．A description of the research method.
C．A possible reason for the study findings. D．The potential application of the conclusion.
12．What might be the best title for the text
A．How people get addicted and cured
B．How making decisions influences our brain
C．How our brain develops when facing choices
D．How the brain helps us make good decisions and bad ones
【答案】9．B 10．C 11．D 12．D
【导语】本文是一篇说明文。主要介绍了大脑中的三个回路如何帮助我们做出好或坏的决定。
9．细节理解题。根据第一段中“However, Yale researchers have found that three distinct brain circuits from the frontal cortex connecting to different brain regions are involved in making good decisions, bad ones, and determining which of those past choices to store in memory.
(然而，耶鲁大学的研究人员发现，从额叶皮层连接到不同大脑区域的三个不同的大脑回路参与了做出好的决定和坏的决定，以及决定将哪些过去的选择存储在记忆中。)”可知，耶鲁大学的研究与之前不同在于它确定了参与决策的特定回路。故选择B项。
10．推理判断题。根据第三段中“A comparison would be deciding on a restaurant for dinner. For instance, without the ‘good choice’ circuit you may not return to the restaurant with good food and without the ‘bad choice’ circuit you might not avoid the restaurant with bad food. The third ‘memory’ circuit is crucial in making decisions such as whether to return to the restaurant after receiving one bad meal after several good ones. (一个比较是决定在一家餐厅用餐。例如，如果没有“好的选择”循环，可能不会的回到食物好吃餐厅；如果没有“坏的选择”回路，你可能无法避开带食物不好的餐厅。第三个“记忆”回路在做出决定时至关重要，比如在吃了几顿好饭之后，是否要回到餐厅。)”可知这三个回路对于我们作出决定都有着至关重要的影响，故选择C项。
11．主旨大意题。根据最后一段中“Because we used a test that is similar to those used in studies of human decision making, our findings have direct relevance to humans and could aid in the search for novel treatments for substance abuse in humans(因为我们使用的测试与人类决策研究中使用的测试相似，我们的发现与人类有直接相关性，有助于寻找治疗人类药物滥用的新方法)”可知本段主要讲述的是研究结论的潜在应用。故选择D项。
12．主旨大意题。根据第一段中“Yale researchers have found that three distinct brain circuits from the frontal cortex connecting to different brain regions are involved in making good decisions, bad ones, and determining which of those past choices to store in memory.( 耶鲁大学的研究人员发现，从额叶皮层连接到不同大脑区域的三个不同的大脑回路参与了做出好的决定和坏的决定，以及决定将过去的哪些选择存储在记忆中)”可知本文主要讲述的是大脑如何帮助我们作出好或坏的决定，故选择D项。
（2024·湖北·二模）In the late 1990s, two psychology researchers, were talking about how the female scientists in their lab responded differently to stress than the men did. The men would disappear into their offices; the women would bring cookies to lab meetings and bond over coffee. Forget fight-or-flight, they joked. The women were tending and befriending.
The joke stuck in the mind of one of the women, researcher Laura Cousino Klein. Psychology research has
suggested that stress leads to aggression, but that wasn’t her experience. Women were more likely to want to talk with someone about their stress, spend time with their loved ones, or channel their stress into caring for others. She wondered if it was possible that science had gotten stress wrong.
Klein dug deeper into the science, and she made the surprising discovery that 90 percent of the published research on stress was conducted on males. So Klein studied the social side of stress, especially in women. Looking at both animal and human research, she found evidence that stress can increase caring, cooperation, and compassion (同情).
While the tend-and-befriend theory began as an investigation into the female response to stress, it quickly expanded to include men. In times of stress, both men and women have been shown to become more trusting, generous, and willing to protect others.
The tend-and-befriend theory doesn’t say that stress always leads to caring—stress can indeed make us angry and defensive. It simply says that stress can make people more caring. And when we care for others, it activates systems of our brain that produce feelings of hope and courage.
I wrote my book The Upside of Stress with that purpose in mind: to help you discover your own strength and compassion. Seeing the upside of stress is not about deciding whether stress is either good or bad. It’s about how choosing to see the good in stress can help you meet the challenges in your life. Tending and befriending is one of the best ways to do this, and to transform your own stress into a catalyst(催化剂) for courage and connection.
13．What does the joke in paragraph I show
A．Male scientists are smarter than female scientists.
B．Female scientists are friendlier than male scientists.
C．Men tend to seek a temporary escape from pressure.
D．Women care for each other when they are under stress.
14．Why did Laura keep the joke in her mind
A．It didn’t fit with her life experience.
B．It had the same topic as her new book.
C．It went against previous psychology research.
D．It indicated the inequalities between women and men.
15．What do we know about the tend-and-befriend theory
A．It is applicable to both men and women. B．It suggests stress always leads to caring.
C．It proves the fight-or-flight response wrong. D．It shows men are more defensive than women.
16．What does the author’s book aim to do
A．Provide evidence for her research.
B．Explain the fight-or-flight response.
C．Make suggestions on how to respond to stress positively.
D．Demonstrate women’s and men’s different responses to stress.
【答案】13．D 14．C 15．A 16．C
【导语】本文是说明文。女性在面临压力时会互相关心，这种“照顾与友善”理论同样适用于男性。
13．推理判断题。根据第一段中“The men would disappear into their offices; the women would bring cookies to lab meetings and bond over coffee. Forget fight-or-flight, they joked. The women were tending and befriending.(这些人会消失在他们的办公室里。女人们会带着饼干参加实验室会议，并通过咖啡增进感情。她们开玩笑说，忘记战斗或逃跑吧。妇女们在照顾和友善。)”可推知，第一段中的笑话说明了女性在面临压力时会互相关心。故选D。
14．细节理解题。根据第二段“The joke stuck in the mind of one of the women, researcher Laura Cousino Klein. Psychology research has suggested that stress leads to aggression, but that wasn’t her experience..(这个笑话深深地印在了其中一位女性研究员劳拉·库西诺·克莱因 (Laura Cousino Klein) 的脑海中。心理学研究表明压力会导致攻击性，但她的经历并非如此。)”可知，劳拉把这个笑话记在了心里是因为它与之前的心理学研究很不同，它违背了之前的心理学研究。故选C。
15．细节理解题。根据第四段“While the tend-and-befriend theory began as an investigation into the female response to stress, it quickly expanded to include men. In times of stress, both men and women have been shown to become more trusting, generous, and willing to protect others.(虽然“照顾与交友”理论最初是为了研究女性对压力的反应，但它很快就扩展到包括男性。在压力时期，男性和女性都会变得更加信任、慷慨并愿意保护他人。)”可知，“照顾与友善”理论适用于男性和女性。故选A。
16．推理判断题。根据最后一段中“I wrote my book The Upside of Stress with that purpose in mind: to help you discover your own strength and compassion. Seeing the upside of stress is not about deciding whether stress is either good or bad. It’s about how choosing to see the good in stress can help you meet the challenges in your life. Tending and befriending is one of the best ways to do this, and to transform your own stress into a catalyst( 催化剂 ) for courage and connection.(我写《压力的好处》一书就是为了这个目的：帮助你发现自己的力量和同情心。看到压力的好处并不是要决定压力是好还是坏。这是关于如何选择在压力中看到好处可以帮助您应对生活中的挑战。照顾和交友是最好的方法之一，并将你自己的压力转化为勇气和联系的催化剂。)”可推知，作者写这本书的目的是就如何积极应对压力提出建议。故选C。
（2024·湖南岳阳·二模）Predicting extreme weather events is a tricky business. Changing climate conditions have increased the frequency of severe storms, floods, and heatwaves, along with larger wildfires. As a result, scientists are using artificial intelligence (AI) techniques for more accurate forecasts that help to minimize damage and save lives.
Researchers at Pennsylvania State University have worked together with meteorologists (气象学家) to analyze more than 50,000 weather satellite images to quickly identify storms. They found comma-shaped cloud formations that often lead to severe weather such as hail, blizzards, high winds, and thunderstorms.
Computers were then taught using computer vision and machine learning to automatically detect these clouds from satellite images, with almost 100 percent accuracy, in less than a minute. By refocusing meteorologists’ attention on potential storm cloud formation the AI tool helped predict 64 percent of severe weather events and beat established detection systems.
Expensive supercomputers are often used to process vast amounts of data needed for accurate weather prediction. But powerful Al methods can run on smaller computers. Climate risk and planning company ClimateAI uses a technique to downscale global weather forecasts to a local scale, cutting down on costs and computing power.
It uses a machine learning technique that pits two neural networks against each other. The neural networks - designed to work like neurons connected in the brain-fight and train each other using global weather data until they get a result.
Using this method ClimateAI researchers generate highly accurate and inexpensive local forecasts for hours or days ahead. And because it is not as costly, it allows poorer countries affected by climate change to use forecasts to change the way they farm, build bridges, roads, or homes, and adapt to extreme weather.
Average costs associated with extreme weather events in the United States have increased steadily since 1980. These have costly impacts on cities’ basic services, infrastructure, housing, human livelihoods, and health. AI helps us to calculate that risk and can be used as a preventive measure.
17．What can be inferred from Para.1
A．Inaccurate forecasts minimize the destruction.
B．AI enhances accuracy in making weather prediction.
C．Less natural disasters are caused by climate change.
D．Changeable climate decreased the frequency of serious storms.
18．Which is NOT an advantage of AI tool
A．Being steadier. B．Being cheaper.
C．Being quicker. D．Being more precise.
19．What is the function of Para.5
A．To explain how ClimateAI works.
B．To introduce why AI methods are used.
C．To show where ClimateAI can be applied.
D．To identify what effects of the AI tool has.
20．What is the author’s attitude towards AI techniques in predicting extreme weather
A．Critical. B．Approving.
C．Objective. D．Indifferent.
【答案】17．B 18．A 19．A 20．B
【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍了使用人工智能能准确地预测极端天气的研究发现。
17．推理判断题。根据第一段中“Changing climate conditions have increased the frequency of severe storms, floods, and heatwaves, along with larger wildfires. As a result, scientists are using artificial intelligence (AI) techniques for more accurate forecasts that help to minimize damage and save lives.(不断变化的气候条件增加了严重风暴、洪水和热浪以及更大规模野火的发生频率。因此，科学家们正在使用人工智能(AI)技术进行更准确的预测，以帮助最大限度地减少损失并挽救生命)”可知，人工智能提高了天气预报的准确性。故选B。
18．细节理解题。根据第三段中“Computers were then taught using computer vision and machine learning to automatically detect these clouds from satellite images, with almost 100 percent accuracy, in less than a minute. (然后，计算机使用计算机视觉和机器学习技术，在不到一分钟的时间内，从卫星图像中自动检测出这些云，准确率几乎达到100%)”可知，AI工具的优点是快速和准确，同时根据第四段中“ Climate risk and planning company ClimateAI uses a technique to downscale global weather forecasts to a local scale, cutting down on costs and computing power.(气候风险和规划公司ClimateAI使用一种技术将全球天气预报缩小到局部范围，从而降低成本和计算能力。)”可知，AI工具具有降低成本的优点。故排除A选项“Being steadier.(更稳定)”，文章未有提及。故选A。
19．推理判断题。根据第五段“It uses a machine learning technique that pits two neural networks against each other. The neural networks - designed to work like neurons connected in the brain-fight and train each other using global weather data until they get a result.(它使用了一种机器学习技术，使两个神经网络相互竞争。这些神经网络—被设计成像大脑中连接的神经元一样工作——利用全球天气数据相互对抗和训练，直到它们得到结果)”可知，本段主要介绍的是来解释 ClimateAI是如何工作的。故选A。
20．推理判断题。根据最后一段“Average costs associated with extreme weather events in the United States have
increased steadily since 1980. These have costly impacts on cities’ basic services, infrastructure, housing, human livelihoods, and health. AI helps us to calculate that risk and can be used as a preventive measure.( 自1980年以来，美国与极端天气事件相关的平均成本稳步上升。这些对城市的基本服务、基础设施、住房、人类生计和健康造成了代价高昂的影响。人工智能可以帮助我们计算这种风险，并可以用作预防措施)”可知，人工智能可以帮助我们计算这种风险，并可以用作预防措施，由此作者对于人工智能在预测极端气候方面的态度是赞许的。B选项“Approving.(赞许的)”符合题意。故选B。
（2024·湖南岳阳·二模）Billions of people deal with a nail-biting habit at some point in their lives. Many will go to great lengths to try to stop. And while not all of us are nail-biters, most of us do have a habit we’d like to kick. So what’s the best way to break one
Research shows that intentions alone often fail to lead to long-term behavior change. This isn’t to say you can’t break a habit. Rather, by understanding the basis of habits, you can create better plans for changing them. For example, we know habits are often affected by environments and routines. Lying in bed may cause you to endlessly scroll through your phone, or watching TV on the couch may lead you to grab a sugary snack.
One of the most effective ways to manage behavior is to identify these locations or times of day. Then try to modify them by changing your routine or creating obstacles that make it more difficult to perform the habit in that space. Moving, switching jobs, or even starting a new schedule, are particularly great times to break a habit or build a new one.
One 2005 study tracked university students’ exercising, reading, and TV-watching habits before and after they transferred schools. When students were no longer around old environments and routines, their habits, even the strong ones, significantly changed.
For behaviors like nail-biting, a practice called habit reversal training can be helpful. Developed by psychologists in the 1970s, the aim is to change a habit by replacing it with another one that’s less detrimental. The training requires you to analyze and understand your habit cues, so you can effectively step in at the right times. For example, if you tend to bite your nails at work, keep a fidget toy at your desk in advance. Then, if a stressful email comes in, use the toy when you feel the urge to bite your nails.
Breaking a habit takes time, so remember to give yourself grace and have patience through the process.
21．Why does the author mention “a nail-biting habit” in Para. 1
A．To make a comparison. B．To make a conclusion.
C．To introduce the topic. D．To attract readers’ attention.
22．What is the best way to help us control our action
A．Having intentions alone. B．Understanding the basis of habits.
C．Making practical plans. D．Adapting the environments or times.
23．What does the underlined word “detrimental” in Para.5 probably mean
A．Harmful. B．Helpful.
C．Annoying. D．Time-consuming.
24．Which of the following is the best title for the text
A．Difficulties in dealing with nail-biting. B．Significance of habit reversal training.
C．Useful tips on getting rid of a habit. D．Necessity of having grace and patience.
【答案】21．C 22．D 23．A 24．C
【导语】本文是一篇说明文。本文主要讲述了如何改变习惯，包括了环境和常规的影响，以及一些有效的方法如何改变习惯，比如改变日常行为的时间和地点，使用习惯逆转训练等。同时提醒读者要有耐心和恒心来改变习惯，因为这个过程需要时间。
21．推理判断题。根据第一段中“And while not all of us are nail-biters, most of us do have a habit we’d like to kick. So what’s the best way to break one ( 虽然不是所有人都是咬指甲的人，但我们大多数人都有一个想要改掉的习惯。那么打破它的最好方法是什么呢 )”可知，第一段以“咬指甲”这个坏习惯为例，引出文章主题即如何改掉习惯。故选C。
22．细节理解题。根据第三段中“One of the most effective ways to manage behavior is to identify these locations or times of day. (管理行为最有效的方法之一就是确定这些地点或时间)”可知，管理行为最好的方法之一是确定时间或地点即适应环境或时间。故选D。
23．词义猜测题。根据下划线前面的内容“Developed by psychologists in the 1970s, the aim is to change a habit by replacing it with another one that’s less…(心理学家在20世纪70年代提出了这种方法，目的是通过用另一种……的习惯来改变一种习惯)”以及后文的例子“For example, if you tend to bite your nails at work, keep a fidget toy at your desk in advance. Then, if a stressful email comes in, use the toy when you feel the urge to bite your nails.(举个例子，如果你在工作时总是咬指甲，事先将一个玩耍的玩具放在你的办公桌上。然后，如果收到一封压力大的电子邮件时，当你感到想要咬指甲时，就使用这个玩具)”可知，如果收到一封压力大的电子邮件时，当你感到想要咬指甲时，就使用这个玩具这种危害性较小的行为来替代咬指甲的习惯即通过一种危害性小的习惯来取代或者改变原有的习惯。由此划线词与A选项“Harmful.(有害的)”为同义词。故选A。
24．主旨大意题。根据第一段“And while not all of us are nail-biters, most of us do have a habit we’d like to kick. So what’s the best way to break one ( 虽然不是所有人都是咬指甲的人，但我们大多数人都有一个想要改掉
的习惯。那么打破它的最好方法是什么呢？)”以及通读全文可知，本文主要讲述了如何改变习惯，包括了环境和常规的影响，以及一些有效的方法如何改变习惯。C选项“Useful tips on getting rid of a habit.(关于摆脱习惯的有用建议)”符合文章标题。故选C。
（2024·江苏连云港·二模）Like many of the Indigenous (土著的) communities across the Australian continent, the remote communities in north-west New South Wales are struggling. Many of the 300 or so residents rely on welfare. Higher electricity bills—up to $3,000 a quarter for some households—further worsen the poverty. They’re always at the end of the power line, so the service that is there is quite extraordinary in terms of cost. It’s a real problem that needs to be fixed.
To that end, Anderson and other Indigenous leaders have formed the First Nations Renewable Energy Alliance (FREA) to push for renewable energy in Indigenous communities. They partner with private enterprise to support Indigenous communities looking to switch to renewable energy.
“We can build a power station where the community exists,” Anderson says, “so people are able to successfully live in the environment the way they want to live and have access to power which enables them to better determine their economic future.”
Only a handful of Indigenous communities have set up renewable energy projects in Australia. The Indigenous-owned and -operated company AllGrid Energy, for instance, has installed solar panels and battery storage systems to replace diesel (柴油) generators in the communities of Ngurrara and Kurnturlpara in the Northern Territory’s Barkly Tableland. Within two months of the system being installed in May 2016, people were moving back to their homelands, the communities growing from just two permanent residents to about 40.
But FREA will go one step further, working with community leaders and acting as a conduit (纽带) between the communities and the businesses they are dealing with. This is essential, says Anderson, to avoid predatory (吞并) practices they have seen in the past, with companies “playing on the psychology of poverty” to gain advantage. The FREA has drafted terms of agreements that will guide how companies engage with Indigenous communities for renewable energy projects.
One of the next steps for FREA will be to identify a community that can act as a test case for a renewables project. “Our experience is that if we can make it work for one community, it will work in every other community,” Anderson says.
25．What is FREA expected to do for the remote Indigenous communities
A．Increase power supply to them. B．Help them return to their homelands.
C．Shake them off poverty. D．Reduce their higher power costs.
26．What does the author indicate by mentioning AllGrid Energy
A．Renewables projects are inaccessible.
B．Renewables projects are quite workable.
C．Renewables projects can increase locals’ income.
D．Renewables projects can coexist with diesel power plants.
27．What’s paragraph 5 mainly about concerning FREA
A．Its strategies to win over the businesses. B．Its cooperation with community leaders.
C．Its potential conflict with energy companies. D．Its innovation in directing renewables projects.
28．What’s FREA going to do next
A．Consult the experts. B．Select a piloting community.
C．Collect sufficient construction fund. D．Make renewables projects available to all.
【答案】25．D 26．B 27．D 28．B
【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章主要讲述了土著社区推动可再生能源项目，FREA组织助力，避免企业利用贫困获利。
25．细节理解题。根据第一段“They’re always at the end of the power line, so the service that is there is quite extraordinary in terms of cost. It’s a real problem that needs to be fixed.(他们总是在电力线的末端，所以那里的服务在成本方面是非常高的。这是一个需要解决的实际问题)”以及第三段““We can build a power station where the community exists,” Anderson says, “so people are able to successfully live in the environment the way they want to live and have access to power which enables them to better determine their economic future.”(“我们可以在有社区的地方建一座发电站，”安德森说，“这样人们就能在他们想要的环境中成功地生活，并获得电力，使他们能够更好地决定自己的经济未来。”)”可知，FREA期望为偏远的土著社区降低他们更高的电力成本。故选D。
26．推理判断题。根据第四段“Within two months of the system being installed in May 2016, people were moving back to their homelands, the communities growing from just two permanent residents to about 40.(该系统于2016年5月安装，在安装后的两个月内，人们纷纷搬回自己的家园，社区从只有两名永久居民增长到大约40人)”可推知，作者提到AllGrid Energy是为了说明可再生能源项目相当可行。故选B。
27．主旨大意题。根据第五段“But FREA will go one step further, working with community leaders and acting as a conduit (纽带) between the communities and the businesses they are dealing with. This is essential, says Anderson, to avoid predatory (吞并) practices they have seen in the past, with companies “playing on the psychology of poverty” to gain advantage. The FREA has drafted terms of agreements that will guide how
companies engage with Indigenous communities for renewable energy projects.(但FREA将更进一步，与社区领导人合作，并充当社区与他们正在打交道的企业之间的渠道。安德森说，这对于避免他们过去看到的掠夺性行为是至关重要的，这些公司“利用贫困心理”来获得优势。FREA已经起草了协议条款，指导公司如何与土著社区合作开展可再生能源项目)”可知，关于FREA，本段谈论的主要内容是它在指导可再生能源项目方面的新方法。故选D。
28．细节理解题。根据最后一段“One of the next steps for FREA will be to identify a community that can act as a test case for a renewables project.( FREA下一步的工作之一将是确定一个可以作为可再生能源项目测试案例的社区)”可知，FREA下一步将会选择一个试点社区。故选B。
（2024·山西·二模）Nearly 50 billion pieces of litter are thrown along US roadways and waterways, according to a 2020 study by the non-profit Keep America Beautiful (KAB). That estimate includes more than 800 million pieces of fast-food packaging, 2. 6 billion food-packaging-film items, and 207 million pieces of personal protective equipment, like masks and gloves. Not all litter, however, is intentional. A large volume of litter also comes from unsecured items that fall off the back of vehicles or out of trash receptacles (容器).
To address the country’s ongoing litter problem, some public libraries are creating kits to help people clean up their neighborhoods.
”We want people to be involved in the community, says Samantha Hanchett, marketing coordinator (协调者) at Thomas County Public Library System (TCPLS). “Doing something that benefits everyone, even though it’s quite quiet, is really what a library does all the time.”
The library system launched a litter clean-up program with Keep Thomas County Beautiful (KTCB), the local KAB chapter (地方分会), in 2020. Actually, the chapter had previously held group clean-up events and naturally inspired more individual or joint efforts. As a result, KTCB partnered with the library to create kits for people in the library to check out.
Each kit contains items such as trash bags, gloves, reflective vests, and a booklet with guidance-lines and suggestions for where to clean up in the community. Litter kits are housed at the library system’s main branch in Thomasville, but people can request they be sent to their local branch for pick-up.
Hanchett estimates that kits are checked out between 30 and 45 times each year, noting that they are most popular with groups and grade school students. “People like the convenience of the kits because it’s something they can do on their own time,” she says. “It’s an elastic way of getting involved instead of having an appointed time in which you take part in the activity.”
29．Why are the data mentioned in Paragraph 1
A．To indicate the pressing litter issue in the US.
B．To show the people’s habits of throwing litter.
C．To present convincing proof of environmental issues.
D．To urge people to preserve roadways and waterways.
30．What is the library always doing
A．Trying to carry out something to benefit all.
B．Removing the litter by uniting common people.
C．Asking people to get involved in the community.
D．Doing some quiet things to advocate environmental protection.
31．What can we know about KTCB
A．It created clean-up kits for people to buy.
B．It could stimulate people to borrow kits.
C．It used to launch similar clean-up projects.
D．It was good at holding litter clean-up programs.
32．Which of the following can replace ”elastic“ underlined in Paragraph 6
A．Dull. B．Tense. C．Flexible. D．Entertaining.
【答案】29．A 30．A 31．C 32．C
【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了美国的非营利组织KAB致力于解决美国的垃圾问题。
29．推理判断题。根据第一段中“Nearly 50 billion pieces of litter are thrown along US roadways and waterways, according to a 2020 study by the non-profit Keep America Beautiful (KAB). That estimate includes more than 800 million pieces of fast-food packaging, 2.6 billion food-packaging-film items, and 207 million pieces of personal protective equipment, like masks and gloves.(根据非营利组织“保持美国美丽”(KAB) 2020年的一项研究，近500亿件垃圾被扔在美国的公路和水道上。这一估计包括超过8亿份快餐包装。60亿件食品包装薄膜，2.07亿件个人防护装备，如口罩和手套。)”可知，2020年的一项研究表明近500亿件垃圾被扔在美国的公路和水道上。这包括超过8亿份快餐包装，60亿件食品包装薄膜，2.07亿件个人防护装备，如口罩和手套。因此第一段列举数据是为了展现美国的垃圾问题的解决迫在眉睫。故选A。
30．细节理解题。根据第三段中的““Doing something that benefits everyone, even though it’s quite quiet, is really what a library does all the time.”(“做一些对每个人都有益的事情，即使它很安静，这才是图书馆一直在做的事情。”)”可知，图书馆做一些对每个人都有益的事情即做的是所有人都获益的事情。故选A。
31．推理判断题。通过第四段中“The library system launched a litter clean-up program with Keep Thomas
County Beautiful (KTCB), the local KAB chapter(地方分会), in 2020. (2020年，图书馆系统与当地KAB分会“保持托马斯县美丽”(KTCB)一起启动了一项垃圾清理计划。)”可知，KTCB与图书馆系统合作，在2020年举办垃圾清理活动。故选C。
32．词义猜测题。根据画线词后面的内容“instead of having an appointed time in which you take part in the activity.(而不是有一个指定的时间来参加活动。)”可知，人们喜欢这些工具包的便利性，因为这是他们可以利用自己的时间做的事情。因此，这是一种有弹性的参与方式，而不是要在一个指定的时间来参与这个活动。故划线词与C选项“Flexible.(灵活的)”为同义词。故选C。
（2024·湖北·二模）A new study involving nearly 50,000 people from four continents offers new insights into identifying the quantity of daily walking steps that will best improve adults’ health and longevity(长寿), and whether the ideal number of steps differs across people of different ages. The study represents an effort to develop an evidence-based public health message about the benefits of physical activity. The often-repeated 10,000-step-a-day saying grew out of a decades-old marketing activity for a Japanese pedometer(计步器), with no science to back it up.
Led by physical activity professor Amanda Paluch, an international group of scientists conducted an experiment among adults aged 18 and older. They grouped the nearly 50,000 participants into four comparative groups according to average steps per day. The lowest step group averaged 3,500 steps; the second, 5,800; the third, 7,800; and the fourth, 10,900 steps per day. Among the three higher active groups, there was a 40—53% lower risk of death, compared to the lowest step group.
More specifically, for adults 60 and older, the risk of early death leveled off at about 6,000—8,000 steps per day, meaning that more steps than that provided no additional benefit for longevity, while for adults younger than 60, about 8, 000—10,000 steps per day.
“So, what we saw was this continuing reduction in risk as the number of steps increases, until it levels off. Interestingly, the study found no definitive association with walking speed.” Paluch says.
The new study supports and expands findings from another study led by Paluch before, which found that walking at least 7,000 steps a day reduced middle-aged people’s risk of early death. “There’s a lot of evidence suggesting that moving even a little more is beneficial, particularly for those who are doing very little activity.” Paluch says. “More steps per day are better for your health.”
33．Why did the scientists carry out the new study
A．To know about people’s health condition.
B．To explain the pedometer’s working principles.
C．To determine the best physical activity for people.
D．To provide a scientific guideline on daily walking.
34．What does the underlined words “leveled off” in paragraph 3 mean
A．Turned higher. B．Became stable. C．Fell sharply. D．Changed rapidly.
35．What does the experiment find
A．The old should walk as much as possible.
B．Young people usually walk more than the old.
C．The most beneficial steps differ by age groups.
D．Walking pace is the key to avoiding early death.
36．What does Paluch advise people doing little activity to do
A．To walk more steps. B．To control walking speed.
C．To limit walking distance. D．To track the number of steps.
【答案】33．D 34．B 35．C 36．A
【导语】本文是一篇说明文，主要讲述了一项新研究对四大洲近5万人进行了分析，确定了能够最大程度改善健康、延长寿命的每日步数，同时调查了不同年龄段的人每日最佳步数是否有所不同。
33．推理判断题。根据文章第一段中的“The study represents an effort to develop an evidence-based public health message about the benefits of physical activity. The often-repeated 10,000-step-a-day saying grew out of a decades-old marketing activity for a Japanese pedometer(计步器), with no science to back it up.(这项研究代表了一项关于体育活动益处的循证公共卫生信息的开发工作。这个每天一万步经常被重复的说法源于几十年前日本计步器的营销活动，没有科学依据。)”可知，现有的观点缺乏科学依据，本项研究旨在为科学的走路步数提供证据，由此可推知本研究旨在为日常走路锻炼提供科学指导。故选D。
34．词义猜测题。根据画线短语后面的“meaning that more steps than that provided no additional benefit for longevity”可知，多余的步数并不会增加额外的好处，由此可推知步数到达一定量之后降低死亡的风险趋于稳定，不再变化。“leveled off”意为“保持水平，保持平稳发展”，与Became stable意思相近。故选B。
35．推理判断题。根据第三段“More specifically, for adults 60 and older, the risk of early death leveled off at about 6,000—8,000 steps per day, meaning that more steps than that provided no additional benefit for longevity, while for adults younger than 60, about 8, 000—10,000 steps per day.(更具体地说，对于60岁及以上的成年人来说，过早死亡的风险稳定在每天6000—8000步左右，这意味着更多的步数对寿命没有额外的好处，而对于60岁以下的成年人来说大约是每天8000—10000步。)”可推知，年龄不同，最佳效果步数也不一样。故选C。
36．细节理解题。根据最后一段Paluch所说的“There’s a lot of evidence suggesting that moving even a little
more is beneficial, particularly for those who are doing very little activity.(有很多证据表明，多运动一点是有益的，尤其是对那些活动很少的人来说。)”和“More steps per day are better for your health.(每天多走几步对你的健康有益。)”可知，不运动的人，增加走路步数对健康有益，因此可知Paluch建议不运动的人应该增加走路步数。故选A。
（2024·湖南衡阳·二模）“What beautiful music!”I shout loudly as my 9-year-old son practices playing the violin. He’s used to this praise; I give rewards like that most days. But every once in a while, I skip it, and when I do, I can see the disappointment on his face when he’s finished.
Am I a bad mom Conventional wisdom says that consistency is key to parenting since it enables your child to predict how you’ll react, leading to good behavior. And it’s true that children need some level of predictability in their lives, particularly when it comes to discipline.
But research suggests that inconsistent gifts and praise can have a greater effect on motivation. While we all like to live in a predictable world, we often respond more strongly to unpredictable rewards.
In one experiment, my colleagues and I told participants they’d be paid if they could drink about one-and-a-half quarts of water in two minutes or less. In one condition, we offered people a $2 fixed reward. In another, there was an uncertain reward of either $2 or $1. The certain reward was a better deal, yet many more people successfully met the challenge when assigned an uncertain reward. Resolving the uncertainty—whether they would win $1 or $2—was significantly more motivating than winning $2 for sure.
Here is one of the reasons why uncertainty is motivating. What scientists call “intermittent (间歇性) reinforcement” —rewarding behavior on some but not all occasions—makes it more arduous to know when rewards will show up. If you very often, but don’t always, praise your child for completing their chores, they’ll keep up the good behavior in the hope of receiving praise the next time.
So don’t assume that if kids are always praised for finishing their homework, they’ll be more likely to do it. Do praise young people for a job well done, just not every time. And pick rewards out of a hat when they complete chores—the surprise prize might keep everyone motivated to get things done.
37．Why does the author mention her kid’s story in the first paragraph
A．To display the conclusion of her research.
B．To show that her kid is very smart.
C．To explain that she is a good mom.
D．To lead in the topic.
38．Why did more participants choose an uncertain reward in the experiment
A．It was more inspiring. B．It was more demanding.
C．It was fair to all participants. D．It was easy to get more rewards.
39．What does the underlined word “arduous” in paragraph 5 mean
A．Convenient. B．Popular. C．Flexible. D．Difficult.
40．What is the best title for the text
A．Why Consistency Is Critical to Parenting
B．Why Resolving Uncertainty Is Rewarding
C．How Inconsistent Praise Affects Motivation
D．How Parents’ Behaviors Affect Their Children
【答案】37．D 38．A 39．D 40．C
【导语】本文是一篇说明文，主要讲的是研究表明，不一致的礼物和表扬会对动机产生更大的影响。虽然我们都喜欢生活在一个可预测的世界里，但我们往往对不可预测的奖励反应更强烈，文章分析了原因。
37．推理判断题。根据第一段“I give rewards like that most days. But every once in a while, I skip it, and when I do, I can see the disappointment on his face when he’s finished.(我大多数时候都是这么奖励的。但每隔一段时间，我就跳过，当我跳过的时候，我能看到他读完后脸上的失望。)”和第三段“But research suggests that inconsistent gifts and praise can have a greater effect on motivation. While we all like to live in a predictable world, we often respond more strongly to unpredictable rewards.(但研究表明，不一致的礼物和表扬会对动机产生更大的影响。虽然我们都喜欢生活在一个可预测的世界里，但我们往往对不可预测的奖励反应更强烈。)”可知，第一段的故事引出了本文的主题，即不一致的礼物和表扬会对动机产生更大的影响。故选D。
38．细节理解题。根据倒数第三段“Resolving the uncertainty—whether they would win $1 or $2—was significantly more motivating than winning $2 for sure.(决定选不确定性——他们会赢得1美元还是2美元——比肯定赢得2美元更有动力。)”可知，更多的参与者在实验中选择不确定的奖励是因为它更鼓舞人心。故选A。
39．词句猜测题。根据倒数第二段“rewarding behavior on some but not all occasions(在某些情况下奖励行为，但不是所有情况)”可知，只在某些情况下才奖励行为，所以要知道奖励何时出现会变得更困难，划线词arduous的意思是“困难的”，和difficult意思相近。故选D。
40．主旨大意题。通读全文，尤其是根据第三段“But research suggests that inconsistent gifts and praise can have a greater effect on motivation. While we all like to live in a predictable world, we often respond more strongly to unpredictable rewards.(但研究表明，不一致的礼物和表扬会对动机产生更大的影响。虽然我们都喜欢生活在一个可预测的世界里，但我们往往对不可预测的奖励反应更强烈。)”可知，本文主要讲的是不一致的礼
物和表扬会对动机产生更大的影响，并解释了原因，因此本文最好的标题是C选项“How Inconsistent Praise Affects Motivation(不一致的表扬如何影响动机)”，故选C。
（2024·湖南衡阳·二模）With artificial intelligence (AI) and robotic technology improving at impressive rates, there are some who worry that there’s a risk of artistic and creative people being replaced. A new study by the Korean Institute of Industrial Technology, however, is showing exactly why that can’t and shouldn’t happen. It all started when the South Korean company posed this question: Can robots replace conductors
Over a year ago, work to develop automaton (自动化) began. At first, it was designed like a machine, and didn’t live up to expectations. Then the company sought ways to improve it. In the end, it was given two arms with joints to copy wrists and elbows, allowing it to move a stick similarly to how a human conductor would move it. It was named the EverR 6 robot, and stands at 1.8 meters. It was finally time to figure out how it could follow through on its musical role.
“We got involved in this project to see how far robots can go in more creative fields like the arts, and what the challenges are,” Dong-w o ok Lee, a senior researcher at the Korean Institute of Industrial Technology said.
In order to pull this off, Dong-wook Lee cooperated with the Busan Philharmonic Orchestra. The 12-minute piece they planned to perform, “Feel” by Il-hoon Son, was created specifically for this event. It was created with the strengths of both EverR 6 and the human conductor, Soo-yeol Choi, in mind.
To pull off this impressive performance, the robot was preprogrammed to conduct through 30 cycles of beat patterns. Meanwhile, it was up to the human conductor to lead the orchestra in creating an improvisational (即兴的) score, adding depth to the otherwise planned piece.
Together, they pulled off a masterful performance that the audience seemed more than happy to have had the opportunity to witness it firsthand!
With the concert having gone so well, this is only the start of EverR 6. Still, no matter the improvements they’re able to make to this Android robot, the human conductor isn’t concerned about being replaced.
“Let’s leave the accuracy to the robots,” Soo-yeol Choi said, “but the musical and artistic aspects to a human conductor.”
41．What is paragraph 2 mainly about
A．The function of the EverR 6 robot.
B．The development of the EverR 6 robot.
C．The EverR 6 robot’s role as a conductor.
D．The difficulty in designing the EverR 6 robot.
42．What can be learned about “Feel”
A．It is a piece familiar to the audience.
B．It is a piece showing the human-robot cooperation.
C．It is the only piece that EverR 6 will perform.
D．It is a piece requiring great ability to conduct.
43．What role did Soo-yeol Choi play in the performance
A．He corrected the robot’s mistakes.
B．He programmed the EverR 6 robot.
C．He led the improvisational section of the performance.
D．He was the main conductor of the Busan Philharmonic Orchestra.
44．What is Soo-yeol Choi’s attitude towards EverR 6
A．Unclear. B．Uncaring. C．Supportive. D．Doubtful.
【答案】41．B 42．B 43．C 44．C
【导语】
这是一篇说明文。文章主要讲述了随着人工智能(AI)和机器人技术以惊人的速度发展，一些人担心艺术和创意人才有被取代的风险。然而，韩国工业技术研究所(Korean Institute of Industrial Technology)的一项新研究恰恰说明了为什么这不能也不应该发生。
41．主旨大意题。根据文章第二段“Over a year ago, work to develop automaton (自动化) began. At first, it was designed like a machine, and didn’t live up to expectations. Then the company sought ways to improve it. In the end, it was given two arms with joints to copy wrists and elbows, allowing it to move a stick similarly to how a human conductor would move it. It was named the EverR 6 robot, and stands at 1.8 meters.(一年多以前，开发自动化的工作开始了。起初，它被设计得像一台机器，并没有达到人们的期望。然后，该公司寻求改进方法。最后，它被赋予了两条带有关节的手臂来模仿手腕和肘部，使它能够像人类指挥一样移动一根棍子。它被命名为EverR 6机器人，身高1.8米)”可知，第二段主要讲述了EverR 6机器人的研发过程。故选B。
42．推理判断题。根据文章第四段“The 12-minute piece they planned to perform, “Feel” by Il-hoon Son, was created specifically for this event. It was created with the strengths of both EverR 6 and the human conductor, Soo-yeol Choi, in mind.(他们计划演奏的12分钟的曲目是孙一勋的《Feel》，这是专门为此次活动制作的。这首歌是在考虑到EverR 6和人类指挥家崔秀烈(Soo-yeol Choi)的长处后创作的)”可推知，“Feel”是一个展示人机合作的作品。故选B。
43．细节理解题。根据文章第五段“Meanwhile, it was up to the human conductor to lead the orchestra in creating an improvisational (即兴的) score, adding depth to the otherwise planned piece.(与此同时，由人类指挥来带领乐队创作即兴乐谱，为原本计划好的作品增加深度)”可知，他在表演中指挥演出的即兴部分。故选C。
44．推理判断题。根据文章最后一段““Let’s leave the accuracy to the robots,” Soo-yeol Choi said, “but the musical and artistic aspects to a human conductor.”(“让我们把精确度留给机器人吧，”崔秀烈(Soo-yeol Choi)说，“而把音乐和艺术方面的工作留给人类指挥。”)”可推知，Soo-yeol Choi对这个机器人持支持的态度。故选C。
（2024·广东韶关·二模）Would a person born blind, who has learned to distinguish objects by touch, be able to recognize them purely by sight if he regained the ability to see The question, known as Molyneux’s problem, is about whether the human mind has a built-in concept of shapes that is so inborn that a blind person could immediately recognize an object with restored vision. Alternatively, the concepts of shapes are not inborn but have to be learned by exploring an object through sight, touch and other senses.
After their attempt to test it in blind children failed, Lars Chittka of Queen Mary University of London and his team carried out another experiment on bumblebees. To test whether bumblebees can form an internal representation of objects, they first trained the insects to distinguish globes from cubes using a sugar reward. The bees were first trained in the light, where they could see but not touch the objects. Then they were tested in the dark, where they could touch but not see the items. The researchers found that the insects spent more time in contact with the shape they had been trained to associate with the sugar reward, even though they had to rely on touch rather than sight to distinguish the objects.
The researchers also did the opposite test with untrained bumblebees, first teaching them with rewards in the dark and then testing them in the light. Again, the bees were able to recognize the shape associated with the sugar reward, though they had to rely on sight rather than touch in the test. In short, bees have solved Molyneux’s problem because the fact suggests that they can picture object features and access them through sight or touch.
However, some experts express their warning s against the result. Jonathan Birch, a philosopher of science, cautions that the bees may have had prior experience associating visual and tactile (触觉) information about straight edges and curved surfaces in their nests.
45．What is Molyneux’s problem about
A．Whether mankind’s sense of touch outweighs sight.
B．Whether mankind’s idea of shape is inborn or learned.
C．Whether blind people can identify the shape of an item.
D．Whether the blind can regain their sense of touch after recovery.
46．How did Lors Chittka and his colleagues try to figure out Molyneux’s problem
A．By experimentation on blind children.
B．By conducting controlled experiments.
C．By rewarding bumblebees with sugar.
D．By observing bumblebees in their nests.
47．What is Jonathan Birch’s attitude towards the conclusion of the bee experiments
A．Skeptical. B．Supportive.
C．Dismissive. D．Ambiguous.
48．Which of the following can be the best title of the passage
A．Scientists Found Senses Matter
B．Visual-Tactile Puzzle Has Been Solved
C．Experiments Will Help the Blind Regain Sight
D．Bumblebees May Help Solve Molyneux’s Problem
【答案】45．B 46．B 47．A 48．D
【导语】本文是说明文。这篇文章探讨了Molyneux问题，即一个天生失明但通过触摸学会区分物体的人在恢复视力后是否能够通过视觉来识别物体。
45．细节理解题。根据第一段“The question, known as Molyneux’s problem, is about whether the human mind has a built-in concept of shapes that is so inborn that a blind person could immediately recognize an object with restored vision. Alternatively, the concepts of shapes are not inborn but have to be learned by exploring an object through sight, touch and other senses.(这个问题被称为Molyneux的问题，是关于人类大脑是否有一种内在的形状概念，这种概念是天生的，以至于盲人可以在恢复视力的情况下立即认出物体。另外，形状的概念不是天生的，而是必须通过视觉、触觉和其他感官探索物体来学习的)”可知，Molyneux问题的内容是人类的形状观念是天生的还是后天习得的。故选B项。
46．推理判断题。根据第二段“After their attempt to test it in blind children failed, Lars Chittka of Queen Mary University of London and his team carried out another experiment on bumblebees. To test whether bumblebees can form an internal representation of objects, they first trained the insects to distinguish globes from cubes using a sugar reward. The bees were first trained in the light, where they could see but not touch the objects. Then they were tested in the dark, where they could touch but not see the items. The researchers
found that the insects spent more time in contact with the shape they had been trained to associate with the sugar reward, even though they had to rely on touch rather than sight to distinguish the objects.(在他们试图在失明儿童身上进行测试失败后，伦敦玛丽女王大学的Lars Chittka和他的团队在大黄蜂身上进行了另一项实验。为了测试大黄蜂是否能形成对物体的内部表征，他们首先用糖奖励来训练大黄蜂区分球形和立方体。蜜蜂首先在光线下训练，在那里它们可以看到但不能触摸物体。然后他们在黑暗中进行测试，在那里他们可以触摸但看不到物品。研究人员发现，这些昆虫花了更多的时间来接触它们被训练成与糖奖励相关联的形状，尽管它们必须依靠触觉而不是视觉来区分物体)”可知，Lors Chittka和他的同事是通过控制实验来研究Molyneux问题。故选B项。
47．推理判断题。根据最后一段“However, some experts express their warning s against the result. Jonathan Birch, a philosopher of science, cautions that the bees may have had prior experience associating visual and tactile (触觉) information about straight edges and curved surfaces in their nests.(然而，一些专家对这一结果提出了警告。科学哲学家乔纳森·伯奇(Jonathan Birch)警告说，蜜蜂可能已经有了将巢中的直边和曲面的视觉和触觉信息联系起来的经验)”可知，Jonathan Birch认为蜜蜂可能已经有了将巢中的直边和曲面的视觉和触觉信息联系起来的经验，所以是持怀疑的态度。故选A项。
48．主旨大意题。根据第一段“The question, known as Molyneux’s problem, is about whether the human mind has a built-in concept of shapes that is so inborn that a blind person could immediately recognize an object with restored vision. Alternatively, the concepts of shapes are not inborn but have to be learned by exploring an object through sight, touch and other senses.(这个问题被称为Molyneux的问题，是关于人类大脑是否有一种内在的形状概念，这种概念是天生的，以至于盲人可以在恢复视力的情况下立即认出物体。另外，形状的概念不是天生的，而是必须通过视觉、触觉和其他感官探索物体来学习的)”以及纵观全文可知，本文主要讲述了Molyneux问题，并通过大黄蜂来进行实验研究，所以D项“Bumblebees May Help Solve Molyneux’s Problem(大黄蜂可能帮助Molyneux解决问题)”是本文最好的标题。故选D项。
（2024·陕西宝鸡·二模）Mars exploration is a significant scientific expedition and it’s like the Apollo missions on the Moon 50 years ago. While human-led missions to Mars seem likely in the coming decades, what are our prospects of long-term habitation on Mars Scientists have found a way to grow cyanbacteria, also known as blue-green algae (水藻), on Mars. It’s a discovery that could lead to human habitation of the Red Planet.
Cyanobacteria are tiny living things found in water. They release oxygen during photosynthesis (the process by which organisms use sunlight to make their own food). The algae can also transform other gases, such as carbon dioxide and nitrogen, into nutrients, substances that help living things grow. Scientists think that a huge rise in the numbers of cyanobacteria 2.4 billion years ago is what made Earth’s atmosphere breathable.
Mars’ atmosphere is mostly made up of carbon dioxide and nitrogen and there is little oxygen in Mars’s
atmosphere. So researchers are hoping the blue-green algae could be used to allow plants to grow there too, for food and medicines. However, it is impossible to grow blue-green algae on Mars naturally. To solve this problem, a team of scientists from the University of Bremen, in Germany, have developed a special bioreactor (生物反应器) called Atmos. A bioreactor is a machine for growing microbes. Using this, the team, led by Dr Cyprien Verseux, showed how cyanobacteria could be grown using resources found on Mars.
Not only did the algae grow as hoped, but they also helped other organisms, such as bacteria, to grow. The bioreactor is still just a test version. It just starts and there is still a lo《2024年高考英语名校真题二轮零失误规范训练》（全国通用）
专题18 阅读理解说明文最新真题模拟16篇（干货+模拟）
原卷版
技能专区：冲刺备考名师提醒，洞悉高考命题规律，提供高效提分干货
一、阅读理解说明文细节理解题注意落实“定位原文”和“同义替换”技巧。
二、数据计算题注重“原文定位”和“细节理解”，弄清来龙去脉再计算。
三、重视说明文“倒三角形”结构，特别是首段和段首的独特引领作用。
四、标题概括题重视三性：概括性、简洁性和新颖性；同时联系首段和关键词。
五、说明文长难句较多增加了理解的难度，落实“括号法”，（从句）（非谓语）
（介词短语）（名词短语）。
六、规范训练目标：做标记，留痕迹；零失误；限时6分钟/每篇。
模拟专区：做好题才有好成绩！练技能，补漏洞，提分数，强信心
（2024·湖南·二模）If you’ve ever waded into the ocean for a swim and suddenly realized that the shore is getting farther away, not closer, you may have encountered a rip current (离岸流). Common at beaches worldwide, these powerful currents flow from the shore toward the sea at speeds up to several feet per second.
It’s important to know what rip currents are and how to look for them, because they are a leading cause of drownings in the surf zone near shore. Rip currents can form in several ways. One type of rip current, known as a channel rip current, forms when there are gaps between breaking waves. As waves break, they push water toward the beach and raise the level of the water slightly. If waves break on a sandbar (沙洲), but not in a deeper channel that cuts through the sandbar, the extra water that the waves have pushed toward the beacon escapes back to the ocean through the channel. The darker corridor of the escaping water acts like a conveyor belt, moving water, unsuspecting swimmers and small marine organisms offshore.
Another type, known as a transient or flash rip current, forms when surf is choppy (波涛汹涌的). The edges of breaking waves push on the water and make it spin, like a fast ice skater crashing into someone.
Think of a rip current as a swift river cutting through the surf away from the shore. Swimming against the current is going to tire you out and put you at risk of drowning. Instead, swim parallel to the beach—think of heading for the “river banks”—until you are out of the rip current’s pull. Once you’re no longer fighting it, you can swim
back to shore.
Rip currents aren’t just a safety issue. Scientists are beginning to better understand the crucial ecological role they play in the ocean. Many marine organisms, including oysters, barnacles, fish and coral, rely on ocean currents to find suitable habitats. These organisms swim up or down or attach to floating or sinking material and are transported by multiple ocean processes. Rip currents are a key mechanism for carrying larvae (幼体) to deeper waters or recalculating them in shallow waters. The type and behavior of the rip current may affect the movement of marine organisms.
1．What can we learn about channel rip currents according to the text
A．They cause a bit huger waves than common currents.
B．They form around deeper channels in the ocean’s bottom.
C．They present visually as darker areas between breaking waves.
D．They are generated when two waves meet close to the shore.
2．What does the underlined word “transient” in paragraph 3 probably mean
A．Dangerous. B．Powerful. C．Slow-flowing. D．Short-lived.
3．What suggestion does the author give on escaping from a rip current
A．Swimming with the current.
B．Avoiding swimming against the current.
C．Swimming under the current.
D．Avoiding floating with the current.
4．Why are rip currents important to the ocean ecology
A．They redistribute small marine organisms.
B．They provide habitats for marine organisms.
C．They change the structure of marine ecosystems.
D．They bring nutrients from the ocean’s bottom to the surface.
（2024·黑龙江·二模）Poverty has forced most Europeans to skip (跳过) meals during the past three years, according to a survey conducted by Ipsos on behalf of the charity French Secours Populaire, which supports people on low incomes. The survey of 10,000 Europeans in 10 nations asked whether money worries had worsened or improved during the past three years. More than half said their situation had worsened, with 29 percent saying they were so short of money that a single unexpected expense would put them into difficulty. The results, published on Monday in the charity’s European Barometer on Poverty and Precariousness, found 38 percent of Europeans were no
longer able to eat three meals a day on a regular basis. And 21 percent of parents had skipped meals so they could feed their children.
The survey quizzed people living in France, Germany, Greece, Italy, Moldova, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Serbia, and the United Kingdom. The pollsters found the main reason for the poor financial situation in many European families was the fast-rising cost of goods and services, with price inflation (通货膨胀) increasing by three times during 2022 and the cost of housing, water, and fuel rising by 18 percent during the course of a year. At the same time wages remained relatively unchanged.
The survey followed other recent worrying assessments of increasing levels of poverty throughout Europe, with Eurostat, the European Union’s statistics agency reporting 17 percent of the population of the 27-nation group was “at risk of poverty” and that only 15percent of Europeans had enough money not to have financial worries. Another survey, conducted by the Joseph Rowntree Foundation in June, found the UK had 5.7 million low-income households that were so lacking in money that they had no adequate access to food.
And another survey, by the Equality Trust, found the great difference between rich and poor in the UK was actually being worsened by the government, which, it concluded, was spending more money than any other European nation on subsidizing (补贴) the rich through structural inequality. Priya Sahni-Nicholas, the co-executive director of the Equality Trust, told The Guardian newspaper the growing chasm between rich and poor was “causing huge damage” to the economy. As a result, she said, “We have shorter healthy working lives, poorer education systems, more crime, and less happy societies.” The survey released this week for French Secours Populaire found money worries among Europe’s population now mean a significant number of people have turned off heaters, avoided treatment for medical problems, and borrowed money or other things as a result. The survey found one person in 12in Italy is in “absolute poverty” and relies on discounted food and food banks. And the situation was even worse in Greece and Moldova, which had more people at risk from poverty than any other European nation.
5．Why is there a poor financial situation in many European families
A．On account of increasing taxes. B．Because of their pay’s being cut.
C．Owing to many people’s losing jobs. D．Due to rising prices of goods and services.
6．What is the percentage of Europeans who had no financial worries
A．15%. B．17%. C．18%. D．21%.
7．What is the possible meaning of the underlined word “chasm” in the last paragraph
A．Misunderstanding. B．Difference. C．Conflict. D．Concern.
8．What can be a suitable title for the news report
A．Study shows rising poverty in Europe
B．Wages remain relatively unchanged in Europe
C．Poor people in Europe rely on discounted food
D．Survey quizzes people living in rich European countries
（2024·湖北·二模）It was long theorized that people make decisions based on integrated global calculations that occur within the frontal cortex(额叶皮层) of the brain, which is considered the seat of higher-order thinking. However, Yale researchers have found that three distinct brain circuits from the frontal cortex connecting to different brain regions are involved in making good decisions, bad ones, and determining which of those past choices to store in memory.
The study of decision-making in rats may help scientists find the roots of flawed decision-making common to mental health disorders such as addiction, the authors say. They used-a new tool to manipulate(操纵) brain circuits in rats while they were making choices between actions that led to them receiving rewards or no rewards. If the rats made the right decision, one that ended in a reward, one of the brain circuits was activated, but another was activated if the rats made the wrong choice and received no reward. The third circuit stored past experiences and decisions to help the rats with future choices.
Stephanie Groman, lead author of the research says, “A comparison would be deciding on a restaurant for dinner. For instance, without the ‘good choice’ circuit you may not return to the restaurant with good food and without the ‘bad choice’ circuit you might not avoid the restaurant with bad food. The third ‘memory’ circuit is crucial in making decisions such as whether to return to the restaurant after receiving one bad meal after several good ones.”
Changes in these circuits may help explain a typical feature of addiction—why people continue to make harmful choices even after repeated negative experiences. The Yale researchers previously showed that some of the same brain calculations were disrupted(扰乱)in animals that had taken methamphetamine. “Because we used a test that is similar to those used in studies of human decision making, our findings have direct relevance to humans and could aid in the search for novel treatments for substance abuse in humans,” Groman said.
9．How was Yale’s research different from the previous theory
A．It defined the function of different brain regions.
B．It identified specific circuits involved in decision-making.
C．It focused on the connection between choices and memories.
D．It highlighted the role of the frontal cortex in higher-order thinking.
10．What can be inferred from Stephanie Groman’s words
A．Memories are related to all the three circuits.
B．People base their decisions on personal preferences.
C．The three circuits are all of vital importance in making decisions.
D．The circuit related to rewards is the foundation of deciding wisely.
11．What does the last paragraph mainly focus on
A．The limitations of the present study. B．A description of the research method.
C．A possible reason for the study findings. D．The potential application of the conclusion.
12．What might be the best title for the text
A．How people get addicted and cured
B．How making decisions influences our brain
C．How our brain develops when facing choices
D．How the brain helps us make good decisions and bad ones
（2024·湖北·二模）In the late 1990s, two psychology researchers, were talking about how the female scientists in their lab responded differently to stress than the men did. The men would disappear into their offices; the women would bring cookies to lab meetings and bond over coffee. Forget fight-or-flight, they joked. The women were tending and befriending.
The joke stuck in the mind of one of the women, researcher Laura Cousino Klein. Psychology research has suggested that stress leads to aggression, but that wasn’t her experience. Women were more likely to want to talk with someone about their stress, spend time with their loved ones, or channel their stress into caring for others. She wondered if it was possible that science had gotten stress wrong.
Klein dug deeper into the science, and she made the surprising discovery that 90 percent of the published research on stress was conducted on males. So Klein studied the social side of stress, especially in women. Looking at both animal and human research, she found evidence that stress can increase caring, cooperation, and compassion (同情).
While the tend-and-befriend theory began as an investigation into the female response to stress, it quickly expanded to include men. In times of stress, both men and women have been shown to become more trusting, generous, and willing to protect others.
The tend-and-befriend theory doesn’t say that stress always leads to caring—stress can indeed make us angry and defensive. It simply says that stress can make people more caring. And when we care for others, it activates
systems of our brain that produce feelings of hope and courage.
I wrote my book The Upside of Stress with that purpose in mind: to help you discover your own strength and compassion. Seeing the upside of stress is not about deciding whether stress is either good or bad. It’s about how choosing to see the good in stress can help you meet the challenges in your life. Tending and befriending is one of the best ways to do this, and to transform your own stress into a catalyst(催化剂) for courage and connection.
13．What does the joke in paragraph I show
A．Male scientists are smarter than female scientists.
B．Female scientists are friendlier than male scientists.
C．Men tend to seek a temporary escape from pressure.
D．Women care for each other when they are under stress.
14．Why did Laura keep the joke in her mind
A．It didn’t fit with her life experience.
B．It had the same topic as her new book.
C．It went against previous psychology research.
D．It indicated the inequalities between women and men.
15．What do we know about the tend-and-befriend theory
A．It is applicable to both men and women. B．It suggests stress always leads to caring.
C．It proves the fight-or-flight response wrong. D．It shows men are more defensive than women.
16．What does the author’s book aim to do
A．Provide evidence for her research.
B．Explain the fight-or-flight response.
C．Make suggestions on how to respond to stress positively.
D．Demonstrate women’s and men’s different responses to stress.
（2024·湖南岳阳·二模）Predicting extreme weather events is a tricky business. Changing climate conditions have increased the frequency of severe storms, floods, and heatwaves, along with larger wildfires. As a result, scientists are using artificial intelligence (AI) techniques for more accurate forecasts that help to minimize damage and save lives.
Researchers at Pennsylvania State University have worked together with meteorologists (气象学家) to analyze more than 50,000 weather satellite images to quickly identify storms. They found comma-shaped cloud formations that often lead to severe weather such as hail, blizzards, high winds, and thunderstorms.
Computers were then taught using computer vision and machine learning to automatically detect these clouds from satellite images, with almost 100 percent accuracy, in less than a minute. By refocusing meteorologists’ attention on potential storm cloud formation the AI tool helped predict 64 percent of severe weather events and beat established detection systems.
Expensive supercomputers are often used to process vast amounts of data needed for accurate weather prediction. But powerful Al methods can run on smaller computers. Climate risk and planning company ClimateAI uses a technique to downscale global weather forecasts to a local scale, cutting down on costs and computing power.
It uses a machine learning technique that pits two neural networks against each other. The neural networks - designed to work like neurons connected in the brain-fight and train each other using global weather data until they get a result.
Using this method ClimateAI researchers generate highly accurate and inexpensive local forecasts for hours or days ahead. And because it is not as costly, it allows poorer countries affected by climate change to use forecasts to change the way they farm, build bridges, roads, or homes, and adapt to extreme weather.
Average costs associated with extreme weather events in the United States have increased steadily since 1980. These have costly impacts on cities’ basic services, infrastructure, housing, human livelihoods, and health. AI helps us to calculate that risk and can be used as a preventive measure.
17．What can be inferred from Para.1
A．Inaccurate forecasts minimize the destruction.
B．AI enhances accuracy in making weather prediction.
C．Less natural disasters are caused by climate change.
D．Changeable climate decreased the frequency of serious storms.
18．Which is NOT an advantage of AI tool
A．Being steadier. B．Being cheaper.
C．Being quicker. D．Being more precise.
19．What is the function of Para.5
A．To explain how ClimateAI works.
B．To introduce why AI methods are used.
C．To show where ClimateAI can be applied.
D．To identify what effects of the AI tool has.
20．What is the author’s attitude towards AI techniques in predicting extreme weather
A．Critical. B．Approving.
C．Objective. D．Indifferent.
（2024·湖南岳阳·二模）Billions of people deal with a nail-biting habit at some point in their lives. Many will go to great lengths to try to stop. And while not all of us are nail-biters, most of us do have a habit we’d like to kick. So what’s the best way to break one
Research shows that intentions alone often fail to lead to long-term behavior change. This isn’t to say you can’t break a habit. Rather, by understanding the basis of habits, you can create better plans for changing them. For example, we know habits are often affected by environments and routines. Lying in bed may cause you to endlessly scroll through your phone, or watching TV on the couch may lead you to grab a sugary snack.
One of the most effective ways to manage behavior is to identify these locations or times of day. Then try to modify them by changing your routine or creating obstacles that make it more difficult to perform the habit in that space. Moving, switching jobs, or even starting a new schedule, are particularly great times to break a habit or build a new one.
One 2005 study tracked university students’ exercising, reading, and TV-watching habits before and after they transferred schools. When students were no longer around old environments and routines, their habits, even the strong ones, significantly changed.
For behaviors like nail-biting, a practice called habit reversal training can be helpful. Developed by psychologists in the 1970s, the aim is to change a habit by replacing it with another one that’s less detrimental. The training requires you to analyze and understand your habit cues, so you can effectively step in at the right times. For example, if you tend to bite your nails at work, keep a fidget toy at your desk in advance. Then, if a stressful email comes in, use the toy when you feel the urge to bite your nails.
Breaking a habit takes time, so remember to give yourself grace and have patience through the process.
21．Why does the author mention “a nail-biting habit” in Para. 1
A．To make a comparison. B．To make a conclusion.
C．To introduce the topic. D．To attract readers’ attention.
22．What is the best way to help us control our action
A．Having intentions alone. B．Understanding the basis of habits.
C．Making practical plans. D．Adapting the environments or times.
23．What does the underlined word “detrimental” in Para.5 probably mean
A．Harmful. B．Helpful.
C．Annoying. D．Time-consuming.
24．Which of the following is the best title for the text
A．Difficulties in dealing with nail-biting. B．Significance of habit reversal training.
C．Useful tips on getting rid of a habit. D．Necessity of having grace and patience.
（2024·江苏连云港·二模）Like many of the Indigenous (土著的) communities across the Australian continent, the remote communities in north-west New South Wales are struggling. Many of the 300 or so residents rely on welfare. Higher electricity bills—up to $3,000 a quarter for some households—further worsen the poverty. They’re always at the end of the power line, so the service that is there is quite extraordinary in terms of cost. It’s a real problem that needs to be fixed.
To that end, Anderson and other Indigenous leaders have formed the First Nations Renewable Energy Alliance (FREA) to push for renewable energy in Indigenous communities. They partner with private enterprise to support Indigenous communities looking to switch to renewable energy.
“We can build a power station where the community exists,” Anderson says, “so people are able to successfully live in the environment the way they want to live and have access to power which enables them to better determine their economic future.”
Only a handful of Indigenous communities have set up renewable energy projects in Australia. The Indigenous-owned and -operated company AllGrid Energy, for instance, has installed solar panels and battery storage systems to replace diesel (柴油) generators in the communities of Ngurrara and Kurnturlpara in the Northern Territory’s Barkly Tableland. Within two months of the system being installed in May 2016, people were moving back to their homelands, the communities growing from just two permanent residents to about 40.
But FREA will go one step further, working with community leaders and acting as a conduit (纽带) between the communities and the businesses they are dealing with. This is essential, says Anderson, to avoid predatory (吞并) practices they have seen in the past, with companies “playing on the psychology of poverty” to gain advantage. The FREA has drafted terms of agreements that will guide how companies engage with Indigenous communities for renewable energy projects.
One of the next steps for FREA will be to identify a community that can act as a test case for a renewables project. “Our experience is that if we can make it work for one community, it will work in every other community,” Anderson says.
25．What is FREA expected to do for the remote Indigenous communities
A．Increase power supply to them. B．Help them return to their homelands.
C．Shake them off poverty. D．Reduce their higher power costs.
26．What does the author indicate by mentioning AllGrid Energy
A．Renewables projects are inaccessible.
B．Renewables projects are quite workable.
C．Renewables projects can increase locals’ income.
D．Renewables projects can coexist with diesel power plants.
27．What’s paragraph 5 mainly about concerning FREA
A．Its strategies to win over the businesses. B．Its cooperation with community leaders.
C．Its potential conflict with energy companies. D．Its innovation in directing renewables projects.
28．What’s FREA going to do next
A．Consult the experts. B．Select a piloting community.
C．Collect sufficient construction fund. D．Make renewables projects available to all.
（2024·山西·二模）Nearly 50 billion pieces of litter are thrown along US roadways and waterways, according to a 2020 study by the non-profit Keep America Beautiful (KAB). That estimate includes more than 800 million pieces of fast-food packaging, 2. 6 billion food-packaging-film items, and 207 million pieces of personal protective equipment, like masks and gloves. Not all litter, however, is intentional. A large volume of litter also comes from unsecured items that fall off the back of vehicles or out of trash receptacles (容器).
To address the country’s ongoing litter problem, some public libraries are creating kits to help people clean up their neighborhoods.
”We want people to be involved in the community, says Samantha Hanchett, marketing coordinator (协调者) at Thomas County Public Library System (TCPLS). “Doing something that benefits everyone, even though it’s quite quiet, is really what a library does all the time.”
The library system launched a litter clean-up program with Keep Thomas County Beautiful (KTCB), the local KAB chapter (地方分会), in 2020. Actually, the chapter had previously held group clean-up events and naturally inspired more individual or joint efforts. As a result, KTCB partnered with the library to create kits for people in the library to check out.
Each kit contains items such as trash bags, gloves, reflective vests, and a booklet with guidance-lines and suggestions for where to clean up in the community. Litter kits are housed at the library system’s main branch in Thomasville, but people can request they be sent to their local branch for pick-up.
Hanchett estimates that kits are checked out between 30 and 45 times each year, noting that they are most popular with groups and grade school students. “People like the convenience of the kits because it’s something they
can do on their own time,” she says. “It’s an elastic way of getting involved instead of having an appointed time in which you take part in the activity.”
29．Why are the data mentioned in Paragraph 1
A．To indicate the pressing litter issue in the US.
B．To show the people’s habits of throwing litter.
C．To present convincing proof of environmental issues.
D．To urge people to preserve roadways and waterways.
30．What is the library always doing
A．Trying to carry out something to benefit all.
B．Removing the litter by uniting common people.
C．Asking people to get involved in the community.
D．Doing some quiet things to advocate environmental protection.
31．What can we know about KTCB
A．It created clean-up kits for people to buy.
B．It could stimulate people to borrow kits.
C．It used to launch similar clean-up projects.
D．It was good at holding litter clean-up programs.
32．Which of the following can replace ”elastic“ underlined in Paragraph 6
A．Dull. B．Tense. C．Flexible. D．Entertaining.
（2024·湖北·二模）A new study involving nearly 50,000 people from four continents offers new insights into identifying the quantity of daily walking steps that will best improve adults’ health and longevity(长寿), and whether the ideal number of steps differs across people of different ages. The study represents an effort to develop an evidence-based public health message about the benefits of physical activity. The often-repeated 10,000-step-a-day saying grew out of a decades-old marketing activity for a Japanese pedometer(计步器), with no science to back it up.
Led by physical activity professor Amanda Paluch, an international group of scientists conducted an experiment among adults aged 18 and older. They grouped the nearly 50,000 participants into four comparative groups according to average steps per day. The lowest step group averaged 3,500 steps; the second, 5,800; the third, 7,800; and the fourth, 10,900 steps per day. Among the three higher active groups, there was a 40—53% lower risk of death, compared to the lowest step group.
More specifically, for adults 60 and older, the risk of early death leveled off at about 6,000—8,000 steps per
day, meaning that more steps than that provided no additional benefit for longevity, while for adults younger than 60, about 8, 000—10,000 steps per day.
“So, what we saw was this continuing reduction in risk as the number of steps increases, until it levels off. Interestingly, the study found no definitive association with walking speed.” Paluch says.
The new study supports and expands findings from another study led by Paluch before, which found that walking at least 7,000 steps a day reduced middle-aged people’s risk of early death. “There’s a lot of evidence suggesting that moving even a little more is beneficial, particularly for those who are doing very little activity.” Paluch says. “More steps per day are better for your health.”
33．Why did the scientists carry out the new study
A．To know about people’s health condition.
B．To explain the pedometer’s working principles.
C．To determine the best physical activity for people.
D．To provide a scientific guideline on daily walking.
34．What does the underlined words “leveled off” in paragraph 3 mean
A．Turned higher. B．Became stable. C．Fell sharply. D．Changed rapidly.
35．What does the experiment find
A．The old should walk as much as possible.
B．Young people usually walk more than the old.
C．The most beneficial steps differ by age groups.
D．Walking pace is the key to avoiding early death.
36．What does Paluch advise people doing little activity to do
A．To walk more steps. B．To control walking speed.
C．To limit walking distance. D．To track the number of steps.
（2024·湖南衡阳·二模）“What beautiful music!”I shout loudly as my 9-year-old son practices playing the violin. He’s used to this praise; I give rewards like that most days. But every once in a while, I skip it, and when I do, I can see the disappointment on his face when he’s finished.
Am I a bad mom Conventional wisdom says that consistency is key to parenting since it enables your child to predict how you’ll react, leading to good behavior. And it’s true that children need some level of predictability in their lives, particularly when it comes to discipline.
But research suggests that inconsistent gifts and praise can have a greater effect on motivation. While we all
like to live in a predictable world, we often respond more strongly to unpredictable rewards.
In one experiment, my colleagues and I told participants they’d be paid if they could drink about one-and-a-half quarts of water in two minutes or less. In one condition, we offered people a $2 fixed reward. In another, there was an uncertain reward of either $2 or $1. The certain reward was a better deal, yet many more people successfully met the challenge when assigned an uncertain reward. Resolving the uncertainty—whether they would win $1 or $2—was significantly more motivating than winning $2 for sure.
Here is one of the reasons why uncertainty is motivating. What scientists call “intermittent (间歇性) reinforcement” —rewarding behavior on some but not all occasions—makes it more arduous to know when rewards will show up. If you very often, but don’t always, praise your child for completing their chores, they’ll keep up the good behavior in the hope of receiving praise the next time.
So don’t assume that if kids are always praised for finishing their homework, they’ll be more likely to do it. Do praise young people for a job well done, just not every time. And pick rewards out of a hat when they complete chores—the surprise prize might keep everyone motivated to get things done.
37．Why does the author mention her kid’s story in the first paragraph
A．To display the conclusion of her research.
B．To show that her kid is very smart.
C．To explain that she is a good mom.
D．To lead in the topic.
38．Why did more participants choose an uncertain reward in the experiment
A．It was more inspiring. B．It was more demanding.
C．It was fair to all participants. D．It was easy to get more rewards.
39．What does the underlined word “arduous” in paragraph 5 mean
A．Convenient. B．Popular. C．Flexible. D．Difficult.
40．What is the best title for the text
A．Why Consistency Is Critical to Parenting
B．Why Resolving Uncertainty Is Rewarding
C．How Inconsistent Praise Affects Motivation
D．How Parents’ Behaviors Affect Their Children
（2024·湖南衡阳·二模）With artificial intelligence (AI) and robotic technology improving at impressive rates, there are some who worry that there’s a risk of artistic and creative people being replaced. A new study by the
Korean Institute of Industrial Technology, however, is showing exactly why that can’t and shouldn’t happen. It all started when the South Korean company posed this question: Can robots replace conductors
Over a year ago, work to develop automaton (自动化) began. At first, it was designed like a machine, and didn’t live up to expectations. Then the company sought ways to improve it. In the end, it was given two arms with joints to copy wrists and elbows, allowing it to move a stick similarly to how a human conductor would move it. It was named the EverR 6 robot, and stands at 1.8 meters. It was finally time to figure out how it could follow through on its musical role.
“We got involved in this project to see how far robots can go in more creative fields like the arts, and what the challenges are,” Dong-w o ok Lee, a senior researcher at the Korean Institute of Industrial Technology said.
In order to pull this off, Dong-wook Lee cooperated with the Busan Philharmonic Orchestra. The 12-minute piece they planned to perform, “Feel” by Il-hoon Son, was created specifically for this event. It was created with the strengths of both EverR 6 and the human conductor, Soo-yeol Choi, in mind.
To pull off this impressive performance, the robot was preprogrammed to conduct through 30 cycles of beat patterns. Meanwhile, it was up to the human conductor to lead the orchestra in creating an improvisational (即兴的) score, adding depth to the otherwise planned piece.
Together, they pulled off a masterful performance that the audience seemed more than happy to have had the opportunity to witness it firsthand!
With the concert having gone so well, this is only the start of EverR 6. Still, no matter the improvements they’re able to make to this Android robot, the human conductor isn’t concerned about being replaced.
“Let’s leave the accuracy to the robots,” Soo-yeol Choi said, “but the musical and artistic aspects to a human conductor.”
41．What is paragraph 2 mainly about
A．The function of the EverR 6 robot.
B．The development of the EverR 6 robot.
C．The EverR 6 robot’s role as a conductor.
D．The difficulty in designing the EverR 6 robot.
42．What can be learned about “Feel”
A．It is a piece familiar to the audience.
B．It is a piece showing the human-robot cooperation.
C．It is the only piece that EverR 6 will perform.
D．It is a piece requiring great ability to conduct.
43．What role did Soo-yeol Choi play in the performance
A．He corrected the robot’s mistakes.
B．He programmed the EverR 6 robot.
C．He led the improvisational section of the performance.
D．He was the main conductor of the Busan Philharmonic Orchestra.
44．What is Soo-yeol Choi’s attitude towards EverR 6
A．Unclear. B．Uncaring. C．Supportive. D．Doubtful.
（2024·广东韶关·二模）Would a person born blind, who has learned to distinguish objects by touch, be able to recognize them purely by sight if he regained the ability to see The question, known as Molyneux’s problem, is about whether the human mind has a built-in concept of shapes that is so inborn that a blind person could immediately recognize an object with restored vision. Alternatively, the concepts of shapes are not inborn but have to be learned by exploring an object through sight, touch and other senses.
After their attempt to test it in blind children failed, Lars Chittka of Queen Mary University of London and his team carried out another experiment on bumblebees. To test whether bumblebees can form an internal representation of objects, they first trained the insects to distinguish globes from cubes using a sugar reward. The bees were first trained in the light, where they could see but not touch the objects. Then they were tested in the dark, where they could touch but not see the items. The researchers found that the insects spent more time in contact with the shape they had been trained to associate with the sugar reward, even though they had to rely on touch rather than sight to distinguish the objects.
The researchers also did the opposite test with untrained bumblebees, first teaching them with rewards in the dark and then testing them in the light. Again, the bees were able to recognize the shape associated with the sugar reward, though they had to rely on sight rather than touch in the test. In short, bees have solved Molyneux’s problem because the fact suggests that they can picture object features and access them through sight or touch.
However, some experts express their warning s against the result. Jonathan Birch, a philosopher of science, cautions that the bees may have had prior experience associating visual and tactile (触觉) information about straight edges and curved surfaces in their nests.
45．What is Molyneux’s problem about
A．Whether mankind’s sense of touch outweighs sight.
B．Whether mankind’s idea of shape is inborn or learned.
C．Whether blind people can identify the shape of an item.
D．Whether the blind can regain their sense of touch after recovery.
46．How did Lors Chittka and his colleagues try to figure out Molyneux’s problem
A．By experimentation on blind children.
B．By conducting controlled experiments.
C．By rewarding bumblebees with sugar.
D．By observing bumblebees in their nests.
47．What is Jonathan Birch’s attitude towards the conclusion of the bee experiments
A．Skeptical. B．Supportive.
C．Dismissive. D．Ambiguous.
48．Which of the following can be the best title of the passage
A．Scientists Found Senses Matter
B．Visual-Tactile Puzzle Has Been Solved
C．Experiments Will Help the Blind Regain Sight
D．Bumblebees May Help Solve Molyneux’s Problem
（2024·陕西宝鸡·二模）Mars exploration is a significant scientific expedition and it’s like the Apollo missions on the Moon 50 years ago. While human-led missions to Mars seem likely in the coming decades, what are our prospects of long-term habitation on Mars Scientists have found a way to grow cyanbacteria, also known as blue-green algae (水藻), on Mars. It’s a discovery that could lead to human habitation of the Red Planet.
Cyanobacteria are tiny living things found in water. They release oxygen during photosynthesis (the process by which organisms use sunlight to make their own food). The algae can also transform other gases, such as carbon dioxide and nitrogen, into nutrients, substances that help living things grow. Scientists think that a huge rise in the numbers of cyanobacteria 2.4 billion years ago is what made Earth’s atmosphere breathable.
Mars’ atmosphere is mostly made up of carbon dioxide and nitrogen and there is little oxygen in Mars’s atmosphere. So researchers are hoping the blue-green algae could be used to allow plants to grow there too, for food and medicines. However, it is impossible to grow blue-green algae on Mars naturally. To solve this problem, a team of scientists from the University of Bremen, in Germany, have developed a special bioreactor (生物反应器) called Atmos. A bioreactor is a machine for growing microbes. Using this, the team, led by Dr Cyprien Verseux, showed how cyanobacteria could be grown using resources found on Mars.
Not only did the algae grow as hoped, but they also helped other organisms, such as bacteria, to grow. The bioreactor is still just a test version. It just starts and there is still a long way to go. However, Verseux hopes that the
results can inspire a system that could one day support life on Mars.
49．Cyanbacteria could play a significant role in human habitation on Mars because ________.
A．they make their own food
B．they improve photosynthesis
C．they release oxygen and nutrients
D．they absorb carbon dioxide and nitrogen
50．What makes it possible to grow blue-green algae on Mars
A．Improving the bioreactor.
B．Inventing a special machine.
C．Using resources found on Mars.
D．Experimenting growing microbes.
51．Which word best describes Verseux’s attitude to the current studies
A．Positive. B．Objective.
C．Skeptical. D．Conservative.
52．What is the best title of the text
A．Mars Exploration Is Becoming a Hot Issue
B．Scientists Are Testing Bioreactor to Grow Algae
C．Human Habitation on Mars May Not Be a Dream
D．Cyanobacteria Could Be Key to Living on Mars
（2024·陕西西安·二模）For lots of kids, toddlerhood(幼儿期)is an important time for friendship. Studies show that the earlier kids learn to form positive relationships, the better they are at relating to others as teenagers and adults. Playing together also helps these kids practice social behaviors, such as kindness, sharing, and cooperation.
Even so, how quickly your child develops into a social creature may also depend on his temperament. Some toddlers are very social, but others are shy. In addition, the way that toddlers demonstrate that they like other children is markedly different from what adults think of as expressions of friendship. Research at Ohio State University in Columbus found that a toddler’s way of saying “I like you” during play is likely to come in the form of copying a friend’s behavior.
This seemingly unusual way of demonstrating fondness can result in unpleasant behavior. Regardless of how much they like a playmate, they may still grab his toys, refuse to share, and get bossy. But experts say that this is a normal and necessary part of friendship for kids this age. Through play experiences, toddlers learn social rules.
That’s why it’s so important to take an active role in your toddler’s social encounters by setting limits and offering frequent reminders of what they are. When you establish these guidelines, explain the reasons behind them.
Begin by helping your child learn sympathy (“Ben is crying. What’s making him so sad ”), then suggest how he could resolve the problem(“Maybe he would feel better if you let him play the ball.”). When your child shares or shows empathy(同理心)toward a friend, praise him(“Ben stopped crying! You made him feel better.”).
Another way to encourage health y social interaction is by encouraging kids to use words—not fists—to express how they feel. It’s also important to be mindful of how your child’s personality affects playtime. Kids are easy to get angry when they’re sleepy or hungry, so schedule playtime when they’re refreshed.
53．What does the underlined word “temperament” in Paragraph 2 probably mean
A．Appearances. B．Ages. C．Characters. D．Interests.
54．What does it indicate when toddlers copy their playmates’ behavior
A．They are fond of their playmates.
B．They are interested in acting.
C．They are shy with the strangers.
D．They are tired of playing games.
55．What does the author suggest parents do for their kids
A．Find them suitable playmates.
B．Design games for them.
C．Play together with them.
D．Help them understand social rules.
56．What is the function of the quoted statements in Paragraph 4
A．Explaining concepts. B．Giving examples.
C．Providing evidence. D．Making comparisons.
（2024·全国·二模）“When we watch TV shows or football games, we’re watching that information evolve over time, uncertain about how it’s all going to end,” said Abby Hsiung, Ph.D．, a postdoctoral researcher at the Duke Institute for Brain Sciences.” I wondered if higher curiosity would push people to seek, or to avoid, getting an immediate ‘spoiler (剧透)’.”
Hsiung drew inspiration from short cooking videos that are popular on Instagram and TikTok, “These videos manage to develop a description and cliffhanger, so that you’re interested and curious about how food materials will all come together.” So Hsiung made a series of 30-second cartoon line-drawing videos that, like the cooking videos,
eventually ended up as something highly recognizable, like a dog.
More than 2,000 adults from across the U.S. then watched 25 of these short line-drawing videos online. Participants in Hsiung’s study were asked along the way how curious they were, how they felt, and to guess what the drawing would become. Viewers also had a “spoiler” button to skip ahead to see the final drawing. Hsiung and her team were surprised to find that when people were curious, they avoided hitting the “spoiler” button and kept watching the drawings unfold. It was when people were less curious that they tended to opt for an instant answer. Curiosity didn’t just motivate getting answers, but increased the value of the journey itself.
The study also found that curiosity increased at different stages of watching these videos. Higher curiosity during moments where it seemed like the drawing could tun into anything and also when participants were starting to really home in on a single answer. Curiosity also inspired people’s feeling of joy, explaining why people kept watching the line-drawing video even when they could just hit a button to get the answer right away. This helps explain why people often avoid spoilers. Knowing the end of a new TV series, for example, can remove the enjoyment of watching the plot develop.
Researchers suggest that inspiring curiosity might also help raise motivation in the classroom to potentially improve learning. Increasing curiosity can improve memory by readying the brain for new information and strengthen persistence throughout a learning journey, which is often needed for deep understanding.
57．What is the purpose of Hsiung’s study
A．To find the relation between curiosity and answer.
B．To find better ways to get information in TV shows.
C．To find the effects cooking videos have on audience.
D．To make a series of 30-second line-drawing videos.
58．What does the underlined word “cliffhanger” in Paragraph 2 mean
A．Creation. B．Uncertainty. C．Imagination. D．Appreciation.
59．What can we learn from the text
A．Viewers would hit the “spoiler” button when they were curious.
B．Curiosity did nothing but drive viewers to find out answers.
C．As the drawing was taking shape, people gradually lost interest.
D．People refused to know answers in advance to enjoy the process.
60．How is curiosity beneficial to learning
A．It can shorten learning time. B．It reduces learning difficulty.
C．It is good for deep learning. D．It changes learning approaches.
（2024·全国·二模）About ten years ago, logging into Facebook, Twitter, or Instagram would mostly show posts from friends and family in the order they were posted. Today, these platforms present a mix of content, tailored by algorithms (算法) to match users’ interests, whether it’s plants, sports, cats, or politics.
Kyle Chayka, a writer for The New Yorker, discusses this topic in his book, Filterworld. He explains that algorithms analyze user data to predict and influence what they will likely engage with. This means that instead of a simple, chronological feed, users encounter a dynamic stream, constantly adapting to their preferences. Chayka examines how these algorithmic recommendations control what we consume, from music and movies to food and travel destinations. He argues that this machine-driven selection process has turned us into passive consumers, making our preferences and tastes more similar.
Chayka points out that algorithms make us passive by always showing us content that we’re unlikely to click away from but won’t find too unexpected or challenging. This constant stream of recommendations reduces our exposure to diverse or challenging content, subtly shaping our preferences and behaviors.
Moreover, Chayka points out that algorithms also pressure content creators, like musicians and artists, to tailor their work to fit these digital platforms. For instance, musicians on Spotify or TikTok might focus on creating catchy hooks at the beginning of their songs to grab the listener’s attention.
Despite the strong presence of these algorithms, Chayka believes that regulation could reduce their influence. He suggests that if Meta, the parent company of Facebook, were required to separate its various services, like Instagram or WhatsApp, and make them compete with each other, it could give users more control and choice over their digital consumption.
In summary, the change from simple, time-ordered social. media posts to algorithm-driven content has a big impact on both the viewers and the creators, influencing what we see, hear, and even think. Chayka’s insights highlight the need for greater awareness and potentially more regulation in our increasingly digital world.
61．According to the text, how have social media platforms changed in the past ten years
A．They show posts in a time-based order.
B．They prioritize posts from friends and family.
C．They make adjustments to satisfy users’ needs.
D．They provide more content to meet different needs.
62．What does Kyle Chayka think of algorithmic recommendations
A．They make users more active consumers.
B．They shape users’ preferences and behaviors.
C．They reduce the influence of content creators.
D．They expose users to diverse and challenging content.
63．How do algorithms influence musicians’ work on digital platforms
A．By encouraging musicians to create longer songs.
B．By discouraging musicians from using catchy hooks.
C．By giving musicians more control and choice over their music.
D．By requiring musicians to create their work to fit the platforms.
64．What can be concluded from the text
A．Tech companies should have more departments.
B．Social media algorithms give content creators less opportunities.
C．Social media algorithms flatten our culture by making decisions for us.
D．Network platforms have increased the common recommendations for 10 years.
