2024年人教版中考英语一轮复习知识点学案

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名称 2024年人教版中考英语一轮复习知识点学案
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更新时间 2024-04-06 21:45:16

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初三英语第一轮复习 语法专题之一 名词
一、中考考查重点
1. 可数名词与不可数名词
2. 名词的单数与复数
3. 名词所有格
4. 专有名词的常见的缩写形式
5. 名词作定语
【名词单数的表达】
一般可用a,an,one来修饰
注:a用于辅音音素开头的单词前,an用于元音音素开头的单词前
*a book
* an English book
* an hour
flower flowers
【名词的复数形式】
1.规则变化
(1) 一般在复数名词后加“s”/s/or/z/
* dog – dogs * book – books
(2) 以s、x、ch、sh结尾的名词加“es”/iz/
* box – boxes * watch – watches
(3) 以辅音字母加y结尾的名词,变y为i加“es” /iz/
* country – countries * factory – factories
请区别:如果是元音字母加y 结尾的名词则只须加“s”
* boy – boys * holiday-holidays * monkey – monkeys
(4) 以f、fe 结尾的名词,变f、fe 为v再加“es” /vz/
* half – halves * shelf – shelves
* knife – knives * leaf – leaves
【找规律】
heroes potatoes tomatoes
pianos
(5) 以o结尾的名词,一般情况加s,读作/z/. potato,tomato,hero除外
* piano – pianos * zoo – zoos
potato – potatoes tomato – tomatoes
man—men child--children woman--women
2.不规则变化
(1) 单复数同形
Chinese – Chinese Japanese – Japanese fish – fish deer--deer sheep–sheep
(2) 变元音字母oo为ee
tooth – teeth foot – feet mouse—mice老鼠
(3) 变man为men
man – men; woman – women; policeman – policemen; Frenchman – Frenchmen fisherman 渔民
请区别:German(德国人) – Germans (“中日”不变“英法”变,其余s加后面)
(4). 常以复数形式出现的名词
people clothes shoes trousers glasses
这些名词作主语时,注意它们的谓语用复数。
* My clothes are newer than yours.
3.可数名词可以被a, an, one, two以及 how many,many,a few,few,any,lots of, a lot of , some等修饰。
*There are a few people in the park.
*How many knives are there in your pencil-box
★不可数名词
物质名词和抽象名词属于不可数名词。如: water,rice,fish,meat 等。
work chalk time space music money weather homework
wood information advice news medicine
1. 单个的不可数名词作主语时谓语动词用单数
*Some bread is over there.
*No news is good news.
2.不可数名词不能直接被a, an, one, two等修饰,常用how much, much, a little, little, a lot of, lots of, some, any等修饰。
*They had much money.
*He does little housework at home.
* a rice (X) two bread (X)
3.可数名词和不可数名词都可以用单位+of+名词表达量,但单位后面的可数名词用复数,不可数名词形式不变。
*a bag of apples
*a piece of paper
*three glasses of orange
4.有些可数名词或不可数名词在一定情况下可相互转化,同一个词,但意思不同
Glass (玻璃)– a glass (玻璃杯)
work (工作) – a work (著作)
time (时间) – times (次数)
名词所有格
表示名词间的所有关系“ …的”(相当于一个形容词)
一、名词所有格的构成方法
1.一般情况下,在有生命的名词后加“’s”
Kangkang’s father Lucy’s book
2. 以s结尾的复数名词,则在s后加“ ’”即可
Teachers’ office The Greens’ house
3.不以s结尾的复数名词的所有格,仍按惯例加“’s”
* Children’ s Day * men’ s shoes
4.无生命名词的所有关系用of加名词,构成所属关系的短语
*the color of the wall
*a picture of the classroom
★名词的用法(名词作定语)
1.修饰另一名词时,一般用单数
* There are three banana trees over there.
2. man woman用做定语时,应与后面的名词保持数的一致
*We need a man teacher.
*They are all women workers.
3.sports,clothes做定语时,仍用复数形式
*a sports star
*a clothes shop
当出现“单位+of+名词”时,谓语动词应根据“单位”的单复数决定。
This pair of shoes is nice.
比较:The shoes are nice.
Here are two pieces of news.
比较:The news is wonderful.
★名词所有格的几个注意点
可用名词所有格表示地点, 地点名词习惯上省略
* my aunt’s ( home) (我姑姑家)
* go to the teachers’ ( office) (去老师办公室)
名词所有格(’s)也可以用于无生命的东西, 主要用于时间,度量衡等名词之后
two months’ vacation
a mile’s distance
此表达可以和合成形容词互换
two months’ vacation= two-month vacation
What have you learnt this lesson
初三英语第一轮复习 语法专题之二 代词
一、中考考查重点
1. 人称代词与物主代词
2. 反身代词
3. 不定代词
4. 指示代词
5. 疑问代词
考点一: 人称代词
人称代词即指对人的称呼的词(你、我、他等),分为主格和宾格两种形式。
分类 用法 主格 宾格
单数 I, you, he, she, it me, you, him, her, it
复数 we, you, they us, you, them
分类 用法 主格 宾格
功能 作主语 作及物动词、介词的宾语,be动词的表语,省略句中表示相同的情况
例句 She is a singer. 她是一名歌手。 I can play the guitar. 我会弹吉他。 —We don’t know him. 我们不认识他。 —Me, too. 我也是。
【巧学妙记】人称代词的主格和宾格
人称代词分两格,分为主格和宾格。
主格句中作主语,宾语用的是宾格。
句首、动前用主格,动后介后用宾格。
考点二: 物主代词
物主代词即指事物的主人(我的,你的,他的),分为形容词性物主代词(名词前)
和名词性物主代词(后无名词)。
数 人 称 类别 单数 复数
第一 人称 第二 人称 第三 人称 第一 人称 第二 人称 第三 人称
形容词性物主代词 my your his her its our your their
名词性物主代词 mine yours his hers its ours yours theirs
汉语 我的 你的 他的 她的 它的 我们的 你们的 他(她、它)们的
【温馨提示】形容词性物主代词与名词性物主代词的区别:
词类 区别 例句
形容词性 物主代词 位于名词前,用作定语,限定该名词的意义 May I use your pen Yours works better. 我可以用你的钢笔吗?你的更好用。
名词性物 主代词 在句子中充当主语、宾语或表语,相当于“形容词性物主代词+名词”,后面不能再跟名词
【巧学妙记】
形物代词能力差,自己不能来当家。
句子当中作定语,后面要把名词加。
名物代词能力强,自己独来又独往。
句子成分主表宾,后面名词不能跟。
考点三: 反身代词
1. 反身代词的单复数形式
反身代词就是指某人自己,单数以-self结尾,复数以-selves 结尾。第一、二人称反身代词由形容词性物主代词+self/selves构成,第三人称反身代词由宾格人称代词 + self/selves构成。
人称 数 第一人称 第二人称 第三人称
单数 myself yourself himself, herself, itself
复数 ourselves yourselves themselves
①Tom enjoyed himself in the Water Park. 汤姆在水上公园玩得很开心。
②“I’ll teach myself. I’m sure I can do it by myself. ” Linda said to herself.
琳达心里想:“我要自学,我确定我能独立做它。”
【反身代词总结】
behave onself 规矩,有礼貌
enjoy oneself 玩得开心
help oneself to sth 随便吃...
by oneself 靠某人自己
dress oneself 穿衣服
teacher oneslf 自学
hurt oneself 伤到自己
lost oneself 迷路
talk to oneself 自言自语
考点四: 不定代词
不明确指代某个(些)人、某个(些)事物的代词叫不定代词。
不 定 代 词 功能 在句中可以作主语、表语、宾语和同位语等
分 类 肯 定 性 both, all, many, much, one, other, each, another, either, a few, a little, some (someone, somebody, something, somewhere), any (anyone, anybody, anything, anywhere), every (everyone, everybody, everything, everywhere)
否 定 性 no, neither, none, nobody, nothing, few, little
不定代词的特殊用法
(1)当形容词或else修饰不定代词时,不定代词总是位于修饰词的前面。例如:
①There is nothing new in his speech. 在他的演讲中没有新内容。
②Did she tell you anything else 她告诉你别的事情了吗?
(2)当句子的主语是指人的复合不定代词时,其反意疑问句的主语通常用代词they 来代替;当句子的主语是指物的复合不定代词时,其反意疑问句的主语通常用代词it来代替。例如:
①Everyone is here, aren’t they 大家都在这儿,难道不是吗?
②Everything begins to grow in spring, doesn’t it 春天万物开始生长,不是吗?
常见不定代词的用法
1. some/any的用法比较
some (1)一般用于肯定句中,表示“一些,某些;某个” (2)也可用于疑问句中,希望得到对方的肯定回答或委婉提出建议与要求
any (1)一般用于否定句、疑问句及条件句中,表示“任何一个/ 一些” (2)也可用于肯定句中,表示“任何”的意思
①Would you like some coffee 你要来点咖啡吗?
②You can ask me any question. 你可以问我任何一个问题。
2. few,a few和little,a little的用法比较
little 很少 few 很少 表否定
a little 少量,有一些 a few 有几个,有一些 表肯定
修饰不可数名词 修饰可数名词
①The problem is too difficult, few students can work it out. 这道题太难了,没几个学生能做出来。
②She says little but does much. 她说得少,做得多。
3. each/either/both/all/neither/none
意义 谓语动词形式 句中的作用 相同点
each 每一个(≥2) 单数形式 主语、宾语、定语、同位语 ①都能与of短语连用, 且能在句中作主语 ②都能单独作主语
either 两者中的任何一个 单数形式 主语、宾语、同位语
both (两者)都 复数形式 主语、定语、宾语、同位语
all 都(≥3) 复数形式 主语、宾语、表语、定语、同位语
neither (两者)都不 单数形式 主语、宾语、定语
none (≥3)都不 单/复数都可以 主语、宾语
①All of the boys in our class like Yao Ming. 我们班所有的男生都喜欢姚明。
②None can speak Japanese in our class. 我们班里无一人会说日语。
4. other/others/the other/the others/another
代词 区别 other others the other the others another
意义 泛指另外的 泛指另一些 特指两部分中的另一个(些) 特指其余的一些 泛指三者或三者以上的另外的一个
用法 常作形容词,修饰名词复数 只能单独使用,常用“some. . . others. . . ” 结构 可单独使用,也可修饰名词,常用“one. . . the other. . . ”结构 只能单独使用 可单独使用,也可修饰可数名词单数或“数词+可数名词复数”
①There are many foreigners here. Some are Americans, the others are Australians. 这里有许多外国人,一些是美国人,其余的全是澳大利亚人。
②I have two photos. One is black and white, the other is colourful.
我这里有两张照片。一张是黑白的,另一张是彩色的。
③I don’t like this one. Have you got any others 我不喜欢这个,你还有别的吗?
④I don’t like the pen. Please show me another one. 我不喜欢这支钢笔。请给我看另一支。
5. one/it的用法比较
one 代指上文中提到的同类事物中的一个(非原物)
it 代指上文中提到的同一事物(原物)
Joe has a pet dog. It’s very lovely. I want to have one like it, too. 乔有只宠物狗,它很可爱。我也想拥有一只像它一样的(小狗)。
【温馨提示】
it的其他用法
(1)代指婴儿或不明身份的人 —Who’s knocking at the door 谁在敲门? —It must be my brother. 它一定是我的弟弟。
(2)表示天气、时间或距离 It’s 8: 00 now and it’s raining hard. 现在是八点钟,雨下得正大。
(3)答语中代替this/that —What’s that 那是什么? —It’s a snowball. 它是一个雪球。
(4)形式主语常见句式 A. It’s +adj. + (for sb.) to do sth. B. It’s time for sb. to do sth. C. It takes (took/will take) sb. +时间+to do sth. D. It seems +that从句 E. It’s +adj. +that从句
(5)形式宾语 You’ll find it interesting to be with us. 你会发现和我们相处很有趣。
考点五: 指示代词、疑问代词
单数 复数 用法
this these 一般用来指在时间或空间上较近的事物或人。 Toys! These are my toys! 玩具!这些是我的玩具!
指下面将要讲到的事物。 What I want to say is this: pronunciation is very important in learning English. 我想说的是:发音在英语学习中非常重要。
单数 复数 用法
that those 指时间和空间上较远的事物或人。 In those days the workers had a hard time. 在那些日子里工人们有着艰苦的时光。
指前面讲到过的事物。 I had a cold. That’s why I didn’t come. 我感冒了。那是我没来的原因。
有时为了避免重复提到的名词,常用that或those代替。 Television sets made in Beijing are just as good as those made in Shanghai. 北京制造的电视机和上海制造的一样好。
【温馨提示】
(1)打电话时用this介绍自己,用that询问对方。例如:
This is Sally speaking. Is that Linda 我是萨莉。你是琳达吗?
(2)that 常用于比较结构中,代替前面提到的单数名词或不可数名词;若前面提到的是复数名词,则用those代替。例如:
①The weather in Guangzhou is much warmer than that in Beijing in winter.
冬天广州的天气比北京的暖和得多。
②The apples on this tree are bigger than those on that one.
这棵树上的苹果比那棵树上的大。
2. 疑问代词
常见疑问代词及其用法
疑问代词 意义 基本用法 例句
who 谁 主语、表语、宾语 Who are you waiting for 你正在等谁?
whom 谁 宾语(who的宾格) With whom did you go swimming 你和谁去游泳的?
疑问代词 意义 基本用法 例句
whose 谁的 主语、表语、宾语、定语(who的所有格) Whose pen is this 这是谁的钢笔?
what 什么 主语、表语、宾语、定语 What do you know about it 你对它了解多少啊?
which 哪个 主语、表语、宾语、定语 Which movie do you like best 你最喜欢哪部电影?
初三英语第一轮复习 语法专题之三 冠词
冠词的用法:
不定冠词a/an的用法
不定冠词用来修饰单数可数名词,指人或物中的某一个或某一类,但不具体说明是何
人何物。
现将不定冠词的基本用法归纳如下:
1)首次提到某人某物,不定冠词起介绍作用。如:
Long long ago an old man lived in a small village.
2)表示“每一”的意思,常用于表示时间、速度的名词之前,相当于every。如:
ten metres a second, twice a week
3)也可用于不可数的物质名词和抽象名词之前,使其具体化。如:
I would like a drink.
It’s a great joy to live in Shanghai.
4)某些固定短语中,要用不定冠词。如:have a good time, in a hurry, have a break,
for a while, a pair of, have a look, with a smile, take an active part in.
2.定冠词the的用法
1) 指第二次提到的人或物。如:
I have a dog and a cat. The dog is brown and the cat is yellow.
2) 特指某人或某物。如:
The old man with thick glasses is their history teacher.
3)指谈话双方都知道的人或物。如:
Would you mind turning down the radio, Jim Your father is sleeping.
4)用于序数词或形容词的最高级之前。如:
The third truck is carrying the fewest apples of all.
5)用于指世界上独一无二的事物。如:
The moon is far smaller than the earth.
6)在江河、海洋、山脉等地理名词前及由普通名词构成的专有名词前。如:
the Nile, the Pacific Ocean, the Alps, the Oriental Pearl
7)用于表示方位的名词前。如:
Shanghai is in the east of China.
8)用在乐器名称的前面。如:
I practise the piano every day after school.
9)在某些形容词前加定冠词,表示一类人。如:
The sick and the old should be taken good care of.
10)用于姓氏复数形式之前,表示“一家人”或“夫妇两人”。如:
The Wangs have worked in Pudong for almost ten years.
11)在某些固定短语中,需用定冠词。如:
In the morning, the day after tomorrow, listen to the radio, at the moment, go to the beach,
by the way.
3.零冠词的情况
1)在球类活动、学科名称前。如:
We have Chinese, maths, and English every day.
2)在节日、月份、四季、星期前。如:
June lst is Children’s Day.
It’s Saturday today.
It’s late spring now.
3)名词前已有作定语的指示代词、物主代词、不定代词或数词等。如:
That handbag is in her car.
I have several questions to ask.
4)在物质名词和抽象名词前一般不加冠词。如:
Milk is white.(比较:The milk in the cup has gone bad. 这里the表示特指。)
5)三餐名词前通常不用冠词,如:have supper, after breakfast, 但三餐名词前如果有形容词修饰时,要用不定冠词,如:a big supper, a quick breakfast等。
6)在称呼、头衔、职位前。。如
What can I do for you,sir.
7)在某些固定词组和习惯用语中。如:by motorcycle/air/train, at night, in trouble,
go to church,put into jail等。
4.在某些名词前用冠词或不用冠词,其意义有所不同。如:
go to church (去做礼拜) go to the church (到那座教堂去)
in class (在上课时) in the class (在班级中)
in charge of (负责) in the charge of (由……负责)
in hospital (生病住院) in the hospital (在医院里工作或参观)
at table (在吃饭) at the table (在桌子旁)
take place (发生) take the place (代替)
in front of (在……的前面) in the front of (在……前部)
keep house (管理家务) keep the house (呆在家里)
初三英语第一轮复习 语法专题之四 数词
中考考查重点
1. 基数词与序数词
2. 概数词
3. 分数及其他
【中考知识衔接】
1. 序数词的表达。
不规则:1、2、3 first第一; second第二;third第三
规则:4~19 基数词词尾加th 特殊:fifth 第五; eighth 第八;ninth 第九;twelfth第十二;一般:fourth第四;nineteenth第十九
20、30 ……90 ty变为tie再加th twenty→twentieth第二十;ninety→ninetieth第九十
两位数或多位数(整数除外)只变个位数(hundred, thousand等只在词尾加th)
twenty-third 第二十三;one hundred and fifty-ninth 第一百五十九;hundredth 第一百
【温馨提示】
(1)序数词要加定冠词the,但若序数词前有形容词性物主代词或名词所有格时省略the。例如:
Tom made the mistake for the third time. = It was Tom’s third time to make the mistake. 这是汤姆第三次出错。
(2) 序数词前加a/an表示“又一,再一”。例如:
Even though the Greens have 3 children, they still want a fourth one.
尽管格林夫妇已有3个孩子,可他们还想再要一个。
(3) 序数词可以用阿拉伯数字和序数词拼写的最后两个字母简写。例如:
1st第一,2nd第二,3rd第三,4th第四。
【巧学妙记】基数词变序数词规律
基变序,有规律,末尾加上-th。
一、二、三特殊记,面目全非要注意。
八加th,九去e,ve要用f替。
逢十改y为ie,后跟-th莫忘记。
若想表示几十几,只变个位就可以。
编了号的事物要用基数词表示顺序,但是基数词要后置。如:
第一课 Lesson one= the first lesson
第32页 Page 32
第305房间 Room 305
第12路公共汽车 Bus No.12
2. 概数词
几百(千、万)的表达。
数词+ hundred\ thousand\ million + 名词复数
hundrends\ thousands\ millions of +名词复数
hundred,thousand,million表示确切数目或与Several,a few,some连用时一般不加s, 如 three hundred, several billion.但与many连用时一般加s, 如:many millions of
3. 分数表达:分子用基数词,分母用序数词,当分子大于1时,分母加S,分子与分母之间可以用连字符"-",也可以不用。
1\2 a\ one half
1\4 a\ one quarter
1\3 one third\ one-third
2\3 two thirds\ two-thirds
3\4 three quarters\ three quarters
带分数:当分数前面带有整数时,要用连词and连接 two and two thirds
4. 年份的表达。
月,日,年(日用序数,年用基数)
特别提示:年份的读法可先读前两位数, 再读后两位数, 读日时要加the
1997年3月21日—March the twenty-first, nineteen ninety-seven
日,月,年 (the+序数词+of+月,年)
2007年3月21日—the twenty-first of March, two thousand and seven
5. 年代的表达。
in+the+数词的复数形式
在18世纪20年代—in the 1720’s/1720s 读作:in the seventeen twenties
6. 时刻
时在前,分在后,按基数词读 10: 15 ten fifteen
“几点过几分”用past,分钟数须小于半小时(包括半小时在内)
7: 05 five past seven
7:15 fifteen past seven
7: 30 half past seven
“几点差几分”,用介词to,但分钟数须在半小时以内(不包括半小时在内)
7: 57 three to eight
11: 46 fourteen to twelve
2: 40 twenty to three
几刻钟
一刻钟:a quarter
三刻钟:three quarters
九点一刻:a quarter past nine
7. 倍数
英语用twice表示两倍,两倍以上用基数词加times表示
twice两倍
three times三倍
forty times四十倍
初三英语第一轮复习 语法专题之五 介词
中考考查重点
1. 介词辨析:表示地点、时间、方式等的常用介词用法。
2. 介词短语辨析:介词与名词、动词、形容词等的常用搭配及用法。
介词是一种虚词,它不能单独作句子成分,其后与宾语构成介词短语。
(一)表示时间的介词:
1.at, on, in
(1) at表示“在某一时刻、某一时间点”
 at 5:30在5:30 at sunrise日出时 at lunch午饭时 at noon正午时 at night夜间
eg: I get up at 6:00 every day. 我每天6:00起床。
表示“在……岁”时用at the age of…。 如:at the age of five 在五岁时
(2) on表示“在具体某一天或某天的上、下午”。如:
 on Monday在星期一on April 1st在四月一日
 eg: I heard a shot on the morning of March 18.三月十八日早晨我听到一声枪响。
泛指上、下午、晚上、夜间时用in the morning/afternoon/evening, at night;但若指具体某一天的上述时段时,则一律用on。
如:on the afternoon of May 23 在五月二十三日下午
(3) in表示“在某月、季节、年、世纪”以及泛指的上、下午、晚上。
in September在九月 in winter在冬季 in 1999 在1999年 in the 20th century在20世纪 in the morning/afternoon/evening 在上午/下午/晚上
2.for, during, through
(1) for表示“一段时间”,后接与数词连用的时间名词。多与完成时连用。
  I’ve been a soldier for 5 years.我入伍已5年了。
  She has been ill for several days. 她已经病了几天了。
表示“持续一段时间”时,for后面必须跟“数字+时间名词”,而during后决不可接数字。
(2) during表示“在……期间”
 He visited many nice places during his stay here.在他逗留期间他参观了许多美丽的地方。
  What did you do during the summer vacation 你在暑假做了什么?
(3) through表示“一直……,自始至终”
They worked hard through the winter.整个冬天他们都在努力工作。
She treated me like her brother through these years. 这些年来她始终把我当哥哥对待。
3.from, since
(1)from 作“从……”解,多用于“from…to/till…”中。
 You can come anytime from Monday to Friday. 周一至周五你什么时间来都行。
 The exam will start from 9:00am . 考试将从上午九点开始。
①from“从……(开始)”未必持续到现在,如:
 from 1995 to 1998.从1995年到1998年。
 而since是指“自从……以来一直持续到现在”
②since一般只与现在完成时连用,而from不受此限。
(2) since表示“自从……以来(直到现在)”
  He has been away from home since 1973.他自从1973年就离开了家乡。
  We have known each other since ten years ago.我们十年前就认识了。
for与since表示一段时间,但for与时间段连用,而since与时间点连用。
  如for two hours(持续)两小时;since last week自从上周直到现在
4.before, by, till, until
(1) before指“在……之前”
  Please come before ten o’clock.请10点以前来。
  The meeting will end after 3:00 p.m. 会议将在下午三点后结束。
  表示“在……以前”时,before与by基本可通用。但by还有“截至……为止”之意,此时可与完成时连用,而before一般不与完成时连用。如:
  How many models have you made by the end of last month 截至上月底你做了多少个模型?
(2) by指“不迟于,到……时为止,在……以前”
 I must finish my homework by lunch.午饭前我必须做完作业。
 We had learned over 1000 words by the end of last term.到上学期末为止,我们已经学了1000多个单词了。
(3) till (until) “直到……为止”
 You must wait for him till tomorrow.你必须一直等他到明天。
 He didn’t come back until twelve o’clock last night.他昨晚到12点才回来。
在肯定句中,till (until)必须与延续动词连用。若与点动词连用,till (until)只能用于否定句中。
5.after, in, within
①after表示“在……之后”,是before的反义词。
 We’ll hold a party after dinner.晚餐后我们将举办晚会。
 He got a cancer and died after a year.他患了癌症,一年后去世了。
 I’ll phone you after I arrive.到达后我给你打电话。(after作连词)
②within“在……时间之内”
 I can finish it within an hour.我不需一小时就可把它做完。
③in“在……时间之后”
 I’ll arrive in an hour.我一小时后到达。
比较after与in
①after后可跟时间段,也可跟时间点,如after school(放学后),而in后必须跟一段时间,如in an hour(一小时后)。
②after既可用于将来时,也可用于过去时,而in只能用于将来时。
③after既可作介词,又可作连词,而in只能作介词
in与within后都必须跟时间段。
(二)表示“地点、方向”的介词:
1.in,outside,between, among
①in表示“在……里面”,如:
 What’s in the box 盒子里是什么?
②outside指“在……外面”
There are many people outside the room.房间外有很多人。
③between在……之间(指二者)
There is a hospital between the hotel and the post office.在宾馆与邮局之间有所医院。 
between是指“在两者之间”,而among指“在多个之间”。
④among在……之间(指三者以上)
  He found his place among the crowd. 他在人群中找到了他的位置。
2.on, above, over, below, under
(1) on在……上面,表面相互接触。
 There is an apple on the table. 桌上有一个苹果。
(2) above只表示“在……上方或位置高出……”,与below相对。
 A plane flew above our heads.一架飞机从我们头上飞过。
 The Turners live above us. 特纳一家人住在我们的上面。
(3) over“在……正上方”,与under相对。
 There is a bridge over the river.河上有一座桥。
 The picture is hanging over the blackboard. 那张图挂在黑板的正上方。
(4) below在……下方,低于……
  There are many flowers below the window.窗下有很多花。
  Her skirt reaches just below her knees.她的裙子刚到膝盖下。
(5) under在……正下方
  They sat under a big tree, drinking.他们坐在一棵大树下喝酒。
  What are you wearing under your coat 你外套里面穿了什么?
3.near, by, beside
(1) near在……附近,与far相对
 My home is near the school. 我的家离学校很近。
(2) by = beside,靠近,在……旁边,比near距离更近 
  He just sat by/ beside me in the cinema.在电影院他就坐在我旁边。
4.in front of, behind, around
(1) in front of在……前面
 They put a bunch of flowers in front of the door. 他们在门前放了一束花。     
in the front of表示“在……前部”,指里面。
 There is a red chair in the front of the room.在房间前半部有把红椅子。
(2) behind在……后面
 The cat lies behind the door. 猫躺在门后面。
(3) around在……周围,围绕
 There are many trees around the village.村子周围有很多树围绕。
5.from, to, for, into, out of
(1) from从……
 She will fly from Beijing to Hong Kong . 她将从北京飞往香港。
(2) to到……(目的地)去,向……
 They got to the town very late. 他们很晚才到那个镇。
(3) for向……,表目的方向
 The train for Shanghai has been away.去往上海的火车已经开走了。
towards, to和for都可表示“向……”,其区别如下:
①towards仅指朝向某个方向,不一定是目的地,而 to和for都是“向目的地”。
②for作“向(目的地)”时,常用于固定搭配中,如:leave for; start for
(4) into进入
 Please put the water into the bottle.请把水倒入瓶子里。
 The teacher came into the classroom with a smile. 老师微笑着走进了教室。
(5) out of从……出来
 They pulled him out of the water.他们把他从水里拉了出来。
6.along, across, through
(1) along沿着
 He likes to drive along the river.他喜欢沿着河开车。
(2) across横穿
 The little girl is afraid to go across the street.这个小女孩不敢横穿马路。
 It’s dangerous to run across the busy road. 跑着穿越繁忙的马路是很危险的。
(3) through穿过
 It took us ten minutes to drive through the tunnel.开车穿过这条隧道花了我们10分钟时间。
 He pushed his way through the crowd to the platform. 他从人群里挤到了站台。
7.at, in
 二者都表示“在某个地方”,但at多指较小的地方,如车站、家等,而in多指在“大地方”,如城市、国家、大洲等。(但大小有时也是相对的)。
 He lives at No.27 Zhongshan street in Nanjing.他住在南京市中山路27号。
 The plane will arrive in Beijing at 13:00. 飞机将于13点到达北京。
 三、其它用途的介词:
 1.表示“标准或单位”的介词:at, for, by
 (1) at表示“以……速度”“以……价格”
  He drove at a speed of 80 miles an hour.他以每小时80英里的速度行驶。
  I sold my car at a high price.我以高价出售了我的汽车。
 (2) for用……交换
  I bought it for 20 dollars.买它花了我20美元。
  How much for these apples 这些苹果多少钱?
  at与for都表示价格,但at表示“单价”,for表示总价,at后一般跟“price”这个词,而for后只能跟总钱数。
  如:I bought it at a low price.我买它的价格很低。
  I bought it at the price of $80 a pound.我以每磅80美元的价格买的它。
  I sold it for $10.我10美元把它卖掉了。
(3) by以……计,后跟度量单位
  Gold is sold by the gram.金以克出售。
  They paid him by the month.他们按月给他计酬。
2.表示“材料”的介词:of, from, in
(1) of表示从成品仍可看出原料。
  This box is made of paper.这个盒子是纸做的。
  This salad is made of apples and strawberries.这种沙拉是由苹果和草莓做的。
(2) from表示从成品已看不出原料。
  Bread is made from wheat.面包是小麦做的。
(3) in用……材料。常用write, speak, talk, answer等连用。
  Please fill in the form in pencil first.请先用铅笔填写这个表格。
  They talk in English.他们用英语交谈。
in指材料时,材料前不用冠词。
比较:用铅笔画  
3.表示“工具或手段”的介词:by, with, on
(1) by凭借“工具或手段(多用于交通工具)如:by bus乘公共汽车,by plane乘飞机
  He usually goes to work by bike.他通常骑车去上班。
  He sent the news to me by e-mail.他通过电子邮件发给了我这一消息。
  表示搭乘交通工具时,既可用by,又可用in,区别在于用by时,表示交通工具的名词前不能加冠词,而用in时名词前必须加冠词。
(2) with用……工具
  He broke the window with a stone.他用石头把窗户打破了。
  He stopped the ball with his right foot.他用右脚把球停住。
 with表示“用……工具”时,工具前必须加冠词或物主代词。
(3) on以……方式。多用于固定词组。
 They talked on the telephone.他们通过电话进行交谈。
 She learns English on the radio/on TV.她通过收音机/电视学英语。
4.表示“关于”的介词:of, about, on
(1) of仅指“关于”人或事物的存在,如:
He spoke of the film the other day.他前几天提到了这部影片。
He thought of this matter yesterday.他昨天想到了这件事。
He thought about this matter yesterday.他昨天考虑了这件事。
(2) about指“关于”某人或某事物的较详细的情况。
 It’s a book for children about Africa and its people.它是一本供儿童阅读的关于非洲和非洲人的书。
 Can you tell me something about yourself 你能告诉我一些关于你自己的事情吗?
(3) on是指“关于”学术性的或严肃的,供专门研究用的。
  It’s a textbook on the history of China.它是一本有关中国历史的教科书。
5.表示“原因、理由”的介词:for, at, from, of, with
(1) for表示“一般的理由”常与famous, punish等词连用。
  Xi’an is famous for its long history.西安因历史悠久而著名。
  The city is well known for her large population. 这座城市以人口众多而知名。
(2) at一般指“情感”的原因,通常放在表示“惊讶或喜悦等感情”的动词或形容词之后,表示“因听到或看到而……”。
  She got angry at his words.她因为他的话生气了。
(3) from表示“外在的原因”。如受伤、车祸等。
  He died from the wound.他因受伤而致死。
  Her son was badly hurt in a traffic accident. 她儿子在一次车祸中严重受伤。
(4) of表示“内在的原因”,如病、饿等。
  He died of cancer.他死于癌症。
The old man died of hunger.老人死于饥饿。
(5) with表示“由外在影响到肉体或心理”的原因。
  He shook with cold.他因寒冷而发抖。
  He shouted loudly with anger. 他气得大喊大叫。
6.like, as
(1) like像……一样(其实不是)
 The little tiger looks like a cat.这只小老虎看起来像只猫。
 The mooncakes are like the moon. 月饼像月亮。
(2) as作为,以……身份(其实是)
 He talked to me as a father.他以父亲的身份跟我谈话。
7.against, for  against反对,与for是反义词,如:
  Are you for my idea or against it 你赞同还是反对我的想法?
  They fought against the enemy. 他们抗击敌人。
8.besides, except都表示“除了”。besides的用法就等于as well as。
  He is interested in tennis besides(as well as)football. 除了足球,他还对网球感兴趣。
(1)besides是包括后面所提人或物在内的“除了”,可以理解为“除之外…还、除之外…又”,表示两部分的相似性。
Twenty-five students went to the cinema besides him.除他以外,还有25个学生去看了电影。(他和另外25人都去了)
We like biology besides English.除了英语外,我们还喜欢生物。(生物和英语都喜欢)
(2)except是指不包括后面所提人或物在内的“除了”,可以理解为“撇开…不谈”,表示两部分的不同。
Everyone is excited except me.除我以外的每个人都很激动。(他们激动,而我却不激动)
All the visitors are Japanese except him. 除他以外的所有游客都是日本人。(其他人是日本人,可他不是)
介词的省略
在以下几种情况中,介词常常省略。
1.当表示时间的词前有this, that, next, last, every, each, some, any, all等时,介词应省略。
We watched an exciting football match last week.(last week前不能用介词in等)上周我们看了一场激动人心的足球赛。
Come any day you like. 你想哪天来就哪天来。
Come on any day you like.(×)
next前可以加冠词,但意义不同。
next week下周(以现在为起点)
the next week第二周(以过去某时为起点)
2.表示时间的名词前有不定冠词,且不定冠词作“每一……”解时,前面不用介词,如:每小时80英里。
  80 miles in an hour.(×)
  80 miles an hour.( )
  An apple a day keeps the doctor away.每天吃一个苹果,医生不找我。
3.含有way的短语。如:in the same way, in this/that way, in another way等用于句末时,in常省略。
  She did it the same way..她用同样的方法做的。
初三英语第一轮复习 语法专题之六 连词
考点一 :并列连词
并列连词用来连接平行的词、词组或从句。常见的并列连词有and,but,or,for,so,both...and...,either...or...,neither...nor,not only...but also...等。
1.表示平行或对等关系
and和both...and...两者都……
neither...nor...既不……也不……
not only...but(also)..不但……而且……
when就在这时,突然……
eg: Hold on to your dream,and one day it may just come true.坚持你的梦想,总有一天它会实现。
eg: Yesterday evening I was playing the piano when the doorbell rang.昨天晚上,当电话铃响的时候我正在弹钢琴。
2.表示转折关系
but但是   however然而  yet然而  while然而
while常用来表示前后鲜明的对比
eg: It’s a beautiful place, but there were so many people there that I couldn’t find a proper place to take photos.它是一个漂亮的地方,但是有太多的人以至于我不能找到合适的位置拍照。
3.表示选择关系
or或者;否则  or else否则
not...but...不是……而是……
either...or...或者……或者……
在并列的否定句中,用or代替and构成完全否定,如果所连接的两部分都有否定词,用and而不用or连接。
eg: When you are learning English,use it,or you will lose it.当你学英语的时候,要用它,否则你就会丢了它。
The shoes don't fit me.They're either big or small.这些鞋不适合我,它们不是大就是小。
4.表示因果推理关系
for因为,此时它引导的从句只能位于句尾,前面用逗号隔开。
考点二 从属连词
1.引导名词性从句的主要有that(无词义,可省略),if和whether,后两者可与or not连用,他们在句中不作成分,在ask,wonder,not know, want to know,not be sure等后常用whether或if从句,而不用that从句。
eg: The foreigner asked me if I could speak English.那个外国人问我是否会讲英语。
2.引导时间状语从句的主要有when,while,as,after,before,until/till,since,as soon as等。
eg: I arrived at the airport after the plane had taken off.飞机起飞后我到达了飞机场。
3.引导原因状语从句的主要有because,since,as等。
eg: More and more kids become unhappy because they have too many activities to do.越来越多的孩子变得不开心,因为他们有太多活动要参加。
4.引导条件状语从句的主要有if,unless,once等。当从句中需用一般将来时的时候,总是用一般现在时去代替。
eg: The sports meeting will continue unless it rains this afternoon.运动会会在下午继续除非下雨。
5.引导目的状语从句的主要有so that,in order that等。
6.引导让步状语从句的主要有even if,even though,(although) though等。but和(although)though不能同时出现在一个句子中。although 比though更正式。
eg: The story is hard to understand though there are no new words in it.这篇短文很难理解尽管里面没有生词。
7.引导地点状语从句的主要有where等。
eg: Keep it where you can see it. 把它放在你看得见的地方。
8.引导比较状语从句的主要有than,as等,在as (so)…as中,后一个as是连词,引导比较状语从句。
eg: Do you think that art is as interesting as music 你认为美术和音乐一样有趣吗?
9. 引导方式状语从句的主要有as,as if,as though等。
eg: as按照。Do as Romans do。入乡随俗。
as if/as though仿佛,好像。A pencil looks as if it were broken when it is partly put in a glass of water.
10. 引导结果状语从句的主要有so,so that,so...that...,such...that...等。
eg: The mountain was so steep that few people in our city reached the top.这座山如此陡峭以至于我们市有很少人能爬到顶峰。
考点三 易混连词
1.when,while,as
三者均可译为“在……时候”。
when引导的从句,动词既可以是延续性的,也可以是终止性的。一般来说,当主句的动作正在进行时,when引导的从句的动作才发生;
while引导的从句中,动词只能是延续性的,一般来说,当while引导的从句的动作正在进行时,主句的动作才发生;
as表示随着短暂动作的发生,另一行为伴随发生。
He was riding to school when he was hit by a car this morning.当他被一辆小汽车撞到的时候他正骑车上学。
eg: You’d better turn off the water while you brush your teeth.当你刷牙的时候你最好关掉水。
She sang as she walked. 她一边走一边唱歌。
2.so...that...,such...that...从句+形容词/副词+that从句;
so+形容词+a/an+可数名词的单数+that从句;
so+many/much/few/little+名词+that从句;
such+a/an+形容词+可数名词单数+that从句;
such+形容词+不可数名词/可数名词复数+that从句。
eg: Hangzhou is so beautiful a city that lots of visitors come here every year.杭州如此美以至于每年许多游客来这。
eg: She is such a good girl that we all like her.她是如此好的一个女孩,以至于我们大家都喜欢她。
eg: There are so many students on the playground.操场上有如此多的学生。
初三英语第一轮复习 语法专题之七 形容词 副词
考点一、形容词
1、概念:形容词表示人或事物的性质、状态、特征,用来修饰名词或不定代词,常作定语、表语、宾补
2、分类:(1)根据构成,可分为简单形容词(kind, boring…)和复合形容词(kind-hearted, hard-working)
(2) 根据与所修饰的名词的关系,分为限定性形容词(a French dish, a Chinese table)
和描述性形容词(a delicious dish, a smooth table)
3、形容词的一般用法
(1) 形容词+名词,作定语—a good girl(good作girl的定语)
(2) be/系动词+形容词,作表语—It is good. / It sounds great.(good表明it的状态和性质)
(3) 表语形容词,只能位于系动词后面作表语,不能作定语
eg:awake, alone, alive, asleep, afraid, well, ill, frightened(scared可作定语)
(4) 动词+形容词(make / keep…adj.),作宾补—Robots can make humans lazy.(humans是宾语,lazy作宾补)
(5) 数量+表示长、宽、高、深、年龄等形容词(形容词后置)
eg:two meters long, ten centimeters wide, twenty feet deep, 28 years old.
(6) the+形容词,表示一类人,谓语动词用复数—the old / young / rich / poor.
(7) 形似副词的形容词—lonely, friendly, lively, lovely, silly
(8) 以ing结尾的形容词通常修饰物,以ed结尾的形容词通常修饰人
eg:exciting-excited, boring-bored, interesting-interested, moving-moved, tiring-tired, relaxing-relaxed,frightening-frightened, disappointing-disappointed
★★特殊的:pleasant令人愉快的人或物,pleased人感到满意愉快的
(9) 一些表示情感的表语形容词后可接动词不定式
eg:be glad / happy / pleased to do sth. be sorry / sad / sure to do sth.
be ready / afraid / able to do sth. be easy / difficult to do sth.
(10)只能作定语的形容词 eg:little, only, wooden, woolen, elder
4、形容词的位置
(1)形容词常放在它所修饰的名词之前,作定语
eg:an honest boy, many beautiful flowers…
多个形容词连用——先形状,后颜色,中间夹新旧,最后是材质
eg:this big new red plastic pen
① 描述性形容词:对某事物的总体评价
② 形状(大小, 长短):oval, square, rectangle, triangle, round…, big, small, long, short
③ 新旧:new(young), old
④ 颜色:red, blue, white, black, purple, pink, yellow, orange, green…
⑤ 材料:woolen, wooden, stone, golden, leather, woolen…
描述性形容词 形状(大小,长短) 新旧 颜色 材料 名词
weak small old man
beautiful little white stone bridge
pretty big, round new red wooden desk
nice long blue woolen sweater
(3)adj. / adv. + enough,enough后置 eg:old / tall / quickly enough
(4)不定代词+形容词,作后置定语—something important
(5)表语形容词作定语时,通常放在不定代词的后面,常用的是alive, awake, asleep等 eg:He was the only person awake at that night. / You are the happiest children alive.
5、形容词的常见句式
(1)It’s adj. of sb. to do sth.表示“某人做某事…”
用法:这一句型中,用的是描述行为者的性格、品质的形容词
常见的有:nice-kind-good-polite, clever-foolish-lazy, careful-careless, right-wrong
(2)It’s adj. for sb. to do sth.表示“做某事对某人来说…”
常用的形容词有:difficult, easy, hard, dangerous, safe, useful, pleasant, interesting, impossible
考点二、副词
1、概念:副词是用来修饰动词、形容词、其它副词及整个句子的词,表示时间、地点、程度、方式等
2、副词的分类
(1)时间副词:now, early, then, soon, before, ago等
(2)地点副词:home, here, there, out, above, below, outside, up, down, downstairs等
(3)程度副词:very, much, still, almost, quite, so, too等
(4)疑问副词:how, when, where, why等
(5)关系副词:when, where why(放在引导的定语从句句首)
(6)连接副词:how, where, why, whether等(引导宾语从句)
3、副词的一般用法
(1)用作状语
① 修饰动词 eg:He speaks English very well.
② 修饰形容词 eg:You have a very nice watch.
③ 修饰其它副词 eg:You run too fast. / You did it pretty well.
④ 修饰整个句子 eg:Luckily, He passed the exam successfully. / Suddenly, he fell into a river.
(2)用作后置定语 eg:The people here are very friendly. / The weather abroad is different from ours.
(3)用作表语,主要限于少数地点或方位副词,时间副词以及其它副词(in, out, on, off, up, down, over, around)
eg:I am home. / He’ll be back in two minutes.
(4)用作宾补 eg:I saw him out.
4、副词的位置
(1)通常放在被修饰的动词后面
eg:He passed the exam easily. / We finished this task successfully.
(2)频度副词always, often, sometimes, usually, never, seldom常放在动词之前,be动词和情态动词之后
eg:He sometimes go to school on foot. / I seldom eat out on school days.
He is often late for school.
She can always go to school in a car.
(3)程度副词放在被修饰的形容词之前
eg:He is very sad to hear that. / The boy is too young.
(4)修饰整个句子的副词以及perhaps, maybe, first, now, sometimes, finally等常放在句首
eg:Perhaps / Maybe you are right. First, let’s begin our class with a song.
Now, let me tell you something important. Finally, he appeared.
(5)adv. + enough,enough后置
eg:If you have enough time, you can go now.
He runs quickly enough to get there on time.
(6)时间副词和地点副词一般在句尾,地点副词在时间副词前,时间副词也可放在句首
eg:They went home yesterday. / Yesterday he went home.
5、及物动词短语(后面的物是人称代词you, him, her, it, them时,必须放中间)
away:take away, put away, send away
down:take down, write down, put down
up:look up, send up, put up, dress up, ring up, give up
out:find out, wear out, sell out, try out, take out
on:put on, try on, turn on
off:turn off, take off
其它的:look over, look around
6、几个常用副词的区别
(1)how long / soon / often / far
① How long问时间和物体的长短
② How soon“多久,多块”,用于一般将来时,用“in+时间段”来回答
③ How often问做某事的频率,常用“once, twice, three times…”来回答
④ How far问距离的长短
(2)hard / hardly
① hard“努力地,认真地”,程度副词——work hard
② hardly“几乎不”,否定副词——He can hardly see the words on the blackboard.
(3)much too / too much
① much too+adj. / adv.原级,与too many相对,中心词是too
eg:much too cold / He finished his homework much too quickly.
② too much+不可数名词,中心词时much——He has too much time.
too much也可作程度副词——Don’t eat too much, it’s bad for your health.
(4)too, enough, so
① too…to…表示否定的意思,太…而不能
eg:He is too young to go to school.
② adj. / adv.原级+enough+to do,足够…去…
eg:He is seven now, he is old enough to go to school.
③ so+adj. / adv.原级+that+从句,如此…以至于…
eg:He is so young that he can’t go to school.
考点三、形容词和副词的区别
1、形容词用法:系动词+形容词,形容词+名词
eg:He is careful. / He is a careful boy.
2、副词用法:行为动词+副词
eg:The bottle can break easily.
考点四、形容词和副词的三级:原级、比较级和最高级
1、adj. & adv.的比较级和最高级的规则变化:
(1)单音节形容词的比较级和最高级
① 一般末尾直接加er和est
eg:tall-taller-tallest, strong-stronger-strongest, long-longer-longest, hard-harder-hardest
② 以不发音的e结尾的形容词,在末尾直接加r或st
eg:nice-nicer-nicest, late-later-latest, large-larger-largest
③ 辅音字母加y结尾的形容词,去y加ier和iest
eg:happy-happier-happiest, heavy-heavier-heaviest, easy-easier-easiest,
healty-healthier-healthiest
④ 以重读闭音节结尾的(辅-元-辅)形容词,且只有一个辅音字母,双写最后一个字母,再加er和est
eg:fat-fatter-fattest, thin-thinner-thinnest, hot-hotter-hottest, big-bigger-biggest,
red-redder-reddest
(2)多音节形容词的比较级和最高级和以ly结尾的大多数副词:加more和 (the) most
eg:handsome-more handsome-(the) most handsome, beautiful-more beautiful-(the) most beautiful slowly-more solely-(the) most slowly, friendly-more friendly-(the) most friendly,
quickly-more quickly-(the) most quickly, clearly-more clearly-(the) most clearly
其它常见词:interesting, difficult, important, popular, comfortable, necessary, successful, wonderful, attractive, dangerous, terrible, humorous, delicious, expensive, excited
★特殊的:early-earlier-earliest
2、不规则形容词的比较级和最高级
good, well-better-(the) best,
bad, badly, ill-worse-(the) worst,
many, much-more-(the) most, old-elder,
little-less-(the) least,
far-farther-farthest(掌握)或further-furthest(了解)
3、三种级的用法
(1)原级的用法:
① 只能修饰原级的有very, as, so, too, enough, quite等
eg:The old man is too old to go on walking.
He runs so quickly that no one can catch him.
② 原级常用的句型结构
a) as…(形容词 / 副词原级)as… 表示“A和B的程度相同”
eg:He is as tall as his brother. / He runs as quickly as Jim.
b) not as / so…(形容词 / 副词原级)as… 表示“A不如B…”
eg:That girl isn’t as /so fat as Amy.
He doesn’t walk as slowly as you.
c) A…+倍数+as+adj. / adv.原级+as+B 表示“A是B的…倍”
eg:Our school is three times as big as this one.
He runs twice as quickly as Jim.
d) half + as + adj. / adv.原级+as 表示“…是…的一半”
eg:His apples are half as many as his sister’s.
He runs half as quickly as Jim.
e) less + adj. / adv.原级+than 表示“没有…adj. / adv.”
eg:She is less beautiful than her sister.
He runs less quickly than Jim.
(2)比较级的用法:
① A+v.+比较级+than+B,表示“A比B…”
eg:Jim is taller than Tom. / Soccer is more popular than tennis.
② A+v.+倍数+比较级+than+B,表示“A比B…”或“A比B…几倍”
eg:This ball is three times bigger than that ball.
He runs ten times faster than his brother.
③ A+v.+比较级+than+any other+单数名词,或A+v.+比较级+than+the other+复数名词
表示“A比同一范围内任何一人/物都…”
eg:He is taller than any other student in our class. = He is taller than the other boys in our class.
She jumps higher than any other student. = She jumps higher than the other students.
④ A+v.+the+比较级+of the two,表示“A是两者中较…的”
eg:He is the taller of the two boys.
⑤ 比较级and比较级,表示“越来越…”(more and more + 多音节adj. / adv.原级)
eg:He is becoming taller and taller.
He does his homework more and more carefully.
⑥ “the比较级,the比较级”表示“越…,越…”
eg:The more, the better.
The harder you study, the higher grades you will get.
The more we get together, the happier we will be.
⑦ “疑问词+v.+比较级,A or B ”
eg:Which is bigger, this apple or that apple
⑧ 倍数+比较级+than,表示“几倍于…”
eg:He is two years older than her.
⑨ 有表示程度的副词much, a little, even, rather等时,用比较级
eg:He is a little taller than her.
It’s even colder than yesterday.
(3)最高级的用法
① 主语+v.+the+最高级+(单数名词)in / of短语
eg:He is the tallest (boy) in our class.=He is the tallest of all the students.
He jumps (the) farthest in our class.
Winter is the coldest season of the year.
② 主语+v.+one of+最高级+复数名词+in/of短语,表示“…是…中最…之一”
eg:He is one of the tallest boys in our class.
The Yangtz River is one of the longest rivers in the world.
③ 特殊疑问词+v.+the+最高级,A, B or C 用于三者及三者以上的比较
eg:Which is the tallest, Jim, Tom or Michael
Which season do you like best, spring, summer, fall or winter.
④ 序数词+最高级,表示“第几最…”
eg:The Yellow River is the second longest river in China.
⑤ 最高级可以用人称代词、指示代词、名词所有格等修饰,但不能再加the
eg:This is my biggest apple.
Jane’s busiest day will be tomorrow.
初三英语第一轮复习 语法专题之八 动词及动词短语
﹙一﹚. 再现要点,筛取重点,各个击破,做到目标明确,有的放矢。即:将初中三年以来所学过有关实义动词的要点归纳总结,以书面形式展出,逐一突破。
A
aim at 针对… agree with sb. 同意某人的意见或建议ask for请求、索要 add…to…把…和…加起来 ask for a ride 搭车ask for a day off请一天假 achieve a victory取得胜利
acount for公布、宣布…arrive in到达﹙大地方﹚ arrive at到达﹙小地方﹚ argue with 与…争吵apologize to 向…道歉
B
be supposed to do sth.应该做某事 break up with sb.与某人断绝关系 be used for doing被用来做某事 be used to do被用来做某事 break out 爆发believe in信任 begin/start with以…开始 belong to属于… built …into…把…建成… base on以…为基础 break off解散解雇 break down 破坏borrow… from …向借bring sb.sth. 把某物给某人带来bring sth. to sb. 把某物给某人带来beg your parden 再重复一遍break the rule违规 help sb. with sth. 帮助某人做某事break into破门而入 buy sb. sth.给某人买某物 buy sth. for sb. 给某人买某物
C
come into being形成、出现 come true变为现实come for a visit来参观come on 过来、跟着来come down with抵御、抑制come back回来come out of 从…里出来come to do sth.逐渐做某事come back from work下班回来come about 发生come from来自… come here 来这里come home来到家 come to到…来 come along出现、发生 come over过来 come into进入…里 come in 进来come out出来come out of从…里出来come up to 向…走来come to the party 来参加聚会catch up with 赶上…catch a fire着火catch hold of抓住…catch a bus赶公共汽车 cut up 切碎cut in half切成半cut off切断﹙电源、水源﹚cut in line插队 care for关心、关爱care about在意…call for号召call on拜访 call out呼喊 call up给…打电话call sb. at some number给某人大某个号码 calm down 镇静下来 communicate with 与…交流complain about 抱怨…can’ t wait to do sth.迫不及待做某事clean up 清理、打扫干净carry out 执行click on 点击connect …to… 把…和…连起来chat on line网上聊天check over检查
D
drop by 顺便拜访drop out of school辍学drop litter丢垃圾do an experiment 做实验do an operation on sb. 给某人做手术do sth. in person亲自做某事 do business做生意 do exercise 做操do with处理 do wrong 做错事do one’s homework做作业 do some sports做运动 do well in对…学得好 do one’lesson 做功课do the dishes 洗餐具 do one’s best to do sth.尽力做某事 do one’sresolution 做决定要做的事do harm to对…有危害 do some cleaning 扫除do some reading读书 do some shopping购物do some cooking做饭 do the laundry洗衣服do some chores做杂务 deal with 处理disagree with sb.不同意某人意见describe… as …把…描绘为…die of 死于﹙直接内因,如疾病、饥渴﹚die from死于﹙间接外因,如车祸、天灾﹚die out 灭绝drive sb. crazy使某人发疯drive to…开车去… divide… into…把…分成…depend on依赖…decide on﹙doing﹚sth. dry out干涸 dry up 烘干dream of 梦想…draw up起草、拟定 dress sb. 给某人穿衣dress in穿着dress up打扮beat sb.赢了某人
E
e-mail sb.给某人发电子邮件 educate sb. to do sth.教育某人做某事enjoy oneself 玩得愉快enjoy doing sth. 喜欢做某事end up doing sth.结束做某事 explain sth. to sb. 向某人解释某事encourage doing sth. 鼓励做某事encourage sb. to sth.鼓励某人做某事 express sb. sth.= express sth. to sb.向某人表达某事 eat up吃光
F
fall over摔倒、倒塌 fall ill病倒 fall asleep入睡 fall in love with爱上、迷恋 fight against与…作斗争 follow the rules 遵守规则fail the exam考试不及格 find out查明﹙原因、真相﹚ feel like doing 想做某事fly a kite 放风筝fly to乘飞机去… fit into … 适应… fill in =fill out 填充填写 fill…with…用…填…feel sorry for因…而难过 forget to do sth. 忘记要做的事forget doing sth. 忘记做过的事finish doing sth.做完某事fold the clothes叠衣服
G
get here/there到这里﹙那里﹚ get home到家 get on 上﹙车、船、飞机等﹚get off下﹙车、船、飞机等﹚ get up起来、起床 get down 取下get to sleep 入睡get sb.sth.=get sth. for sb.给某人取某物 get good grades 取得好成绩get out one’way to do sth. 特地做某事get rid of 除掉…get to到达 get out of 从…里出来get into 进入get in the way of妨碍 get together 集会 get into trouble陷入困境 get out of trouble 脱离困境get used to﹙doing﹚sth.习惯﹙做﹚某事 get to do sth.着手做某事 get ready for为…做准备 get sb. into trouble使某人陷入困境 get away from远离…get a sore back 背痛get back to sb. 过会儿与某人通话﹙打电话用语﹚get on/along well with 与相处…融洽 get to know认识 get married结婚 get in touch with 与…取得联系go to… 去…go home 回家go there去那里 go back回去 go out 出去go out for…出去做… go down/along 沿着…走go to school上学 go to college 上大学go to the doctor’去医务室go to the cinema 去看电影go across…穿过…﹙平面﹚ go to work上班 go bad变坏 go by流逝﹙时间﹚ go to the lessons去上课 go to the party去聚会 go one’own way走自己的路 go for a walk 去散步go sightseeing去观光 go the same way同路 go away 走开go to sleep 入睡go to bed 上床睡觉go on to do sth.继续做另一件事 go on doing sth. 继续做同一件事go on with继续…go shopping 去购物go hiking 去远足 go abroad 出国go over复习 go downstairs/upstairs下楼/上楼 go on a trip去从事旅游 go in for sports进行体育运动 give sb.sth.=give sth. to sb.把某物给某人 give in﹙doing﹚sth.屈服﹙做﹚某事 give up﹙doing﹚sth.放弃﹙做﹚某事 give away 赠送give out 颁发give back 归还 give off 发出﹙气味等﹚give sb. some advice给某人提建议 give a talk作报告give lessons to sb. 给某人上课give sb. a good beating 好好教训某人一下give back 归还give sb. a hand 帮某人个忙 grow up 长大
H
have a good time 玩得愉快have a discussion 进行讨论have a party 举行聚会have a meeting 开会have nothing to do with与…无关 have trouble with sth. 做某事有困难have trouble doing sth. 费力做某事have sb. do sth. 让某人做某事have sb./sth. doing .让某人/某物一直做…have sb.done 请某人做某事 have fun玩得愉快 have a fever 发烧have a cold 感冒have a cough 咳嗽have a stamachache胃痛 have a toothache牙痛 have fun doing sth.愉快地做某事 have noodles for lunch 午饭吃面条have a match 举行比赛have a fight with与…比赛、斗争 have no idea of不知道… have a hard time doing sth. 艰难地做某事 have sth. to do with 与…有关 have an accident 发生事故have supper 吃晚饭have class上课 have water喝水 have a conversation with 与…会话have a look at 看一下… have a talk with与…谈话 have a problem with做某事有疑难have difficulty doing . 费力做某事have a good trip路途愉快 have a try 试一下have a laugh at 嘲笑.… have a pity on sb.同情某人 have a rest 休息一下 hear of 听说hear from 收到…的来信hands up举手 hand in上交 hand out分发 hand …to …把…递给…hold up 抓住、握住hold a meeting 举行会议 hold a game 举行比赛hold an exhibition举行展览 happen to do sth.恰巧做某事 hurry up 赶快 hurry off 匆忙离开 help oneself to sth. 随便用…help sb. with sth.帮助某人做某事
I
It’s one’s turn to do sth. 轮到某人做某事invite sb. to do sth.邀请某人做某事 insist on doing sth..坚持做某事
J
Join in 穿着 join together团结起来 join the army 参军 join the party入党
K
Keep out不让进入keep down 压低﹙音量等﹚keep a pet 饲养宠物keep in good mood 保持好心情keep on doing一直做某事 keep healthy保持健康 keep in good health保持健康 keep up with跟上… keep sb. doing使某人一直做某事 keep off 防御 keep in touch with与…保持联系 knock at=knock on敲…
L
Learn …by oneself 自学… learn…from …向…学习 learn …by heart 记住…leave for离开去某处leave sth. somewhere 把某物忘在某处leave school毕业 leave one by oneself 把某人单独留下 leave a message for sb.给某人留个口信 lend sb. sth. =lend sth. to sb.把某物借给某人 lead to导致 live on…以…为生 live a happy life 过着幸福的生活look after照看… look for 寻找…look down on 藐视…look up查找﹙字词等﹚ look over检查﹙身体等﹚ look forward to盼望…look on …as 把看作…look at看… look like 看起来像… look around环顾 look out当心 look out of 向…外面看look through 浏览look the same 看起来一样look inside向…里面看 like…better较喜欢 like…best 最喜欢 like to do sth.喜欢做某事﹙具体活动﹚ like doing sth. 喜欢做某事﹙习惯﹚laugh at嘲笑喜欢做某事﹙具体活动﹚lose touch with与…失去联系let sb. in 让某人进去lie dowm躺下
M
Make sb. feel at home使某人感到宾至如归 make one’s mind to do sth. 决心做某事make a face 做鬼脸make money挣钱 make fools of sb.愚弄某人 make a journey旅行 make progress 取得进步make a countribution to为…做贡献 make a noise 吵闹 make a mistake 犯错误make …of…由…制作…﹙看出原材料﹚
make …from …由…制作…﹙看不出原材料﹚ make up… of …由…组成…make a plan 定计划make one’s bed 整理床铺make a report 编写报告 make sure of确信…make use of 利用…make a sentence with用…造句 make a decision做出决定 make success 取得成功make oneself understood 表达自己的意思make a teleohone to sb.给…打电话 make a survey of 调查…make preparation for 为…做准备make friends with与交朋友make a living谋生 make a comment about评论… major in专修
match …with … 把…和…搭配起来move to搬到… mention sb. sth.=mention sth.to sb. 向某人提到某事mistake…for…把…错认为…meet with 遇到﹙困难、麻烦等﹚mix up混合
N
name sb./sth.X把某人/某物叫做X
O
offer sb. sth.=offer sth. to sb.把某物提供给某人 order sb. to do sth.命令某人做某事open up完全打开
P
play football 踢足球play chess 下棋play cards打牌play bridge打桥牌 play the guitar 弹吉他play the violin弹小提琴 play sports 做运动play games 玩游戏play with 玩耍…play jokes on sb.对某人开玩笑play the CD.播放CD. play the music 播放音乐 play a part in在…中扮演角色 play a role of 扮演…的角色play against与…比赛play hide-and-seek捉迷藏 pay for付…款 pay attention to 注意…pass﹙on﹚sb. sth.=pass sth. to sb. 把某物递给pass the exam 通过考试pass by路过… put on穿上、上映 put away把…收拾起来 put…into… 把…放入…里put up举起、张贴 put out熄灭put off 推迟prevent sb.﹙from﹚doing sth.阻止某人做某事 prefer to do rather than do与做另一件事相比更喜欢做某事 prefer﹙doing﹚sth. to ﹙doing﹚sth. 与…相比更喜欢…poin to 指向poin at 指着poin out指出 provode sb. with sth.=provide sth. for sb.为某人提供某物 practice doing sth.练习做某事 place an order for…定购…pick up捡起、拾起
R
run away 逃跑run after 追赶run out of 用光、从…里跑出来run over to…跑过去到… run on…靠…运行 read sth. to sb.把某物读给某人听 read sth. for sb.替某人读某物 receive a letter from… 收…到来信rain heavily 下大雨ride a bike骑自行车 rise up升起 raise money 筹集资金refer to涉及、提到 regard… as…把…看作…reach out 伸出﹙手等﹚
S
send sb. sth.=send sth. to sb. 把某物送给某人send up发射 send an e-mail 发送电子邮件send for…派人请…send …for…派…请… send into 送入…里send away驱逐 send off解雇 shake hands with与…握手 stick…into…把…插入…里 stick doing sth.坚持做某事 stop sb. from doing sth.阻止某人做某事stop to do sth. 停下来去做另一件事stop doing sth. 停止做某事stare at 盯着… sell out买光 sell sb. sth.=sell sth. to sb.把某物买给某人 sell sth. for money卖某物赚钱 see a doctor 看医生see sb. off为某人送行 see a film 看电影say goodbye to sb.向某人告别say hello to sb.向某人问好set up 竖立、建造set up one’s mind on sth.全神贯注于… speak of 讲到speak highly of 称颂…speak English 讲英语 search…for…搜索…来寻找…start to do sth.着手做某事start with …以…开始 spend﹙time/money﹚on sth.= spend﹙time/money﹚﹙in﹚doing sth.花费﹙时间/金钱﹚做某事 spend time with sb. 和某人呆在一起sort…into…把…划分成… show sb.sth.=show sth. to sb.把某物给某人看 show sb. around somewhere领某人参观某处show up 露面 stay in bed 呆在床上slow down减速 smile at对…微笑 suit sb.适合某人 share…with… 与…分享…stay up 熬夜stand for代表… stand up起立 succeed in doing sth.成功地做某事 shut up关闭 surprise sb. 使某人惊奇shout to 向…喊shout at对…喊 seem like 好像sweep the floor拖地step on 践踏 suggest doing sth.建议做某事 supply sb. With sth.=supply sth. for sb.为某人供应某物
T
Take a message for sb.给某人捎个信 take a bus乘工交车 take one’s order按某人的顺序 take a walk 散步take… to…把…带到…去 take a shower淋浴 take the first turning on theleft=turn left at the first crossing 在第一个十字路路口向左转take away 带走take an interest in 对…感兴趣take the medicine 服药take exercise锻炼 take a long vacation 度长假take it easy不要紧 take one’s temperature量某人的体温 take off 起飞/脱下﹙衣服、鞋帽等﹚take a lesson/class 上课take a day off 休一天假take an exam 参加考试 take the lead to do sth. 带头做某事take…out of… 把…从…中取处来take a rest休息一下 take one’s turn to do sth.按某人顺序做某事 take part in 参加﹙活动﹚take a drink 喝酒take…as an example拿…当作例子 take over接管 take care of照顾、照看 take in吸取吸收 take up 占据﹙空间、时间﹚take the pride in 以…而骄傲﹙强调动作﹚take place 发生﹙不及物﹚take the leading position占主导地位 take a swimming course上游泳课 take a jump跳高 take a deep breath深呼吸 take the place of 代替…take a photo of 照…的相talk about谈论…talk with 与…谈话talk to对谈话 turn left﹙right﹚向左﹙右﹚转turn up 调高﹙音量等﹚turn down调低﹙音量等﹚turn on打开﹙电器、煤气、水龙头﹚ turn off 关闭﹙电器、煤气、水龙头﹚turn…into…把…变成… turn to… 转向… turn green 变绿think about考虑、思考… think of想起、想到… think over仔细考虑 tell sb. about sth. 把某物的情况告诉某人tell sb. sth.=tellsth. to sb.把某事告诉某人 tell a joke 讲笑话tell a story 讲故事try on 试穿try to do sth.尽力做某事try doing sth. 试着做某事try one’s best to do sth. .尽力做某事thanks for感谢…travel to …到…旅行tie…to…把…绑到…上treat …as…把…当作…来对待trouble sb. to do sth. 麻烦某人做某事throw away 扔掉translate… into…把…翻译成…
U
urge sb. to sth.强烈要求某人做某事 use up用尽 used to do sth.过去做某事
V
visit sb/somewhere慰问某人/参观某处
W
wake up醒来、叫醒 welcome to…欢迎到…来wait for等待… wait in line 排队等候write to …给…写信 write down记下 win the World Cup 赢得世界杯 win a prize获奖 wear out穿坏wear glasses戴眼镜 wipe…off…把…从…上拭去work hard at努力学习… work out 解决﹙问题、麻烦等﹚work on从事… walk along/down 沿着…走want to do sth. 想做某事want a go试一下 watch a game观看比赛 wind up 给…上劲warn sb. to do sth.警告某人做某事 warn sb. of sth. 提醒某人做某事worry about… 担心…
初三英语第一轮复习 语法专题之九 情态动词
考点一:情态动词的基本用法
一、定义
情态动词表示说话者的情感、态度和语气。它们本身有一定的意义,但没有人称和数的变化,不能单独作谓语,须和动词一起构成句子的谓语。表示否定时在情态动词后加not (must,have to除外),表示疑问时将情态动词提至主语前即可。
二、常见情态动词用法
原形 (过去式) 用法 含义 例句
can (could) 表示能力(= be able to) 能;会 Tom can swim. =Tom is able to swim. 汤姆会游泳。
(疑问句中)表示请求 可以 Could you give us a hand 你可以帮我们一下吗?
(否定句、疑问句中)表示可能性 can可能 can’t不可能 The boy can’t be Jim. He’s much taller. 这个男孩不可能是吉姆。他要高很多。
原形 (过去式) 用法 含义 例句
may (might) 表示可能性(可与maybe互换) 可能 Tony may know the way. =Maybe Tony knows the way. 托尼可能知道路。
表示客气请求 可以 May I come in 我可以进来吗?
表示祝愿 祝…… May you be happy! 祝你快乐!
原形 (过去式) 用法 含义 例句
must 表示义务、命令或要求 必须 We must tell the truth to our parents. 我们必须告诉父母真相。
表示肯定的猜测(否定猜测用can’t ) 一定 Lisa must be at home. 莉萨一定在家里。(推测现在的状况) You must be kidding! 你一定是在开玩笑!(推测现在正在发生的状况) They must have seen the movie. 他们一定看过这部电影。 (推测过去的状况)
原形 (过去式) 用法 含义 例句
will (would) 用于第二人称疑问句中,表示征求意见或提建议 愿意 Will/Would you please take out the trash 你可以把垃圾拿出去吗?
will用于各种人称,表示意愿 Your parents will try their best to help you. 你的父母会尽最大努力帮助你。
【温馨提示】
(1)情态动词的过去式表示比原形更委婉的语气。
(2)mustn’t表示否定意义“禁止,不允许”。可与祈使句互换。例如:
You mustn’t play football in the street. 你不准在街道上踢足球。
(=Don’t play football in the street. )
(3)have to有人称、数和时态的变化,表示受客观条件限制,意为“不得不”。例如:
She has to take the bus to work. 她不得不坐公交车去上班。
(4)May. . . 句式的否定回答:No, . . . mustn’t/can’t.
Must. . . 句式的否定回答:No, . . . needn’t.
①—May I smoke here ——我可以在这儿吸烟吗?
—No, you mustn’t. ——不,你不准。
②—Must I go now ——我必须现在走吗?
—No, you needn’t. ——不,你没必要。
(5)must,should,may,might都可以表示“可以”,可能性程度由大到小依次为:
must﹥should﹥may﹥might
考点二:易混情态动词
1. must & can’t
两者都表示推测,can’t意为“不可能”,must意为“一定”;句中一般会有说明推测理由的附属从句。例如:
―The girl in red must be Jenny. She often wears a red skirt to school. 那个穿红衣服的女孩一定是珍妮。她经常穿着红色的裙子上学。
―No, it can’t be Jenny. I met her in the library just now and she was still reading newspapers there.
——不,一定不是珍妮。刚才我在图书馆看见她了,她还在那儿看报纸呢。
2. have to & must
(1) have to主要表示客观需要,意为“不得不”。有人称和时态的变化(has to; had to; will have to);
(2) must强调说话人的主观看法,意为“必须;应该”;
(3) 否定形式的不同:mustn’t表示“禁止;不应该”;not have to表示“不必”,相当于needn’t.
例如:①The boy had to stay at home alone because his parents both went to work. 那个男孩不得不独自待在家里,因为他的父母都去上班了。
②We must go to school on time. 我们必须按时上学。
③You don’t have to (needn’t) lend me your car because young people mustn’t drive.
你不应该借给我你的车,因为年轻人不能开车。
3. can & be able to
(1)表示某种能力时,二者可通用;
(2)can只用于现在时和过去时(could), be able to可用于各种时态;
(3)遇有助动词或情态动词时只能用be able to。
例如:①Jack could (was able to) swim at the age of five. 杰克在五岁时就能游泳了。
②We’ll be able to fly to the moon soon. 不久我们就能飞往月球了。
4. maybe & may be
maybe用于句首表示“可能;也许”,相当于perhaps;may be中的may是情态动词,后接动词原形be,表示“可能是”,在句中作谓语。两者可互换。例如:
Maybe the boy is from Canada. =The boy may be from Canada. 那个男孩可能来自加拿大。
初三英语第一轮复习 语法专题之十 非谓语动词
非谓语形式:
⑴.不定式
①意义:动词的非谓语形式,常发生在谓语或前位非谓语的即时时间之后,作主语、宾语﹙动词宾语﹚、宾语补足语、表语、定语﹙常表示功能﹚、状语。
②.构成:不定式= to﹢动词原形
③.否定结构= not to do sth
④.复合结构= for sb.(not) to do sth
⑤.与疑问词连用:如what to do
⑥.在下列动词后的不定式省略“to”:三看﹙look see watch﹚两听﹙listen hear﹚一感觉﹙feel﹚,注意﹙notice﹚使﹙make﹚让﹙let have﹚帮﹙help﹚→可不省。
⑦.形式主语:当不定式、否定结构、复合结构、与疑问词连用等形式作句子主语时,用it来代替它,而将真正的主语置于谓语之后,“it”叫形式主语。
⑵.动名词
①.意义:动词的非谓语形式,常常发生或预定在谓语或前位非谓语的即时时间之前,表示事实、爱好、功能、习惯等,起名词作用。作主语、宾语﹙包括介词宾语和动词宾语﹚、表语、定语﹙常表示功能﹚等。
②.构成:动名词=V+ing
③. 否定结构= not doing sth
④. 复合结构=one’s﹙not﹚doing sth
⑶.现在分词
①.意义:动词的非谓语形式,常指相对谓语或前位非谓语的即时时间正在发生的动作,表示主动。
②.用法:常作定语﹙单个词前置,短语后置﹚、宾语补足语和状语﹙如时间状语、方式状语、伴随状语等﹚。
⑷.过去分词
①.意义:动词的非谓语形式,常指相对谓语或前位非谓语的即时时间已发生的动作。表示被动。
②.用法:常作定语﹙单个词前置,短语后置﹚、宾语补足语和状语﹙如时间状语、方式状语、伴随状语等﹚。
3.举例说明:
⑴.I want① to give up② studying ③at school to look after ④ my sick mother at home.
点拨:①作谓语→主动语态→一般现在时。②非谓语→发生在谓语之后→不定式。③非谓语→发生在前位非谓语之前→动名词。④非谓语→发生在前位非谓语之后→不定式。
⑵.The teacher told ①us not to forget ②to turn off ③the lights when we left ④ the room
点拨:①作谓语→主动语态→一般过去时。②非谓语→发生在谓语之后→不定式。③非谓语→发生在前位非谓语之后→不定式。④作谓语→主动语态→一般过去时。
﹙3﹚Look, There is① a boy taking down② a picture put up③on the wall.
点拨:①作谓语→一般现在时。②非谓语→相对谓语即时时间正在发生,主动→现在分词.③非谓语→发生在前位非谓语之前→表示被动→过去分词.
﹙二﹚关于动名词的使用应注意:
1.介词﹢动名词 如:You can watch TV after fishing your homework.
2.动词﹙词组﹚﹢动名词 这样的动词有:
give in doing 屈服做某事 be busy doing 忙于做某事
stop sb.from doing 阻止某人做某事 practice doing 练习做某事
enjoy doing 喜欢做某事 finish doing 做完某事
complete doing 做完某事 end up doing 做完某事
mind doing 介意做某事 spend…﹙in﹚doing 花费时间做某事
can’t stand doing 容忍做某事 keep on doing 一直做某事
be worth doing 值得做某事 appreciate doing 感激做某事
avoid doing 避免做某事 be used to doing 习惯做某事
pay attention to doing 注意做某事 get used to doing 习惯做某事
give up doing 放弃做某事 carry on doing 坚持做某事
do some reading 读书 do /washing/swimming洗衣/游泳
look forward to doing盼望做某事
prefer doing to doing与做某事比,更喜欢做某事
suggest doing 做某事建议 insist on doing 坚持做某事
risk doing
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