10 名词性从句
种类 关联词 例 句 说 明
主 语 从 句 连 词 that That he will come and help you is certain. 他来帮助你是确实无疑的。 that在引导主语从句时不可省去
whether Whether there is life on the moon is an interesting question. 月球上有没有生命是个有趣的问题。 主语从句中只能用whether不可用if。
连接代词 who what which whatever What he wants to tell us is not clear. 他要跟我们说什么，还不清楚。 Who will win the match is still unknown. 谁能赢得这场比赛还不得而知。 主语从句放在句首，句子常显得笨重，因此一般
连接副词 when where why how It is known to us how he became a writer. 我们都知道他是如何成为一名作家的。 Where the English evening will be held has not yet been announced. 英语晚会将在哪里举行，还没有宣布。 把它移到句子后面，前面用引导词“it”来作形式主语。
宾 语 从 句 陈述意义 that I believe(that) he is honest. 我相信他是忠诚的。 We must never think(that) we are good in everything while others are good in nothing. 我们决不能认为自己什么都好，别人什么都不好。 that在句中不担任任何成分，在口语或非正式的文体中常被省去，但如从句是并列句时,第二个分句前的that不可省。
疑问意义 if whether I wonder whether he will come or not. 我想知道他来还是不来。 Everything depends on whether we have enough money. 一切要看我们是否有足够的钱。 I don’t know if(whether) it is interesting. 我不知道它是否有意思。 He doesn’t care if it isn’t a fine day.他不在乎天气是否好。 whether常与or not连用，不能用if代替。 作介词宾语要用whether不能用if。 从句是否定句时一般用if引导。
特殊疑问意义 who, whom, which,whose, what, when, where, why, how,whoever, whatever, whichever Please tell me what you want.请告诉我你需要什么？ She always thinks of how she can work well. 她总是在想怎样能把工作做好。 She will give whoever needs help a warm support. 凡需要帮助的人，她都会给予热情的支持。 宾语从句作及物动词宾语也可做介词的宾语。
注1 如果宾语从句后面有宾语补足语，则用it作形式宾语，将从句后置。 We must make it clear that anyone who breaks the law will be punished. 我们必须认清无论谁违反了法律都要受到惩罚。
注2 think,believe,imagine,suppose等动词引出的宾语从句，要将从句中的否定形式，移到主句中。 We don’t think you are right. 我们认为你不对。 I don’t believe he will do so. 我相信他不会这样做的。
表 语 从 句 连词 that whether as if The problem is(that) they can’t get here early enough. 问题是他们不能很早到达这里。 It looks as if it’s going to rain.看起来天要下雨。 在非正式的文体中that可以省去 表语从句位于主句系动词之后
连接代词 who what which That’s just what I want. 这正是我想要的。 The question is who(which of you) will be the next speaker. 问题是谁（你们哪一位）接着发言。
连接副词 when where why how This is where our problem lies. 这就是我们的问题所在。 That is why he didn’t come to the meeting. 那就是他为什么不到会的原因。
同 位 语 从 句 由连词that引导，不担任成分，也可有when, how, where等引导。 The news that he had landed on the moon spread all over the world.他曾在月球上登陆这个消息传遍世界。 I have no idea when he will come back home. 我不知道他什么时候回来。 The thought came to him that Mary had probably fallen ill. 他想到可能玛丽生病了。 He must answer the question whether he agrees to it or not. 他必须回答他是否同意此事这样一个问题。 同位语从句说明其前面的名词的具体内容，常用的名词如：fact, news, idea, hope, thought,question, order, fear, doubt, word, proof， belief, story等。
特别注意what的双重功能：
①What was once regarded as impossible has now become a reality．
(what为“所……的事”，相当于“the thing that…；all that…；everything that…”)
②After ________ seemed a very long time，I opened my eye and found myself in bed．（M ET'93）
A.what B.when C.that D.which
(what相当于“the time that”，表示“……时间”)
③He is not what he was a few years ago. Who is it that has made Fred what he is now？
(what表示“……的人”，相当于“the person that…”)
④What is now the North Sahara Desert was once a civilized world．
(what表示“……的地方”，相当于“the place that…”)
⑤Our income is now double what it was ten years ago
(what表示“……的数目”，相当于“the amount ／number that…”)
易混知识：
易混1 that与what引导名词性从句的区别
what在名词性从句中可作主语、宾语或表语；而that在从句中不作任何成分且无实际意义。
What makes the book so extraordinary is the creative imagination of the writer.使得这本书如此出色的是作者创造性的想象力。（What 引导主语从句，且在从句中作主语）
It suddenly occurred to him that he had left his keys in the office.他突然想起他把钥匙落在办公室了。（that引导主语从句，在句中不作任何成分，没有实际意义）
易混2 whether与if引导名词性从句的区别
（1）whether／if（意为“是否”）引导动词后的宾语从句时，常常可以互换；引导主语从句时，若主语从句位于句首，常用whether，不用if；引导表语从句和同位语从句常用 whether，不用 if。
I don't know whether/if he will come.我不知道他是否会来。（宾语从句）
Whether it is true remains a question.那是不是真的，还是个疑问。（主语从句）
The question is whether the newly formed committee＇s policy can be adopted.问题是这个新组建的委员会的政策能否被采纳。（表语从句）
特别注意：
当it作形式主语，主语从句在句尾时，用whether 和if均可。
It hasn't been decided whether/if we shall hold a meeting.我们是否开会还没定下来。
（2）在下列情况下，只能用 whether：
①引导词后面直接加or not时
It remains to be seen whether or not this idea can be put into practice.这一想法能否付诸实践还有待于观察。 ［《牛津高阶》］
②引导介词后的宾语从句时
Everything depends on whether we made enough efforts.一切都取决于我们是否付出了足够的努力。
③引导词后接动词不定式时
Can you tell me whether to go or to stay 你能告诉我是去还是留吗？
易混3 同位语从句和定语从句的区别
（1）从内容上讲，定语从句对先行词进行修饰限定，说明先行词的性质、特征等；而同位语从句是对前面的抽象名词进行解释，进一步说明抽象名词的内容。
（2）从引导词上讲，that引导同位语从句时，只起连接作用，不在从句中充当任何成分，即that 引导
的从句在结构和意义上均完整，且that 不能省略；但that引导定语从句时，主要起三个作用：一是连接作用；二是代替先行词；三是在从句中充当主语、宾语或表语，在从句中作宾语时常可省略。
（3）从被修饰的名词类型上讲，定语从句修饰的先行词可以是抽象名词，也可以是具体的名词或者人；而同位语从句修饰的通常是idea，suggestion,possibility,demand, advice, proposal,news等抽象名词。The news that he will go abroad is surprising.
他将出国的消息令人惊讶。（that引导的是同位语从句，在从句中不充当任何成分，只起连接作用）
The news that is going around on campus surprises me.正在校园里传播的那个消息让我很吃惊。（that引导定语从句，不仅起连接作用，而且代替先行词The news在从句中充当主语）
巩固练习：
单句填空
1. In those lectures live streamed worldwide by China Media Group, the astronauts showed viewers_________ they lived and worked inside the space station.
2．Haak，curator（负责人）of the exhibition，told Xinhua News Agency that she wanted to convey the positive idea ___________art could connect people with different cultural backgrounds.
3. Explore and understand society in practice,and influence the people around us. That's _________the meaning of the project lies.
4. In addition, __________impresses us most is that the quality of the clothes is reliable.
5. In the story, the king hides his identity and joins the Merry Men because he wants to see__________ Robin Hood is corrupt.
6. It gives us great delight _________Chinese science fiction novels are becoming increasingly popular.
7. __________ Jack gets home after school is calculated so that Mom can insure him warm meals.
8. What made the school proud was __________more than 90% of the students had been admitted to key universities.
9. Elephants have their own way to tell the shape of an object and __________it is rough or not.
10.You should first explore your talents and get to know yourself so as to make a list of_______ you think your real interests lie.
语法填空
Today, Qomolangma is not a lonely place any more. Many people have 1______(successful)climbed the mountain over the past years.Meanwhile,climbers have complained about 2_________(wait) for hours at the
bottlenecks.
In fact,the large 3________ (crowd) aren't the only problem.All climbers need 4_________(bring) a lot of gear（装备）and much of them ends up being left on the mountain, which becomes the world’s 5________(tall) rubbish dump.
But the good news is 6________ some mountaineers are taking it upon themselves to clean up Qomolangma. Mountaineers Paul and Eberhard are members of an eco-organization which has been cleaning up rubbish since 2008. So far they 7________(collect) over 13 tons of garbage.
Some of that garbage is even being used for 8________ higher purpose. A group of 15 artists in Nepal has collected 1.5 tons of garbage. They've changed the cans and oxygen tanks into 74 pieces of art that have been exhibited 9________ Nepal's capital. Part of the profit from sales 10______ (be) now available to the Qomolangma Summiteers Association, which has helped collect tons of rubbish off the mountain.
解析：
单句填空
1．how 句意为：在由中央广播电视总台在全球直播的那些讲座中，宇航员们向观众展示了他们在空间站内是如何生活和工作的。分析句子结构和句意可知，设空处引导宾语从句，作动词showed的宾语，从句缺少方式状语，故填how。
2．that 句意为：该展览的负责人哈克向新华社表示，她想传达一种积极的理念，即艺术可以将不同文化背景的人联系起来。设空处引导同位语从句，对名词idea进行解释说明，从句成分和意义都完整，应用that引导该从句。故填that。
3．where 句意为：在实践中探索和理解社会，并影响我们周围的人，那就是这个项目的意义所在。设空处引导表语从句，lie意为“在于”，为不及物动词，从句中缺少地点状语，故填where。
4．what 句意为：此外，令我们印象最深刻的是衣服的质量很可靠。分析句子结构可知，设空处引导主语从句，在从句中作主语，表示“······的东西”，应用what引导，故填what。
5．whether／if 句意为：在这个故事中，国王隐藏了他的身份并且加入这群“绿林好汉”中，因为他想看一下罗宾汉是否是腐败的。设空处引导宾语从句，根据句意可知，此处表示“是否”，故填whether／if。
6．that 句意为；中国科幻小说正变得越来越受欢迎，这使我们非常高兴。此处It作形式主语，设空处引导的从句作真正的主语，从句中不缺少任何成分且意义完整，故用that引导该从句。
7．When 句意为；杰克放学后什么时间回到家都是计算好的，以便于（他的）妈妈确保他能吃到
热乎的饭菜。分析句子结构可知，设空处引导主语从句，从句中缺少时间状语，且位于句首，故用When引导该从句。
8．that 句意为：令这所学校感到自豪的是，超过90％的学生被重点大学录取。设空处引导表语从句，从句结构和意义均完整，因此应用that引导该从句。
9．whether 句意为：大象有它们自己的方式来辨别物体的形状和（物体表面）是否粗糙。分析句子结构可知，设空处引导动词tell后的宾语从句；结合句意和or not 可知，此处应用whether。故填whether。
10．where 句意为：你应当首先发掘你的才能，了解你自己，以便列出一个你认为你真正的兴趣所在的清单。分析句子结构可知，设空处引导宾语从句，作介词of的宾语，且在从句中作地点状语。故用where引导该从句。
语法填空
1．successfully 句意为：在过去的这些年中，已有很多人成功地登上了珠峰。此处修饰谓语have climbed，应用副词，故填successfully。
2．waiting 句意为：与此同时，登山者还抱怨在狭窄路段等候时间过长。此处作介词about的宾语，应用动名词，故填 waiting。
3．crowds 句意为：事实上，大批人群不是唯一的问题。crowd意为“人群”，为可数名词，且根据谓语aren’t可知，此处表示复数意义，故填crowds。
4．to bring 句意为：所有登山者都需要带大量装备，其中有很多最后都被留在珠峰上，（使）该山成为世界上海拔最高的垃圾场。need to do sth.表示“需要做某事”，故填to bring。
5．tallest 句意见上一题解析。此处修饰名词短语rubbish dump，根据空前的the world＇s和语境可知，此处表达最高级含义，故填tallest。
6．that 句意为；但是好消息是，一些登山者正在自发承担起清理珠峰（上的垃圾）的责任。此处引导表语从句，且从句意思完整，不缺少成分，故填that。
7．have collected 句意为：迄今为止，他们已经收集了超过13吨的垃圾。根据So far可知，此句时态应用现在完成时，主语为they，故填have collected。
8．a 句意为：其中一些垃圾现在甚至有了更高级的用途。purpose为可数名词，此处是第一次提到，应用不定冠词1表泛指，且higher的发音以辅音音素开头，故填a。
9．in 句意为：他们已经把罐头和氧气罐变成了74件艺术品，并在尼泊尔的首都进行了展览。此处表示“在尼泊尔的首都”，应用介词in。
10．is 句意为：现在一部分销售利润会提供给珠峰登顶者协会，该协会已经帮助从山上清理了许多垃圾。根据语境可知，此处陈述一般事实，时态应用一般现在时；且句子主语Part of the profit 为单数概念，所以谓语动词应用第三人称单数形式，故填is。10 名词性从句
种类 关联词 例 句 说 明
主 语 从 句 连 词 that That he will come and help you is certain. 他来帮助你是确实无疑的。 that在引导主语从句时不可省去
whether Whether there is life on the moon is an interesting question. 月球上有没有生命是个有趣的问题。 主语从句中只能用whether不可用if。
连接代词 who what which whatever What he wants to tell us is not clear. 他要跟我们说什么，还不清楚。 Who will win the match is still unknown. 谁能赢得这场比赛还不得而知。 主语从句放在句首，句子常显得笨重，因此一般
连接副词 when where why how It is known to us how he became a writer. 我们都知道他是如何成为一名作家的。 Where the English evening will be held has not yet been announced. 英语晚会将在哪里举行，还没有宣布。 把它移到句子后面，前面用引导词“it”来作形式主语。
宾 语 从 句 陈述意义 that I believe(that) he is honest. 我相信他是忠诚的。 We must never think(that) we are good in everything while others are good in nothing. 我们决不能认为自己什么都好，别人什么都不好。 that在句中不担任任何成分，在口语或非正式的文体中常被省去，但如从句是并列句时,第二个分句前的that不可省。
疑问意义 if whether I wonder whether he will come or not. 我想知道他来还是不来。 Everything depends on whether we have enough money. 一切要看我们是否有足够的钱。 I don’t know if(whether) it is interesting. 我不知道它是否有意思。 He doesn’t care if it isn’t a fine day.他不在乎天气是否好。 whether常与or not连用，不能用if代替。 作介词宾语要用whether不能用if。 从句是否定句时一般用if引导。
特殊疑问意义 who, whom, which,whose, what, when, where, why, how,whoever, whatever, whichever Please tell me what you want.请告诉我你需要什么？ She always thinks of how she can work well. 她总是在想怎样能把工作做好。 She will give whoever needs help a warm support. 凡需要帮助的人，她都会给予热情的支持。 宾语从句作及物动词宾语也可做介词的宾语。
注1 如果宾语从句后面有宾语补足语，则用it作形式宾语，将从句后置。 We must make it clear that anyone who breaks the law will be punished. 我们必须认清无论谁违反了法律都要受到惩罚。
注2 think,believe,imagine,suppose等动词引出的宾语从句，要将从句中的否定形式，移到主句中。 We don’t think you are right. 我们认为你不对。 I don’t believe he will do so. 我相信他不会这样做的。
表 语 从 句 连词 that whether as if The problem is(that) they can’t get here early enough. 问题是他们不能很早到达这里。 It looks as if it’s going to rain.看起来天要下雨。 在非正式的文体中that可以省去 表语从句位于主句系动词之后
连接代词 who what which That’s just what I want. 这正是我想要的。 The question is who(which of you) will be the next speaker. 问题是谁（你们哪一位）接着发言。
连接副词 when where why how This is where our problem lies. 这就是我们的问题所在。 That is why he didn’t come to the meeting. 那就是他为什么不到会的原因。
同 位 语 从 句 由连词that引导，不担任成分，也可有when, how, where等引导。 The news that he had landed on the moon spread all over the world.他曾在月球上登陆这个消息传遍世界。 I have no idea when he will come back home. 我不知道他什么时候回来。 The thought came to him that Mary had probably fallen ill. 他想到可能玛丽生病了。 He must answer the question whether he agrees to it or not. 他必须回答他是否同意此事这样一个问题。 同位语从句说明其前面的名词的具体内容，常用的名词如：fact, news, idea, hope, thought,question, order, fear, doubt, word, proof， belief, story等。
特别注意what的双重功能：
①What was once regarded as impossible has now become a reality．
(what为“所……的事”，相当于“the thing that…；all that…；everything that…”)
②After ________ seemed a very long time，I opened my eye and found myself in bed．（M ET'93）
A.what B.when C.that D.which
(what相当于“the time that”，表示“……时间”)
③He is not what he was a few years ago. Who is it that has made Fred what he is now？
(what表示“……的人”，相当于“the person that…”)
④What is now the North Sahara Desert was once a civilized world．
(what表示“……的地方”，相当于“the place that…”)
⑤Our income is now double what it was ten years ago
(what表示“……的数目”，相当于“the amount ／number that…”)
易混知识：
易混1 that与what引导名词性从句的区别
what在名词性从句中可作主语、宾语或表语；而that在从句中不作任何成分且无实际意义。
What makes the book so extraordinary is the creative imagination of the writer.使得这本书如此出色的是作者创造性的想象力。（What 引导主语从句，且在从句中作主语）
It suddenly occurred to him that he had left his keys in the office.他突然想起他把钥匙落在办公室了。（that引导主语从句，在句中不作任何成分，没有实际意义）
易混2 whether与if引导名词性从句的区别
（1）whether／if（意为“是否”）引导动词后的宾语从句时，常常可以互换；引导主语从句时，若主语从句位于句首，常用whether，不用if；引导表语从句和同位语从句常用 whether，不用 if。
I don't know whether/if he will come.我不知道他是否会来。（宾语从句）
Whether it is true remains a question.那是不是真的，还是个疑问。（主语从句）
The question is whether the newly formed committee＇s policy can be adopted.问题是这个新组建的委员会的政策能否被采纳。（表语从句）
特别注意：
当it作形式主语，主语从句在句尾时，用whether 和if均可。
It hasn't been decided whether/if we shall hold a meeting.我们是否开会还没定下来。
（2）在下列情况下，只能用 whether：
①引导词后面直接加or not时
It remains to be seen whether or not this idea can be put into practice.这一想法能否付诸实践还有待于观察。 ［《牛津高阶》］
②引导介词后的宾语从句时
Everything depends on whether we made enough efforts.一切都取决于我们是否付出了足够的努力。
③引导词后接动词不定式时
Can you tell me whether to go or to stay 你能告诉我是去还是留吗？
易混3 同位语从句和定语从句的区别
（1）从内容上讲，定语从句对先行词进行修饰限定，说明先行词的性质、特征等；而同位语从句是对前面的抽象名词进行解释，进一步说明抽象名词的内容。
（2）从引导词上讲，that引导同位语从句时，只起连接作用，不在从句中充当任何成分，即that 引导
的从句在结构和意义上均完整，且that 不能省略；但that引导定语从句时，主要起三个作用：一是连接作用；二是代替先行词；三是在从句中充当主语、宾语或表语，在从句中作宾语时常可省略。
（3）从被修饰的名词类型上讲，定语从句修饰的先行词可以是抽象名词，也可以是具体的名词或者人；而同位语从句修饰的通常是idea，suggestion,possibility,demand, advice, proposal,news等抽象名词。The news that he will go abroad is surprising.
他将出国的消息令人惊讶。（that引导的是同位语从句，在从句中不充当任何成分，只起连接作用）
The news that is going around on campus surprises me.正在校园里传播的那个消息让我很吃惊。（that引导定语从句，不仅起连接作用，而且代替先行词The news在从句中充当主语）
巩固练习：
单句填空
1. In those lectures live streamed worldwide by China Media Group, the astronauts showed viewers_________ they lived and worked inside the space station.
2．Haak，curator（负责人）of the exhibition，told Xinhua News Agency that she wanted to convey the positive idea ___________art could connect people with different cultural backgrounds.
3.Explore and understand society in practice,and influence the people around us. That's _________the meaning of the project lies.
4.In addition, __________impresses us most is that the quality of the clothes is reliable.
5. In the story, the king hides his identity and joins the Merry Men because he wants to see__________ Robin Hood is corrupt.
6.It gives us great delight _________Chinese science fiction novels are becoming increasingly popular.
7.__________ Jack gets home after school is calculated so that Mom can insure him warm meals.
8.What made the school proud was __________more than 90% of the students had been admitted to key universities.
9. Elephants have their own way to tell the shape of an object and __________it is rough or not.
10.You should first explore your talents and get to know yourself so as to make a list of_______ you think your real interests lie.
语法填空
Today, Qomolangma is not a lonely place any more. Many people have 1______(successful)climbed the mountain over the past years.Meanwhile,climbers have complained about 2_________(wait) for hours at the
bottlenecks.
In fact,the large 3________ (crowd) aren't the only problem.All climbers need 4_________(bring) a lot of gear（装备）and much of them ends up being left on the mountain, which becomes the world’s 5________(tall) rubbish dump.
But the good news is 6________ some mountaineers are taking it upon themselves to clean up Qomolangma. Mountaineers Paul and Eberhard are members of an eco-organization which has been cleaning up rubbish since 2008. So far they 7________(collect) over 13 tons of garbage.
Some of that garbage is even being used for 8________ higher purpose. A group of 15 artists in Nepal has collected 1.5 tons of garbage. They've changed the cans and oxygen tanks into 74 pieces of art that have been exhibited 9________ Nepal's capital. Part of the profit from sales 10______ (be) now available to the Qomolangma Summiteers Association, which has helped collect tons of rubbish off the mountain.
