03 代词和介词
代词
I. 代词可以分为以下八大类
1 人称代词 主格 I, you, he, she, it, we, you, they
宾格 me, you, him, her, it, us, you, them
形容词性物主代词 my, your, his, her, its, our, their
名词性物主代词 mine, yours, his, hers, its, ours, theirs
2 反身代词 myself, yourself, himself, herself, itself, ourselves, yourselves, themselves
3 指示代词 this, that, these, those, such, some
4 疑问代词 who, whom, whose, which, what, whoever, whichever, whatever
5 关系代词/连接代词 that, which, who, whom, whose, as
6 不定代词 one/ some/ any, each/ every, none/ no, many/ much, few/ little/ a few/ a little
other/ another, all/ both, neither/ either
7 相互代词 each other,one another
II. 不定代词用法注意点
类 别 区 别 例 句
one, some， any和it one可以泛指人或者事（东西），其复数为ones ①We’ve been looking at the houses but haven’t found ___ we like yet. A.one B.ones C.it D.them ②Cars do cause us some health problems — in fact far more serious _______ than mobile phones do. A.one B.ones C.it D.those
some可用于疑问句中，表示盼望得到肯定的答复，或者表示建议，请求等 —Your coffee smells great! —It’s from Mexico．Would you like ________ A.it B.some C.this D.1ittle
some 和any修饰可数名词单数时，some表示某个，any表示任何一个 ①I have read this article in some magazine. Please correct the mistakes, if any. ②—Which of the three ways shall I take to the village —________way as you please. A.Each B.Every C.Any D.Either
one指同类中的一个，it指代同一种类的东西。此外it还可以作形式主语、形式宾语和用于强调句型中。 —There is still a copy of the book in the library. Will you go and borrow —No, I’d rather buy in the bookstore. A.it;one B.one;one C.one;it D.it;it
some多用于肯定句，any多用于疑问句和否定句 ①There’s ________cooking oil in the house. Would you go to the corner store and get ________. A.1ittle,some B.1ittle,any C.a little,some D.a little,any ②We had three sets of garden tools and we seemed to have no use for ________. A.none B.either C.any D.each ③He doesn’t have _________ furniture in his room --just an old desk. A. any B. many C. some D. much
each和every each强调个别，代表的数可以是两个或两个以上，而every强调整体，所指的数必须是三个或三个以上 ①Each student has a pocket dictionary. Each (of us) has a dictionary. = We each have a dictionary. ②Every student has strong and weak points. / Every one of us has strong and weak points.
none和no no等于not any，作定语。none作主语或宾语，代替不可数名词，谓语用单数，代替可数名词，谓语单复数皆可以 ①There is no water in the bottle. ②How much water is there in the bottle None. ③None of the students are (is) afraid of difficulties.
other和another other泛指“另外的，别的”常与其他 词连用，如：the other day, every other week, some other reason, no other way, the other特指两者中的另外一个，复数为the others ①Both sides have accused of breaking the contract. A. another B. the other C. neither D. each ②Two students in our class failed, but all the others passed the exam.
another指“又一个，另一个”无所指， 复数形式是others，泛指“别的人或 事” ①We had a picnic last term and it was a lot of fun，so let’s have ______ one this month． A．the other B．some C．another D．other ②The trousers are too long, please give me another pair / some others. ③Some like football, while others like basketball.
either和neither 前者意思为：两者都（两者中任何一方都）；后者意思为：两者都 ①—Do you want tea or coffee — ______, I really don't mind. A. none B. neither C. either D. all ②It was hard for him to learn English in a family, in which _____ of the parents spoke the language. A. none B. neither C. both D. each
易混知识：
易混1：
代词 用法 例句
it 替代前面提到过的同一个人或物。 This is our new car. We bought it yesterday.这是我们的新车。我们昨天买的。
one/ones one用来替代前面出现的单数可数名词，是泛指概念，相当于“a／an＋单数可数名词”。其复数形式为ones。 It's standard practice for a company like this one to employ a security officer.像这样的公司雇用一名保安是惯例。 Hard beds are healthier than soft ones.硬板床比软床更有利于健康。
that/those that用来替代前面出现的同类的名词（可以是可数名词，也可以是不可数名词），是同类替代，但并非同一个。指代单数可数名词，相当于the one。其复数形式为those，相当于the ones。 To her joy, Della earned first the trust of her students and then that of her colleagues.让德拉高兴的是，她首先赢得了学生们的信任，接着又获得了同事们的信任。
that/those 此外，在口语中，也可用those来替代表特指的复数名词，尤其是当其后有of引导的介词短语或who引导的定语从句修饰。 At our factory there are a few machines similar to those which have been described in this magazine.在我们工厂有一些机器和这本杂志中所描述的那些机器很相似。
易混2代词的部分否定和全部否定
（1）all，both，everyone／everybody／everything 以及“every＋名词”都表示全部肯定；当not出现在含有表示全部肯定意义的
不定代词的句子中，不管not在它们之前还是在它们之后，都表示部分否定。此外，not与总括性的副词，如 everywhere，always，entirely， completely，wholly，altogether等连用时也表示部分否定。
Both of them haven't read this story.他们俩并非都读过这个故事。
Not all of them smoke= All of them don't smoke.他们当中不是所有人都吸烟。
Such a thing can't be found everywhere.这种事并不是每个地方都能见到。
neither,no one, none, nobody, nothing, not...any/either,以及“no+名词”都表示全部否定。
Nothing can stop him going there.
没有什么事情能阻止他去那里。
巩固练习：
1.It will also help_________(they) better understand the life cycle of stars.
2.Unlike__________(it) seemingly simple appearance,making a guqin is extremely demanding.
3.Having failed to achieve his worldly ambitions, he gave up the idea of making money and devoted ___________(he) to volunteer work.
4.Tai Chi dramatically improves muscle strength and flexibility,which makes____________easier to recover from a stumble（绊倒）.
5.Mark whispered so softly that___________but Julie heard him.
6.China's writing system is a strong bridge linking Chinese people and the culture of the present with ___________of the past.
7.Many Westerners who come to China cook much less than in their own countries once they realize how cheap_____________can be to eat out.
8.Mike's ideas are always different from____________ (our), and we all like to ask him for advice.
9.Better still, the extra water could be directed to the dry Chengdu Plain,making___________suitable for farming.
10. As the Hanshi Festival is one to two days ahead of the Qingming Festival,__________gradually get combined with one another.
解析：
1．them 句意为：这也将帮助他们更好地了解恒星的生命周期。设空处应用宾格形式作宾语，故填them。
2．its 句意为：与看似简单的外观不同，制作古琴的要求非常高。设空处修饰名词appearance，应用形容词性物主代词。故填its。
3．himself 句意为：由于未能实现他的世俗抱负，他放弃了赚钱的想法，使自己投入到志愿工作中。devote oneself to...为固定搭配，意为“某人致力于／献身于·”。故填himself。
4．it 句意为：太极拳能极大地提升肌肉的力量和灵活性，使人更容易从绊倒（受的伤）中恢复过来。分析句子结构可知，此处为“动词＋it＋adj.＋to do sth.”结构，设空处作定语从句的谓语动词makes的形式宾语，真正的宾语为to recover from a stumble，故填it。
5．nobody／none 句意为：马克如此轻声低语，以至于只有朱莉听到他说话了。根据句意可知，此处表示“除了朱莉之外没有人听到他说话”，设空处意为“没有人”，应用nobody／none。故填nobody／none。
6．those 句意为：中国的文字体系是一座将现在的和过去的中国人民和中国文化连接起来的坚固的桥梁。设空处指代上文提到的Chinese people and the culture，表示复数含义，应用those。故填those。
7．it 句意为：许多来到中国的西方人一旦意识到外出就餐有多便宜，他们做饭的次数就会比在自己的国家少得多。分析句子结构可知，设空处为how引导的宾语从句的形式主语，动词不定式短语to eat out为从句中真正的主语，故填it。
8．ours 句意为：迈克的想法总是与我们的不同，我们都喜欢向他征求意见。设空处作from的宾语，指代 our ideas，应用名词性物主代词，故填ours。
9．it 句意为：更好的是，多余的水可以被引到干旱的成都平原，使它适合农业耕种。分析句子结构可知，设空处应用it指代前面提到的the dry Chengdu Plain，故填it。
10．they 句意为：由于寒食节比清明节早一到两天，它们彼此逐渐结合在一起。设空处作主句主语，指代上文出现的the Hanshi Festival 和 the Qingming Festival，为两个节日，应用主格形式they。故填they。
语法填空 :
Handan lies at the east foot of Taihang Mountains, and borders the North China Plain in the east.1.__________(it) climate features four clear seasons. It is dry and 2.________(wind) in spring, hot and rainy in summer. The weather is mild and cool in autumn and chilly in winter.
3.___________ (locate) in the south of Hebei Province, Handan is the transportation hub of Hebei,Henan, Shanxi and Shandong, about 200kilometers away from 4.____________ capital cities of these four provinces and about 450 kilometers away from Beijing and Tianjin. 5.___________(be) an important transportation center, Handan possesses the integrated means of transport, including railway,highway and aviation,6.___________serve 13 cities nearby with a population of about 70 million.
Handan is also a famous historical and cultural city. The Cishan Culture7.__________(make) this area a glowing pearl in the Central Plains of China about 8,000 years ago. Handan is regarded 8.______________the most time-honored city in Hebei. It used to be a political, economic and cultural center of northern China.
The idiom is one of the 9.___________(representative)of ancient culture in Handan. Among the idioms people use in daily life, there are 1,584 of them from or related to Handan. What's more, Handan has many scenic spots for tourists10._____________(visit),such as the Wahuang Palace and Jingniang Lake.Travelers can be deeply exposed to the culture of this ancient city and learn about the interesting idioms.
解析:
1．lts 句意为：它的气候特点是四季分明。设空处修饰名词climate，应用形容词性物主代词，句首单词首字母应大写。故填Its。
2．windy 句意为：它（邯郸）的春天干燥多风，夏天炎热多雨。此处与形容词dry并列作表语，应用形容词。故填windy。
3．Located 句意为：邯郸位于河北省南部，是河北、河南、山西、山东四省的交通枢纽，距四省省会城市约200千米，距北京、天津约450千米。be located in 为固定短语，意为“位于”；设空处应用形容词形式，句首单词首字母应大写。故填Located。
4．the 句意见上一题解析。此处特指四省的省会城市，用定冠词the。故填the。
5．Being 句意为：邯郸是重要的交通枢纽，拥有综合交通工具，包括铁路、公路和航空，服务周边人口共约7,000万的13个城市。设空处为非谓语动词作状语，与其逻辑主语Handan是主动关系，应用现在分词形式，句首单词首字母应大写。故填Being。
6．which 句意见上一题解析。设空处引导非限制性定语从句，先行词是the integrated means of transport，指物，关系词在从句中作主语，用关系代词which。故填which。
7．made 句意为：磁山文化使这一地区在大约8,000年前成为中国中原地区的一颗璀璨的明珠。根据时间状语about 8,000 years ago 可知，动作发生在过去，应用一般过去时。故填made。
8．as 句意为：邯郸被认为是河北历史最悠久的城市。be regarded as...为固定搭配，意为“被认为是······”。故填as。
9．representatives 句意为：成语是邯郸古代文化的代表之一。“one of＋可数名词复
数”意为“·····之一”，此处应用名词复数形式。故填representatives。
10．to visit 句意为：此外，邯郸还有许多景点供游客去游览，如娲皇宫和京娘湖。设空处为非谓语动词作后置定语，修饰scenic spots，应用不定式表示将要做的动作。故填 to visit。
介词及介词短语
介词的种类很多。有许多表示事物存在的方向和位置的介词，我们称之为方位介词。如in（在……里），behind (在……后面)，down (向下)等等。其中有些方位介词的意义比较接近，在用法上很难区分，如on, over, above 都有“在……之上”的意思，但含义却不尽相同。我们可以用三个图示配以简短的文字叙述来说明这三个介词的不同用法。
on
over
above
通过这种方法，我们很容易掌握这三个介词的用法。现将英语教材中的部分方位介词用图示的方法归纳列举如下:
介 词 图 示 意 义 例 句
1 in 在……之内 The students are reading in the classroom. 学生们在教师里读书。
2 on 在……上面 The boat is on the river. 那条船在河上。
3 over 在……（正）上方 There are several bridges over the river. 河上有好几座桥。
4 under 在……（正）下方 The boat sailed under the bridge. 船在桥下行驶。
5 above 在……上方 The plane flew above the clouds. 飞机在云上飞行。
6 below 在……下方 The sun sinks below the horizon. 太阳沉没在地平线下。
7 By 在……旁边 Our house is by the river. 我们的房子在河边。
Beside Come and sit beside me. 过来坐在我旁边。
8 near 在……附近 I don’t need a car because I live near the city centre . 我不需要汽车，因为我住在靠近市中心
9 next to 紧挨…… My best friend sits next to me in class. 上课时我最好的朋友坐在我的旁边。
10 behind 在……后面 Olive hid behind a tree. 奥列弗藏在一棵树后面。
11 before 在……之前 He made a speech before a large audience. 他在许多观众面前发表了讲话。
12 outside 在……外面 He parked his car outside the heater. 他把汽车停在剧场外面。
13 to 到……去 We walked to the fruit shop. 我们步行到水果店。
14 from 从……来 We traveled to London from Edingburgh. 我们从爱丁堡旅行到伦敦。
15 (a)round 围绕…… All sat around the table. 所有的人围绕着桌子坐。
16 between 在……之间（指二者） The letter B is between A and C. 字母B在A和C之间。
17 among 在……之间（指三者或三者以上） The house stands among the trees. 房子在树丛中。
18 across 横过、越过…… If the road is busy, don’t walk across it. 如果道路拥挤，就不要横穿马路。
19 through 穿过…… We drove through the tunnel. 我们开车穿过了隧道。
20 onto 向上 The men lift the baskets onto the trucks. 人们把篮子运上卡车。
21 into 进入到…之内 They put the apples into the baskets. 他们把苹果放进篮子里。
22 out of 从……出来 Don’t look out of the window in class. 上课时不要朝窗外看。
23 along 沿着 Walk along this street, then turn left, you can see the post office. 沿着这条街走，然后向右拐，你就可以看到邮局。
24 up 向上 The monkeys climbed up the trees to pick the bananas. 猴子爬上树上去摘香蕉。
25 down 向下 The ball is rolling down the hill. 球正往山下滚。
常考介词用法：
1. 表示“除······之外”的介词或介词短语
介词（短语） 用法及例句
besides 意为“除······之外（还有）”，包括后面所提的人或物，相当于in addition to。·We like biology besides English.除了英语外，我们还喜欢生物。
except 意为“除······之外（其他的都）”，不包括后面所提到的人或物，表示同类之间的关 系。除了名词、代词、动名词之外，其后还可接副词、介词短语以及that，what，when， where等引导的从句。Everyone is excited except me.除了我以外，每个人都很激动。 He is never late except when he is ill.除了生病的时候以外，他从不迟到。
except for 意为“除······之外”，排除的部分与前面的内容不属于同一类，着重用于对个别状 况的补充说明。During her time in the cave, Stefania had been completely alone except for two white mice.斯特凡尼娅在山洞里的时候，除了两只白鼠，她完全是独自一人。
but 意为“除······之外”（＝except），常用于nobody,none, no one, nothing, anything,everyone，all之后。We’ve had nothing but trouble with this car.我们这辆车净出毛病。
apart/aside from 既可相当于besides或in addition to，也可相当于except 或 except for。·Apart／Aside from good service, the restaurant offers different kinds of traditional Fujian dishes.除了优质的服务外，这家饭店还提供各种各样的传统福建菜。（相当于besides 或 in addition to） Apart／Aside from the ending， it＇s a really good film.除了结局，这部电影真的不错。（相当于expect for）
表示原因的介词和介词短语at，for，with，out of的用法
介词（短语） 用法及例句
at 一般指由于看到、听到或感觉到客观事物而产生某种情感、情绪、态度或行为等。They were impatient at the delay.他们对拖延不耐烦了 ［《牛津高阶》］
for 一般指由于客观原因（如举止、语言等）而导致某种结果。The Smiths are praised for the way they bring up their children.史密斯夫妇因为他们养育孩子的方式而受到称赞。
with 一般指由于某种感情或身体状况而做出某种行为。I was too weak with hunger to cry.我饿得都没有力气哭了。
out of 一般指出于某种情感驱使而做出某种行为。I asked out of curiosity，我出于好奇问了问。
表示“关于”的介词
介词（短语） 用法及例句
about 表示一般意义的“关于”。He told me a lot about himself.他给我讲了许多关于他自己的事情。
on 表示有关专业知识或理论的“关于”，比较有系统地或理论性较强地论述某事。It's good for you to read some books on China.读一些关于中国的书对你有好处。
of 在与know，think，read，hear等动词连用时，of涉及的情况较为粗略，而 about 涉及的情况则更为详细。I have heard of him.我听说过他
concerning 正式用语，意义上相当于about。He refused to answer questions concerning his private life.他拒绝回答关于他私生活的问题。
with/in regard to 正式用语，其中to为介词。Laws in／with regard to human rights have been introduced.关于人权的法律已经开始实施了。
regarding 正式用语，尤用于书函或演讲中。Regarding your recent enquiry, I have enclosed a copy of our user guide.关于您最近的咨询，我随信附上一份我们的用户指南。
as for/as to 表示“关于”，as for后一般只接名词或动名词，as to后还可以接wh-类连接词引导的宾语从句。As for my past，I＇m not telling you anything.关于我的过去，我什么都不会告诉你。He is in no
doubt as to what is needed.他很确定需要什么。
几个常考介词的用法：
against的用法：
含义 例句
对······不利 The evidence is against him.这个证据对他不利。
触；碰；撞；紧靠，倚靠 Tired,Jim was fast asleep with his back against a big tree.吉姆累了，背靠着一棵大树很快睡熟了。
与······竞争；与······对阵 He was injured in the game against the Lions.他在与雄狮队的比赛中受伤了。
防备；抵御 They took measures against the fire.他们采取了防火措施。
以······为背景；衬托；对照 The hill looks more beautiful against the blue sky.在蓝天的映衬下，这座小山显得更美丽了。
反对；违背；与······相反 He did it against his own will.他违背自己的意愿做了这件事。
at的用法：
含义及用法 例句
用在表示地点、场合、方位等的名词前，表示“在某处” I'll pick you up at the airport at 2 o＇clock this afternoon．今天下午两点钟我会到机场接你。
用在表示时刻、钟点、期间、年龄等的 He left school at (the age of) 16.
名词前 他16岁便离开了学校。
处于······状态 I felt at a disadvantage. 我觉得（自己）处于不利地位。
表示“以，按（价格、速度、数量等）” Admission is at normal charges and you don＇t need to book. 门票费以正常价格收取，你无须预约。
表示动作、感情的原因，意为“因······ 而；一听到／看到／想到······就······”， 与形容词连用 We were frightened at the terrible sight. 看到这可怕的景象，我们被吓到了。
表示“朝，向（某方向／目标）”，与动词连用 He shot at the bird but missed it. 他向那只鸟射击，但是没射中。
表示“在·····方面”，与形容词连用 She's hopeless at managing people. 她对人事管理空不通
beyond的用法
含义 例句
（指程度）深于； （指范围）超出； （指可能性、理解力、能力等）非······可及 The number of cities producing CO beyond the standard has been reduced from 40 to 9．一氧化碳排放量超标的城市数量已经由40个减少为9个了。
（指空间）在······的那一边，在更远处 The airport is 20 miles beyond the town.机场在离城镇二十英里外的地方。
（时间）晚于，迟于 He came home beyond the usual time.他比平时回家晚。
by的用法
含义及用法 例句
（时间）不迟于，在······之前 He is sure to come by three o＇clock. 他三点之前肯定会来。
（位置）靠近，在······旁边／附近 On a cold evening, it is pleasant to sit by the fire.在寒冷的傍晚，坐在炉火旁边很舒服。
（标准、度量、数量）根据，按照，以······计算；常用结构为by+the+单数可数名词” They sell eggs by the dozen.他们按打卖鸡蛋。 We rent the car by the day.我们按日租用汽车。
（程度、数量）相差 We lost the match by one goal. 我们以一球之差输了这场比赛。
经过，经由 They came in by the back door. 他们是从后门进来的。
靠，用，通过（某种方法、手段 You can reserve the tickets by phone. 你可以通过电话订票。
被······（常置于表被动的动词后，表示施动者） He was knocked down by a car. 他被一辆小汽车撞倒了。
for的用法
含义及用法 例句
（表示目的或功能）为了 Are you learning English for pleasure or for your work？你学英语是出于消遣还是为了工作？
（表示对象或用途）给，对 The problem was that it was too valuable for everyday use.问题是这对日常使用来说太贵重了。
（表示原因）因为，由于 Campbell was arrested for dangerous driving.坎贝尔因危险驾车被拘捕。
（表示时间、距离、数量）达，计 We drove for miles before we found a phone box.我们开车数英里后才找到一个电话亭。
（表示等值或比例关系）换取 He agreed to pay 300 dollars for the picture．他答应付300美元买下那幅画。
支持，赞成 How many people voted for the proposal？有多少人支持这项提议？
至于，关于；就······而言（表示某种特点令人惊讶） You look young for your age.你看起来比实际年龄年轻。
（表示去向）往，向 A few days later she would be leaving for New York.过几天她就要去纽约了 ［《朗文当代》］
（表示陈述或问题的对象）对于 I'm sure she's the ideal person for the job.我确信她是这个职位的理想人选。
to的用法
含义 例句
（表示方向、距离）到，向，去 From Buddhist temples to museums,narrow hutong to royal palaces, it is home to more than 3,000 years of glorious history even down to its layout,with the city keeping its carefully built system of ring roads.从佛教寺庙到博物馆，从狭窄的胡同到皇家宫殿，这座城市，甚至它的布局都拥有3,000多年的辉煌历史，该城市保存着精心建造的环路系统。
（离某件事或某个时间）还差······时间 He wakes at a quarter to six every morning． 他每天早上5：45醒来。
（表示比较、比例、参照）与······相 比，相对于······而言 That is why the fish prefer shallow water to deep water because the former is warmer. 鱼喜欢浅水胜过深水是因为前者更温暖。
（表示对象关系）属于，对，给 All of her runs have a guiding purpose: to call attention to global water issues.她所有的跑步活动都有一个指导目的：呼吁（人们）关注全球水资源问题。
达到（某一点或某个限度） Temperature dropped to 25 degrees below zero.
容易混淆的含有介词固定搭配的词组
类 型 举 例
差一冠词，大相径庭 in front of（在……前面)——in the front of（在……前部）
in charge of（负责）——in the charge of（由……负责）
out of question（毫无疑问）——out of the question（不可能） at table（在吃饭；在吃饭时）——at the table（在桌子旁边）
有无介词，意义不同 know sb.认识某人——know about sb.了解某人 shoot sb.击中某人——shoot at sb.向某人射击
search sb.搜身——search for sb.搜寻某人 believe sb.相信某人的话——believe in sb.信任某人的人格
benefit sb.使某人受益——benefit from sb.从某人那里得到益处
画蛇添足，误加介词 serve the people为人民服务（容易在serve后加for） enter the room进入房间（容易在enter后加into）
follow me跟在我后面（容易在follow后加behind） marry sb.与某人结婚（容易在marry后加with） go abroad出国（容易在go后面加to） live upstairs住在楼上（容易在live后面加 in）
母语思维，误用介词 be caught in the rain被雨淋着（不用by） leave for some place动身去某地（不用to）
set an example to sb.为某人树立榜样（不用for） in the direction朝着……方向（不用to）
do a favor for sb.帮某人一个忙（不用to） different from和……不同（不用with）
with the help of在……的帮助下（不用under） steal sth. from sb.偷某人的东西（不用of） read sth. to sb.给（为）……读（念）……（不用for）
巩固练习：
单句填空
1.The residents of Leye County in South China's Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region are familiar ____________sinkholes.
2.Sharks are___________ the top of the food chain and they are of great importance for the ocean's ecosystem.
3.It only becomes negative when it is seen___________ a weapon or an excuse for bad behavior.
4.He invited me to a dance after the show____________ Christmas Eve.
5.China is now home____________14 world natural heritage sites and four mixed sites.
6.Throughout his painting career, Zhang Gongque chose to create art___________an open mind and truly express feelings as well as present an innocent art world.
7.Football, basketball, drama classes and clay workshops are available___________lower graders.
8.If you consider a classroom library ____________a welcoming space where students ca read quietly or browse（浏览）through a rich collection of texts,you are only partly correct.
9．The committee has promised to open venues（场地）_____________a controlled and orderly manner as it tries to protect and maintain the quality of the facilities.
10.They removed the effect of sugar__________these circadian clock genes in the evening,revealing the plants' so-called “alarm”.
解析：
1．with 句意为：中国南方广西壮族自治区乐业县的居民对天坑很熟悉。be familiar with 为固定短语，意为“对······熟悉”。故填 with。
2．at 句意为：鲨鱼位于食物链的顶端，它们对海洋生态系统非常重要。at the top of...意为“处于······的顶端”，为固定短语。故填at。
3．as 句意为：只有当它被视为武器或不良行为的借口时，它才会变成负面的。设空处意为“作为”，故填as。
4．on 句意为：平安夜演出结束后，他邀请我参加了一个舞会。此处表示“在平安夜”，为具体某一天的晚上，故填on。
5. to 句意为：中国目前拥有14处世界自然遗产和4处双遗产。be home to是固定短语，意为“为······的所在地”，故填to。
6．with 句意为：在张功慤的绘画生涯中，他选择了用开放的心态创作艺术，真实地表达情感，呈现纯真的艺术世界。此处指“用开放的心态创作艺术”，设空处意为“用”。故填with。
7．to 句意为：低年级学生可以参加足球、篮球、戏剧课和黏土作坊。分析句意并根据available可知，此处应用介词to构成固定短语be available to，意为“可供······利用”。故填to。
8．as 句意为：如果你认为教室图书馆是一个舒适的空间，学生可以在里面安静地阅读或浏览丰富的文本，你只对了一部分。consider...as...意为“认为·······是······；把······看作······”。故填as。
9．in 句意为：组委会承诺以一种可控的、有序的方式开放场馆，因为要努力保护和维持设施的质量。固定短语in a（n）...manner意为“以一种······的方式”。故填in。
10．on 句意为：他们在晚上消除了糖对这些生物钟基因的影响，（从而）揭示了植物所谓的“警报”。the effect on表示“对······的影响”，故填on。
语法填空
There are certain things on Earth that we must not lose. The Great Migration across the Serengeti Plains or the towering pyramids of Egypt are such examples. Every country is proud of1.__________(it) cultural or natural heritage sites,2.___________must be protected. We are lucky to have UNESCO to oversee such an important task. It sees heritage as our legacy from 3_________ past,what we live with today, and what we pass on to future generations as well as sources 4 ____________irreplaceable inspiration.
The incredible splendor of heritage sites is a 5.____________(remind) of the power of nature and the genius of man.As a nature reserve, Jiuzhaigou Valley is home to snow-capped mountains, thick forests,impressive 6.___________(waterfall) and lakes. This dreamlike scenery makes us realize that nature has 7.______________(true) created a masterpiece.Similarly, standing in the shadow of the Borobudur Temple, as the sun rises over this grand historic building, we 8. _________(impress) with the effort and determination of the people who 9.__________(build) it with only primitive tools.
It is in heritage sites like this that we cannot help but be humbled, come to understand our limitations as human beings, and know that our duty is to protect them for generations 10.__________(come).
解析：
its 句意为：每个国家都为自己的文化或自然遗产感到自豪，这些遗产必须得到保护。设空处作定语，修饰名词短语heritage sites，应用形容词性物主代词。故填its。
2．which 句意见上一题解析。分析句子结构可知，设空处引导非限制性定语从句，在从句中作主语，且先行词heritage sites 指物，从句应用关系代词which引导。故填which。
3．the 句意为：它认为遗产是过去给我们留下的遗赠物，是我们今天与之共存的东西，是我们传给后代的东西，也是不可替代的灵感的来源。the past为固定短语，意为“过往，昔日”。故填the。
4．of 句意见上一题解析。根据句意可知，此处表示“灵感的来源”，应用介词of表示所属，sources of...为固定搭配，意为“······的来源”。故填of。
5．reminder 句意为：古迹极致的雄伟壮丽使人感受到自然的力量和人类的天赋。结合句意并根据空前的a可知，设空处应用单数名词 reminder，意为“提醒物；引起回忆的事物”。故填reminder。
6．waterfalls 句意为：作为一个自然保护区，九寨沟有积雪盖顶的山、茂密的森林、壮观的瀑布和湖泊。waterfall 为可数名词，此处无限定词修饰，应用复数形式。根据设空处前后的mountains，forests和lakes也可确定此处应用waterfall的复数形式。故填waterfalls。
7．truly 句意为：这梦幻般的风景让我们意识到大自然真的创造了一幅杰作。此处作状语，修饰谓语has created，应用副词truly，意为“真正地”。故填truly。
8． are impressed 句意为：同样，站在婆罗浮屠塔的阴影下，当太阳从这座宏伟的历史建筑上方升起时，我们对仅用原始工具建造它的人们的努力和决心深感敬
佩。分析句子结构可知，设空处是主句谓语，与主句主语we之间是被动关系，应用被动语态；此处表示现在的一般情况，应用一般现在时；主句主语是we，谓语应用复数形式。故填are impressed。
9．built 句意见上一题解析。分析句子结构可知，设空处是定语从句中的谓语动词，根据句意并结合常识可知，婆罗浮屠塔是过去建造的，应用一般过去时。故填built。
10．to come 分析句子结构可知，设空处作后置定语，修饰名词generations，应用非谓语动词，且设空处所表示的动作尚未发生，应用动词不定式。故填to come。03 代词和介词
代词
I. 代词可以分为以下八大类
1 人称代词 主格 I, you, he, she, it, we, you, they
宾格 me, you, him, her, it, us, you, them
形容词性物主代词 my, your, his, her, its, our, their
名词性物主代词 mine, yours, his, hers, its, ours, theirs
2 反身代词 myself, yourself, himself, herself, itself, ourselves, yourselves, themselves
3 指示代词 this, that, these, those, such, some
4 疑问代词 who, whom, whose, which, what, whoever, whichever, whatever
5 关系代词/连接代词 that, which, who, whom, whose, as
6 不定代词 one/ some/ any, each/ every, none/ no, many/ much, few/ little/ a few/ a little
other/ another, all/ both, neither/ either
7 相互代词 each other,one another
II. 不定代词用法注意点
类 别 区 别 例 句
one, some， any和it one可以泛指人或者事（东西），其复数为ones ①We’ve been looking at the houses but haven’t found ___ we like yet. A.one B.ones C.it D.them ②Cars do cause us some health problems — in fact far more serious _______ than mobile phones do. A.one B.ones C.it D.those
some可用于疑问句中，表示盼望得到肯定的答复，或者表示建议，请求等 —Your coffee smells great! —It’s from Mexico．Would you like ________ A.it B.some C.this D.1ittle
some 和any修饰可数名词单数时，some表示某个，any表示任何一个 ①I have read this article in some magazine. Please correct the mistakes, if any. ②—Which of the three ways shall I take to the village —________way as you please. A.Each B.Every C.Any D.Either
one指同类中的一个，it指代同一种类的东西。此外it还可以作形式主语、形式宾语和用于强调句型中。 —There is still a copy of the book in the library. Will you go and borrow —No, I’d rather buy in the bookstore. A.it;one B.one;one C.one;it D.it;it
some多用于肯定句，any多用于疑问句和否定句 ①There’s ________cooking oil in the house. Would you go to the corner store and get ________. A.1ittle,some B.1ittle,any C.a little,some D.a little,any ②We had three sets of garden tools and we seemed to have no use for ________. A.none B.either C.any D.each ③He doesn’t have _________ furniture in his room --just an old desk. A. any B. many C. some D. much
each和every each强调个别，代表的数可以是两个或两个以上，而every强调整体，所指的数必须是三个或三个以上 ①Each student has a pocket dictionary. Each (of us) has a dictionary. = We each have a dictionary. ②Every student has strong and weak points. / Every one of us has strong and weak points.
none和no no等于not any，作定语。none作主语或宾语，代替不可数名词，谓语用单数，代替可数名词，谓语单复数皆可以 ①There is no water in the bottle. ②How much water is there in the bottle None. ③None of the students are (is) afraid of difficulties.
other和another other泛指“另外的，别的”常与其他 词连用，如：the other day, every other week, some other reason, no other way, the other特指两者中的另外一个，复数为the others ①Both sides have accused of breaking the contract. A. another B. the other C. neither D. each ②Two students in our class failed, but all the others passed the exam.
another指“又一个，另一个”无所指， 复数形式是others，泛指“别的人或 事” ①We had a picnic last term and it was a lot of fun，so let’s have ______ one this month． A．the other B．some C．another D．other ②The trousers are too long, please give me another pair / some others. ③Some like football, while others like basketball.
either和neither 前者意思为：两者都（两者中任何一方都）；后者意思为：两者都 ①—Do you want tea or coffee — ______, I really don't mind. A. none B. neither C. either D. all ②It was hard for him to learn English in a family, in which _____ of the parents spoke the language. A. none B. neither C. both D. each
易混知识：
易混1：
代词 用法 例句
it 替代前面提到过的同一个人或物。 This is our new car. We bought it yesterday.这是我们的新车。我们昨天买的。
one/ones one用来替代前面出现的单数可数名词，是泛指概念，相当于“a／an＋单数可数名词”。其复数形式为ones。 It's standard practice for a company like this one to employ a security officer.像这样的公司雇用一名保安是惯例。 Hard beds are healthier than soft ones.硬板床比软床更有利于健康。
that/those that用来替代前面出现的同类的名词（可以是可数名词，也可以是不可数名词），是同类替代，但并非同一个。指代单数可数名词，相当于the one。其复数形式为those，相当于the ones。 To her joy, Della earned first the trust of her students and then that of her colleagues.让德拉高兴的是，她首先赢得了学生们的信任，接着又获得了同事们的信任。
that/those 此外，在口语中，也可用those来替代表特指的复数名词，尤其是当其后有of引导的介词短语或who引导的定语从句修饰。 At our factory there are a few machines similar to those which have been described in this magazine.在我们工厂有一些机器和这本杂志中所描述的那些机器很相似。
易混2代词的部分否定和全部否定
（1）all，both，everyone／everybody／everything 以及“every＋名词”都表示全部肯定；当not出现在含有表示全部肯定意义的不定代词的句子中，不管not在它们之前还是在它们之后，都表示部分否定。此外，not与总括性的副词，如 everywhere，always，entirely， completely，wholly，altogether等连用时也表示部分否定。
Both of them haven't read this story.他们俩并非都读过这个故事。
Not all of them smoke= All of them don't smoke.他们当中不是所有人都吸烟。
Such a thing can't be found everywhere.这种事并不是每个地方都能见到。
neither,no one, none, nobody, nothing, not...any/either,以及“no+名词”都表示全部否定。
Nothing can stop him going there.
没有什么事情能阻止他去那里。
巩固练习：
1.It will also help_________(they) better understand the life cycle of stars.
2.Unlike__________(it) seemingly simple appearance,making a guqin is extremely demanding.
3.Having failed to achieve his worldly ambitions, he gave up the idea of making money and devoted ___________(he) to volunteer work.
4.Tai Chi dramatically improves muscle strength and flexibility,which makes____________easier to recover from a stumble（绊倒）.
5.Mark whispered so softly that___________but Julie heard him.
6.China's writing system is a strong bridge linking Chinese people and the culture of the present with ___________of the past.
7.Many Westerners who come to China cook much less than in their own countries once they realize how cheap_____________can be to eat out.
8.Mike's ideas are always different from____________ (our), and we all like to ask him for advice.
9.Better still, the extra water could be directed to the dry Chengdu Plain,making___________suitable
for farming.
10. As the Hanshi Festival is one to two days ahead of the Qingming Festival,__________gradually get combined with one another.
语法填空 :
Handan lies at the east foot of Taihang Mountains, and borders the North China Plain in the east.1.__________(it) climate features four clear seasons. It is dry and 2.________(wind) in spring, hot and rainy in summer. The weather is mild and cool in autumn and chilly in winter.
3.___________ (locate) in the south of Hebei Province, Handan is the transportation hub of Hebei,Henan, Shanxi and Shandong, about 200kilometers away from 4.____________ capital cities of these four provinces and about 450 kilometers away from Beijing and Tianjin. 5.___________(be) an important transportation center, Handan possesses the integrated means of transport, including railway,highway and aviation,6.___________serve 13 cities nearby with a population of about 70 million.
Handan is also a famous historical and cultural city. The Cishan Culture7.__________(make) this area a glowing pearl in the Central Plains of China about 8,000 years ago. Handan is regarded 8.______________the most time-honored city in Hebei. It used to be a political, economic and cultural center of northern China.
The idiom is one of the 9.___________(representative)of ancient culture in Handan. Among the idioms people use in daily life, there are 1,584 of them from or related to Handan. What's more, Handan has many scenic spots for tourists10._____________(visit),such as the Wahuang Palace and Jingniang Lake.Travelers can be deeply exposed to the culture of this ancient city and learn about the interesting idioms.
介词及介词短语
介词的种类很多。有许多表示事物存在的方向和位置的介词，我们称之为方位介词。如in（在……里），behind (在……后面)，down (向下)等等。其中有些方位介词的意义比较接近，在用法上很难区分，如on, over, above 都有“在……之上”的意思，但含义却不尽相同。我们可以用三个图示配以简短的文字叙述来说明这三个介词的不同用法。
on
over
above
通过这种方法，我们很容易掌握这三个介词的用法。现将英语教材中的部分方位介词用图示的方法归纳列举如下:
介 词 图 示 意 义 例 句
1 in 在……之内 The students are reading in the classroom. 学生们在教师里读书。
2 on 在……上面 The boat is on the river. 那条船在河上。
3 over 在……（正）上方 There are several bridges over the river. 河上有好几座桥。
4 under 在……（正）下方 The boat sailed under the bridge. 船在桥下行驶。
5 above 在……上方 The plane flew above the clouds. 飞机在云上飞行。
6 below 在……下方 The sun sinks below the horizon. 太阳沉没在地平线下。
7 By 在……旁边 Our house is by the river. 我们的房子在河边。
Beside Come and sit beside me. 过来坐在我旁边。
8 near 在……附近 I don’t need a car because I live near the city centre .
我不需要汽车，因为我住在靠近市中心
9 next to 紧挨…… My best friend sits next to me in class. 上课时我最好的朋友坐在我的旁边。
10 behind 在……后面 Olive hid behind a tree. 奥列弗藏在一棵树后面。
11 before 在……之前 He made a speech before a large audience. 他在许多观众面前发表了讲话。
12 outside 在……外面 He parked his car outside the heater. 他把汽车停在剧场外面。
13 to 到……去 We walked to the fruit shop. 我们步行到水果店。
14 from 从……来 We traveled to London from Edingburgh. 我们从爱丁堡旅行到伦敦。
15 (a)round 围绕…… All sat around the table. 所有的人围绕着桌子坐。
16 between 在……之间（指二者） The letter B is between A and C. 字母B在A和C之间。
17 among 在……之间（指三者或三者以上） The house stands among the trees. 房子在树丛中。
18 across 横过、越过…… If the road is busy, don’t walk across it. 如果道路拥挤，就不要横穿马路。
19 through 穿过…… We drove through the tunnel. 我们开车穿过了隧道。
20 onto 向上 The men lift the baskets onto the trucks. 人们把篮子运上卡车。
21 into 进入到…之内 They put the apples into the baskets. 他们把苹果放进篮子里。
22 out of 从……出来 Don’t look out of the window in class. 上课时不要朝窗外看。
23 along 沿着 Walk along this street, then turn left, you can see the post office. 沿着这条街走，然后向右拐，你就可以看到邮局。
24 up 向上 The monkeys climbed up the trees to pick the bananas. 猴子爬上树上去摘香蕉。
25 down 向下 The ball is rolling down the hill. 球正往山下滚。
常考介词用法：
1. 表示“除······之外”的介词或介词短语
介词（短语） 用法及例句
besides 意为“除······之外（还有）”，包括后面所提的人或物，相当于in addition to。·We like biology besides English.除了英语外，我们还喜欢生物。
except 意为“除······之外（其他的都）”，不包括后面所提到的人或物，表示同类之间的关 系。除了名词、代词、动名词之外，其后还可接副词、介词短语以及that，what，when， where等引导的从句。Everyone is excited except me.除了我以外，每个人都很激动。 He is never late except when he is ill.除了生病的时候以外，他从不迟到。
except for 意为“除······之外”，排除的部分与前面的内容不属于同一类，着重用于对个别状 况的补充说明。During her time in the cave, Stefania had been completely alone except for two white mice.斯特凡尼娅在山洞里的时候，除了两只白鼠，她完全是独
自一人。
but 意为“除······之外”（＝except），常用于nobody,none, no one, nothing, anything,everyone，all之后。We’ve had nothing but trouble with this car.我们这辆车净出毛病。
apart/aside from 既可相当于besides或in addition to，也可相当于except 或 except for。·Apart／Aside from good service, the restaurant offers different kinds of traditional Fujian dishes.除了优质的服务外，这家饭店还提供各种各样的传统福建菜。（相当于besides 或 in addition to） Apart／Aside from the ending， it＇s a really good film.除了结局，这部电影真的不错。（相当于expect for）
表示原因的介词和介词短语at，for，with，out of的用法
介词（短语） 用法及例句
at 一般指由于看到、听到或感觉到客观事物而产生某种情感、情绪、态度或行为等。They were impatient at the delay.他们对拖延不耐烦了 ［《牛津高阶》］
for 一般指由于客观原因（如举止、语言等）而导致某种结果。The Smiths are praised for the way they bring up their children.史密斯夫妇因为他们养育孩子的方式而受到称赞。
with 一般指由于某种感情或身体状况而做出某种行为。I was too weak with hunger to cry.我饿得都没有力气哭了。
out of 一般指出于某种情感驱使而做出某种行为。I asked out of curiosity，我出于好奇问了问。
表示“关于”的介词
介词（短语） 用法及例句
about 表示一般意义的“关于”。He told me a lot about himself.他给我讲了许多关于他自己的事情。
on 表示有关专业知识或理论的“关于”，比较有系统地或理论性较强地论述某事。It's good for you to read some books on China.读一些关于中国的书对你有好处。
of 在与know，think，read，hear等动词连用时，of涉及的情况较为粗略，而 about 涉及的情况则更为详细。I have heard of him.我听说过他
concerning 正式用语，意义上相当于about。He refused to answer questions concerning his private life.他拒绝回答关于他私生活的问题。
with/in regard to 正式用语，其中to为介词。Laws in／with regard to human rights have been introduced.关于人权的法律已经开始实施了。
regarding 正式用语，尤用于书函或演讲中。Regarding your recent enquiry, I have enclosed a copy of our user guide.关于您最近的咨询，我随信附上一份我们的用户指南。
as for/as to 表示“关于”，as for后一般只接名词或动名词，as to后还可以接wh-类连接词引导的宾语从句。As for my past，I＇m not telling you anything.关于我的过去，我什么都不会告诉你。He is in no doubt as to what is needed.他很确定需要什么。
几个常考介词的用法：
against的用法：
含义 例句
对······不利 The evidence is against him.这个证据对他不利。
触；碰；撞；紧靠，倚靠 Tired,Jim was fast asleep with his back against a big tree.吉姆累了，背靠着一棵大树很快睡熟了。
与······竞争；与······对阵 He was injured in the game against the Lions.他在与雄狮队的比赛中受伤了。
防备；抵御 They took measures against the fire.他们采取了防火措施。
以······为背景；衬托；对照 The hill looks more beautiful against the blue sky.在蓝天的映衬下，这座小山显得更美丽了。
反对；违背；与······相反 He did it against his own will.他违背自己的意愿做了这件事。
at的用法：
含义及用法 例句
用在表示地点、场合、方位等的名词前，表示“在某处” I'll pick you up at the airport at 2 o＇clock this afternoon．今天下午两点钟我会到机场接你。
用在表示时刻、钟点、期间、年龄等的名词前 He left school at (the age of) 16. 他16岁便离开了学校。
处于······状态 I felt at a disadvantage. 我觉得（自己）处于不利地位。
表示“以，按（价格、速度、数量等）” Admission is at normal charges and you don＇t need to book. 门票费以正常价格收取，你无须预约。
表示动作、感情的原因，意为“因······ 而；一听到／看到／想到······就······”， 与形容词连用 We were frightened at the terrible sight. 看到这可怕的景象，我们被吓到了。
表示“朝，向（某方向／目标）”，与动词连用 He shot at the bird but missed it. 他向那只鸟射击，但是没射中。
表示“在·····方面”，与形容词连用 She's hopeless at managing people. 她对人事管理空不通
beyond的用法
含义 例句
（指程度）深于； （指范围）超出； （指可能性、理解力、能力等）非······可及 The number of cities producing CO beyond the standard has been reduced from 40 to 9．一氧化碳排放量超标的城市数量已经由40个减少为9个了。
（指空间）在······的那一边，在更远处 The airport is 20 miles beyond the town.机场在离城镇二十英里外的地方。
（时间）晚于，迟于 He came home beyond the usual time.他比平时回家晚。
by的用法
含义及用法 例句
（时间）不迟于，在······之前 He is sure to come by three o＇clock.
他三点之前肯定会来。
（位置）靠近，在······旁边／附近 On a cold evening, it is pleasant to sit by the fire.在寒冷的傍晚，坐在炉火旁边很舒服。
（标准、度量、数量）根据，按照，以······计算；常用结构为by+the+单数可数名词” They sell eggs by the dozen.他们按打卖鸡蛋。 We rent the car by the day.我们按日租用汽车。
（程度、数量）相差 We lost the match by one goal. 我们以一球之差输了这场比赛。
经过，经由 They came in by the back door. 他们是从后门进来的。
靠，用，通过（某种方法、手段 You can reserve the tickets by phone. 你可以通过电话订票。
被······（常置于表被动的动词后，表示施动者） He was knocked down by a car. 他被一辆小汽车撞倒了。
for的用法
含义及用法 例句
（表示目的或功能）为了 Are you learning English for pleasure or for your work？你学英语是出于消遣还是为了工作？
（表示对象或用途）给，对 The problem was that it was too valuable for everyday use.问题是这对日常使用来说太贵重了。
（表示原因）因为，由于 Campbell was arrested for dangerous driving.坎贝尔因危险驾车被拘捕。
（表示时间、距离、数量）达，计 We drove for miles before we found a phone box.我们开车数英里后才找到一个电话亭。
（表示等值或比例关系）换取 He agreed to pay 300 dollars for the picture．他答应付300美元买下那幅画。
支持，赞成 How many people voted for the proposal？有多少人支持这项提议？
至于，关于；就······而言（表示某种特点令人惊讶） You look young for your age.你看起来比实际年龄年轻。
（表示去向）往，向 A few days later she would be leaving for New York.过几天她就要去纽约了 ［《朗文当代》］
（表示陈述或问题的对象）对于 I'm sure she's the ideal person for the job.我确信她是这个职位的理想人选。
to的用法
含义 例句
（表示方向、距离）到，向，去 From Buddhist temples to museums,narrow hutong to royal palaces, it is home to more than 3,000 years of glorious history even down to its layout,with the city keeping its carefully built system of ring roads.从佛教寺庙到博物馆，从狭窄的胡同到皇家宫殿，这座城市，甚至它的布局都拥有3,000多年的辉煌历史，该城市保存着精心建造的环路系统。
（离某件事或某个时间）还差······时间 He wakes at a quarter to six every morning． 他每天早上5：45醒来。
（表示比较、比例、参照）与······相 比，相对于······而言 That is why the fish prefer shallow water to deep water because the former is warmer. 鱼喜欢浅水胜过深水是因为前者更温暖。
（表示对象关系）属于，对，给 All of her runs have a guiding purpose: to call attention to global water issues.她所有的跑步活动都有一个指导目的：呼吁（人们）关注全球水资源问题。
达到（某一点或某个限度） Temperature dropped to 25 degrees below zero.
容易混淆的含有介词固定搭配的词组
类 型 举 例
差一冠词，大相径庭 in front of（在……前面)——in the front of（在……前部） in charge of（负责）——in the charge of（由……负责）
out of question（毫无疑问）——out of the question（不可能） at table（在吃饭；在吃饭时）——at the table（在桌子旁边）
有无介词，意义不同 know sb.认识某人——know about sb.了解某人
shoot sb.击中某人——shoot at sb.向某人射击
search sb.搜身——search for sb.搜寻某人 believe sb.相信某人的话——believe in sb.信任某人的人格
benefit sb.使某人受益——benefit from sb.从某人那里得到益处
画蛇添足，误加介词 serve the people为人民服务（容易在serve后加for） enter the room进入房间（容易在enter后加into）
follow me跟在我后面（容易在follow后加behind） marry sb.与某人结婚（容易在marry后加with） go abroad出国（容易在go后面加to） live upstairs住在楼上（容易在live后面加 in）
母语思维，误用介词 be caught in the rain被雨淋着（不用by） leave for some place动身去某地（不用to）
set an example to sb.为某人树立榜样（不用for） in the direction朝着……方向（不用to）
do a favor for sb.帮某人一个忙（不用to） different from和……不同（不用with）
with the help of在……的帮助下（不用under） steal sth. from sb.偷某人的东西（不用of） read sth. to sb.给（为）……读（念）……（不用for）
巩固练习：
单句填空
1.The residents of Leye County in South China's Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region are familiar ____________sinkholes.
2.Sharks are___________ the top of the food chain and they are of great importance for the ocean's ecosystem.
3.It only becomes negative when it is seen___________ a weapon or an excuse for bad behavior.
4.He invited me to a dance after the show____________ Christmas Eve.
5.China is now home____________14 world natural heritage sites and four mixed sites.
6.Throughout his painting career, Zhang Gongque chose to create art___________an open mind and truly express feelings as well as present an innocent art world.
7.Football, basketball, drama classes and clay workshops are available___________lower graders.
8.If you consider a classroom library ____________a welcoming space where students ca read quietly or browse（浏览）through a rich collection of texts,you are only partly correct.
9．The committee has promised to open venues（场地）_____________a controlled and orderly manner as it tries to protect and maintain the quality of the facilities.
10.They removed the effect of sugar__________these circadian clock genes in the evening,revealing the plants' so-called “alarm”.
语法填空
There are certain things on Earth that we must not lose. The Great Migration across the Serengeti Plains or the towering pyramids of Egypt are such examples. Every country is proud of1.__________(it) cultural or natural heritage sites,2.___________must be protected. We are lucky to have UNESCO to oversee such an important task. It sees heritage as our legacy from 3_________ past,what we live with today, and what we pass on to future generations as well as sources 4 ____________irreplaceable inspiration.
The incredible splendor of heritage sites is a 5.____________(remind) of the power of nature and the genius of man.As a nature reserve, Jiuzhaigou Valley is home to snow-capped mountains, thick forests,impressive 6.___________(waterfall) and lakes. This dreamlike scenery makes us realize that nature has 7.______________(true) created a masterpiece.Similarly, standing in the shadow of the Borobudur Temple, as the sun rises over this grand historic building, we8. _________(impress) with the effort and determination of the people who9.__________(build) it with only primitive tools.
It is in heritage sites like this that we cannot help but be humbled, come to understand our limitations as human beings, and know that our duty is to protect them for generations 10.__________(come).
