01 名词和主谓一致
一、名词和主谓一致
I. 名词的种类
专有名词 普通名词
国名地名人名，团体机构名称 可数名词 不可数名词
个体名词 集体名词 抽象名词 物质名词
特别注意名词类别的相互转换
个体名词与抽象名词的相互转换
例 句 意 义 名词性质
①She held some flowers in her hand. ②The trees are now in flower 花儿 个体名词
开花 抽象名词
①Youth is beautiful. ②He is a youth of twenty 青春 抽象名词
年轻人 个体名词
①They have achieved remarkable success in their work. ②—How about the Christmas evening party —I should say it was a success. 成功 抽象名词
成功的事 个体名词
物质名词与个体名词的相互转换
例 句 意 义 名词性质
①Iron is a kind of metal. ②Please lend me your iron. 铁 物质名词
熨斗 个体名词
①He broke a piece of glass. ②He broke a glass. 玻璃 物质名词
玻璃杯 个体名词
①I bought a chicken this morning ②Please help yourself to some chicken 小鸡 个体名词
鸡肉 物质名词
抽象名词与个体名词的转换
具有动作意义的抽象名词加用与某些动词（如：have等）连 用，表示某一次短暂的动作 ①—I’d like______information about the management of your hotel,please. —Well, you could have____word with the manager. He might be helpful A.some,a B.an,some C.some,some D.an,a ②They sent us word of the latest happenings. 消息 （抽象名词） A.a B.an C./ D.the ③Could we have word before you go to the meeting 话（个体名词） A.a B.an C./ D.the 类例：have a dream/a rest/a smoke/a swim/a trip/a wash/a discussion/a look take a walk/a bath make an advance(进步)/make an early start(早点出发) /make a decision/make a change/give a cry of pain(发出痛苦的叫声)
/give a try
表示知识和时间的抽象名词转换为普通名词时可以用来表示 其中的一部分 ①Many people agree that___knowledge of English is a must in____international trade today. A.a, / B.the, an C.the, the D. /, the a knowledge of truth(知道实际情况) give a fuller knowledge of China(提供关于中国更为翔实的知识) have a knowledge of shorthand(有速记的知识) ②If there were no examination, we should have______at school. A.the happiest time B.a more happier time C.much happiest time D.a much happier time ③ is money. A.The time B.A time C.Time D.Times
抽象名词转换为普通名词可用来表示“一次、一阵、一种”具体的行为、事件、现象或结 果。这时名词前往往有形容词修饰 ①Oh, John. _____you gave me! A.How a pleasant surprise B.How pleasant surprise C.What a pleasant surprise D. What pleasant surprise ②She looked up when I shouted. A.in a surprise B.in the surprise C.in surprise D.in some surprise 其它例子：The gift came as a complete surprise to me. We have had some unpleasant surprise ③It is_____work of art that everyone wants to have a look at it. A.so unusual B. such unusual C.such an unusual D.so an unusual
II. 名词的数
规则名词的复数形式：名词的复数形式，一般在单数形式后面加-s或-es（参看有关语法书）。英语里有些名词的复数形式是不规则的，请看下表
规 则 例 词
1 改变名词中的元音字母或其他形式 man-men, woman-women, foot-feet, goose-geese, mouse-mice
2 单复数相同 sheep, deer, series, means, works, fish, species
3 只有复数形式 ashes, trousers, clothes, thanks, goods, glasses, compasses, contents
4 一些集体名词总是用作复数 people, police, cattle, staff
5 部分集体名词既可以作单数（整体）也可以作复数（成员） audience, class, family, crowd, couple, group, committee, government, population, crew, team, public, enemy, party
6 复数形式表示特别含义 customs(海关), forces(军队), times(时代), spirits(情绪), drinks(饮料), sands(沙滩), papers(文件报纸), manners(礼貌), looks(外表), brains(头脑智力), greens(青菜), ruins(废墟)
7 表示“某国人” 加-s Americans, Australians, Germans, Greeks, Swedes, Europeans
单复数同形 Swiss, Portuguese, Chinese, Japanese
以-man或-woman结尾的改为-men,-women Englishmen, Frenchwomen
8 合成名词 将主体名词变为复数 sons-in-law, lookers-on, passers-by, story-tellers, boy friends
无主体名词时将最后一部分变为复数 grown-ups, housewives, stopwatches
将两部分变为复数 women singers, men servants
III. 考点：名词的构词法
分考点1：名词的后缀
后缀法是动词转换为名词、形容词转换为名词以及名词转换为名词的常用方法，常考的后缀有-ion,-ness,-ment,-ure等，具体如下表：
名词后缀-age 抽象名词后缀，表示动作或结 果、状态或状况、数量或费用 short-shortage 缺乏 marry-marriage 婚姻 percent-percentage 百分比；百分率
-ance,-ence 抽象名词后缀，表示行动或状况 appear-appearance 外表；出现differ-difference 不同
-ancy,-ency 抽象名词后缀，表示性质或状况 expect-expectancy 期待 tend-tendency趋势；趋向 emergent-emergency紧急情况；突发事件
-dom 表示状况或状态 free-freedom自由wise-wisdom 智慧
-ics 表示“······的科学（或艺术、活动）” economic-economics 经济学physic-physics物理学athlete-athletics 田径运动
-ion, -tion, -sion, -ation, -ition 由动词转换成名词，表示行为的过程、结果、状况 elect-election 选举 divide-division分割；分开 organize-organization 组织；机构 compete-competition 竞争
-ity,-ty 抽象名词后缀，表示性质或状态 responsible-responsibility责任；责任心 special-specialty 专长；特色食品
-ment 抽象名词后缀，表示行为、状态、过程或结果 replace-replacement替代 develop-development 发展 improve-improvement 改善；改进
-ness 加在形容词后构成抽象名词，表 示状态、性质、特点等 dry-dryness 干燥 kind-kindness善意 happy-happiness幸福
-ship 抽象名词后缀，表示状态、性质、品质、资格等 relation-relationship 关系 member-membership成员资格；会员身份 friend-friendship 友谊
-th 由形容词和动词转换成名词，表 示性质、状态、情况、行为等 warm-warmth 温暖 long-length 长度 grow-growth生长 arrive-arrival 到达 survive-survival 生存 fail-failure失败；衰竭 press-pressure 压力
-al 表示动作的状态和结果
-ure 抽象名词后缀，表示行为、过程、结果等
-er,-or 表示“······的人（或物）” carry-carrier携带者 begin-beginner初学者 direct-director 主管 operate-operator操作者；经营者
-ian 构成人称名词，表示“专长于·····的人” technique-technician 技术人员music-musician 音乐家
-ist 构成人称名词，表示“从事······的人；······的信仰者；······的使用者” special-specialist 专家 piano-pianist 钢琴家 science-scientist 科学家
分考点2：常考名词与形容词的转换
（1）beauty n．漂亮-beautiful adj．漂亮的confidence n.自信-confident adj.自信的day n.白天-daily adj.日常的education n.教育-educational adj.教育的finance n.金融-financial adj.金融的meaning n.含义-meaningful adj.有意义的tradition n.传统-traditional adj.传统的wealth n.财富-wealthy adj.富有的
（2）absence n．缺席-absent adj．缺席的convenience n.方便；便利-convenient adj.便利的difference n.差别；差异-different adj.不同的distance n.距离-distant adj.遥远的evidence n.证据-evident adj.明显的
importance n.重要性-important adj.重要的independence n.独立-independent adj.独立的patience n.耐心-patient adj.有耐心的silence n.沉默-silent adj.沉默的
（3）access n．（使用或进入的）机会，权利；通道一accessible adj.易使用的；易接近的knowledge n.知识-knowledgeable adj.有见识的value n.价值-valuable adj.有价值的；贵重的
（4）agriculture n．农业-agricultural adj．农业的culture n.文化-cultural adj.文化的nature n.自然-natural adj.自然的center n.中心-central adj.中心的
（5）anger n．怒气-angry adj．愤怒的hunger n.饥饿-hungry adj.饥饿的health n.健康-healthy adj.健康的noise n.噪声-noisy adj.喧闹的taste n.味道；爱好；口味-tasty adj.美味的
（6）base n．基础；根据-basic adj．基本的；必需的benefit n.好处；益处-beneficial adj.有利的energy n.精力-energetic adj.精力充沛的type n.类型-typical adj.典型的
（7）chemistry n．化学-chemical adj．化学的curiosity n.好奇心-curious adj.好奇的variety n.多样化-various adj.各种各样的safety n.安全-safe adj.安全的fluency n.流利-fluent adj.流利的accuracy n.准确（性）-accurate adj.准确的
（8）advance n．前进；进步；进展-advanced adj．先进的delight n.高兴-delighted adj.高兴的danger n.危险-dangerous adj.危险的fool n.傻瓜-foolish adj.愚蠢的pride n.自豪；骄傲-proud adj.自豪的strength n.力气-strong adj.强壮的fortune n.运气-fortunate adj.幸运的
分考点3：“of+n”结构
(1)“of+n.”结构中的名词是抽象名词时，相当于该名词所对应的形容词的意思，说明被修饰词具有某种特征或属性，在句中可作表语、定语或宾语补足语。具有该用法的名词有：use,importance, help, value, interest, benefit 等。这些名词前可用great，no，little，some，any，not much等修饰，以表示不同程度。
(2)“of+n”.结构中的名词表种类、数量、度量等时，表示不同的人或物的共同特征，此时名词前通常有冠词。常用的这类名词有：size，type, kind, price, height, depth,length,weight，age，shape，color等。
·These two rooms are of the same size.这两间房一样大。
(3)“of+n”结构还可以表示人的特点、特性，常用的有“of＋wisdom／wealth／education／courage／achievement／ability”等。
·Your sister is a girl of wisdom.你妹妹是一个有智慧的女孩。
Ⅳ.主谓一致
规则 情 况 举 例
语 法 一 致 原 则 以单数名词或代词动词不定式短语，动名词短语或从句作主语时，谓语动词一般用单数形式；主语为复数时，谓语动词 用复数形式。 His father is working on the farm. To study English well is not easy. Reading in the sun is bad for your eyes. What he said is very important for us all. 由what引导的主语从句，后面的谓语动词多数情况用单数形式，但若表语是复数或what从句是一个带有复数意义的并列结构时，主句的谓语动词用复数形式。 what I bought were three English books. What I say and do is (are) helpful for you.
由连接词and或both…and连接起来的主语后面，要用复数形式的谓语动词。但若所连接的两个词是指同一个人或物 时，它后面的谓语就用单数形式。由and 连接的并列单数主语前如果分别有no, each, every 或more than a (an)/one,many a (an) 修饰时，其谓语动词要用单数形式。either, neither, each, every 或no+单数名词和由some, any no, every构成的复合不定代词，都作单数看待。. Lucy and Lily are twins
The writer and artist has come.
Every student and every teach is in the classroom. Many a boy and many a girl likes it. No boy and no girl likes it.
Each of us has a new book. Is everyone here today Somebody is speaking in class. Everything around us is matter 若none of 后面的名词是不可数名词，它的谓语动词就要用单数。若它后面的名词是复数，它的谓语动词用单数或复数都可以。 None of the sugar was left. None of us has (have) been to America.
在定语从句里，关系代词that, who, which 等作主语时，其谓语动词的数应与句中先行词的数一致。 Those who want to go please write their names on the blackboard. He is one of my friends who are working hard. He is the (only) one of my friends who is working hard.
在强调句型中应与被强调部分一致 It is I who am going to the cinema tonight. It is we who are going to the cinema tonight.
如果集体名词指的是整个集体，它的谓语动词用单数形式； 如果它指的集体的成员，其谓语动词用复数形式 The police are looking for the lost child. The cattle are eating grass in the field. His family has moved to the south .(他的一家) His family are watching TV.（他的家人） Class four is on the third floor.（四班） Class Four are unable to agree upon a monitor.（四班的学生）
由a lot of /lots of/ plenty of/ a heap of/ heaps of/ the rest of/the majority of+名词构成的短语以及由分数或百分数+名词构成的短语作主语时，其谓语动词的数要根据短语中后面名词的数而定。 There are a lot of people in the classroom. Three-fourths of the surface of the earth is sea. 50 percent of the students in our class are girls. 此外，还有a number of +复数名词有类似的用法（用复数），但the number of +复数名词的数就得依number 而定（用单数）。 A number of students have gone to the farm to help the farmer pick apples. The number of pages in this book is three hundred.
在倒装句中，谓语动词的数应与其后的主语一致 There comes the bus. On the wall are many pictures. Such is the result. Such are the facts. Between the two hills stands a monument.
逻 辑 意 义 一 致 原 则 What, who, which, any, more, all 等代词可以是单数，也可是复数， 主要靠意思来决定。 Which is your bag Which are your bags Are any of you good at English Has any of you got a pen All can be done has been done. All is going well. All have been taken out. All have gone to Beijing.
表示时间重量长度价值等的名词的复数作主语时，谓语动词通常用单数形式，这是由于作主语的名词在概念上是一个整体。 Thirty minutes is enough for the work.. Twenty pounds is too dear. 如强调这类词的复数意义，则谓语动词要用复数形式 Forty kilos of water are used every day.
若英语是书名名格言剧名报名国名等的复数形式，其谓语动词通常用单数形式。 The United States is smaller than China. “The Arabian Nights” is an interesting story-book.
表数量的短语“one and a half”后面接复数名词作主语时，其谓语动词要用单数形式。 One and a half apples is left on the table.
一些学科名词是以-ics结尾，如：mathematics, politics, physics 以及news, works 等。都属于形式上是复数的名词， 实际意义为单数名词， 它们作主语时，其谓语动词要用单数形式。 The paper works was built in 1990.这家造纸厂建于1990年。 I don’t think physics is easy to study.
trousers, glasses, clothes, shoes, scissors (剪刀)等词作主语时，谓语用复数，但如果这些名词前有a(the) pair of 等量词修饰时（clothes被a suit of 修饰）谓语动词用单数。 My glasses are broken. The pair of shoes under the bed is his.
“定冠词the+形容词或分词”，表示某一类人动词用复数；若表示某一类东西时，动词用单数。 The old are taken good care of there. The beautiful gives pleasure to all.
就 近 /远 一 致 原 则 当两个主语由either or, neither nor, not only but also ,whether or 连接时，谓语动词和邻近的主语保持一致,即就近一致。 Either the teacher or the students are our friends. Neither he nor they are wholly right. Neither they nor he is wholly right. Is neither he nor they wholly right
there be 句型中be 动词的单复数取决于其后的主语。如果其后是由and 连接的两个主语，则应与靠近的那个主语保持一致，即就近一致。 There are two chairs and a desk in the room. There is a desk and two chairs in the room.
主语后面跟有with, together with, except, but, like, as well as, no less than, rather than, more than, besides, along with, including, in addition to 等引起的短语， 谓语动词要跟主语一致，即就远一致。 Mr. Green, together with his wife and children, has come to China. A woman with a baby was on the bus. Nobody but Jim and Mike was on the playground. She, like you and Tom, is very tall. The girls as well as the boy have learned to speak Japanese. No one except my teachers knows anything about it.
巩固练习：
单句填空：
1.However,ten years ago, this distinctive technique was close to complete___________(disappear).
2. His poems speak of the_________ (lonely) of the mines, the deaths of fellow workers and the distance between modern life and his underground work.
3. Compared to other noodle____________(variety) from Northwest China, biangbiang noodles is also well known outside of Xi'an.
4.The chance of this___________(adventurer) survival is very slim.
5. Carson wrote about how islands were formed and how____________（current）change and merge（融合）.
6. Born in Poland in 1867,Marie Curie is famous for her work on radioactivity, and was twice a __________(win) of the Nobel Prize.
7.It was he that first set up private schools and received students from every walk of life without _________(consider) of their social status.
8. Few places in Europe are developing toward a cashless future as quickly as Sweden, which is now enjoying the _____________(convenient) of electronic payment.
9.November 21st is World Television Day. TV is one of the greatest(invention) of the 20th century.
10.We should remember these ___________(hero)names forever.
语法填空：
A seed bank stores seeds to preserve genetic diversity; hence it is a type of gene bank. Many people may wonder 1.________the seeds are stored. One of the major reasons is to preserve the genes that plant growers need to increase the yield（产量），disease resistance, drought tolerance, nutritional quality,and the taste of crops. Another is to prevent 2.____________(lose) of genetic diversity in rare or endangered plant species in 3.__________ effort to conserve biodiversity. Many plants4.___________(grow) centuries ago by humans are used less frequently now;seed banks offer a way to preserve that historical and cultural value. Collections of seeds stored 5._______________constant low temperature and low water level are guarded against reduction of genetic resources which are otherwise maintained in field collections. These alternative “ living" collections can 6__________(damage) by natural disasters, outbreaks of disease 7.__________war. Containing valuable information about evolved strategies to reduce plant stress, seed banks are considered
seed8._________(library),and can help to create genetically modified（调整过的）versions of 9.___________(exist) seeds. The work of seed banks often spans decades and even centuries. Most seed banks are10.__________(public) funded and seeds are usually available for research that benefits the public.
解析：
单句填空：
1．consumption 句意为：在过去的十年里，瓷器热推动了高消费。high是形容词，应修饰名词，设空处意为“消费”，应用consumption，且其为不可数名词，故填consumption。
2．flexibility 句意为：著名的中国舞狮表演者真正拥有出色的灵活性和技术，它们需要多年的练习才能使其完美。分析句子结构可知，此处被形容词wonderful修饰，作动词own的宾语，应用名词形式，且flexibility 为不可数名词，故填flexibility。
3．achievements 句意为：钟南山长期致力于重大传染病的研究、预防和治疗，并且取得了很多成就。achievement 在此处意为“成就；功绩”，为可数名词，根据设空处前的a long record of 可知，此处应用复数形式，故填achievements。
4．buyer's 句意为：由于一位当地买家不愿谈判，这68件文物不得不被英国警方继续扣押。根据空后的unwillingness 和句意可知，buyer和 unwillingness 之间为所属关系，应用名词所有格形式，故填buyer＇s。
5．researchers＇句意为：这些云冈研究人员的尝试是技术帮助保护文化遗产的一个很好的例子。此处 researcher 被These限定，应用复数形式，且researcher与attempt之间为所属关系，应用名词所有格。
语法填空：
1．disappearance 句意为：然而，十年前，这种独特的技术几乎完全消失。设空处应填名词作介词to的宾语，disappearance 意为“消失”，为不可数名词。故填disappearance。
2．loneliness 句意为：他的诗歌讲述了煤矿的荒凉、同事们的死亡，以及现代生活与他在地下的工作之间的距离。此处位于定冠词the和介词of之间，应用名词loneliness。故填loneliness。
3．varieties 句意为：与中国西北地区的其他种类的面条相比，biangbiang面在西安以外的地方也很有名。variety 在此处意为“种类”，是可数名词，且由前面的other可知，此处表示“其他的面条种类”，不止一种，应用复数形式。故填varieties。01 名词和主谓一致
一、名词和主谓一致
I. 名词的种类
专有名词 普通名词
国名地名人名，团体机构名称 可数名词 不可数名词
个体名词 集体名词 抽象名词 物质名词
特别注意名词类别的相互转换
个体名词与抽象名词的相互转换
例 句 意 义 名词性质
①She held some flowers in her hand. ②The trees are now in flower 花儿 个体名词
开花 抽象名词
①Youth is beautiful. ②He is a youth of twenty 青春 抽象名词
年轻人 个体名词
①They have achieved remarkable success in their work. ②—How about the Christmas evening party —I should say it was a success. 成功 抽象名词
成功的事 个体名词
物质名词与个体名词的相互转换
例 句 意 义 名词性质
①Iron is a kind of metal. ②Please lend me your iron. 铁 物质名词
熨斗 个体名词
①He broke a piece of glass. ②He broke a glass. 玻璃 物质名词
玻璃杯 个体名词
①I bought a chicken this morning ②Please help yourself to some chicken 小鸡 个体名词
鸡肉 物质名词
抽象名词与个体名词的转换
具有动作意义的抽象名词加用与某些动词（如：have等）连 用，表示某一次短暂的动作 ①—I’d like______information about the management of your hotel,please. —Well, you could have____word with the manager. He might be helpful A.some,a B.an,some C.some,some D.an,a ②They sent us word of the latest happenings. 消息 （抽象名词） A.a B.an C./ D.the ③Could we have word before you go to the meeting 话（个体名词） A.a B.an C./ D.the 类例：have a dream/a rest/a smoke/a swim/a trip/a wash/a discussion/a look take a walk/a bath make an advance(进步)/make an early start(早点出发) /make a decision/make a change/give a cry of pain(发出痛苦的叫声)
/give a try
表示知识和时间的抽象名词转换为普通名词时可以用来表示 其中的一部分 ①Many people agree that___knowledge of English is a must in____international trade today. A.a, / B.the, an C.the, the D. /, the a knowledge of truth(知道实际情况) give a fuller knowledge of China(提供关于中国更为翔实的知识) have a knowledge of shorthand(有速记的知识) ②If there were no examination, we should have______at school. A.the happiest time B.a more happier time C.much happiest time D.a much happier time ③ is money. A.The time B.A time C.Time D.Times
抽象名词转换为普通名词可用来表示“一次、一阵、一种”具体的行为、事件、现象或结 果。这时名词前往往有形容词修饰 ①Oh, John. _____you gave me! A.How a pleasant surprise B.How pleasant surprise C.What a pleasant surprise D. What pleasant surprise ②She looked up when I shouted. A.in a surprise B.in the surprise C.in surprise D.in some surprise 其它例子：The gift came as a complete surprise to me. We have had some unpleasant surprise ③It is_____work of art that everyone wants to have a look at it. A.so unusual B. such unusual C.such an unusual D.so an unusual
II. 名词的数
规则名词的复数形式：名词的复数形式，一般在单数形式后面加-s或-es（参看有关语法书）。英语里有些名词的复数形式是不规则的，请看下表
规 则 例 词
1 改变名词中的元音字母或其他形式 man-men, woman-women, foot-feet, goose-geese, mouse-mice
2 单复数相同 sheep, deer, series, means, works, fish, species
3 只有复数形式 ashes, trousers, clothes, thanks, goods, glasses, compasses, contents
4 一些集体名词总是用作复数 people, police, cattle, staff
5 部分集体名词既可以作单数（整体）也可以作复数（成员） audience, class, family, crowd, couple, group, committee, government, population, crew, team, public, enemy, party
6 复数形式表示特别含义 customs(海关), forces(军队), times(时代), spirits(情绪), drinks(饮料), sands(沙滩), papers(文件报纸), manners(礼貌), looks(外表), brains(头脑智力), greens(青菜), ruins(废墟)
7 表示“某国人” 加-s Americans, Australians, Germans, Greeks, Swedes, Europeans
单复数同形 Swiss, Portuguese, Chinese, Japanese
以-man或-woman结尾的改为-men,-women Englishmen, Frenchwomen
8 合成名词 将主体名词变为复数 sons-in-law, lookers-on, passers-by, story-tellers, boy friends
无主体名词时将最后一部分变为复数 grown-ups, housewives, stopwatches
将两部分变为复数 women singers, men servants
III. 考点：名词的构词法
分考点1：名词的后缀
后缀法是动词转换为名词、形容词转换为名词以及名词转换为名词的常用方法，常考的后缀有-ion,-ness,-ment,-ure等，具体如下表：
名词后缀-age 抽象名词后缀，表示动作或结 果、状态或状况、数量或费用 short-shortage 缺乏 marry-marriage 婚姻 percent-percentage 百分比；百分率
-ance,-ence 抽象名词后缀，表示行动或状况 appear-appearance 外表；出现differ-difference 不同
-ancy,-ency 抽象名词后缀，表示性质或状况 expect-expectancy 期待 tend-tendency趋势；趋向 emergent-emergency紧急情况；突发事件
-dom 表示状况或状态 free-freedom自由wise-wisdom 智慧
-ics 表示“······的科学（或艺术、活动）” economic-economics 经济学physic-physics物理学athlete-athletics 田径运动
-ion, -tion, -sion, -ation, -ition 由动词转换成名词，表示行为的过程、结果、状况 elect-election 选举 divide-division分割；分开 organize-organization 组织；机构 compete-competition 竞争
-ity,-ty 抽象名词后缀，表示性质或状态 responsible-responsibility责任；责任心 special-specialty 专长；特色食品
-ment 抽象名词后缀，表示行为、状态、过程或结果 replace-replacement替代 develop-development 发展 improve-improvement 改善；改进
-ness 加在形容词后构成抽象名词，表 示状态、性质、特点等 dry-dryness 干燥 kind-kindness善意 happy-happiness幸福
-ship 抽象名词后缀，表示状态、性质、品质、资格等 relation-relationship 关系 member-membership成员资格；会员身份 friend-friendship 友谊
-th 由形容词和动词转换成名词，表 示性质、状态、情况、行为等 warm-warmth 温暖 long-length 长度 grow-growth生长 arrive-arrival 到达 survive-survival 生存 fail-failure失败；衰竭 press-pressure 压力
-al 表示动作的状态和结果
-ure 抽象名词后缀，表示行为、过程、结果等
-er,-or 表示“······的人（或物）” carry-carrier携带者 begin-beginner初学者 direct-director 主管 operate-operator操作者；经营者
-ian 构成人称名词，表示“专长于·····的人” technique-technician 技术人员music-musician 音乐家
-ist 构成人称名词，表示“从事······的人；······的信仰者；······的使用者” special-specialist 专家 piano-pianist 钢琴家 science-scientist 科学家
分考点2：常考名词与形容词的转换
（1）beauty n．漂亮-beautiful adj．漂亮的confidence n.自信-confident adj.自信的day n.白天-daily adj.日常的education n.教育-educational adj.教育的finance n.金融-financial adj.金融的meaning n.含义-meaningful adj.有意义的tradition n.传统-traditional adj.传统的wealth n.财富-wealthy adj.富有的
（2）absence n．缺席-absent adj．缺席的convenience n.方便；便利-convenient adj.便利的difference n.差别；差异-different adj.不同的distance n.距离-distant adj.遥远的evidence n.证据-evident adj.明显的
importance n.重要性-important adj.重要的independence n.独立-independent adj.独立的patience n.耐心-patient adj.有耐心的silence n.沉默-silent adj.沉默的
（3）access n．（使用或进入的）机会，权利；通道一accessible adj.易使用的；易接近的knowledge n.知识-knowledgeable adj.有见识的value n.价值-valuable adj.有价值的；贵重的
（4）agriculture n．农业-agricultural adj．农业的culture n.文化-cultural adj.文化的nature n.自然-natural adj.自然的center n.中心-central adj.中心的
（5）anger n．怒气-angry adj．愤怒的hunger n.饥饿-hungry adj.饥饿的health n.健康-healthy adj.健康的noise n.噪声-noisy adj.喧闹的taste n.味道；爱好；口味-tasty adj.美味的
（6）base n．基础；根据-basic adj．基本的；必需的benefit n.好处；益处-beneficial adj.有利的energy n.精力-energetic adj.精力充沛的type n.类型-typical adj.典型的
（7）chemistry n．化学-chemical adj．化学的curiosity n.好奇心-curious adj.好奇的variety n.多样化-various adj.各种各样的safety n.安全-safe adj.安全的fluency n.流利-fluent adj.流利的accuracy n.准确（性）-accurate adj.准确的
（8）advance n．前进；进步；进展-advanced adj．先进的delight n.高兴-delighted adj.高兴的danger n.危险-dangerous adj.危险的fool n.傻瓜-foolish adj.愚蠢的pride n.自豪；骄傲-proud adj.自豪的strength n.力气-strong adj.强壮的fortune n.运气-fortunate adj.幸运的
分考点3：“of+n”结构
(1)“of+n.”结构中的名词是抽象名词时，相当于该名词所对应的形容词的意思，说明被修饰词具有某种特征或属性，在句中可作表语、定语或宾语补足语。具有该用法的名词有：use,importance, help, value, interest, benefit 等。这些名词前可用great，no，little，some，any，not much等修饰，以表示不同程度。
(2)“of+n”.结构中的名词表种类、数量、度量等时，表示不同的人或物的共同特征，此时名词前通常有冠词。常用的这类名词有：size，type, kind, price, height, depth,length,weight，age，shape，color等。
·These two rooms are of the same size.这两间房一样大。
(3)“of+n”结构还可以表示人的特点、特性，常用的有“of＋wisdom／wealth／education／courage／achievement／ability”等。
·Your sister is a girl of wisdom.你妹妹是一个有智慧的女孩。
Ⅳ.主谓一致
规则 情 况 举 例
语 法 一 致 原 则 以单数名词或代词动词不定式短语，动名词短语或从句作主语时，谓语动词一般用单数形式；主语为复数时，谓语动词 用复数形式。 His father is working on the farm. To study English well is not easy. Reading in the sun is bad for your eyes. What he said is very important for us all. 由what引导的主语从句，后面的谓语动词多数情况用单数形式，但若表语是复数或what从句是一个带有复数意义的并列结构时，主句的谓语动词用复数形式。 what I bought were three English books. What I say and do is (are) helpful for you.
由连接词and或both…and连接起来的主语后面，要用复数形式的谓语动词。但若所连接的两个词是指同一个人或物 时，它后面的谓语就用单数形式。由and 连接的并列单数主语前如果分别有no, each, every 或more than a (an)/one,many a (an) 修饰时，其谓语动词要用单数形式。either, neither, each, every 或no+单数名词和由some, any no, every构成的复合不定代词，都作单数看待。. Lucy and Lily are twins
The writer and artist has come.
Every student and every teach is in the classroom. Many a boy and many a girl likes it. No boy and no girl likes it.
Each of us has a new book. Is everyone here today Somebody is speaking in class. Everything around us is matter 若none of 后面的名词是不可数名词，它的谓语动词就要用单数。若它后面的名词是复数，它的谓语动词用单数或复数都可以。 None of the sugar was left. None of us has (have) been to America.
在定语从句里，关系代词that, who, which 等作主语时，其谓语动词的数应与句中先行词的数一致。 Those who want to go please write their names on the blackboard. He is one of my friends who are working hard. He is the (only) one of my friends who is working hard.
在强调句型中应与被强调部分一致 It is I who am going to the cinema tonight. It is we who are going to the cinema tonight.
如果集体名词指的是整个集体，它的谓语动词用单数形式； 如果它指的集体的成员，其谓语动词用复数形式 The police are looking for the lost child. The cattle are eating grass in the field. His family has moved to the south .(他的一家) His family are watching TV.（他的家人） Class four is on the third floor.（四班） Class Four are unable to agree upon a monitor.（四班的学生）
由a lot of /lots of/ plenty of/ a heap of/ heaps of/ the rest of/the majority of+名词构成的短语以及由分数或百分数+名词构成的短语作主语时，其谓语动词的数要根据短语中后面名词的数而定。 There are a lot of people in the classroom. Three-fourths of the surface of the earth is sea. 50 percent of the students in our class are girls. 此外，还有a number of +复数名词有类似的用法（用复数），但the number of +复数名词的数就得依number 而定（用单数）。 A number of students have gone to the farm to help the farmer pick apples. The number of pages in this book is three hundred.
在倒装句中，谓语动词的数应与其后的主语一致 There comes the bus. On the wall are many pictures. Such is the result. Such are the facts. Between the two hills stands a monument.
逻 辑 意 义 一 致 原 则 What, who, which, any, more, all 等代词可以是单数，也可是复数， 主要靠意思来决定。 Which is your bag Which are your bags Are any of you good at English Has any of you got a pen All can be done has been done. All is going well. All have been taken out. All have gone to Beijing.
表示时间重量长度价值等的名词的复数作主语时，谓语动词通常用单数形式，这是由于作主语的名词在概念上是一个整体。 Thirty minutes is enough for the work.. Twenty pounds is too dear. 如强调这类词的复数意义，则谓语动词要用复数形式 Forty kilos of water are used every day.
若英语是书名名格言剧名报名国名等的复数形式，其谓语动词通常用单数形式。 The United States is smaller than China. “The Arabian Nights” is an interesting story-book.
表数量的短语“one and a half”后面接复数名词作主语时，其谓语动词要用单数形式。 One and a half apples is left on the table.
一些学科名词是以-ics结尾，如：mathematics, politics, physics 以及news, works 等。都属于形式上是复数的名词， 实际意义为单数名词， 它们作主语时，其谓语动词要用单数形式。 The paper works was built in 1990.这家造纸厂建于1990年。 I don’t think physics is easy to study.
trousers, glasses, clothes, shoes, scissors (剪刀)等词作主语时，谓语用复数，但如果这些名词前有a(the) pair of 等量词修饰时（clothes被a suit of 修饰）谓语动词用单数。 My glasses are broken. The pair of shoes under the bed is his.
“定冠词the+形容词或分词”，表示某一类人动词用复数；若表示某一类东西时，动词用单数。 The old are taken good care of there. The beautiful gives pleasure to all.
就 近 /远 一 致 原 则 当两个主语由either or, neither nor, not only but also ,whether or 连接时，谓语动词和邻近的主语保持一致,即就近一致。 Either the teacher or the students are our friends. Neither he nor they are wholly right. Neither they nor he is wholly right. Is neither he nor they wholly right
there be 句型中be 动词的单复数取决于其后的主语。如果其后是由and 连接的两个主语，则应与靠近的那个主语保持一致，即就近一致。 There are two chairs and a desk in the room. There is a desk and two chairs in the room.
主语后面跟有with, together with, except, but, like, as well as, no less than, rather than, more than, besides, along with, including, in addition to 等引起的短语， 谓语动词要跟主语一致，即就远一致。 Mr. Green, together with his wife and children, has come to China. A woman with a baby was on the bus. Nobody but Jim and Mike was on the playground. She, like you and Tom, is very tall. The girls as well as the boy have learned to speak Japanese. No one except my teachers knows anything about it.
单句填空：
1.However,ten years ago, this distinctive technique was close to complete___________(disappear).
2. His poems speak of the_________ (lonely) of the mines, the deaths of fellow workers and the distance between modern life and his underground work.
3. Compared to other noodle____________(variety) from Northwest China, biangbiang noodles is also well known outside of Xi'an.
4.The chance of this___________(adventurer) survival is very slim.
5. Carson wrote about how islands were formed and how____________（current）change and merge（融合）.
6. Born in Poland in 1867,Marie Curie is famous for her work on radioactivity, and was twice a __________(win) of the Nobel Prize.
7.It was he that first set up private schools and received students from every walk of life without _________(consider) of their social status.
8. Few places in Europe are developing toward a cashless future as quickly as Sweden, which is now enjoying the _____________(convenient) of electronic payment.
9.November 21st is World Television Day. TV is one of the greatest(invention) of the 20th century.
10.We should remember these ___________(hero)names forever.
语法填空：
A seed bank stores seeds to preserve genetic diversity; hence it is a type of gene bank. Many people may wonder 1.________the seeds are stored. One of the major reasons is to preserve the genes that plant growers need to increase the yield（产量），disease resistance, drought tolerance, nutritional quality,and the taste of crops. Another is to prevent 2.____________(lose) of genetic diversity in rare or endangered plant species in 3.__________ effort to conserve biodiversity. Many plants4.___________(grow) centuries ago by humans are used less frequently now;seed banks offer a way to preserve that historical and cultural value. Collections of seeds stored 5._______________constant low temperature and low water level are guarded against reduction of genetic resources which are otherwise maintained in field collections. These alternative “ living" collections can 6__________(damage) by natural disasters, outbreaks of disease 7.__________war. Containing valuable information about evolved strategies to reduce plant stress, seed banks are considered seed8._________(library),and can help to create genetically modified（调整过的）versions of
9.___________(exist) seeds. The work of seed banks often spans decades and even centuries. Most seed banks are10.__________(public) funded and seeds are usually available for research that benefits the public.
