02 冠词和数词
冠词
冠词分为不定冠词（a, an），定冠词（the），和零冠词。
I. 不定冠词的用法
1 指一类人或事，相当于a kind of A plane is a machine that can fly.
2 第一次提及某人某物，非特指 A boy is waiting for you.有个男孩在等你。
3 表示“每一”相当于every，one We study eight hours a day.
4 表示“相同”相当于the same We are nearly of an age.
5 用于人名前，表示不认识此人或与某名人有类似性质的人或事 — Hello, could I speak to Mr. Smith —Sorry, wrong number. There isn't______ Mr. Smith here. A. 不填 B. a C. the D. one That boy is rather a Lei Feng.（活雷锋）
6 用于固定词组中 a couple of, a bit, once upon a time, in a hurry, have a walk, many a time
7 用于quite, rather, many, half, what, such之后 This room is rather a big one.
8 用于so(as, too, how)+形容词之后 She is as clever a girl as you can wish to meet.
9 用于抽象名词具体化的名词前 success(抽象名词)→a success(具体化) 成功的人或事 a failure 失败的人或事 a shame 带来耻辱的人或事 a pity 可惜或遗憾的事 a must 必需必备的事 a good knowledge of 精通掌握某一方面的知识
不定冠词用于固定搭配中：
a touch of 一点儿
a number of许多
a couple of两个；几个
all of a sudden 突然
once upon a time 从前
for a while 暂时
for a long time 长期地
have／take a walk／a rest 散步／休息
as a matter of fact 事实上
at a loss 不知所措；困惑
pay a visit／be on a visit 参观；拜访
be／go on a diet 节食
give sb.a lift 让某人搭便车
in a mess 杂乱地
in a hurry 匆忙地
as a result 结果
as a result of...由于······
have a gift／talent for...在······方面有天赋
have a preference for...对······偏爱
have a chance of doing sth.有可能做某事
have a good time 玩得开心
have a word with...与······谈话
in a word 总之
in a way 从某种意义上说
have／catch a cold 患感冒
keep an eye on 照看；留意
make a living 谋生
to a degree 在某种程度上
as a whole 总体上
as a rule 通常
in a sense 在某种意义上
take an interest in...对······感兴趣
a range of 一系列
II. 定冠词的用法
1 表示某一类人或物 In many places in China, ___ bicycle is still ___ popular means of transportation. A. a; the B. /; a C. the; a D. the; the
2 用于世上独一无二的事物名词前 the universe, the moon, the Pacific Ocean
3 表示说话双方都了解的或上文提到过的人或事 Would you mind opening the door
4 用于演奏乐器 play the violin, play the guitar
5 用于形容词和分词前表示一类人 the reach, the living, the wounded
6 表示“一家人”或“夫妇”（对比上文的不定冠词用法5） —Could you tell me the way to ____ Johnsons, please
—Sorry, we don’t have ____ Johnson here in the village.
A. the; the B. the; a C. /; the D. the; /
7 用于序数词和形容词副词比较级最高级前 He is the taller of the two children.
8 用于国家党派等以及江河湖海，山川群岛的名词前 the United States, the Communist Party of China, the French
9 用于表示发明物的单数名词前 The compass was invented in China.
10 在逢十的复数数词之前，指世纪的某个年代 in the 1990’s(二十世纪九十年代)
11 用于表示度量单位的名词前 I hired the car by the hour.
12 用于方位名词，身体部位名词 He patted me on the shoulder.
定冠词用于固定搭配中：
at the moment 此刻；目前
at the same time 同时
by the way 顺便说一下
all the way 一路上；自始至终
to the point 中肯；切题
go to the cinema／theater 去看电影／戏剧
in the distance 在远处
in the end 最后；最终
all over the world 全世界
at the top of...在······顶端
one...the other... 一个······另一个······
in the habit of doing...有做······的习惯
make the most of...充分利用······
not in the least 一点也不
on the contrary 与此相反
on the other hand 另一方面
the other day 几天前；那天
to tell（you） the truth（跟你）说实话
three times the size／weight／length／...of...是····..
的三倍大／重／长
III. 不用冠词（又名零冠词）的用法
1 专有名词，物质名词，抽象名词，人名地名等名词前 Beijing University, Jack, China, love, air
2 名词前有this, my, whose, some, no, each, every等限制 I want this book, not that one. / Whose purse is this
3 季节，月份，星期，节假日，一日三餐前 March, Sunday, National Day, spring
4 表示职位，身份，头衔的名词前 Lincoln was made President of America.
5 表示球类，棋类等运动的名词前 He likes playing football/chess.
6 与by连用表示交通方式的名词前 We went right round to the west coast by ______ sea instead of driving across ______ continent. A. the; the B.不填；the C. the; 不填 D. 不填；不填
7 以and连接的两个相对的名词并用时 husband and wife, knife and fork, day and night
8 表示泛指的复数名词前 Horses are useful animals.
零冠词用于某些固定搭配中
at first 起初；首先
in fact 事实上；实际上
in short 简单地说
with satisfaction 满意地
at hand 在手头；即将来临
at dawn／dusk／night在黎明／黄昏／夜晚
catch fire 着火 come to power 开始掌权
make room for...为·······留出空间／余地
by means of 以某种方法
by weight 按重量 by mistake 错误地
by chance 碰巧 in case of 如果；假使
in history 在历史上 in peace 处于和平中
under repair 在维修中 hand in hand 手拉手
at war 在交战 do harm to...对······有害
巩固练习：
单句填空
Since the appearance of mass-produced, modern umbrellas, sales of traditional oil-paper umbrellas have been on the decrease, and____________ number of craftsmen has also declined dramatically.
2.For a long time, it functioned as a nursing home for_________ elderly and provided accommodations for the homeless.
3.The team held the champion trophy at the award ceremony with __________combination of laughter and complex feelings.
4.In China,the annual planting area of hybrid rice has topped 16 million hectares, or 57 percent of __________total planting area of rice.
5.You don't necessarily have to own all________ latest things, but you should have a rough idea of what is changing.
6.Dunant wanted to continue with his trading company, but it was__________failure.
7.With ____________atmosphere of fun and celebration,the carnival is not to be missed.
8._____________Browns are waiting for you outside.
9.They are proud to be_____________first generation in their family to attend college.
10.The chimpanzees did not show_____________ actual preference for the slower classical music.
解析：
1．the 句意为：自从批量生产的现代伞出现，传统油纸伞的销量已下降，（生产油纸伞的）工匠的数量也急剧减少。the number of...为固定短语，意为“······的数量”。
2．the 句意为：在很长一段时间里，它被用作老年人的养老院，并为无家可归的人提供住宿。固定短语the elderly 表示“老人”。故填the。
3．a 句意为：这个团队在颁奖典礼上捧起冠军奖杯，他们的笑声中夹杂着种种复杂的情绪。a combination of...为固定搭配，意为“······的结合”，故填a。
4．the 句意为：在中国，杂交水稻年种植面积已超过1,600万公顷，即占全部水稻种植面积的57％。根据area 前后的修饰词可知，此处特指“全部水稻的种植面积”，应用定冠词。故填the。
5．the 句意为：你不必拥有所有最新的东西，但你应该对正在发生的变化有一个大致的了解。latest是最高级，前面要加定冠词the。
6．a 句意为：迪南想要继续经营他的贸易公司，但失败了。此处failure为可数名词，意为“失败的事情”，为抽象名词具体化，且failure的发音以辅音音素开头，故填a。
7．an 句意为：嘉年华里有欢乐与庆祝的氛围，不容错过。atmosphere是可数名词，此处表泛指，且其发音以元音音素开头，故填不定冠词an。
8．The 句意为：布朗一家在外面等你。“the＋姓氏复数”表示某人一家，同时该空置于句首，首字母应大写，故填The。
9．the 句意为：他们对成为家里上大学的第一代人这件事感到自豪。根据设空处后的序数词first可知，应用定冠词the。
10．an 句意为：黑猩猩并没有表现出对较慢的古典音乐的实际的偏爱。a preference for sth.是固定搭配，意为“对某物的偏爱”，该空位于actual前面，且actual的发音以元音因素开头，故填an。
语法填空
Tea is commonly considered native to Southern China.However,in a garden in Geling Village in Medog County in the Xizang Autonomous Region, the morning air is filled with the sweet aroma of 1._______(fresh)picked tea.
Isermg Tangaron, a 23-yeat-o of the ethnic groups2.__________live in this region,skillfully makes her way through the garden,carefully picking tender tea leaves and tossing them into a bamboo basket tied to her waist. Tea picking 3.___________(become) a habit for her over the past five years. After she is done, Tsering Yangdron goes back home, where she also runs a homestay.“We have come up with4.___________dish of fresh tea buds fried with eggs,”she said. A kilogram of fresh tea buds 5.__________(sell)for 300 yuan. Once they6.___________(dry)and processed to make green tea, their value increases significantly.
Geling was once inaccessible as a result of the dense forests, 7_________ the opening of the Medog Highway in 2013 significantly improved connectivity and created opportunities for economic growth.Prior to HHuang Jiabin's appointment 8.___________the village's first secretary of the party branch,the tea plantation in Geling was a neglected piece of land.
“9._____________(realize) the valley was suitable for growing tea, since 2018, we have improved the management of the tea plantation, introduced advanced planting techniques and provided training for 10.____________(village),”Huang said.
解析：
【语篇导读】本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍了西藏自治区墨脱县格林村通过种茶来繁荣经济。
1．freshly 句意为：然而，在西藏自治区墨脱县格林村的一个园子里，早晨的空气中弥漫着新摘的茶的芳香。设空处修饰形容词picked，应用副词作状语，故填freshly。
2．that／who 句意为：25岁的次仁央珍是门巴族人，门巴族是生活在这个地区的少数民族之一。她熟练地穿过园子，小心翼翼地采摘较嫩的茶叶，把它们扔进绑在腰间的竹篮里。此处引导定语从句，先行词the ethnic groups 指人，且从句中缺少主语，应用关系代词that／who引导，故填that／who。
3．has become 句意为：在过去的五年里，采茶对她来说已经成为一种习惯。设空处为谓语，根据时间状语 over the past five years可知，此处应用现在完成时，主语Tea picking为单数概念，谓语用第三人称单数，故填has become。
4．a 句意为：她说：“我们想出了一道菜，用新鲜的茶芽炒鸡蛋。”设空处修饰名词dish，表泛指，应用不定冠词，且dish的发音以辅音音素开头，故填a。
5．sells 句意为；一千克新鲜的茶芽售价为300元。设空
处为谓语，描述一般事实，用一般现在时，主语是A kilogram of fresh tea buds，谓语用第三人称单数， ,sell l for/at 为固定搭配，意为“售价为······”，故填sells。
6．are dried 句意为：一旦它们被晒干并加工成绿茶，它们的价值就会大大增加。此处they指代上文中
的fresh tea buds，与dry之间为被动关系，且此处描述一般事实，应用一般现在时的被动语态。故填are dried。
7．but／yet 句意为：由于森林茂密，格林村一度难以进入，但2013年墨脱公路的开通大大改善了连通性，并为经济增长创造了机会。设空处前后两个分句之间为转折关系，故填but／yet。
8．as 句意为：在黄家斌被任命为格林村党支部第一书记之前，格林村的茶园是一块被忽视的土地。appointment as...意为“被任命为······”，故填as。
9．Realizing 句意为：黄家斌说：“意识到这个山谷适合种植茶叶，自2018年以来，我们改善了茶园的管理，引进了先进的种植技术，并为村民提供了培训。”此处是非谓语动词作状语，应用现在分词形式，句首单词首字母应大写，故填Realizing。
10．villagers 句意见上一题解析。设空处为介词for的宾语，应用名词，根据句意可知，设空处意为“村民”，其前无冠词修饰，应用复数形式表示泛指，故填villagers。
基数词和序数词
I.表示数目多少的词叫基数词
100以下的基本基数词 100以上
1-10 11-19 20-90 100 a/one hundred; 1000 a/one thousand; 1,000,000 a/one million; 1,000,000,000 a/one billion（美） a/one thousand million(英)
1 one 11 eleven 20 twenty
2 two 12 twelve 30 thirty
3 three 13 thirteen 40 forty
4 four 14 fourteen 50 fifty
5 five 15 fifteen 60 sixty
6 six 16 sixteen 70 seventy
7 seven 17 seventeen 80 eighty
8 eight 18 eightteen 90 ninety
9 nine 19 nineteen
10 ten
II.表示顺序的数次叫序数词：
基本序数词的构成
1st first 11th eleventh 20th twentieth 30th thirtieth
2nd second 12th twelfth 21st twenty-first 40th fortieth
3rd third 13th thirteenth 22nd twenty-second 50th fiftieth
4th fourth 14th fourteenth 23rd twenty-third 60th sixtieth
5th fifth 15th fifteenth 24th twenty-fourth 70th sevenyieth
6th sixth 16th sixteenth 25th twenty-fifth 80th eightieth
7th seventh 17th seventeenth 26th twenty-sixth 90th ninetieth
8th eighth 18th eighteenth 27th twenty-seventh 100th one hundredth
9th ninth 19th nineteenth 28th twenty-eighty 1,000th one thousangth
10th tenth 29th twenty-ninth 1,,000,000th one millionth
100,000,000th one billionth
注意：基数词及序数词重要用法
1. 基数词的用法
基数词用于表示事物的数量，在表示基数词时，要特别注意hundred, thousand, million, billion等几个词的用法：若其前用了基数词，则不论其面是否有of，都必须用单数形式(此时若带of则通常表示特定范围中的一部分)；若泛指数百、数千、数百万等，则用 hundreds of, thousands of, millions of 等这样的结构。如：
Two hundred of the students are needed to plant trees this morning. 今天中午需要200个学生去植树。
Hundreds of people attended the famous director’s farewell concert. 好几百人出席了这位著名指挥家的告别音乐会。
Thousands upon thousands of English words come from foreign tongues. 成千上万英语单词来自外来语。
2. 基数词的复数用法
逢整“十”的基数词的复数形式可用于表示某人的大约年岁和世纪中的年代。如：
The war broke out in the nineties. 这次战争爆发于90年代。
Karl Mark began to learn the Russian language in his fiftieth. 马克思五十多岁开始学俄语。
3. 序数词的用法
序数词用于表示事物的顺序，一般由与之相应的基数词加th构成(但有特殊形式需特别记忆)；序数词主要用作定语，前面一般要加定冠词(或物主代词)。如：
Their second son is a doctor. 他们的二儿子是个博士。
The hundredth cave that George has discovered in his lifetime is near the Alps. 乔治一生中找到的第一百个山洞在阿尔卑斯山附近。
注：序数词前有时可用不定冠词，表示“每一，又一”。如：
We’ll have to do it a second time. 我们将再做一遍。
词尾加上-th(fourth,sixth)
一、二、三，特殊例，
结尾字母t,d,d(first,second,third) 八去t,九去e,(eighth,ninth)
ve要用 f替;(fifth,twelfth)
ty将y改成i, th前面有个e。
若是碰到几十几， 前用基来后用序。
或记忆为：一、二、三，特殊记，词尾字母t,d,d 八加h,九减e,逢十改y为ie
f要把ve替，还有th莫忘记
【语言实践内容梳理】
1. 数词分基数词和序数词。基数词表示数目，序数词表示顺序。
基数词
(1)1～12为独立的单词，有其各自的形式。如one，two，three，…twelve等。
(2)13～19都以teen结尾，单词中的两个音节都读重音。如thirteen，fourteen…nineteen等。
(3)20～90十位数的整数都以-ty结尾，单词中的第一个音节重读。如twenty，thirty…ninety等。
(4)hundred是“百”，thousand是“千”，ten thousand是“万”，one hundred thousand 是“十万”，million是“百万”，ten million 是“千万”。
(5)在表示一个具体的数目时，hundred，thousand，million 后面都不能加“s”。如:two thousand，seven million等。在表示一个不确定的数目时，hundred， thousand，million 后面要加“s”。如：“成千上万”thousands of，“数百万”millions of 等。
(6)20以上的基数词的读法：
a. 两位数的读法，在十位和个位之间加连字符(即“-”)如：22 twenty-two， 35 thirty-five
b. 三位数的读法，在百位之后加“and”。如：136 one hundred and thirty-six， 498 four hundred and ninety-eight
c. 四位及四位以上数的读法，只在百位之后加and，而千位、万位以上的数后面不加任何词，只按顺序读。如：1 234 one thousand two hundred and thirty-four，
5 864 327 five million eight hundred and sixty-four thousand three hundred and twenty-seven
2. 序数词
(1)第一、第二、第三分别为first，second，third。
(2)第四到第十九都由相应的基数词加th构成。如：fourth，seventh等。要注意fifth，eighth，ninth和twelfth的拼写法和读法。
(3)十位数的序数词由相应的基数词去掉词尾y加ieth构成。如：twentieth，fiftieth等。
(4)第二十一到九十九等，前面的十位数用基数词，后面的个位数用序数词，中间用连字符“-”连接。如：twenty-first，twenty-ninth，seventy-eighth 等。
(5)第一百、第一千、第一百万分别在相应的基数词后面加th。即:hundredth，thousandth，millionth。
(6)序数词之前一般要加定冠词或代词。如：
The second truck is carrying fewer baskets than the first one.
This is her first visit to China.
有时，序数词前用不定冠词，表示“再一、又一”的意思。如：
He failed once. Then he tried a second time. 他曾经失败一次，然后他又试了一次。
3. 年月日表达法
(1)年份，每两位数读一个词。如：
1949 nineteen forty-nine 1900 nineteen hundred
(2)先月后日，日子要读成序数词。如：
5月1日 May (the) first可写成 May 1
3月8日 March (the) eighth可写成March 8
(3)先日后月，在月份之前加of。如：
5月1日 the first of May
3月8日 the eighth of March
(4)年月日同时出现，把年代放在最后，年代前用逗号隔开。
如1949年10月1日，可写成：the first of October，1949或October (the)first，1949。
4. 时刻表达法
(1)用基数词，按顺序读。如：
7：30 seven thirty， 8：15 eight fifteen， 12：00 twelve (o’clock)
(2)用介词past，past之前为分钟数(须在半小时以内，包括半小时)，
past之后为钟点数。
如： 6：11 eleven past six ，7：15 fifteen (a quarter) past seven
9：30 thirty (half) past nine
(3)用介词to，to前为分钟数(须在半小时以上,不包括半小时)，to之后为下一个钟点数，
表示“差几分到几点”。如：
6：58 two to seven，7：45 fifteen (a quarter) to eight
5. 编号表达法
(1)用No. No. (读Number)后加数字，数字读基数词。
如：No. 1 Number One， No. 3 bus Number Three bus
(2)用序数词 词序为：the + 序数词+名词 如:
the first lesson，the Second World War
(3)用基数词 词序为：名词(词首字母大写)＋基数词(如用英语拼写，词首字母也要大写)如：Lesson One，Class Four，World War Two。此种方法较常见，特别是当数字较长时。如：
Room 306，No. 106 Middle School。
6. 分数表达法
分子用基数词，分母用序数词，若分子大于1时，分母要在序数词后加s。如：
1/3，one third，2/5，two fifths等。
7. 数学运算的表达法
“加”用plus或and，“减”用minus，“乘”用times，“除”用divided by，动词多用单数。如：
3+5=8 Three plus/and five is eight. 9-2=7 Nine minus two is seven.
6×5=30 Five times six is thirty. 8÷2=4 Eight divided by two is four
巩固练习：
1. The hero of the story is an artist in his .
A. thirtieth B. thirty C. thirtys D. thirties
2. -----What’s one -third and a half, do you know
----- Yes, it’s ______.
A. two-sixths B. three-fourths
C. one-three D. five-sixths
3. _____of water______polluted because of the development of industry.
A. Two third, is B. Two thirds, is
C. Two thirds, are D. Second thirds, is
4. These two new cameras are quite similar in appearance (外观)，but this one costs almost________.
A. twice as much B. twice so much
C. as much twice D. so much twice
5. My uncle’s house in the downtown is much smaller than ours, but it is ______ expensive.
A. twice as B. twice more than C. as twice D. twice of
解析：
1. D
【解析】考查数词的用法。句意：这个故事的男主人公在他三十几岁时就是一位艺术家了。英语中通常用“in+ one’s+几十的复数形式”来表达“在某人几十岁时”。例如“在他三十几岁”，即：in his thirties。故选D。
2. D
【解析】考查分数表达法。句意：---你知道1/3加1/2得多少吗？---知道，得5/6。分数表达法的规则为：分子用基数词，分母用序数词，分子大于1，分母加s。所以5/6的表达形式为five-sixths。故D选项正确。
3. B
【解析】本题解析略。
4. A
【解析】考查倍数表达法。句意：这两款新相机在外观上非常相似，但这款相机的成本几乎是其两倍。根据句意及句子结构可知，此处考查倍数表达法，结构是：倍数+as much+(不可数名词+as)，故选A。
5. A
【解析】考查倍数表达法。句意：我叔叔在市中心的房子比我们的小得多，但贵一倍。倍数表达通常有三种情况：①倍数+as+形容词/副词原级+as；②倍数+形容词/副词的比较级+than；③倍数+the+名词+of；twice是倍数，expensive是形容词原级，此处符合第一种结构，but分句是一个省略句，补充完整为“but it is twice as expensive as ours”，省略了as ours。故选A。02 冠词和数词
冠词
冠词分为不定冠词（a, an），定冠词（the），和零冠词。
I. 不定冠词的用法
1 指一类人或事，相当于a kind of A plane is a machine that can fly.
2 第一次提及某人某物，非特指 A boy is waiting for you.有个男孩在等你。
3 表示“每一”相当于every，one We study eight hours a day.
4 表示“相同”相当于the same We are nearly of an age.
5 用于人名前，表示不认识此人或与某名人有类似性质的人或事 — Hello, could I speak to Mr. Smith —Sorry, wrong number. There isn't______ Mr. Smith here. A. 不填 B. a C. the D. one That boy is rather a Lei Feng.（活雷锋）
6 用于固定词组中 a couple of, a bit, once upon a time, in a hurry, have a walk, many a time
7 用于quite, rather, many, half, what, such之后 This room is rather a big one.
8 用于so(as, too, how)+形容词之后 She is as clever a girl as you can wish to meet.
9 用于抽象名词具体化的名词前 success(抽象名词)→a success(具体化) 成功的人或事 a failure 失败的人或事 a shame 带来耻辱的人或事 a pity 可惜或遗憾的事 a must 必需必备的事 a good knowledge of 精通掌握某一方面的知识
不定冠词用于固定搭配中：
a touch of 一点儿
a number of许多
a couple of两个；几个
all of a sudden 突然
once upon a time 从前
for a while 暂时
for a long time 长期地
have／take a walk／a rest 散步／休息
as a matter of fact 事实上
at a loss 不知所措；困惑
pay a visit／be on a visit 参观；拜访
be／go on a diet 节食
give sb.a lift 让某人搭便车
in a mess 杂乱地
in a hurry 匆忙地
as a result 结果
as a result of...由于······
have a gift／talent for...在······方面有天赋
have a preference for...对······偏爱
have a chance of doing sth.有可能做某事
have a good time 玩得开心
have a word with...与······谈话
in a word 总之
in a way 从某种意义上说
have／catch a cold 患感冒
keep an eye on 照看；留意
make a living 谋生
to a degree 在某种程度上
as a whole 总体上
as a rule 通常
in a sense 在某种意义上
take an interest in...对······感兴趣
a range of 一系列
II. 定冠词的用法
1 表示某一类人或物 In many places in China, ___ bicycle is still ___ popular means of transportation. A. a; the B. /; a C. the; a D. the; the
2 用于世上独一无二的事物名词前 the universe, the moon, the Pacific Ocean
3 表示说话双方都了解的或上文提到过的人或事 Would you mind opening the door
4 用于演奏乐器 play the violin, play the guitar
5 用于形容词和分词前表示一类人 the reach, the living, the wounded
6 表示“一家人”或“夫妇”（对比上文的不定冠词用法5） —Could you tell me the way to ____ Johnsons, please
—Sorry, we don’t have ____ Johnson here in the village.
A. the; the B. the; a C. /; the D. the; /
7 用于序数词和形容词副词比较级最高级前 He is the taller of the two children.
8 用于国家党派等以及江河湖海，山川群岛的名词前 the United States, the Communist Party of China, the French
9 用于表示发明物的单数名词前 The compass was invented in China.
10 在逢十的复数数词之前，指世纪的某个年代 in the 1990’s(二十世纪九十年代)
11 用于表示度量单位的名词前 I hired the car by the hour.
12 用于方位名词，身体部位名词 He patted me on the shoulder.
定冠词用于固定搭配中：
at the moment 此刻；目前
at the same time 同时
by the way 顺便说一下
all the way 一路上；自始至终
to the point 中肯；切题
go to the cinema／theater 去看电影／戏剧
in the distance 在远处
in the end 最后；最终
all over the world 全世界
at the top of...在······顶端
one...the other... 一个······另一个······
in the habit of doing...有做······的习惯
make the most of...充分利用······
not in the least 一点也不
on the contrary 与此相反
on the other hand 另一方面
the other day 几天前；那天
to tell（you） the truth（跟你）说实话
three times the size／weight／length／...of...是····..
的三倍大／重／长
III. 不用冠词（又名零冠词）的用法
1 专有名词，物质名词，抽象名词，人名地名等名词前 Beijing University, Jack, China, love, air
2 名词前有this, my, whose, some, no, each, every等限制 I want this book, not that one. / Whose purse is this
3 季节，月份，星期，节假日，一日三餐前 March, Sunday, National Day, spring
4 表示职位，身份，头衔的名词前 Lincoln was made President of America.
5 表示球类，棋类等运动的名词前 He likes playing football/chess.
6 与by连用表示交通方式的名词前 We went right round to the west coast by ______ sea instead of driving across ______ continent. A. the; the B.不填；the C. the; 不填 D. 不填；不填
7 以and连接的两个相对的名词并用时 husband and wife, knife and fork, day and night
8 表示泛指的复数名词前 Horses are useful animals.
零冠词用于某些固定搭配中
at first 起初；首先
in fact 事实上；实际上
in short 简单地说
with satisfaction 满意地
at hand 在手头；即将来临
at dawn／dusk／night在黎明／黄昏／夜晚
catch fire 着火 come to power 开始掌权
make room for...为·······留出空间／余地
by means of 以某种方法
by weight 按重量 by mistake 错误地
by chance 碰巧 in case of 如果；假使
in history 在历史上 in peace 处于和平中
under repair 在维修中 hand in hand 手拉手
at war 在交战 do harm to...对······有害
巩固练习：
单句填空
Since the appearance of mass-produced, modern umbrellas, sales of traditional oil-paper umbrellas have been on the decrease, and____________ number of craftsmen has also declined dramatically.
2.For a long time, it functioned as a nursing home for_________ elderly and provided accommodations for the homeless.
3.The team held the champion trophy at the award ceremony with __________combination of laughter and complex feelings.
4.In China,the annual planting area of hybrid rice has topped 16 million hectares, or 57 percent of __________total planting area of rice.
5.You don't necessarily have to own all________ latest things, but you should have a rough idea of what is changing.
6.Dunant wanted to continue with his trading company, but it was__________failure.
7.With ____________atmosphere of fun and celebration,the carnival is not to be missed.
8._____________Browns are waiting for you outside.
9.They are proud to be_____________first generation in their family to attend college.
10.The chimpanzees did not show_____________ actual preference for the slower classical music.
语法填空
Tea is commonly considered native to Southern China.However,in a garden in Geling Village in Medog County in the Xizang Autonomous Region, the morning air is filled with the sweet aroma of 1._______(fresh)picked tea.
Isermg Tangaron, a 23-yeat-o of the ethnic groups2.__________live in this region,skillfully makes her way through the garden,carefully picking tender tea leaves and tossing them into a bamboo basket tied to her waist. Tea picking 3.___________(become) a habit for her over the past five years. After she is done, Tsering Yangdron goes back home, where she also runs a homestay.“We have come up with4.___________dish of fresh tea buds fried with eggs,”she said. A kilogram of fresh tea buds 5.__________(sell)for 300 yuan. Once they6.___________(dry)and processed to make green tea, their value increases significantly.
Geling was once inaccessible as a result of the dense forests, 7_________ the opening of the Medog Highway in 2013 significantly improved connectivity and created opportunities for economic growth.Prior to HHuang Jiabin's appointment 8.___________the village's first secretary of the party branch,the tea plantation in Geling was a neglected piece of land.
“9._____________(realize) the valley was suitable for growing tea, since 2018, we have improved the management of the tea plantation, introduced advanced planting techniques and provided training for 10.____________(village),”Huang said.
基数词和序数词
I.表示数目多少的词叫基数词
100以下的基本基数词 100以上
1-10 11-19 20-90 100 a/one hundred; 1000 a/one thousand; 1,000,000
1 one 11 eleven 20 twenty
2 two 12 twelve 30 thirty
3 three 13 thirteen 40 forty
4 four 14 fourteen 50 fifty
a/one million; 1,000,000,000 a/one billion（美） a/one thousand million(英)
5 five 15 fifteen 60 sixty
6 six 16 sixteen 70 seventy
7 seven 17 seventeen 80 eighty
8 eight 18 eightteen 90 ninety
9 nine 19 nineteen
10 ten
II.表示顺序的数次叫序数词：
基本序数词的构成
1st first 11th eleventh 20th twentieth 30th thirtieth
2nd second 12th twelfth 21st twenty-first 40th fortieth
3rd third 13th thirteenth 22nd twenty-second 50th fiftieth
4th fourth 14th fourteenth 23rd twenty-third 60th sixtieth
5th fifth 15th fifteenth 24th twenty-fourth 70th sevenyieth
6th sixth 16th sixteenth 25th twenty-fifth 80th eightieth
7th seventh 17th seventeenth 26th twenty-sixth 90th ninetieth
8th eighth 18th eighteenth 27th twenty-seventh 100th one hundredth
9th ninth 19th nineteenth 28th twenty-eighty 1,000th one thousangth
10th tenth 29th twenty-ninth 1,,000,000th one millionth
100,000,000th one billionth
注意：基数词及序数词重要用法
1. 基数词的用法
基数词用于表示事物的数量，在表示基数词时，要特别注意hundred, thousand, million, billion等几个词的用法：若其前用了基数词，则不论其面是否有of，都必须用单数形式(此时若带of则通常表示特定范围中的一部分)；若泛指数百、数千、数百万等，则用 hundreds of, thousands of, millions of 等这样的结构。如：
Two hundred of the students are needed to plant trees this morning. 今天中午需要200个学生去植树。
Hundreds of people attended the famous director’s farewell concert. 好几百人出席了这位著名指挥家的告别音乐会。
Thousands upon thousands of English words come from foreign tongues. 成千上万英语单词来自外来语。
2. 基数词的复数用法
逢整“十”的基数词的复数形式可用于表示某人的大约年岁和世纪中的年代。如：
The war broke out in the nineties. 这次战争爆发于90年代。
Karl Mark began to learn the Russian language in his fiftieth. 马克思五十多岁开始学俄语。
3. 序数词的用法
序数词用于表示事物的顺序，一般由与之相应的基数词加th构成(但有特殊形式需特别记忆)；序数词主要用作定语，前面一般要加定冠词(或物主代词)。如：
Their second son is a doctor. 他们的二儿子是个博士。
The hundredth cave that George has discovered in his lifetime is near the Alps. 乔治一生中找到的第一百个山洞在阿尔卑斯山附近。
注：序数词前有时可用不定冠词，表示“每一，又一”。如：
We’ll have to do it a second time. 我们将再做一遍。
词尾加上-th(fourth,sixth)
一、二、三，特殊例，
结尾字母t,d,d(first,second,third) 八去t,九去e,(eighth,ninth)
ve要用 f替;(fifth,twelfth)
ty将y改成i, th前面有个e。
若是碰到几十几， 前用基来后用序。
或记忆为：一、二、三，特殊记，词尾字母t,d,d 八加h,九减e,逢十改y为ie
f要把ve替，还有th莫忘记
【语言实践内容梳理】
1. 数词分基数词和序数词。基数词表示数目，序数词表示顺序。
基数词
(1)1～12为独立的单词，有其各自的形式。如one，two，three，…twelve等。
(2)13～19都以teen结尾，单词中的两个音节都读重音。如thirteen，fourteen…nineteen等。
(3)20～90十位数的整数都以-ty结尾，单词中的第一个音节重读。如twenty，thirty…ninety等。
(4)hundred是“百”，thousand是“千”，ten thousand是“万”，one hundred thousand 是“十万”，million是“百万”，ten million 是“千万”。
(5)在表示一个具体的数目时，hundred，thousand，million 后面都不能加“s”。如:two thousand，seven million等。在表示一个不确定的数目时，hundred， thousand，million 后面要加“s”。如：“成千上万”thousands of，“数百万”millions of 等。
(6)20以上的基数词的读法：
a. 两位数的读法，在十位和个位之间加连字符(即“-”)如：22 twenty-two， 35 thirty-five
b. 三位数的读法，在百位之后加“and”。如：136 one hundred and thirty-six， 498 four hundred and ninety-eight
c. 四位及四位以上数的读法，只在百位之后加and，而千位、万位以上的数后面不加任何词，只按顺序读。如：1 234 one thousand two hundred and thirty-four，
5 864 327 five million eight hundred and sixty-four thousand three hundred and twenty-seven
2. 序数词
(1)第一、第二、第三分别为first，second，third。
(2)第四到第十九都由相应的基数词加th构成。如：fourth，seventh等。要注意fifth，eighth，ninth和twelfth的拼写法和读法。
(3)十位数的序数词由相应的基数词去掉词尾y加ieth构成。如：twentieth，fiftieth等。
(4)第二十一到九十九等，前面的十位数用基数词，后面的个位数用序数词，中间用连字符“-”连接。如：twenty-first，twenty-ninth，seventy-eighth 等。
(5)第一百、第一千、第一百万分别在相应的基数词后面加th。即:hundredth，thousandth，millionth。
(6)序数词之前一般要加定冠词或代词。如：
The second truck is carrying fewer baskets than the first one.
This is her first visit to China.
有时，序数词前用不定冠词，表示“再一、又一”的意思。如：
He failed once. Then he tried a second time. 他曾经失败一次，然后他又试了一次。
3. 年月日表达法
(1)年份，每两位数读一个词。如：
1949 nineteen forty-nine 1900 nineteen hundred
(2)先月后日，日子要读成序数词。如：
5月1日 May (the) first可写成 May 1
3月8日 March (the) eighth可写成March 8
(3)先日后月，在月份之前加of。如：
5月1日 the first of May
3月8日 the eighth of March
(4)年月日同时出现，把年代放在最后，年代前用逗号隔开。
如1949年10月1日，可写成：the first of October，1949或October (the)first，1949。
4. 时刻表达法
(1)用基数词，按顺序读。如：
7：30 seven thirty， 8：15 eight fifteen， 12：00 twelve (o’clock)
(2)用介词past，past之前为分钟数(须在半小时以内，包括半小时)，
past之后为钟点数。
如： 6：11 eleven past six ，7：15 fifteen (a quarter) past seven
9：30 thirty (half) past nine
(3)用介词to，to前为分钟数(须在半小时以上,不包括半小时)，to之后为下一个钟点数，
表示“差几分到几点”。如：
6：58 two to seven，7：45 fifteen (a quarter) to eight
5. 编号表达法
(1)用No. No. (读Number)后加数字，数字读基数词。
如：No. 1 Number One， No. 3 bus Number Three bus
(2)用序数词 词序为：the + 序数词+名词 如:
the first lesson，the Second World War
(3)用基数词 词序为：名词(词首字母大写)＋基数词(如用英语拼写，词首字母也要大写)如：Lesson One，Class Four，World War Two。此种方法较常见，特别是当数字较长时。如：
Room 306，No. 106 Middle School。
6. 分数表达法
分子用基数词，分母用序数词，若分子大于1时，分母要在序数词后加s。如：
1/3，one third，2/5，two fifths等。
7. 数学运算的表达法
“加”用plus或and，“减”用minus，“乘”用times，“除”用divided by，动词多用单数。如：
3+5=8 Three plus/and five is eight. 9-2=7 Nine minus two is seven.
6×5=30 Five times six is thirty. 8÷2=4 Eight divided by two is four
巩固练习：
1. The hero of the story is an artist in his .
A. thirtieth B. thirty C. thirtys D. thirties
2. -----What’s one -third and a half, do you know
----- Yes, it’s ______.
A. two-sixths B. three-fourths
C. one-three D. five-sixths
3. _____of water______polluted because of the development of industry.
A. Two third, is B. Two thirds, is
C. Two thirds, are D. Second thirds, is
4. These two new cameras are quite similar in appearance (外观)，but this one costs almost________.
A. twice as much B. twice so much
C. as much twice D. so much twice
5. My uncle’s house in the downtown is much smaller than ours, but it is ______ expensive.
A. twice as B. twice more than C. as twice D. twice of
