06 动词时态和语态
I.动词的时态
1. 常用常考的动词时态和用法：（以do为例）
名称 构成 用法
一般现在时 do/does,( 连系动词is/am/are ) 1.一般现在时表示经常发生、习惯性动作、客观真理、科学事实、格言，目前的特征、状态、能力等。 2.主句是一般将来时,时间、条件状语从句中用一般现在时表示将来。 I’ll go there after I finish my work. If it rains tomorrow,I won’t go there. 3.在以here,there开头的句子里，go,come等少数动词的一般在时表示正在发生的动作。 There goes the bell.铃响了。 There comes the bus.汽车来了。 Here she comes.她来了。
一般过去时 did,( 连系动词was/were) 表达特定的过去时间内发生的动作或存在的状况，或过去某一时间内经常发生或反复发生的动作或行为。
现在进行时 is/am/are doing 1.表示正在进行的动作。 2.表示按计划安排即将发生的动作。 She is leaving for Beijing.她要去北京。 He is working as a teacher tomorrow. 从明天起他要做老师。 My father is coming to see me this Saturday. 这个星期六我爸爸要来看我。 3.代替一般现在时，描绘更加生动。 The Changjiang River is flowing into the east. 长江江水滚滚向东流。
The sun is rising in the east.太阳从东方冉冉升起。
过去进行时 was/were doing 1.表示过去某一时刻或某一段时间内正在进行的动作（这一过去时间须用时间状语表示） He was preparing his lecture all day yesterday. 2.表示动作在另一过去动作发生时进行 They were still working when I left. 3.用在两个过去进行时动作同时发生 I was writing while he was watching TV. 4.表示过去将来动作 He said she was arriving the next day.
现在完成时 has/have done 1.表示过去发生的动作对现在产生的影响或结果，说话时已 完成的动作。 I have finished the report./ She has cleand the room. 2.表示从过去开始，待续到现在的动作或状态，往往 和“for...”, “since...”表述的一段时间状语连用。 He has learned English for six years. They have worked here since they left college. 3.表示“曾经到过某地（人已回来）”用“have/has been to”,表示“到某地去了（还未回来）”用“have/has gone to”。 —Where is Li Hua －He has gone to the reading-room. —She knows a lot about Shanghai. －She has been there. 4.短暂动词（即瞬间动词）， join,lose,buy,borrow,leave,go,come,arrive,die,marry, finish,complete,begin,start,break out等，在完成时态
中，其肯定式不能和表示一段时间的状语连用。不能说：He has joined the army for three years. 要翻译“他已参军已经三年了。”可采用 ①“ago法” He joined the army three years ago. ②“延续法” He has been in the army for three years. ③“since法” It is/has been three years since he joined the army.
过去完成时 had done 1.表示在过去某一时间以前已经完成的动作。 He had shut the door before the dog came up. Everything had been all right up till this morning. 2.表示动作或状态从过去某个时刻开始一直延续到 另一个过去时刻才完成，甚至还要继续下去。 At the age of ten,he had learned 500 English words. He had been ill for a week when we learned about it. 3.常用hope,expect,think,intend,want,suppose等动词的 过去完成时来表示未实现的希望、打算或意图。 We had expected that you would be able to win the match.
将来完成时 will/shall have done 用来表示在将来某个时刻（前）将完成的动作。常和by短 语，when,before引起的时间状语连用。 We will have finished senior Book 2 by the end of this term.
现在完成进行时 has/have been doing 用来表示从过去某一时刻开始一直持续到现在（还要继续下 去）的动作。He has been doing the maths problems
since 8:00.
过去完成进行时 had been doing 表示动作或状态从过去某个时刻开始一直延续到另一个过去时刻才完成，还将继续下去。
一般将来时 will/shall do is/am/are going to do is/am/are（about）to do 一般将来时表示将来要发生的动作和存在的状况 （详见下面2.一般将来时的特殊表达方式的比较）
过去将来时 would/should do was/were going to do was/were（about）to do 1.相对于过去某一时刻而言即将发生的动作或存在的状态 He told me he would go to Beijing.他告诉我他将去北京。 I was told that he was going to return home. 有人告诉我他准备回家。 2. would do(表示过去的习惯)总是,总会,常常
He would sit silent for hours. 他常常接连好几个小时默默地坐着。
2.一般将来时的特殊表达方式的比较
将来时 用 法 例 句
1 be + doing 进行时表将来 go, come, start, move, leave, arrive等词可用进行时表示按计划即将发生的动作 He is moving to the south. Are they leaving for Europe
2 be about to + 动词原形 表示安排或计划中的马上就要发生的动作，后面一般不跟时间状语 I was about to leave when the bell rang. The meeting is about to close.
3 be to + 动词原形 表示按计划进行或征求对方意见 We’re to meet at the school gate at noon.
4 一般现在时表将来 时刻表上或日程安排上早就定好的事情，可用一般现在时表示将来 The meeting starts at five o’clock. The plane leaves at ten this evening.
3.容易混淆的时态比较
项 目 区 别 例 句
一般过去时与现在完成时的比较 现在完成时强调过去动作对现在产生的影响或造成的结果 We haven’t heard from Jane for a long time. What do you suppose _______ to her A. was happening B. happens C. has happened D. happened 说明：说话者强调Jane 目前的状况. Mr. Lee, who ________ as a carpenter for over 10 years, is now a very famous statesman in this country. A. has worked B. had worked C. worked D. works (只说明他过去当过木匠不涉及到现在)
一般过去时只表达过去的动作或状态 Hello, I ____ you were in London. How long _________ here A. don’t know; were you B. hadn’t known; are you C. haven’t known; are D. didn’t know; have you been 说明：didn’t know 强调见面前不知道 I read the novel last month. (只说明上个月看了，不涉及现在是否记住)
现在完成时与现在完成进行时的比较 着重表示动作的结果时，用现在完成时 I have read that book.我读过那本书了。（知道那本书的内容）
着重表示动作一直在进行，即动作的延续性时，则用现在完成进行时 —Hi, Tracy, you look tired. —I am tired. I _______ the living room all day. A. painted B. had painted C. have been painting D. have painted 说明：强调动作从过去到现在的延续
现在进行时与过去进行时的比较 现在进行时表示现在某个时候或某段时间正在进行的动作 I don’t really work here. I ____ until the new secretary _______. A. just help out; comes B. have just helped out; will come C. am just helping out; comes D. will just help out; has come 说明：指目前一段时间正在发生的动作, until 引导的是时间状语从句,动词需用一般现在时。
过去进行时表示某个时候或某段时间正在进行的动作 — Hey, look where you are going! — Oh, I’m terribly sorry. _______. A. I’m not noticing. B. I wasn’t noticing. C. I haven’t noticed. D. I don’t notice. 说明：对话的后者显然是在解释刚才不小心冒犯对方时正在做的事情.
一般过去时与过去进行时的比较 一般过去时只表达过去的动作或状态 Tom________ into the house when no one ___________. A. slipped; was noticing B. had slipped; noticed C. slipped; had noticed D. was slipping; noticed 说明：slip和notice 为同时发生的动作，因此B、C为错误选项，slipped指过去有结果的动作（他溜进去了），when no one was noticing 指他溜进去的一刹那发生的情况（没有人注意）。
过去进行时表示某个时候或某段时间正在进行的动作 .He ______ a book about China last year, but I don’t know if he ______ it. A.wrote; has finished B. was writing; has finished C. was writing; had finished D. wrote; will finish 说明：正确选项为B. 从I don’t know if he has finished it.推断，他去年一直在写。
II. 动词的被动语态
常用被动语态 构 成 常用被动语态 构 成
1 一般现在 am/is/are done 6 过去进行时 was/were being done
时
2 一般过去时 was/were done 7 现在完成时 have/has been done
3 一般将来时 shall/will be done 8 过去完成时 had been done
4 过去将来时 should/would be done 9 将来完成时 will/would have been done
5 现在进行时 am/is/are being done 10 含有情态动词的 can/must/may be done
注 意 事 项 被动语态的否定式是在第一个助动词或情态动词后加not，短语动词的被动态不可漏掉其中介副词。固定结构be going to, used to,have to, had better变为被动态时，只需将其后的动词变为被动态。 Trees should not be planted in summer. The boy was made fun of by his classmates. Newspapers used to be sent here by the little girl.
汉语有一类句子不出现主语，在英语中一般可用被动结构表示： It is believed that… It is generally considered that… It is said that… It is well known that… It must be pointed out that… It is supposed that… It is reported that… It must be admitted that… It is hoped that…
被动语态的句型 1.常见句式是：主语（受动者）＋be＋过去分词＋（by＋施动者）：He was scolded by the English teacher. 2.主语＋get＋过去分词＋其它成分：The boy got drowned last summer./ She got fired because of her faults. 使用这种结构不能带有“by＋施动者” 3.带有双宾语（直接宾语和间接宾语）的主动句变为动句，其主语可以是直接宾语，也可以是间接宾语。 She lent me a bike.被动：①I was lent a bike(by her). ②A bike was lent to me(by her). 4.情态动词＋be＋过去分词：This problem must be worked out in half an hour. 5.双重被动式：主语＋被动式谓语＋不定式的被动式＋其它成分 These magazines are not allowed to be taken out of the reading-room. The murderer was ordered to be shot.
下面主动形式常表示被动意义 1.不及物动词与状语连用，用以表示主语的品质和状态。常见动词是：cut,sell,read,write,fill,cook,lock,wash等。 This knife cuts well.这把刀好切。 These books sell well.这些书好卖。 The pen writes smoothly.这支笔写起来流畅。 Meat won’t keep long in such hot weather.肉在这样热的天气里放不长久。 The cloth washes well.这种布好洗。 2.一些连系动词的主动式＋形容词。常见动look,smell,taste,sound,feel,prove,turn out等。 The apples taste good. The flower smells wonderful. The news proved/turned out true. Cotton feels soft.
不可变为被动语态的几种情况 1.I teach myself French.不可变为Myself is taught French.因为反身代词不可作主语。 2.We help each other/one another.不可变为Each other/One another is helped by us.因为相互代词不可作主语。 3.He lost heart.不可变为Heart was lost by him. 因为象lose heart,make a face,keep silence,lose in thought这类动宾结构的固定短语只能用于主动式，不能用被动式。 4.She took part in the sports meet.不能变为The sports meet was taken part in by her. 因为象take part in,belong to ,own,have,hate,fail,contain等表状态动词没有被动语态。
含有短语动词在被动语态中介词不能丢 Much attention must be paid to your handwriting. 特别注意以下句子的结构：Every minute must be made full use of to study Englsih.
下面词或短语没有被动态： leave, enter, reach, become, benefit, cost, equal, contain, last, lack, fit, fail, have, appear, happen, occur, belong to, take place, break out, come about, agree with, keep up with, consist of, have on, lose heart等等
注意：
1.一些固定句式的形态：
英语中有一些句式的时态常常很固定，如果题干中出现这种句式，考生应注意根据规则选用适当的时态。例如：
(1)It is the first/second/... time that sb. have/has done...
(2)It was the first/second/... time that sb. had done...
(3)sb.was/were doing sth. when... did...
(4)It's high time that sb. did/should do...
(5)Hardly/Scarcely had sb.done sth. when sb.did...
(6)No sooner had sb. done sth. than...did...
2.
（1）在时间、条件、让步状语从句中，若主句为一般现在时或一般将来时，则从句用一般现在时代替一般将来时；若主句为一般过去时，则从句也应用相应的过去时态。
（2）正确判定主句谓语动词及从句谓语动词所表示的动作发生的时间，并认真体会命题者所给出的语境。
（3）解答宾语从句与主句时态呼应问题时，考生应熟知以下规则：如果主句是现在时态或将来时态，则从句可根据语境使用任何时态；如果主句为过去时态，则从句需要用适当的过去的某种时态（表示客观真理时使用一般现在时）。
As a little girl, I___________ （wish）to be a zookeeper when I grew up.
【解析】句意为：还是一个小女孩时，我就希望长大后当一名动物园饲养员。根据时间状语从句 when I grew up 可知，此处描述作者小时候的愿望，故应用一般过去时。故填wished。
巩固练习：
单句填空：
During the Han Dynasty, written records referred________ the cultivation of green tea.
Barbecue is popular in China, but Zibo’s barbecue differs_________ three ways---it’s made on a stove, and is served with a flatbread（小饼）and dressings（蘸料）.
But participating________too many extracurricular activities does deprive the children of their playtime.
He studied hard before the exam, and it paid________. He got an A.
The guqin ________（favor）by the literati（文人学士）in ancient China.
The intense tectonic movements millions of years ago_______（gift）Mount Wuyi a magnificent Danxia landform, which differs from the Danxia landform in northwest China.
So far, seven of the twelve bronze head statues of zodiac animals, including the horse-head statue,________（come）back to China.
Jane can’t attend the meeting at 3 o’clock this afternoon because she________（teach）a class at that time.
By the time we got home, Mark_________（cook）us a wonderful dinner.
At present, the water system, streets, folk houses and even interior arrangements of the village__________ （preserve）as the primitive conditions of the ancient village.
The fossil, named “Baby Yingliang”, was found in southeast China and ________(belong) to a feathered dinosaur.
Although the species is still endangered, the conservation efforts _______(think) to be working.
Early Chinese poetry _________(influence) by The Book of Songs, and the Chinese poet and statesman Qu Yuan.
A few years later, I am back in Virginia where I __________(grow) up.
15. He saw how the china clay_________ (combine)with another substance, mica, which would turn it into porcelain.
16.Although Dai paper ____________(carry) the culture and belief of the Dai people, the crafting of it is faced with great challenges.
17.The police arrested the man who __________(break) into a jewelry shop.
18. It was said that the flight to New York ___________(cancel) due to the foggy weather.
19.A German shepherd__________ (rescue) from his previous shelter, where he was going to be put down after a biting incident.
20.When you find the thing that you want to commit to, you __________(become) fearless to follow your dream.
21.It is the first time that the Dunhuang Academy (hold) such a big exhibition in Beijing.
22.I was sitting in my room and my cat Smartie was on my lap when the roof of my room (blow) away.
23.People can also visit the Yunnan Stone Forest,which (know) as “the first wonder of the world” since the Ming Dynasty.
24.Planting many trees(be) very good for our environment.
25.Neither the twins nor their father (be)addicted to online games at present.
26.A survey shows that 80% of the middle-aged in this city___________（be）in favor of the proposal for the health care reform.
语法填空A组
The 2023 Pulitzer Prize（普利策奖） 1_________ (compete)for books is now open, and 2________(include)a new category for a distinguished memoir（回忆录）or autobiography by an American author.
The Pulitzer Prizes for books are awarded 3_________writers of fiction,U.S.history,biography,memoir or autobiography, poetry and general non-fiction.
4__________ (previous),memoirs and autobiographies 5__________ (judge) in the Biography category.Many have been finalists in the category 6_________ have won the prize.
“Memoirs and autobiographies are flourishing,”said Marjorie Miller, Administrator of the Prizes.“The members of the Pulitzer Prize Board 7_______have been considering them alongside biographies and othernon-fiction for years felt it was time for each genre（体裁）8_________ （have） its own prize category.”
The new Pulitzer Prize category will be for a distinguished and factual memoir or autobiography by an American author.
First awarded in 1917, Biography is one of the 9__________(origin) Pulitzer Prie categories.It will now be awarded for a distinguished and appropriately documented biography by an American author.
This year, the criteria for entry in all categories remain the same: To be eligible, 10______ (book)must be first published in the United States during 2022,and authors in all categories except U.S.History must be American citizens.
语法填空B组
“Early to bed and early to rise, makes a person healthy, wealthy and wise.”
The words of Benjamin Franklin have been backed by science. It has been proved that morning
people are persistent and 1._________(product).Rising early also 2______ (relieve) stress and tension because it gives you the time to work out before you get distracted（分神）．This is 3________ morning people tend to be healthier and happier. Recent research 4_______ (find) that late sleepers generally consume approximately 248 more 5________(calorie) than those who rise early.
Researchers have also said that early morning is the best time 6_______(study).This will help you stay ahead in the class and keep your grades up.
More rest equals more energy, plain and simple.If you get into the routine of rising early and going to bed early,you are more likely to have a 7__________ (good)sleeping pattern which leads to being more energetic throughout the day, 8__________(help) you accomplish your tasks in a faster and more creative manner.
Getting up early has many benefits for both your body 9 _________your mind. The hardest part is convincing yourself to do it, and then getting into a routine of getting up early every morning.
If you don't develop 10 ________habit of waking up before the rest of the world, you won't be able to change the world.
解析：
1．to 句意为：在汉代，有文字记载提到了绿茶的种植。回定搭配refer to意为“提到”，故填to。
2．in 句意为：烧烤在中国很受欢迎，但淄博的烧烤有三个不同之处——在炉子上烤、配上一块面饼和调料。固定短语differ in表示“在······方面不同”。故填in。
3．in 句意为：但是参加过多的课外活动确实剥夺了孩子们的玩耍时间。participate in为固定短语，意为“参加”，故填in。
4．off 句意为：考试前他努力学习并获得好结果，得了个A。根据句意可知，此处应用pay off，意为“获得好结果，成功”，故填off。
5．was favored 句意为：古琴更受中国古代的文人学士喜爱。根据in ancient China可知，此处应用一般过去时。根据by the literati 可知，此处应用被动语态。主语The guqin为单数概念，谓语应用第三人称单数形式。故填was favored。
6．gifted 句意为：数百万年前剧烈的地壳运动赋予了武夷山壮丽的丹霞地貌，这种丹霞地貌不同于中国西北的丹霞地貌。设空处是主句的谓语动词，由millions of years ago可知，此处描
述过去发生的事情，应用一般过去时。
7．have come 句意为：到目前为止，十二生肖兽首铜像中有七尊已运回中国，其中包括马首铜像。根据设空前的So far可知，此处应用现在完成时，主语为复数概念，故填have come。
8．will be teaching 句意为：今天下午三点简不能参加会议，因为那时她将在上课。句中 at 3 o＇clock this afternoon 和at that time指将来某个时间正在进行的动作，结合句意可知，此处应用将来进行时，故填will be teaching。
9．had cooked 句意为；等我们到家时，马克已经为我们做了一顿丰盛的晚餐。根据时间状语 By the time we got home可知，设空处表示的动作在“我们回到家”之前已经发生，表示“过去的过去”，应用过去完成时，故填had cooked。
10．are preserved 句意为：目前，村落的水系、街道、民居，甚至（屋子）内部的布置都被保护得如同古村落的原始状态一般。根据句意可知，此处应用被动语态；由At present可知，此处应使用一般现在时；主语为由and 连接的 the water system，streets，folk houses 和 interior arrangements of the village，谓语应用复数形式，故填are preserved。
11．belongs 句意为：这块被命名为“英良贝贝”的化石是在中国东南部发现的，属于一只有羽毛的恐龙。设空处和上文was found并列作谓语，此处描述客观情况，且主语为The fossil，应用一般现在时的第三人称单数形式。故填belongs。
12．are thought 句意为：尽管这个物种依然濒临灭绝，但保护措施被认为是有效的。根据设空前的is和语境可知，此处应为一般现在时；主句主语 the conservation efforts和 think之间为被动关系，应用一般现在时的被动语态，且主语是复数形式，故填are thought。
13．was influenced 句意为：中国早期的诗歌受到《诗经》和中国诗人及政治家屈原的影响。根据句意可知，influence这一动作发生在过去，与主语之间为被动关系，应用一般过去时的被动语态，且poetry为不可数名词，谓语应用第三人称单数形式，故填was influenced。
14．grew 句意为：几年后，我回到了弗吉尼亚州，那是我长大的地方。根据常识可知，“长大成人”的动作发生在过去，故从句应使用一般过去时，故填grew。
15．was combined 句意为：他看到了瓷土是如何与另一种物质-云母结合在一起的，云母会将瓷土变成瓷器。设空处是从句谓语，从句主语 the china clay 和 combine 之间是被动关系，应用被动语态；句子描述过去的事情，应用一般过去时；从句主语 the china clay是不可数名词，从句谓语应用单数形式。故填was combined。
16．carries 句意为：傣族纸虽然承载着傣族人民的文化和信仰，但其制作却面临着巨大的挑
战。根据主句谓语动词is可知，此处描述一般性事实，应用一般现在时；从句主语是Dai paper，从句谓语应用第三人称单数形式，故填carries。
17 had broken 句意为：警察逮捕了那个闯入珠宝店的人。从句动作break into发生在主句动作arrested之前，应用过去完成时。故填had broken。
18．had been canceled／canceled 句意为：据说飞往纽约的航班因大雾天气而取消了。从句动作cancel 发生在主句动作was said之前，且flight与cancel之间为被动关系，应用过去完成时的被动语态或一般现在时的被动语态。
19．was rescued 句意为：一只德国牧羊犬从之前所在的收容所被救出，在一起咬人事件后，它本来将要在那里被杀死。根据从句中的he was going to be put down 可知，此处讲述过去的事件，主句应使用一般过去时，且主句主语A German shepherd为第三人称单数，与主句谓语动词rescue之间是被动关系，主句应使用一般过去时的被动语态，故填was rescued。
20．will become 句意为：当你找到自己想全心全意投入的事情时，你就会无所畏惧地追逐梦想。此处为时间状语从句，用一般现在时表将来，故主句应用一般将来时，即“主将从现”，故填will become。
21．has held 句意为：这是敦煌研究院第一次在北京举办这么大型的展览。It is the first／second...time that sb.have／has done...为固定句式，意为“这是某人第一／二······次做······”，设空处应用现在完成时，从句主语the Dunhuang Academy 为第三人称单数形式，助动词用has，故填has held。
22．was blown 句意为：我正坐在房间里，我的猫斯玛蒂在我的大腿上，这时突然我的房顶被吹走了。sb.was／were doing sth.when...did...为固定句式，意为“某人（过去）正在做某事，这时······”，从句需要用一般过去时；从句的主语the roof of my room为第三人称单数，与从句的谓语 blow away之间是被动关系，应使用一般过去时的被动语态，故填was blown。
23．has been known 句意为：人们还可以参观云南石林，它自明代以来就被称为“天下第一奇观”。设空处作从句谓语，which作从句主语，指代前面的the Yunnan Stone Forest，谓语应用单数形式。根据时间状语 since the Ming Dynasty 可知，此处应用现在完成时。动词know和 which之间是被动关系，应用被动语态。故填has been known。
24．is 句意为：种很多树对我们的环境很有好处。分析句子可知，设空处作谓语，且本句陈述的是客观事实，应用一般现在时；主语是单个的动名词短语，谓语动词应用单数形式，故填is。
25．is 句意为：这对双胞胎和他们的父亲目前都没有沉迷于网络游戏。neither...nor...意为“既不······也不·····”，连接两个并列主语时，谓语动词遵循就近原则，故be动词依据主语 their father 使用第三人称单数。根据at present 可知，此处为一般现在时。故填is。
26．are 句意为：一项调查显示，这个城市有80％的中年人赞成医疗改革的提议。当“分数／百分数＋of＋名词”结构作主语时，谓语动词的数应该与of后面的名词保持一致。the middle-aged是“the＋形容词”结构，指一类人，谓语动词用复数；且根据上文shows可知此处应用一般现在时，故填are。
语法填空A组
1．competition 句意为：2023年普利策图书奖竞赛现已开始，其中新增了一个类别——面向美国作家的杰出回忆录或自传。设空处作句子主语，应用名词形式，competition 意为“竞赛，比赛”时为可数名词，根据空后的is可知，此处应用单数形式，故填competition。
2. includes 句意见上一题解析。and连接并列的谓语动词，设空处与前面的is是并列谓语，应用一般现在时；主语为单数概念，谓语动词用第三人称单数形式，故填includes。
3．to 句意为：普利策图书奖颁发给小说、美国历史、传记、回忆录或自传、诗歌和非小说类作家。award sth.to sb.为固定搭配，意为“将某物颁给某人”，此处为其被动形式，故填to。
4．Previously 句意为：以前，回忆录和自传被归人传记类。设空处作状语，修饰整个句子，应用副词形式，且位于句首，首字母应大写，故填Previously。
5．were judged 句意见上一题解析。主语 memoirs and autobiographies 和动词judge之间是被动关系，且此处描述过去发生的事情，应用一般过去时的被动语态，主语是复数名词，be动词用 were，故填were judged。
6．and 句意为：许多人进人了该类别的决赛并获得了奖项。结合句意可知，此处前后为顺承关系，应用连词and 连接，故填and。
7．who／that 句意为：“多年来一直将它们与传记和其他非小说类作品一起考虑的普利策奖委员会成员们觉得是时候为每种体裁（的作品）设立自己的奖项类别了。”设空处引导定语从句，先行词为The members of the Pulitzer Prize Board，指人，关系词在从句中作主语，故填who／that。
8．to have 句意见上一题解析。“it is／was time for．．．to do sth.”是固定句型，表示“······是时候做某事”，故填to have。
9．original 句意为：传记奖于1917年首次颁发，是普利策奖的原始（奖项）类别之一。设空处作定语，修饰名词categories，应用形容词original。故填original。
10．books 句意为：今年，所有类别的参赛标准保持不变：要获得参赛资格，图书必须在2022年期间首次在美国出版，并且除美国历史以外的所有类别的作者都必须是美国公民。book是可数名词，此处泛指不止一本书，应用复数形式，故填books。
语法填空B组
1．productive 句意为：事实证明，早起的人是坚持不懈和高效的。根据and前的persistent可知，此处为and连接两个并列的形容词作主语从句的表语。故填productive。
2．relieves 句意为：早起也能缓解压力和紧张，因为它能在你分心之前给你锻炼的时间。此处陈述客观事实，用一般现在时；单个的动名词短语Rising early作主语，谓语动词应用第三人称单数形式。故填relieves。
3. why 句意为：这就是早起的人往往更健康和更快乐的原因。This is why...意为“这就是·····的原因”，why引导表语从句，在表语从句中充当原因状语。故填why。
4．has found 句意为：最近的研究已发现，晚睡的人通常比早起的人多摄入大约248卡路里的热量。根据Recent 和句意以及下文中的Researchers have also said 可知，这里应用现在完成时，主语中心词research为不可数名词，助动词应用has。故填has found。
5．calories 句意见上一题解析。calorie是可数名词，根据空前的数词248可知，这里应用复数形式。故填calories。
6．to study 句意为：研究人员还表示，清晨是学习的最佳时间。time前有形容词最高级best修饰，其后应用动词不定式作后置定语。故填to study。
7．better 句意为：如果你养成了早起早睡的习惯，你就更有可能拥有一个更好的睡眠模式，从而使你一整天都更加精力充沛，帮助你更快、更有创造力地完成你的任务。根据上文中的more likely和句意以及下文中的more energetic 和 faster and more creative 可知，此处应用比较级，故填better。
8．helping 句意见上一题解析。通过分析句子结构可知，句中已有谓语动词，所以此处应用非谓语动词形式。help与其逻辑主语之间是主动关系，所以应用现在分词作状语。故填helping。
9. and 句意为:早起对你的身体和你的头脑都有很多好处。根据句子结构可知,your body 和your mind 是并列关系，且both...and...为固定搭配，意为“......和......都”，故填and。
10. the句意为:如果你没有养成比别人早起的习惯,你将无法改变世界。develop the habit of意为“养成··的习惯of后是对习惯的详细描述,故 habit 表示特指,其前应用定冠词the。故填 the。06 动词时态和语态
I.动词的时态
1. 常用常考的动词时态和用法：（以do为例）
名称 构成 用法
一般现在时 do/does,( 连系动词is/am/are ) 1.一般现在时表示经常发生、习惯性动作、客观真理、科学事实、格言，目前的特征、状态、能力等。 2.主句是一般将来时,时间、条件状语从句中用一般现在时表示将来。 I’ll go there after I finish my work. If it rains tomorrow,I won’t go there. 3.在以here,there开头的句子里，go,come等少数动词的一般在时表示正在发生的动作。 There goes the bell.铃响了。 There comes the bus.汽车来了。 Here she comes.她来了。
一般过去时 did,( 连系动词was/were) 表达特定的过去时间内发生的动作或存在的状况，或过去某一时间内经常发生或反复发生的动作或行为。
现在进行时 is/am/are doing 1.表示正在进行的动作。 2.表示按计划安排即将发生的动作。 She is leaving for Beijing.她要去北京。 He is working as a teacher tomorrow. 从明天起他要做老师。 My father is coming to see me this Saturday. 这个星期六我爸爸要来看我。 3.代替一般现在时，描绘更加生动。 The Changjiang River is flowing into the east. 长江江水滚滚向东流。
The sun is rising in the east.太阳从东方冉冉升起。
过去进行时 was/were doing 1.表示过去某一时刻或某一段时间内正在进行的动作（这一过去时间须用时间状语表示） He was preparing his lecture all day yesterday. 2.表示动作在另一过去动作发生时进行 They were still working when I left. 3.用在两个过去进行时动作同时发生 I was writing while he was watching TV. 4.表示过去将来动作 He said she was arriving the next day.
现在完成时 has/have done 1.表示过去发生的动作对现在产生的影响或结果，说话时已 完成的动作。 I have finished the report./ She has cleand the room. 2.表示从过去开始，待续到现在的动作或状态，往往 和“for...”, “since...”表述的一段时间状语连用。 He has learned English for six years. They have worked here since they left college. 3.表示“曾经到过某地（人已回来）”用“have/has been to”,表示“到某地去了（还未回来）”用“have/has gone to”。 —Where is Li Hua －He has gone to the reading-room. —She knows a lot about Shanghai. －She has been there. 4.短暂动词（即瞬间动词）， join,lose,buy,borrow,leave,go,come,arrive,die,marry, finish,complete,begin,start,break out等，在完成时态
中，其肯定式不能和表示一段时间的状语连用。不能说：He has joined the army for three years. 要翻译“他已参军已经三年了。”可采用 ①“ago法” He joined the army three years ago. ②“延续法” He has been in the army for three years. ③“since法” It is/has been three years since he joined the army.
过去完成时 had done 1.表示在过去某一时间以前已经完成的动作。 He had shut the door before the dog came up. Everything had been all right up till this morning. 2.表示动作或状态从过去某个时刻开始一直延续到 另一个过去时刻才完成，甚至还要继续下去。 At the age of ten,he had learned 500 English words. He had been ill for a week when we learned about it. 3.常用hope,expect,think,intend,want,suppose等动词的 过去完成时来表示未实现的希望、打算或意图。 We had expected that you would be able to win the match.
将来完成时 will/shall have done 用来表示在将来某个时刻（前）将完成的动作。常和by短 语，when,before引起的时间状语连用。 We will have finished senior Book 2 by the end of this term.
现在完成进行时 has/have been doing 用来表示从过去某一时刻开始一直持续到现在（还要继续下 去）的动作。He has been doing the maths problems
since 8:00.
过去完成进行时 had been doing 表示动作或状态从过去某个时刻开始一直延续到另一个过去时刻才完成，还将继续下去。
一般将来时 will/shall do is/am/are going to do is/am/are（about）to do 一般将来时表示将来要发生的动作和存在的状况 （详见下面2.一般将来时的特殊表达方式的比较）
过去将来时 would/should do was/were going to do was/were（about）to do 1.相对于过去某一时刻而言即将发生的动作或存在的状态 He told me he would go to Beijing.他告诉我他将去北京。 I was told that he was going to return home. 有人告诉我他准备回家。 2. would do(表示过去的习惯)总是,总会,常常
He would sit silent for hours. 他常常接连好几个小时默默地坐着。
2.一般将来时的特殊表达方式的比较
将来时 用 法 例 句
1 be + doing 进行时表将来 go, come, start, move, leave, arrive等词可用进行时表示按计划即将发生的动作 He is moving to the south. Are they leaving for Europe
2 be about to + 动词原形 表示安排或计划中的马上就要发生的动作，后面一般不跟时间状语 I was about to leave when the bell rang. The meeting is about to close.
3 be to + 动词原形 表示按计划进行或征求对方意见 We’re to meet at the school gate at noon.
4 一般现在时表将来 时刻表上或日程安排上早就定好的事情，可用一般现在时表示将来 The meeting starts at five o’clock. The plane leaves at ten this evening.
3.容易混淆的时态比较
项 目 区 别 例 句
一般过去时与现在完成时的比较 现在完成时强调过去动作对现在产生的影响或造成的结果 We haven’t heard from Jane for a long time. What do you suppose _______ to her A. was happening B. happens C. has happened D. happened 说明：说话者强调Jane 目前的状况. Mr. Lee, who ________ as a carpenter for over 10 years, is now a very famous statesman in this country. A. has worked B. had worked C. worked D. works (只说明他过去当过木匠不涉及到现在)
一般过去时只表达过去的动作或状态 Hello, I ____ you were in London. How long _________ here A. don’t know; were you B. hadn’t known; are you C. haven’t known; are D. didn’t know; have you been 说明：didn’t know 强调见面前不知道 I read the novel last month. (只说明上个月看了，不涉及现在是否记住)
现在完成时与现在完成进行时的比较 着重表示动作的结果时，用现在完成时 I have read that book.我读过那本书了。（知道那本书的内容）
着重表示动作一直在进行，即动作的延续性时，则用现在完成进行时 —Hi, Tracy, you look tired. —I am tired. I _______ the living room all day. A. painted B. had painted C. have been painting D. have painted 说明：强调动作从过去到现在的延续
现在进行时与过去进行时的比较 现在进行时表示现在某个时候或某段时间正在进行的动作 I don’t really work here. I ____ until the new secretary _______. A. just help out; comes B. have just helped out; will come C. am just helping out; comes D. will just help out; has come 说明：指目前一段时间正在发生的动作, until 引导的是时间状语从句,动词需用一般现在时。
过去进行时表示某个时候或某段时间正在进行的动作 — Hey, look where you are going! — Oh, I’m terribly sorry. _______. A. I’m not noticing. B. I wasn’t noticing. C. I haven’t noticed. D. I don’t notice. 说明：对话的后者显然是在解释刚才不小心冒犯对方时正在做的事情.
一般过去时与过去进行时的比较 一般过去时只表达过去的动作或状态 Tom________ into the house when no one ___________. A. slipped; was noticing B. had slipped; noticed C. slipped; had noticed D. was slipping; noticed 说明：slip和notice 为同时发生的动作，因此B、C为错误选项，slipped指过去有结果的动作（他溜进去了），when no one was noticing 指他溜进去的一刹那发生的情况（没有人注意）。
过去进行时表示某个时候或某段时间正在进行的动作 .He ______ a book about China last year, but I don’t know if he ______ it. A.wrote; has finished B. was writing; has finished C. was writing; had finished D. wrote; will finish 说明：正确选项为B. 从I don’t know if he has finished it.推断，他去年一直在写。
II. 动词的被动语态
常用被动语态 构 成 常用被动语态 构 成
1 一般现在 am/is/are done 6 过去进行时 was/were being done
时
2 一般过去时 was/were done 7 现在完成时 have/has been done
3 一般将来时 shall/will be done 8 过去完成时 had been done
4 过去将来时 should/would be done 9 将来完成时 will/would have been done
5 现在进行时 am/is/are being done 10 含有情态动词的 can/must/may be done
注 意 事 项 被动语态的否定式是在第一个助动词或情态动词后加not，短语动词的被动态不可漏掉其中介副词。固定结构be going to, used to,have to, had better变为被动态时，只需将其后的动词变为被动态。 Trees should not be planted in summer. The boy was made fun of by his classmates. Newspapers used to be sent here by the little girl.
汉语有一类句子不出现主语，在英语中一般可用被动结构表示： It is believed that… It is generally considered that… It is said that… It is well known that… It must be pointed out that… It is supposed that… It is reported that… It must be admitted that… It is hoped that…
被动语态的句型 1.常见句式是：主语（受动者）＋be＋过去分词＋（by＋施动者）：He was scolded by the English teacher. 2.主语＋get＋过去分词＋其它成分：The boy got drowned last summer./ She got fired because of her faults. 使用这种结构不能带有“by＋施动者” 3.带有双宾语（直接宾语和间接宾语）的主动句变为动句，其主语可以是直接宾语，也可以是间接宾语。 She lent me a bike.被动：①I was lent a bike(by her). ②A bike was lent to me(by her). 4.情态动词＋be＋过去分词：This problem must be worked out in half an hour. 5.双重被动式：主语＋被动式谓语＋不定式的被动式＋其它成分 These magazines are not allowed to be taken out of the reading-room. The murderer was ordered to be shot.
下面主动形式常表示被动意义 1.不及物动词与状语连用，用以表示主语的品质和状态。常见动词是：cut,sell,read,write,fill,cook,lock,wash等。 This knife cuts well.这把刀好切。 These books sell well.这些书好卖。 The pen writes smoothly.这支笔写起来流畅。 Meat won’t keep long in such hot weather.肉在这样热的天气里放不长久。 The cloth washes well.这种布好洗。 2.一些连系动词的主动式＋形容词。常见动look,smell,taste,sound,feel,prove,turn out等。 The apples taste good. The flower smells wonderful. The news proved/turned out true. Cotton feels soft.
不可变为被动语态的几种情况 1.I teach myself French.不可变为Myself is taught French.因为反身代词不可作主语。 2.We help each other/one another.不可变为Each other/One another is helped by us.因为相互代词不可作主语。 3.He lost heart.不可变为Heart was lost by him. 因为象lose heart,make a face,keep silence,lose in thought这类动宾结构的固定短语只能用于主动式，不能用被动式。 4.She took part in the sports meet.不能变为The sports meet was taken part in by her. 因为象take part in,belong to ,own,have,hate,fail,contain等表状态动词没有被动语态。
含有短语动词在被动语态中介词不能丢 Much attention must be paid to your handwriting. 特别注意以下句子的结构：Every minute must be made full use of to study Englsih.
下面词或短语没有被动态： leave, enter, reach, become, benefit, cost, equal, contain, last, lack, fit, fail, have, appear, happen, occur, belong to, take place, break out, come about, agree with, keep up with, consist of, have on, lose heart等等
注意：
1.一些固定句式的形态：
英语中有一些句式的时态常常很固定，如果题干中出现这种句式，考生应注意根据规则选用适当的时态。例如：
(1)It is the first/second/... time that sb. have/has done...
(2)It was the first/second/... time that sb. had done...
(3)sb.was/were doing sth. when... did...
(4)It's high time that sb. did/should do...
(5)Hardly/Scarcely had sb.done sth. when sb.did...
(6)No sooner had sb. done sth. than...did...
2.
（1）在时间、条件、让步状语从句中，若主句为一般现在时或一般将来时，则从句用一般现在时代替一般将来时；若主句为一般过去时，则从句也应用相应的过去时态。
（2）正确判定主句谓语动词及从句谓语动词所表示的动作发生的时间，并认真体会命题者所给出的语境。
（3）解答宾语从句与主句时态呼应问题时，考生应熟知以下规则：如果主句是现在时态或将来时态，则从句可根据语境使用任何时态；如果主句为过去时态，则从句需要用适当的过去的某种时态（表示客观真理时使用一般现在时）。
As a little girl, I___________ （wish）to be a zookeeper when I grew up.
【解析】句意为：还是一个小女孩时，我就希望长大后当一名动物园饲养员。根据时间状语从句 when I grew up 可知，此处描述作者小时候的愿望，故应用一般过去时。故填wished。
巩固练习：
单句填空：
During the Han Dynasty, written records referred________ the cultivation of green tea.
Barbecue is popular in China, but Zibo’s barbecue differs_________ three ways---it’s made on a stove, and is served with a flatbread（小饼）and dressings（蘸料）.
But participating________too many extracurricular activities does deprive the children of their playtime.
He studied hard before the exam, and it paid________. He got an A.
The guqin ________（favor）by the literati（文人学士）in ancient China.
The intense tectonic movements millions of years ago_______（gift）Mount Wuyi a magnificent Danxia landform, which differs from the Danxia landform in northwest China.
So far, seven of the twelve bronze head statues of zodiac animals, including the horse-head statue,________（come）back to China.
Jane can’t attend the meeting at 3 o’clock this afternoon because she________（teach）a class at that time.
By the time we got home, Mark_________（cook）us a wonderful dinner.
At present, the water system, streets, folk houses and even interior arrangements of the village__________ （preserve）as the primitive conditions of the ancient village.
The fossil, named “Baby Yingliang”, was found in southeast China and ________(belong) to a feathered dinosaur.
Although the species is still endangered, the conservation efforts _______(think) to be working.
Early Chinese poetry _________(influence) by The Book of Songs, and the Chinese poet and statesman Qu Yuan.
A few years later, I am back in Virginia where I __________(grow) up.
15. He saw how the china clay_________ (combine)with another substance, mica, which would turn it into porcelain.
16.Although Dai paper ____________(carry) the culture and belief of the Dai people, the crafting of it is faced with great challenges.
17.The police arrested the man who __________(break) into a jewelry shop.
18. It was said that the flight to New York ___________(cancel) due to the foggy weather.
19.A German shepherd__________ (rescue) from his previous shelter, where he was going to be put down after a biting incident.
20.When you find the thing that you want to commit to, you __________(become) fearless to follow your dream.
21.It is the first time that the Dunhuang Academy (hold) such a big exhibition in Beijing.
22.I was sitting in my room and my cat Smartie was on my lap when the roof of my room (blow) away.
23.People can also visit the Yunnan Stone Forest,which (know) as “the first wonder of the world” since the Ming Dynasty.
24.Planting many trees(be) very good for our environment.
25.Neither the twins nor their father (be)addicted to online games at present.
26.A survey shows that 80% of the middle-aged in this city___________（be）in favor of the proposal for the health care reform.
语法填空A组
The 2023 Pulitzer Prize（普利策奖） 1_________ (compete)for books is now open, and 2________(include)a new category for a distinguished memoir（回忆录）or autobiography by an American author.
The Pulitzer Prizes for books are awarded 3_________writers of fiction,U.S.history,biography,memoir or autobiography, poetry and general non-fiction.
4__________ (previous),memoirs and autobiographies 5__________ (judge) in the Biography category.Many have been finalists in the category 6_________ have won the prize.
“Memoirs and autobiographies are flourishing,”said Marjorie Miller, Administrator of the Prizes.“The members of the Pulitzer Prize Board 7_______have been considering them alongside biographies and othernon-fiction for years felt it was time for each genre（体裁）8_________ （have） its own prize category.”
The new Pulitzer Prize category will be for a distinguished and factual memoir or autobiography by an American author.
First awarded in 1917, Biography is one of the 9__________(origin) Pulitzer Prie categories.It will now be awarded for a distinguished and appropriately documented biography by an American author.
This year, the criteria for entry in all categories remain the same: To be eligible, 10______ (book)must be first published in the United States during 2022,and authors in all categories except U.S.History must be American citizens.
语法填空B组
“Early to bed and early to rise, makes a person healthy, wealthy and wise.”
The words of Benjamin Franklin have been backed by science. It has been proved that morning
people are persistent and 1._________(product).Rising early also 2______ (relieve) stress and tension because it gives you the time to work out before you get distracted（分神）．This is 3________ morning people tend to be healthier and happier. Recent research 4_______ (find) that late sleepers generally consume approximately 248 more 5________(calorie) than those who rise early.
Researchers have also said that early morning is the best time 6_______(study).This will help you stay ahead in the class and keep your grades up.
More rest equals more energy, plain and simple.If you get into the routine of rising early and going to bed early,you are more likely to have a 7__________ (good)sleeping pattern which leads to being more energetic throughout the day, 8__________(help) you accomplish your tasks in a faster and more creative manner.
Getting up early has many benefits for both your body 9 _________your mind. The hardest part is convincing yourself to do it, and then getting into a routine of getting up early every morning.
If you don't develop 10 ________habit of waking up before the rest of the world, you won't be able to change the world.
