人教版（2019）选择性必修 第二册Unit 1 Science and Scientists Reading and Thinking 学案 （含答案）
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Unit 1 Section Ⅰ Reading and Thinking
【学习目标】
1.通过阅读课文内容,分析斯诺攻克霍乱的过程,梳理科学研究的基本步骤;了解中外科学家的重要贡献及其性格特点和高尚品格;了解中国科学技术发展的伟大成就,坚定文化自信;分析、提炼、概括科学精神的主要特点。(文化意识,思维品质)
2.通过分析课文,培养略读和查读等阅读能力和分析长难句的能力。(语言能力,学习能力)
3.通过对教材课文的阅读,理解图表中的信息,读懂符号和图注的意义;在课文的具体情境中猜测词义,推测词性,了解重要语言点的基本用法。(语言能力)
【自主预习】
Step 1 单词认读
Ⅰ.释义匹配
第一组
( )1.severe ( )2.contradictory
( )3.infection ( )4.multiple
( )5.household ( )6.intervention
( )7.raw ( )8.substantial
( )9.statistic ( )10.microscope
A.n.感染;传染
B.adj.极为恶劣的;十分严重的;严厉的
C.adj.相互矛盾的;对立的;不一致的
D.n.一家人;家庭;同住一所(套)房子的人
E.adj.数量多的;多种多样的
F.adj.未煮的;生的;未经处理的;原始的
G.adj.大量的;价值巨大的;重大的
H.n.介入;出面;干涉
I.n.显微镜
J.n. [pl.]统计数字;统计资料;统计学
答案 1~5 BCAED 6~10 HFGJI
第二组
( )1.thinking ( )2.protein
( )3.cell ( )4.virus
( )5.initial ( )6.framework
( )7.rainbow ( )8.concrete
( )9.mechanic ( )10.leadership
A.n.蛋白质
B.n.病毒
C.n.思想;思维;见解
D.adj.最初的;开始的;第一的
E.n.细胞;小房间;单间牢房
F.n.彩虹
G.n.框架;结构
H.n.领导;领导地位;领导才能
I.n.机械师;机械修理工
J.n.混凝土adj.混凝土制的;确实的;具体的
答案 1~5 CAEBD 6~10 GFJIH
Ⅱ.拓展单词
1. adj.极为恶劣的;十分严重的;严厉的→ adv.严重地
2. adj.懊恼的;沮丧的;失意的→ vt.使懊恼;使沮丧
3. n.感染;传染 → vt.使感染;传染
4. vt.& vi.怀疑;疑有;不信任 n.犯罪嫌疑人;可疑对象→ n.怀疑;嫌疑
5. n.发现;调查结果;(法律)判决→ v.发现
6. adj.机械的;发动机的;机器的→ n.机械师;机械修理工 → n.机器
7. vt.保卫;防守;辩解 → n.保卫;防守
8. n.助理;助手→ vt.帮助
9. adj.生动的;鲜明的;丰富的→ adv.生动地
10. adj.有天赋的;有才华的→ n.天赋;天才;礼物
答案 1.severe;severely 2.frustrated;frustrate 3.infection;infect 4.suspect;suspicion
5.finding;find 6.mechanical;mechanic;machine 7.defend;defence/defense 8.assistant;assist
9.vivid;vividly 10.gifted;gift
构词规律
合成词 adj.+-ly→adv.
household n.一家人 overcome v.克服 outbreak n.爆发 vivid→vividly adv.生动地 consequent→consequently adv.因此;所以 fortunate→fortunately adv.幸运地
Step 2 短语记诵
1.subscribe 同意;赞同
2.thanks 幸亏;由于
3.break (战争、打斗等不愉快的事情)突然开始;爆发
4. charge of主管;掌管
5. 最重要的是;尤其是
6.once and for all
7.water pump
8.theoretical framework
9.come down
答案 1.to 2.to 3.out 4.in 5.above all 6.最终地;彻底地 7.水泵 8.理论框架 9.患(病);染上(小病)
Step 3 佳句赏析
1.He discovered that in two particular streets the cholera outbreak was so severe that more than 500 people died in ten days.(so...that...引导结果状语从句)
翻译 他发现,在两条特定的街道上,霍乱暴发得尤其严重,以至于10天内就有500多人死亡。
仿写 I was as soon as I finished the supper.
我太累了,以至于我一吃完晚饭就去睡觉了。
2.Snow suspected that the water pump was to blame.(be to blame)
翻译 斯诺怀疑是水泵出了问题。
仿写 It is reported that nobody .
据报道,没有人对这次事故负责。
3.Accordingly,he had the handle of the pump removed so that it could not be used.(so that引导目的状语从句)
翻译 因此,他让人把水泵的手柄拆掉,这样水泵就不能用了。
仿写 Her parents made sacrifices .
她的父母做了很多牺牲,这样她就能接受到更好的教育。
答案 1.so tired that I went to bed 2.was to blame for the accident 3.so that she could receive a better education
【合作探究】
语篇研读
Step 1 先导入,拓展背景知识
Can you tell how scientists affect the world
答案 略
Step 2 再精读,明确概要细节
Ⅰ.What's the main idea of the passage on Pages 2-3
A.King Cholera.
B.The life of John Snow.
C.John Snow's defeat of “King Cholera”.
D.The use of John Snow's map in his research.
答案 C
Ⅱ.Read the passage on Pages 2-3 and then match the following paragraphs with their main ideas.
( )1.Para.1 ( )2.Para.2
( )3.Para.3 ( )4.Para.4
( )5.Para.5
A.He found out that polluted water was the cause of cholera.
B.Finally “King Cholera” was defeated.
C.John Snow desired to use his knowledge to destroy cholera.
D.Snow agreed that cholera was caused by an infection from germs in food or water and began to investigate.
E.Snow found the exact places where all those who died had lived.
答案 1~5 CDEAB
Ⅲ.Read the passage on Pages 2-3 and choose the best answers.
1.According to John Snow's view, .
A.Queen Victoria suffered a lot from bad health
B.a cure had been found for cholera before his time
C.cholera's cause had to be discovered in order to control it
D.thousands of terrified people knew what they should do
2.How did John Snow find out the cause of the disease
A.By living in the area where cholera broke out.
B.By marking on a map where all the dead people had lived.
C.By telling the terrified people how to prevent it.
D.By saving the dying people suffering from cholera.
3.After he made further investigations, John Snow found .
A.cholera multiplied in the air
B.people absorbed the germs into their bodies with their meals
C.the water from the polluted river was to blame
D.flies spread the disease
4.How was cholera defeated
A.By people's healthy diets.
B.By people's not polluting the river again.
C.By people's delivering the water from other places.
D.By people's stopping drinking the polluted water.
答案 1~4 CBCD
Step 3 后结构,分析语篇逻辑
Ⅰ.Fill in the blanks according to the passage on Pages 2-3.
JOHN SNOW DEFEATS “KING CHOLERA”
Cholera ◆It used to be one of the most feared 1. in the world. ◆It causes 2. diarrhoea, dehydration, and even death. ◆In the early 19th century, millions of people 3. the disease in Europe.
Two contradictory theories ◆One theory was that 4. caused the disease. ◆The other was that cholera was caused by an infection from 5. in food or water.
John Snow ◆As a young doctor, he became 6. because no one knew how to prevent or treat cholera. ◆He desired to destroy cholera 7. and for all. ◆In his use of 8. , he found out the reason and 9. the way scientists study diseases. ◆For this reason,he 10 the father of modern epidemiology.
答案 1.diseases 2.severe 3.died from 4.bad air 5.germs 6.frustrated 7.once 8.maps and statistics 9.transformed 10.is considered
Ⅱ.Discussion.
1.According to your own experience, list several great scientists of our country.
答案 Tu Youyou, Lin Qiaozhi, Qian Xuesen,etc.
2.What do you think a senior high school student should do when facing a disease like cholera
答案 略
Ⅲ.长难句分析
1.Snow began by marking on a map the exact places where all those who died had lived.
善分析 本句是一个复合句。主句为 Snow began by marking on a map the exact places。where引导(1) 从句,修饰先行
词the exact places;who引导定语从句,修饰先行词(2) 。
会翻译 (3)
答案 (1)定语 (2)those (3)斯诺首先在地图上标出了所有死者曾经居住过的确切地点。
2.It seemed that the woman liked the water from the pump so much that she had it delivered to her house every day.
善分析 本句中so ... that ...意为“如此……以至于……”,引导(1) 从句。had it delivered为“(2) ”结构,意为“让某人做某事”。
会翻译 (3)
答案 (1)结果状语 (2)have sth done (3)这个女人似乎非常喜欢这个水泵里的水,以至于她每天都让人把水送到家中。
新知探究
维多利亚女王
维多利亚女王(Alexandrina Victoria,1819~1901)是大不列颠及爱尔兰联合王国女王(1837年至1901年在位)、印度女皇(1876年至1901年在位)。她于1837年6月20日继位,1838年6月28日在威斯敏斯特教堂加冕,1876年5月1日加冕为印度女皇。维多利亚是英国历史上在位时间第二长的君主,仅次于伊丽莎白二世女王。
JOHN SNOW DEFEATS “KING CHOLERA”
Cholera used to be one of the most feared diseases in the world,until a British doctor,John Snow,showed how it could be overcome(1).This illness causes severe diarrhoea,dehydration,and even death.In the early 19th century,when an outbreak of cholera hit Europe(2),millions of people died from the disease.As a young doctor,John Snow became frustrated because no one knew how to prevent or treat cholera(3).In time,he rose to become a famous doctor,and even attended to Queen Victoria when she gave birth(4).However,he never lost his desire to destroy cholera once and for all.
约翰·斯诺战胜“霍乱王”
霍乱曾经是世界上最可怕的疾病之一,直到英国医生约翰·斯诺展示了如何战胜它。这种疾病会导致严重的腹泻、脱水,甚至死亡。19世纪初,欧洲暴发霍乱,数百万人死于这种疾病。作为一名年轻的医生,约翰·斯诺感到十分沮丧,因为没有人知道如何预防或治疗霍乱。后来,他成为一位著名的医生,甚至在维多利亚女王分娩时照顾过她。然而,他从未放弃过彻底消灭霍乱的愿望。
【助读点拨】
(1)until引导时间状语从句,其中how it could be overcome为宾语从句。
(2)when引导非限制性定语从句。
(3)because引导原因状语从句。
(4)when引导时间状语从句。
In general,doctors in those days had two contradictory theories to explain how cholera spread(5).One theory was that bad air caused the disease(6).The other was that cholera was caused by an infection from germs in food or water(7). Snow subscribed to the second theory.It was correct,but he still needed proof.Consequently,when an outbreak of cholera hit London in 1854(8),Snow began to investigate.He discovered that in two particular streets the cholera outbreak was so severe that more than 500 people died in ten days(9).He was determined to find out why.
总的来说,当时的医生对霍乱传播的解释有两种相互矛盾的理论。一种理论是恶劣的空气质量导致了这种疾病。另一种理论是霍乱是由食物或水中的细菌感染引起的。斯诺赞同第二种理论。这是对的,但他仍然需要证据。因此,在1854年伦敦暴发霍乱时,斯诺开始调查。他发现,在两条特定的街道上,霍乱暴发得尤其严重,以至于10天内就有500多人死亡。他决定找出原因。
【助读点拨】
(5)动词不定式作名词theories的后置定语,其中how cholera spread为宾语从句。
(6)that引导表语从句。
(7)that引导表语从句。
(8)when引导时间状语从句。
(9)第一个that引导宾语从句,其中so...that...引导结果状语从句。
Snow began by marking on a map the exact places where all those who died had lived(10).There were multiple deaths near the water pump in Broad Street (especially house numbers 16,37,38,and 40).However,some households (such as 20 and 21 Broad Street,and 8 and 9 Cambridge Street) had had no deaths.These people worked in the pub at 7 Cambridge Street.They had been given free beer,and so had not drunk the water from the pump(11).Snow suspected that the water pump was to blame(12).What is more,in another part of London,a woman and her daughter had died of cholera after moving away from Broad Street.It seemed that the woman liked the water from the pump so much that she had it delivered to her house every day.(13) As a result of this evidence,John Snow was able to announce that the pump water carried cholera germs(14).Accordingly,he had the handle of the pump removed so that it could not be used(15).Through this intervention,the disease was stopped in its tracks.
斯诺首先在地图上标出了所有死者曾经居住过的确切地点。布罗德街的水泵附近有多人死亡(尤其是门牌号16号、37号、38号和40号)。然而,一些家庭(如布罗德街20号和21号,剑桥街8号和9号)没有死亡病例。这些人在剑桥街7号的酒吧里工作。他们有免费的啤酒,所以没有喝水泵里的水。斯诺怀疑是水泵出了问题。此外,在伦敦的另一个地方,一位妇女和她的女儿从布罗德街搬走后死于霍乱。这个女人似乎非常喜欢这个水泵里的水,以至于她每天都让人把水送到家中。根据这些证据,约翰·斯诺能够宣布这个水泵的水携带了霍乱病菌。因此,他让人把水泵的手柄拆掉,这样水泵就不能用了。这种干预立即阻止了霍乱的蔓延。
【助读点拨】
(10)where引导定语从句,修饰先行词places,其中who died也是一个定语从句,修饰先行词those。
(11)and so“因而”,连接两个并列谓语。
(12)that引导宾语从句。
(13)固定句式It seemed that...意为“似乎……”,其中so...that...引导结果状语从句。
(14)that引导宾语从句。
(15)so that...引导目的状语从句。
The truth was that the water from the Broad Street pump had been infected by waste(16).Moreover,Snow was later able to show a link between other cases of cholera and the different water companies in London.Some companies sold water from the River Thames that was polluted by raw waste(17).The people who drank this water were much more likely to get cholera than those who drank pure or boiled water(18).
事实上,布罗德街上水泵里的水已经被废弃物污染了。此外,斯诺后来还发现了其他霍乱病例与伦敦不同的供水公司之间的联系。一些公司出售来自泰晤士河的水,而这些水被未经处理的废弃物污染了。喝这种水的人比喝纯净水或白开水的人更容易得霍乱。
【助读点拨】
(16)that引导表语从句。
(17)that引导定语从句,修饰先行词water。
(18)who引导定语从句,第一个定语从句的先行词为people;第二个定语从句的先行词为those。
Through Snow's tireless efforts,water companies began to sell clean water,and the threat of cholera around the world saw a substantial decrease(19).However,cholera is still a problem.Each year,millions of people around the world get cholera and many die from it(20).Fortunately,we now know how to prevent cholera(21),thanks to the work of John Snow.Moreover,in his use of maps and statistics,Snow transformed the way scientists study diseases(22).For this reason,Snow is considered the father of modern epidemiology(23).
在斯诺的不懈努力下,自来水公司开始出售纯净水,全球霍乱的威胁大幅降低。然而,霍乱仍然是一个问题。每年,世界各地有数百万人感染霍乱,并且许多人因此而死亡。幸运的是,由于约翰·斯诺的努力,我们现在知道了如何预防霍乱。此外,斯诺对地图和统计数据的使用改变了科学家研究疾病的方式。因此,斯诺被认为是“现代流行病学之父”。
【助读点拨】
(19)and连接表示顺承关系的并列句。
(20)and连接表示顺承关系的并列句。
(21)此处为“疑问词+动词不定式”结构作宾语。
(22)此处为省略关系词that或in which的定语从句,修饰先行词the way。
(23)此处为名词短语作主语补足语。
核 心 单 词
知识点1 attend v.照顾;护理(病人);专心;出席;参加 *attendant n.服务员;侍者 *attendance n.出席(人数);参加;到场
(P2)In time, he rose to become a famous doctor, and even attended to Queen Victoria when she gave birth.
后来,他成为一位著名的医生,甚至在维多利亚女王分娩时照顾过她。
知识拓展
attend to 处理;对付;照料
attend school/class/church 上学/上课/做礼拜
attend a meeting 参加会议
attend a lecture on 听关于……的讲座
attend university 上大学
图解释义
The nurses are attending to the newborn babies.
护士们正在照顾新出生的宝宝。
融会应用
Ⅰ.单句填空
(1)The main thing is to attend the injured.
(2)The meeting will (attend) by finance ministers from many countries.
(3)(2023·浙江1月)Oh, that should be a good one, too. I (attend) his lecture last year.
Ⅱ.单句写作
(4)(2023·河北唐山期中)She is scheduled to give a speech tonight, and she hopes .
她定于今晚演讲,希望我们所有人都参加。
(5)(2023·重庆八中月考)To my delight, I was chosen from hundreds of applicants .
令我高兴的是,我从几百名申请者中被选出来参加开幕式。
答案 (1)to (2)be attended (3)attended (4)all of us will attend it (5)to attend the opening ceremony
知识点2 desire n.渴望;欲望;渴求;渴望的人或物 vt.希望得到;想要
(P2)However, he never lost his desire to destroy cholera once and for all.
然而,他从未放弃过彻底消灭霍乱的愿望。
知识拓展
have a strong desire
desire to do sth 渴望做某事
desire sb to do sth 希望某人做某事
图解释义
The fish had a desire to be with its friend.
这条鱼渴望同它的朋友在一起。
名师点拨
desire后接宾语从句或同位语从句时,从句中谓语动词用“should+动词原形”,should可省略。
融会应用
Ⅰ.单句填空
(1)Anyone (desire) to vote must come to the meeting.
(2)I desire that these letters (burn) after my death.
Ⅱ.一句多译
他希望赢得这场比赛。
(3) .(desire v.)
(4) .(desire n.)
(5) .(desire that...)
答案 (1)desiring (2)(should) be burnt (3)He desired to win the game (4)He had a desire to win the game (5)He desired that he (should) win the game
知识点3 infection n.感染;传染 *infect vt.使感染;传染 *infected adj.带菌的;感染病菌的 *infectious adj.传染性的;有感染力的
(P2)The other was that cholera was caused by an infection from germs in food or water.
另一种理论是霍乱是由食物或水中的细菌感染引起的。
知识拓展
be exposed to infection 处于易受感染的环境
increase the risk of infection 增加感染的风险
get/develop an infection 受到感染
spread an infection 传播传染病
be infected with/by 被……感染
经典佳句
Measles is a highly infectious disease that causes deaths, but is fully preventable by vaccination.
麻疹是一种会导致死亡的高度传染性疾病,但通过接种疫苗是完全可以预防的。
融会应用
Ⅰ.用infect的适当形式填空
(1)We can inject them into our bodies to help cure .
(2)Her joy was so that he momentarily forgot his own fears for the future.
(3)This contagious disease is spread by face-to-face contact with an person.
Ⅱ.单句写作
(4)The lack of clean running water .
缺少干净的自来水增加了传染的危险。
(5) , half the population became blind.
在严重感染的地区,有一半人口失明了。
答案 (1)infections (2)infectious (3)infected (4)increases the risk of infection (5)In heavily infected areas
知识点4 subscribe vi.认购(股份);定期订购;定期交纳(会费) *subscription n.捐献;订阅
(P2)Snow subscribed to the second theory.
斯诺赞同第二种理论。
知识拓展
subscribe to 同意;赞成;订阅;捐款
subscribe...to... 把……捐赠给……;把……签署在……上
经典佳句
We applied for subscribing to some magazines useful for our work.The department manager subscribed to it and subscribed his name to the application form.
我们申请订阅几本对我们工作有益的杂志。部门经理同意了这一请求,并在申请表上签上了他的名字。
融会应用
Ⅰ.单句填空
(1)In order to improve his daughter's English,he subscribed English Weekly.
(2)He subscribed his name the contract.
Ⅱ.写出下列句中subscribe to的含义
(3)The rest of us do not subscribe to this theory.
(4)What newspapers and magazines do you subscribe to
(5)How much did you subscribe to the Hope Project
答案 (1)to (2)to (3)赞成 (4)订阅 (5)捐助
知识点5 suspect vt.& vi.怀疑;不信任 n.可疑对象;犯罪嫌疑人 *suspicious adj.感觉可疑的;不信任的;持怀疑态度的 *suspicion n.怀疑;猜疑
(P2)Snow suspected that the water pump was to blame.
斯诺怀疑是水泵出了问题。
知识拓展
suspect sb of (doing) sth 怀疑某人(做过)某事
suspect sb to be... 怀疑某人是……
sb suspect that...某人怀疑……
经典佳句
If you suspect a gas leak, do not strike a match or even turn on an electric light.
如果你怀疑煤气泄漏,不要划火柴,甚至不要打开电灯。
融会应用
Ⅰ.单句填空
(1)What made you suspect her having taken the money
(2) (suspect) nothing, he walked right into the trap.
(3)They drove away slowly to avoid arousing (suspect).
Ⅱ.一句多译
我怀疑他是个扒手。
(4) .
(5) .
答案 (1)of (2)Suspecting (3)suspicion (4)I suspect that he is a pickpocket (5)I suspect him to be a pickpocket
知识点6 blame v.把……归咎于;责怪;指责 n.指责;责备
(P2)Snow suspected that the water pump was to blame.
斯诺怀疑是水泵出了问题。
知识拓展
blame sb for sth/doing sth 因某事责备某人/责备某人做了某事
blame sth on sb 把某事归咎于某人
be to blame (for) 应(为……)承担责任;该(为……)受责备(此处不能用被动语态)
accept/bear/take the blame for...对……负责
put/lay the blame for sth on sb把某事的责任推到某人身上
图解释义
The manager blames Tom for the mistakes in the work.
经理因汤姆工作中的错误而责备他。
blame、 charge和accuse的区别:
blame “责备;谴责;归咎于;归罪于”。blame sb for sth “因某事指责某人”;blame sth on sb “把某事归咎于某人”
charge “控告;谴责”。charge sb with (doing) sth“指控某人(做了)某事”
accuse “控告;指控;指责;谴责”。accuse sb of (doing) sth“指控某人(做了)某事”
名师点拨
be to blame for sth意为“应为某事负责或受指责”,其中不定式用主动形式表示被动含义。
融会应用
Ⅰ.单句填空
(1)Many children are afraid of (blame) for failing the exam.
(2)She didn't blame her father's death anyone.
(3)Don't always blame your own failure others; sometimes you yourself are (blame).
Ⅱ.用blame、charge、accuse的正确形式填空
(4)It is obvious that you are for the accident.
(5)She was said to have been with drunk driving.
(6)I was told that he was of murder.
答案 (1)being blamed (2)on (3)on; to blame (4)to blame (5)charged (6)accused
知识点7 handle n.把手;拉手;柄 vt.处理;搬动;操纵(车辆、动物、工具等)
(P2)Accordingly,he had the handle of the pump removed so that it could not be used.
因此,他让人把水泵的手柄拆掉,这样水泵就不能用了。
知识拓展
get/have a handle on 弄懂;理解;搞明白
give sb a handle (on sth) 使某人弄懂/理解/明白(某事)
handle the job处理工作
handle oneself把握自己
熟词生义
handle vt.应付
You need to be able to handle pressure in this job.
你需要能应付这一工作的压力。
融会应用
Ⅰ.单句填空
(1)The car (handle) well in any weather.
(2)I can't get a handle these sales figures.
Ⅱ.单句写作
(3)(2023·湖北武汉三中月考) first, and you'll feel a real sense of achievement.
先处理最重要的任务,这样你会感到真正的成就感。
(4)(2023·浙江1月)Consider turning your travel plan over to a travel agent and letting him double-check all the details, make suggestions, and then .
考虑把你的旅行计划交给旅行代理人,让他仔细检查所有细节,提出建议,然后处理实际的预订。
答案 (1)handles (2)on (3)Handle the most important tasks (4)handle the actual reservations
知识点8 link n.连接;联系;纽带vt.把……连接起来;相关联
(P3)Moreover,Snow was later able to show a link between other cases of cholera and the different water companies in London.
此外,斯诺后来还发现了其他霍乱病例与伦敦不同的供水公司之间的联系。
知识拓展
a link between A and B A与B之间的联系
link...to/with... 将……和……联系或连接起来
link up 连接;结合
link up with 与……联合;与……衔接
图解释义
They are linked together by holding hands.
他们手拉手连在一起。
名师点拨
表达“与……相联系; 将……和…… 联系起来”的固定搭配还有connect...with...、 relate...to...、associate...with...。
融会应用
Ⅰ.单句填空
(1)The new tunnel links Britain France.
(2)The two spacecraft will link with each other in orbit.
(3)The country (link) to the town by a new bridge.
Ⅱ.单句写作
(4)After the investigation,the police .
经过调查,警方把这起事故与超速驾驶联系在一起。
(5)What puzzles us most is that the two accidents .
令我们最困惑的是这两起事故密切相关。
(6)The police suspected that between the two murders.
警方怀疑这两起谋杀案可能有关联。
答案 (1)to/with (2)up (3)is linked (4)linked the accident to speeding (5)are closely linked together (6)there may be a link
知识点9 decrease n.& v.减少;降低
(P3)Through Snow's tireless efforts, water companies began to sell clean water, and the threat of cholera around the world saw a substantial decrease.
在斯诺的不懈努力下,自来水公司开始出售纯净水,全球霍乱的威胁大幅降低。
知识拓展
on the decrease 在减少
on the rise 在上涨;在增长
decrease by...减少了……
decrease to...减少到……
图解释义
Our sales have decreased for the last two years, and now we're out of money.
过去两年我们的销售额都在减少,现在我们没钱了。
名师点拨
decrease的反义词为increase,其搭配有increase to ...“增加到……”、increase by...“增加了……”、on the increase“在增加”。
融会应用
Ⅰ.单句填空
(1)The number of car accidents is the decrease.
(2)By the end of the study, that percentage had decreased half, to 45 percent.
(3)We have no idea when the housing prices will decrease the level we can afford.
(4)There has been a decrease our imports over the years.
Ⅱ.单句写作
(5)(2023·四省适应性考试) average rainfall and the severity of droughts have led to an estimated 75 per cent of Tunisia's agricultural lands being threatened by desertification.
平均降雨量的减少和干旱的严重程度的增加导致突尼斯大约75%的农业土地受到沙漠化的威胁。
答案 (1)on (2)by (3)to (4)in (5)A decrease in;an increase in
知识点10 transform vt.使改观;使改变形态 vi.改变;转变 *transformation n.改变;转换;改观
(P3)Moreover, in his use of maps and statistics, Snow transformed the way scientists study diseases.
此外,斯诺对地图和统计数据的使用改变了科学家研究疾病的方式。
知识拓展
transform ... into ...把……转换成……
undergo a complete transformation经历彻底的变革
经典佳句
Your generous help and tender care transformed my first American trip into an unforgettable memory.
你的慷慨相助和细心关怀把我的第一次美国之旅变成了一段难以忘怀的记忆。
融会应用
Ⅰ.单句填空
(1)(2023·浙江1月)Its program specifies a set of rules to transform one string of symbols another.
(2)(2023·四省适应性考试)So James began working with prisoners to raise monarchs through the whole process of their (transform).
(3)Over the past few years, many solar farm developers (transform) the space under
their solar panels into a shelter for various kinds of pollinators.
Ⅱ.单句写作
(4)(2023·深圳中学月考)It is a surprise that the city of Shenzhen an international metropolis in the past few decades.
真令人惊奇,在过去几十年里,深圳由一个渔村转变成了一个国际化大都市。
答案 (1)into (2)transformation (3)have transformed (4)has been transformed from a fishing village into
短 语 句 式
知识点11 once and for all最终地;彻底地;一劳永逸地
(P2)However,he never lost his desire to destroy cholera once and for all.
然而,他从未放弃过彻底消灭霍乱的愿望。
知识拓展
all at once 突然;同时
at once 立刻;马上
once and again 一再;再三
经典佳句
He will explain the reason fully once and for all.
他将一劳永逸地详细解释原因。
融会应用
单句写作
(1)We have to resolve this matter .
我们必须彻底解决这一问题。
(2) there was someone knocking on the door.
忽然有人敲门。
(3)He was punished for .
他因一再说谎而受到惩罚。
答案 (1)once and for all (2)All at once (3)telling lies once and again
知识点12 so...that...引导结果状语从句
(P2)He discovered that in two particular streets the cholera outbreak was so severe that more than 500 people died in ten days.
他发现,在两条特定的街道上,霍乱暴发得尤其严重,以至于10天内就有500多人死亡。
知识拓展
句中so...that...引导结果状语从句,意为“如此……以至于……”。
(1)so...that...句型的常见形式:
①so+adj./adv.+that...
②so+adj.+a/an+n.+that...
③so+many/much/few/little+n.+that...
(2)such...that...句型的常见形式:
①such+a/an+adj.+n.+that...
②such+adj.+复数名词或不可数名词+that...
(3)在so/such...that...句式中,当so/such放在句首时,主句要用部分倒装语序。
融会应用
Ⅰ.单句写作
(1)Maybe it was my handbag slid off my arm.
也许是太拥挤了,以至于我的包从胳膊上滑落了。
(2)There were I couldn't get through.
路上的车很多,以至于我过不去。
(3)He has his life is very lonely.
他的朋友很少,以至于生活很孤单。
Ⅱ.一句多译
(4)天气如此寒冷,以至于街上一个人也没有。
① .
② .
(5)他是一个非常聪明的男孩,我们都喜欢他。
① .
② .
答案 (1)so crowded that (2)so many cars in the street that (3)so few friends that (4)①It was so cold a day that there was nobody in the street ②It was such a cold day that there was nobody in the street(5)①He is so clever a boy that we all like him ②He is such a clever boy that we all like him
【随堂检测】
【夯实基础】
Ⅰ.单句填空
1.I was excited because I knew we were going to win, but to my disappointment we (defeat).
2.On his deathbed the General (attend) to by several doctors.
3.If all visitors to the Fairy Lake Park do as the couple did,the lake will be (severe) polluted and soon turned into a huge dustbin.
4.Some people (suspect) that the athlete hurt his opponent on purpose.
5.You are not (blame). It's not your fault.
6.All blood is tested for HIV and other (infect).
7.Using a computer, a photo can easily be transformed a greeting card.
答案 1.were defeated 2.was attended 3.severely
4.suspected 5.to blame 6.infections 7.into
Ⅱ.选词填空
come down;so... that...;in charge of;above all;thanks to;break out
1.You'll be your life instead of feeling at the mercy of it!
2. the help of several passers-by (路人), they were sent to hospital in time.
3.Since he came back from America, he with the flu.
4.One day,he was about to go home when he found that a fire in a building.
5.He performed well the audience cheered for him.
6.We students should often exchange ideas with our parents,who are rich in experience,and , love us most in the world.
答案 1.in charge of 2.Thanks to 3.has come down 4.broke out 5.so;that 6.above all
Ⅲ.读后续写微技能——人物心理活动
1.阅读课文中含有人物心理活动的语句
(1)As a young doctor,John Snow became frustrated because no one knew how to prevent or treat cholera.
(2)However,he never lost his desire to destroy cholera once and for all.
(3)He was determined to find out why.
2.选出下列句子中表示人物心理活动的句子
A.Snow suspected that the water pump was to blame.
B.Fortunately,we now know how to prevent cholera,thanks to the work of John Snow.
C.For this reason, Snow is considered the father of modern epidemiology.
D.In time, he rose to become a famous doctor, and even attended to Queen Victoria when she gave birth.
E.Snow began by marking on a map the exact places where all those who died had lived.
答案 A
【衔接高考】
单句填空
1.(2022·浙江1月)I felt he (treat) me as though I would hold him back and probably cause his grade-point average to take a nosedive.
2.(2021·全国甲)It's the seaside birds that deserve at least part of the blame getting Nick Burchill blacklisted at the Fairmont Empress Hotel in Victoria, Canada.
3.(2022·新高考Ⅰ)The GPNP's main goal is to improve connectivity between separate populations and homes of giant pandas, and eventually achieve a (desire) level of population in the wild.
4.(2022·浙江1月)Klein, a noted historian of technology, spins a narrative so lively at times it reads like a novel.
5.(2021·天津第一次)I (attend) classes two nights a week. Although exhausting, it gave me energy, enthusiasm and happiness.
6.(2020·天津第一次)However, later when I learned from my friends that my dad (defeat) all competitors and won everyone's admiration, I found that mixed in with my embarrassment was a touch of pride.
7.(2021·浙江1月)It was only when I tried (remove) my head that I realized getting out was going to be less straightforward than getting in.
答案 1.treated 2.for 3.desired 4.that 5.attended 6.defeated 7.to remove
【学习目标】
1.通过阅读课文内容,分析斯诺攻克霍乱的过程,梳理科学研究的基本步骤;了解中外科学家的重要贡献及其性格特点和高尚品格;了解中国科学技术发展的伟大成就,坚定文化自信;分析、提炼、概括科学精神的主要特点。(文化意识,思维品质)
2.通过分析课文,培养略读和查读等阅读能力和分析长难句的能力。(语言能力,学习能力)
3.通过对教材课文的阅读,理解图表中的信息,读懂符号和图注的意义;在课文的具体情境中猜测词义,推测词性,了解重要语言点的基本用法。(语言能力)
【自主预习】
Step 1 单词认读
Ⅰ.释义匹配
第一组
( )1.severe ( )2.contradictory
( )3.infection ( )4.multiple
( )5.household ( )6.intervention
( )7.raw ( )8.substantial
( )9.statistic ( )10.microscope
A.n.感染;传染
B.adj.极为恶劣的;十分严重的;严厉的
C.adj.相互矛盾的;对立的;不一致的
D.n.一家人;家庭;同住一所(套)房子的人
E.adj.数量多的;多种多样的
F.adj.未煮的;生的;未经处理的;原始的
G.adj.大量的;价值巨大的;重大的
H.n.介入;出面;干涉
I.n.显微镜
J.n. [pl.]统计数字;统计资料;统计学
答案 1~5 BCAED 6~10 HFGJI
第二组
( )1.thinking ( )2.protein
( )3.cell ( )4.virus
( )5.initial ( )6.framework
( )7.rainbow ( )8.concrete
( )9.mechanic ( )10.leadership
A.n.蛋白质
B.n.病毒
C.n.思想;思维;见解
D.adj.最初的;开始的;第一的
E.n.细胞;小房间;单间牢房
F.n.彩虹
G.n.框架;结构
H.n.领导;领导地位;领导才能
I.n.机械师;机械修理工
J.n.混凝土adj.混凝土制的;确实的;具体的
答案 1~5 CAEBD 6~10 GFJIH
Ⅱ.拓展单词
1. adj.极为恶劣的;十分严重的;严厉的→ adv.严重地
2. adj.懊恼的;沮丧的;失意的→ vt.使懊恼;使沮丧
3. n.感染;传染 → vt.使感染;传染
4. vt.& vi.怀疑;疑有;不信任 n.犯罪嫌疑人;可疑对象→ n.怀疑;嫌疑
5. n.发现;调查结果;(法律)判决→ v.发现
6. adj.机械的;发动机的;机器的→ n.机械师;机械修理工 → n.机器
7. vt.保卫;防守;辩解 → n.保卫;防守
8. n.助理;助手→ vt.帮助
9. adj.生动的;鲜明的;丰富的→ adv.生动地
10. adj.有天赋的;有才华的→ n.天赋;天才;礼物
答案 1.severe;severely 2.frustrated;frustrate 3.infection;infect 4.suspect;suspicion
5.finding;find 6.mechanical;mechanic;machine 7.defend;defence/defense 8.assistant;assist
9.vivid;vividly 10.gifted;gift
构词规律
合成词 adj.+-ly→adv.
household n.一家人 overcome v.克服 outbreak n.爆发 vivid→vividly adv.生动地 consequent→consequently adv.因此;所以 fortunate→fortunately adv.幸运地
Step 2 短语记诵
1.subscribe 同意;赞同
2.thanks 幸亏;由于
3.break (战争、打斗等不愉快的事情)突然开始;爆发
4. charge of主管;掌管
5. 最重要的是;尤其是
6.once and for all
7.water pump
8.theoretical framework
9.come down
答案 1.to 2.to 3.out 4.in 5.above all 6.最终地;彻底地 7.水泵 8.理论框架 9.患(病);染上(小病)
Step 3 佳句赏析
1.He discovered that in two particular streets the cholera outbreak was so severe that more than 500 people died in ten days.(so...that...引导结果状语从句)
翻译 他发现,在两条特定的街道上,霍乱暴发得尤其严重,以至于10天内就有500多人死亡。
仿写 I was as soon as I finished the supper.
我太累了,以至于我一吃完晚饭就去睡觉了。
2.Snow suspected that the water pump was to blame.(be to blame)
翻译 斯诺怀疑是水泵出了问题。
仿写 It is reported that nobody .
据报道,没有人对这次事故负责。
3.Accordingly,he had the handle of the pump removed so that it could not be used.(so that引导目的状语从句)
翻译 因此,他让人把水泵的手柄拆掉,这样水泵就不能用了。
仿写 Her parents made sacrifices .
她的父母做了很多牺牲,这样她就能接受到更好的教育。
答案 1.so tired that I went to bed 2.was to blame for the accident 3.so that she could receive a better education
【合作探究】
语篇研读
Step 1 先导入,拓展背景知识
Can you tell how scientists affect the world
答案 略
Step 2 再精读,明确概要细节
Ⅰ.What's the main idea of the passage on Pages 2-3
A.King Cholera.
B.The life of John Snow.
C.John Snow's defeat of “King Cholera”.
D.The use of John Snow's map in his research.
答案 C
Ⅱ.Read the passage on Pages 2-3 and then match the following paragraphs with their main ideas.
( )1.Para.1 ( )2.Para.2
( )3.Para.3 ( )4.Para.4
( )5.Para.5
A.He found out that polluted water was the cause of cholera.
B.Finally “King Cholera” was defeated.
C.John Snow desired to use his knowledge to destroy cholera.
D.Snow agreed that cholera was caused by an infection from germs in food or water and began to investigate.
E.Snow found the exact places where all those who died had lived.
答案 1~5 CDEAB
Ⅲ.Read the passage on Pages 2-3 and choose the best answers.
1.According to John Snow's view, .
A.Queen Victoria suffered a lot from bad health
B.a cure had been found for cholera before his time
C.cholera's cause had to be discovered in order to control it
D.thousands of terrified people knew what they should do
2.How did John Snow find out the cause of the disease
A.By living in the area where cholera broke out.
B.By marking on a map where all the dead people had lived.
C.By telling the terrified people how to prevent it.
D.By saving the dying people suffering from cholera.
3.After he made further investigations, John Snow found .
A.cholera multiplied in the air
B.people absorbed the germs into their bodies with their meals
C.the water from the polluted river was to blame
D.flies spread the disease
4.How was cholera defeated
A.By people's healthy diets.
B.By people's not polluting the river again.
C.By people's delivering the water from other places.
D.By people's stopping drinking the polluted water.
答案 1~4 CBCD
Step 3 后结构,分析语篇逻辑
Ⅰ.Fill in the blanks according to the passage on Pages 2-3.
JOHN SNOW DEFEATS “KING CHOLERA”
Cholera ◆It used to be one of the most feared 1. in the world. ◆It causes 2. diarrhoea, dehydration, and even death. ◆In the early 19th century, millions of people 3. the disease in Europe.
Two contradictory theories ◆One theory was that 4. caused the disease. ◆The other was that cholera was caused by an infection from 5. in food or water.
John Snow ◆As a young doctor, he became 6. because no one knew how to prevent or treat cholera. ◆He desired to destroy cholera 7. and for all. ◆In his use of 8. , he found out the reason and 9. the way scientists study diseases. ◆For this reason,he 10 the father of modern epidemiology.
答案 1.diseases 2.severe 3.died from 4.bad air 5.germs 6.frustrated 7.once 8.maps and statistics 9.transformed 10.is considered
Ⅱ.Discussion.
1.According to your own experience, list several great scientists of our country.
答案 Tu Youyou, Lin Qiaozhi, Qian Xuesen,etc.
2.What do you think a senior high school student should do when facing a disease like cholera
答案 略
Ⅲ.长难句分析
1.Snow began by marking on a map the exact places where all those who died had lived.
善分析 本句是一个复合句。主句为 Snow began by marking on a map the exact places。where引导(1) 从句,修饰先行
词the exact places;who引导定语从句,修饰先行词(2) 。
会翻译 (3)
答案 (1)定语 (2)those (3)斯诺首先在地图上标出了所有死者曾经居住过的确切地点。
2.It seemed that the woman liked the water from the pump so much that she had it delivered to her house every day.
善分析 本句中so ... that ...意为“如此……以至于……”,引导(1) 从句。had it delivered为“(2) ”结构,意为“让某人做某事”。
会翻译 (3)
答案 (1)结果状语 (2)have sth done (3)这个女人似乎非常喜欢这个水泵里的水,以至于她每天都让人把水送到家中。
新知探究
维多利亚女王
维多利亚女王(Alexandrina Victoria,1819~1901)是大不列颠及爱尔兰联合王国女王(1837年至1901年在位)、印度女皇(1876年至1901年在位)。她于1837年6月20日继位,1838年6月28日在威斯敏斯特教堂加冕,1876年5月1日加冕为印度女皇。维多利亚是英国历史上在位时间第二长的君主,仅次于伊丽莎白二世女王。
JOHN SNOW DEFEATS “KING CHOLERA”
Cholera used to be one of the most feared diseases in the world,until a British doctor,John Snow,showed how it could be overcome(1).This illness causes severe diarrhoea,dehydration,and even death.In the early 19th century,when an outbreak of cholera hit Europe(2),millions of people died from the disease.As a young doctor,John Snow became frustrated because no one knew how to prevent or treat cholera(3).In time,he rose to become a famous doctor,and even attended to Queen Victoria when she gave birth(4).However,he never lost his desire to destroy cholera once and for all.
约翰·斯诺战胜“霍乱王”
霍乱曾经是世界上最可怕的疾病之一,直到英国医生约翰·斯诺展示了如何战胜它。这种疾病会导致严重的腹泻、脱水,甚至死亡。19世纪初,欧洲暴发霍乱,数百万人死于这种疾病。作为一名年轻的医生,约翰·斯诺感到十分沮丧,因为没有人知道如何预防或治疗霍乱。后来,他成为一位著名的医生,甚至在维多利亚女王分娩时照顾过她。然而,他从未放弃过彻底消灭霍乱的愿望。
【助读点拨】
(1)until引导时间状语从句,其中how it could be overcome为宾语从句。
(2)when引导非限制性定语从句。
(3)because引导原因状语从句。
(4)when引导时间状语从句。
In general,doctors in those days had two contradictory theories to explain how cholera spread(5).One theory was that bad air caused the disease(6).The other was that cholera was caused by an infection from germs in food or water(7). Snow subscribed to the second theory.It was correct,but he still needed proof.Consequently,when an outbreak of cholera hit London in 1854(8),Snow began to investigate.He discovered that in two particular streets the cholera outbreak was so severe that more than 500 people died in ten days(9).He was determined to find out why.
总的来说,当时的医生对霍乱传播的解释有两种相互矛盾的理论。一种理论是恶劣的空气质量导致了这种疾病。另一种理论是霍乱是由食物或水中的细菌感染引起的。斯诺赞同第二种理论。这是对的,但他仍然需要证据。因此,在1854年伦敦暴发霍乱时,斯诺开始调查。他发现,在两条特定的街道上,霍乱暴发得尤其严重,以至于10天内就有500多人死亡。他决定找出原因。
【助读点拨】
(5)动词不定式作名词theories的后置定语,其中how cholera spread为宾语从句。
(6)that引导表语从句。
(7)that引导表语从句。
(8)when引导时间状语从句。
(9)第一个that引导宾语从句,其中so...that...引导结果状语从句。
Snow began by marking on a map the exact places where all those who died had lived(10).There were multiple deaths near the water pump in Broad Street (especially house numbers 16,37,38,and 40).However,some households (such as 20 and 21 Broad Street,and 8 and 9 Cambridge Street) had had no deaths.These people worked in the pub at 7 Cambridge Street.They had been given free beer,and so had not drunk the water from the pump(11).Snow suspected that the water pump was to blame(12).What is more,in another part of London,a woman and her daughter had died of cholera after moving away from Broad Street.It seemed that the woman liked the water from the pump so much that she had it delivered to her house every day.(13) As a result of this evidence,John Snow was able to announce that the pump water carried cholera germs(14).Accordingly,he had the handle of the pump removed so that it could not be used(15).Through this intervention,the disease was stopped in its tracks.
斯诺首先在地图上标出了所有死者曾经居住过的确切地点。布罗德街的水泵附近有多人死亡(尤其是门牌号16号、37号、38号和40号)。然而,一些家庭(如布罗德街20号和21号,剑桥街8号和9号)没有死亡病例。这些人在剑桥街7号的酒吧里工作。他们有免费的啤酒,所以没有喝水泵里的水。斯诺怀疑是水泵出了问题。此外,在伦敦的另一个地方,一位妇女和她的女儿从布罗德街搬走后死于霍乱。这个女人似乎非常喜欢这个水泵里的水,以至于她每天都让人把水送到家中。根据这些证据,约翰·斯诺能够宣布这个水泵的水携带了霍乱病菌。因此,他让人把水泵的手柄拆掉,这样水泵就不能用了。这种干预立即阻止了霍乱的蔓延。
【助读点拨】
(10)where引导定语从句,修饰先行词places,其中who died也是一个定语从句,修饰先行词those。
(11)and so“因而”,连接两个并列谓语。
(12)that引导宾语从句。
(13)固定句式It seemed that...意为“似乎……”,其中so...that...引导结果状语从句。
(14)that引导宾语从句。
(15)so that...引导目的状语从句。
The truth was that the water from the Broad Street pump had been infected by waste(16).Moreover,Snow was later able to show a link between other cases of cholera and the different water companies in London.Some companies sold water from the River Thames that was polluted by raw waste(17).The people who drank this water were much more likely to get cholera than those who drank pure or boiled water(18).
事实上,布罗德街上水泵里的水已经被废弃物污染了。此外,斯诺后来还发现了其他霍乱病例与伦敦不同的供水公司之间的联系。一些公司出售来自泰晤士河的水,而这些水被未经处理的废弃物污染了。喝这种水的人比喝纯净水或白开水的人更容易得霍乱。
【助读点拨】
(16)that引导表语从句。
(17)that引导定语从句,修饰先行词water。
(18)who引导定语从句,第一个定语从句的先行词为people;第二个定语从句的先行词为those。
Through Snow's tireless efforts,water companies began to sell clean water,and the threat of cholera around the world saw a substantial decrease(19).However,cholera is still a problem.Each year,millions of people around the world get cholera and many die from it(20).Fortunately,we now know how to prevent cholera(21),thanks to the work of John Snow.Moreover,in his use of maps and statistics,Snow transformed the way scientists study diseases(22).For this reason,Snow is considered the father of modern epidemiology(23).
在斯诺的不懈努力下,自来水公司开始出售纯净水,全球霍乱的威胁大幅降低。然而,霍乱仍然是一个问题。每年,世界各地有数百万人感染霍乱,并且许多人因此而死亡。幸运的是,由于约翰·斯诺的努力,我们现在知道了如何预防霍乱。此外,斯诺对地图和统计数据的使用改变了科学家研究疾病的方式。因此,斯诺被认为是“现代流行病学之父”。
【助读点拨】
(19)and连接表示顺承关系的并列句。
(20)and连接表示顺承关系的并列句。
(21)此处为“疑问词+动词不定式”结构作宾语。
(22)此处为省略关系词that或in which的定语从句,修饰先行词the way。
(23)此处为名词短语作主语补足语。
核 心 单 词
知识点1 attend v.照顾;护理(病人);专心;出席;参加 *attendant n.服务员;侍者 *attendance n.出席(人数);参加;到场
(P2)In time, he rose to become a famous doctor, and even attended to Queen Victoria when she gave birth.
后来,他成为一位著名的医生,甚至在维多利亚女王分娩时照顾过她。
知识拓展
attend to 处理;对付;照料
attend school/class/church 上学/上课/做礼拜
attend a meeting 参加会议
attend a lecture on 听关于……的讲座
attend university 上大学
图解释义
The nurses are attending to the newborn babies.
护士们正在照顾新出生的宝宝。
融会应用
Ⅰ.单句填空
(1)The main thing is to attend the injured.
(2)The meeting will (attend) by finance ministers from many countries.
(3)(2023·浙江1月)Oh, that should be a good one, too. I (attend) his lecture last year.
Ⅱ.单句写作
(4)(2023·河北唐山期中)She is scheduled to give a speech tonight, and she hopes .
她定于今晚演讲,希望我们所有人都参加。
(5)(2023·重庆八中月考)To my delight, I was chosen from hundreds of applicants .
令我高兴的是,我从几百名申请者中被选出来参加开幕式。
答案 (1)to (2)be attended (3)attended (4)all of us will attend it (5)to attend the opening ceremony
知识点2 desire n.渴望;欲望;渴求;渴望的人或物 vt.希望得到;想要
(P2)However, he never lost his desire to destroy cholera once and for all.
然而,他从未放弃过彻底消灭霍乱的愿望。
知识拓展
have a strong desire
desire to do sth 渴望做某事
desire sb to do sth 希望某人做某事
图解释义
The fish had a desire to be with its friend.
这条鱼渴望同它的朋友在一起。
名师点拨
desire后接宾语从句或同位语从句时,从句中谓语动词用“should+动词原形”,should可省略。
融会应用
Ⅰ.单句填空
(1)Anyone (desire) to vote must come to the meeting.
(2)I desire that these letters (burn) after my death.
Ⅱ.一句多译
他希望赢得这场比赛。
(3) .(desire v.)
(4) .(desire n.)
(5) .(desire that...)
答案 (1)desiring (2)(should) be burnt (3)He desired to win the game (4)He had a desire to win the game (5)He desired that he (should) win the game
知识点3 infection n.感染;传染 *infect vt.使感染;传染 *infected adj.带菌的;感染病菌的 *infectious adj.传染性的;有感染力的
(P2)The other was that cholera was caused by an infection from germs in food or water.
另一种理论是霍乱是由食物或水中的细菌感染引起的。
知识拓展
be exposed to infection 处于易受感染的环境
increase the risk of infection 增加感染的风险
get/develop an infection 受到感染
spread an infection 传播传染病
be infected with/by 被……感染
经典佳句
Measles is a highly infectious disease that causes deaths, but is fully preventable by vaccination.
麻疹是一种会导致死亡的高度传染性疾病,但通过接种疫苗是完全可以预防的。
融会应用
Ⅰ.用infect的适当形式填空
(1)We can inject them into our bodies to help cure .
(2)Her joy was so that he momentarily forgot his own fears for the future.
(3)This contagious disease is spread by face-to-face contact with an person.
Ⅱ.单句写作
(4)The lack of clean running water .
缺少干净的自来水增加了传染的危险。
(5) , half the population became blind.
在严重感染的地区,有一半人口失明了。
答案 (1)infections (2)infectious (3)infected (4)increases the risk of infection (5)In heavily infected areas
知识点4 subscribe vi.认购(股份);定期订购;定期交纳(会费) *subscription n.捐献;订阅
(P2)Snow subscribed to the second theory.
斯诺赞同第二种理论。
知识拓展
subscribe to 同意;赞成;订阅;捐款
subscribe...to... 把……捐赠给……;把……签署在……上
经典佳句
We applied for subscribing to some magazines useful for our work.The department manager subscribed to it and subscribed his name to the application form.
我们申请订阅几本对我们工作有益的杂志。部门经理同意了这一请求,并在申请表上签上了他的名字。
融会应用
Ⅰ.单句填空
(1)In order to improve his daughter's English,he subscribed English Weekly.
(2)He subscribed his name the contract.
Ⅱ.写出下列句中subscribe to的含义
(3)The rest of us do not subscribe to this theory.
(4)What newspapers and magazines do you subscribe to
(5)How much did you subscribe to the Hope Project
答案 (1)to (2)to (3)赞成 (4)订阅 (5)捐助
知识点5 suspect vt.& vi.怀疑;不信任 n.可疑对象;犯罪嫌疑人 *suspicious adj.感觉可疑的;不信任的;持怀疑态度的 *suspicion n.怀疑;猜疑
(P2)Snow suspected that the water pump was to blame.
斯诺怀疑是水泵出了问题。
知识拓展
suspect sb of (doing) sth 怀疑某人(做过)某事
suspect sb to be... 怀疑某人是……
sb suspect that...某人怀疑……
经典佳句
If you suspect a gas leak, do not strike a match or even turn on an electric light.
如果你怀疑煤气泄漏,不要划火柴,甚至不要打开电灯。
融会应用
Ⅰ.单句填空
(1)What made you suspect her having taken the money
(2) (suspect) nothing, he walked right into the trap.
(3)They drove away slowly to avoid arousing (suspect).
Ⅱ.一句多译
我怀疑他是个扒手。
(4) .
(5) .
答案 (1)of (2)Suspecting (3)suspicion (4)I suspect that he is a pickpocket (5)I suspect him to be a pickpocket
知识点6 blame v.把……归咎于;责怪;指责 n.指责;责备
(P2)Snow suspected that the water pump was to blame.
斯诺怀疑是水泵出了问题。
知识拓展
blame sb for sth/doing sth 因某事责备某人/责备某人做了某事
blame sth on sb 把某事归咎于某人
be to blame (for) 应(为……)承担责任;该(为……)受责备(此处不能用被动语态)
accept/bear/take the blame for...对……负责
put/lay the blame for sth on sb把某事的责任推到某人身上
图解释义
The manager blames Tom for the mistakes in the work.
经理因汤姆工作中的错误而责备他。
blame、 charge和accuse的区别:
blame “责备;谴责;归咎于;归罪于”。blame sb for sth “因某事指责某人”;blame sth on sb “把某事归咎于某人”
charge “控告;谴责”。charge sb with (doing) sth“指控某人(做了)某事”
accuse “控告;指控;指责;谴责”。accuse sb of (doing) sth“指控某人(做了)某事”
名师点拨
be to blame for sth意为“应为某事负责或受指责”,其中不定式用主动形式表示被动含义。
融会应用
Ⅰ.单句填空
(1)Many children are afraid of (blame) for failing the exam.
(2)She didn't blame her father's death anyone.
(3)Don't always blame your own failure others; sometimes you yourself are (blame).
Ⅱ.用blame、charge、accuse的正确形式填空
(4)It is obvious that you are for the accident.
(5)She was said to have been with drunk driving.
(6)I was told that he was of murder.
答案 (1)being blamed (2)on (3)on; to blame (4)to blame (5)charged (6)accused
知识点7 handle n.把手;拉手;柄 vt.处理;搬动;操纵(车辆、动物、工具等)
(P2)Accordingly,he had the handle of the pump removed so that it could not be used.
因此,他让人把水泵的手柄拆掉,这样水泵就不能用了。
知识拓展
get/have a handle on 弄懂;理解;搞明白
give sb a handle (on sth) 使某人弄懂/理解/明白(某事)
handle the job处理工作
handle oneself把握自己
熟词生义
handle vt.应付
You need to be able to handle pressure in this job.
你需要能应付这一工作的压力。
融会应用
Ⅰ.单句填空
(1)The car (handle) well in any weather.
(2)I can't get a handle these sales figures.
Ⅱ.单句写作
(3)(2023·湖北武汉三中月考) first, and you'll feel a real sense of achievement.
先处理最重要的任务,这样你会感到真正的成就感。
(4)(2023·浙江1月)Consider turning your travel plan over to a travel agent and letting him double-check all the details, make suggestions, and then .
考虑把你的旅行计划交给旅行代理人,让他仔细检查所有细节,提出建议,然后处理实际的预订。
答案 (1)handles (2)on (3)Handle the most important tasks (4)handle the actual reservations
知识点8 link n.连接;联系;纽带vt.把……连接起来;相关联
(P3)Moreover,Snow was later able to show a link between other cases of cholera and the different water companies in London.
此外,斯诺后来还发现了其他霍乱病例与伦敦不同的供水公司之间的联系。
知识拓展
a link between A and B A与B之间的联系
link...to/with... 将……和……联系或连接起来
link up 连接;结合
link up with 与……联合;与……衔接
图解释义
They are linked together by holding hands.
他们手拉手连在一起。
名师点拨
表达“与……相联系; 将……和…… 联系起来”的固定搭配还有connect...with...、 relate...to...、associate...with...。
融会应用
Ⅰ.单句填空
(1)The new tunnel links Britain France.
(2)The two spacecraft will link with each other in orbit.
(3)The country (link) to the town by a new bridge.
Ⅱ.单句写作
(4)After the investigation,the police .
经过调查,警方把这起事故与超速驾驶联系在一起。
(5)What puzzles us most is that the two accidents .
令我们最困惑的是这两起事故密切相关。
(6)The police suspected that between the two murders.
警方怀疑这两起谋杀案可能有关联。
答案 (1)to/with (2)up (3)is linked (4)linked the accident to speeding (5)are closely linked together (6)there may be a link
知识点9 decrease n.& v.减少;降低
(P3)Through Snow's tireless efforts, water companies began to sell clean water, and the threat of cholera around the world saw a substantial decrease.
在斯诺的不懈努力下,自来水公司开始出售纯净水,全球霍乱的威胁大幅降低。
知识拓展
on the decrease 在减少
on the rise 在上涨;在增长
decrease by...减少了……
decrease to...减少到……
图解释义
Our sales have decreased for the last two years, and now we're out of money.
过去两年我们的销售额都在减少,现在我们没钱了。
名师点拨
decrease的反义词为increase,其搭配有increase to ...“增加到……”、increase by...“增加了……”、on the increase“在增加”。
融会应用
Ⅰ.单句填空
(1)The number of car accidents is the decrease.
(2)By the end of the study, that percentage had decreased half, to 45 percent.
(3)We have no idea when the housing prices will decrease the level we can afford.
(4)There has been a decrease our imports over the years.
Ⅱ.单句写作
(5)(2023·四省适应性考试) average rainfall and the severity of droughts have led to an estimated 75 per cent of Tunisia's agricultural lands being threatened by desertification.
平均降雨量的减少和干旱的严重程度的增加导致突尼斯大约75%的农业土地受到沙漠化的威胁。
答案 (1)on (2)by (3)to (4)in (5)A decrease in;an increase in
知识点10 transform vt.使改观;使改变形态 vi.改变;转变 *transformation n.改变;转换;改观
(P3)Moreover, in his use of maps and statistics, Snow transformed the way scientists study diseases.
此外,斯诺对地图和统计数据的使用改变了科学家研究疾病的方式。
知识拓展
transform ... into ...把……转换成……
undergo a complete transformation经历彻底的变革
经典佳句
Your generous help and tender care transformed my first American trip into an unforgettable memory.
你的慷慨相助和细心关怀把我的第一次美国之旅变成了一段难以忘怀的记忆。
融会应用
Ⅰ.单句填空
(1)(2023·浙江1月)Its program specifies a set of rules to transform one string of symbols another.
(2)(2023·四省适应性考试)So James began working with prisoners to raise monarchs through the whole process of their (transform).
(3)Over the past few years, many solar farm developers (transform) the space under
their solar panels into a shelter for various kinds of pollinators.
Ⅱ.单句写作
(4)(2023·深圳中学月考)It is a surprise that the city of Shenzhen an international metropolis in the past few decades.
真令人惊奇,在过去几十年里,深圳由一个渔村转变成了一个国际化大都市。
答案 (1)into (2)transformation (3)have transformed (4)has been transformed from a fishing village into
短 语 句 式
知识点11 once and for all最终地;彻底地;一劳永逸地
(P2)However,he never lost his desire to destroy cholera once and for all.
然而,他从未放弃过彻底消灭霍乱的愿望。
知识拓展
all at once 突然;同时
at once 立刻;马上
once and again 一再;再三
经典佳句
He will explain the reason fully once and for all.
他将一劳永逸地详细解释原因。
融会应用
单句写作
(1)We have to resolve this matter .
我们必须彻底解决这一问题。
(2) there was someone knocking on the door.
忽然有人敲门。
(3)He was punished for .
他因一再说谎而受到惩罚。
答案 (1)once and for all (2)All at once (3)telling lies once and again
知识点12 so...that...引导结果状语从句
(P2)He discovered that in two particular streets the cholera outbreak was so severe that more than 500 people died in ten days.
他发现,在两条特定的街道上,霍乱暴发得尤其严重,以至于10天内就有500多人死亡。
知识拓展
句中so...that...引导结果状语从句,意为“如此……以至于……”。
(1)so...that...句型的常见形式:
①so+adj./adv.+that...
②so+adj.+a/an+n.+that...
③so+many/much/few/little+n.+that...
(2)such...that...句型的常见形式:
①such+a/an+adj.+n.+that...
②such+adj.+复数名词或不可数名词+that...
(3)在so/such...that...句式中,当so/such放在句首时,主句要用部分倒装语序。
融会应用
Ⅰ.单句写作
(1)Maybe it was my handbag slid off my arm.
也许是太拥挤了,以至于我的包从胳膊上滑落了。
(2)There were I couldn't get through.
路上的车很多,以至于我过不去。
(3)He has his life is very lonely.
他的朋友很少,以至于生活很孤单。
Ⅱ.一句多译
(4)天气如此寒冷,以至于街上一个人也没有。
① .
② .
(5)他是一个非常聪明的男孩,我们都喜欢他。
① .
② .
答案 (1)so crowded that (2)so many cars in the street that (3)so few friends that (4)①It was so cold a day that there was nobody in the street ②It was such a cold day that there was nobody in the street(5)①He is so clever a boy that we all like him ②He is such a clever boy that we all like him
【随堂检测】
【夯实基础】
Ⅰ.单句填空
1.I was excited because I knew we were going to win, but to my disappointment we (defeat).
2.On his deathbed the General (attend) to by several doctors.
3.If all visitors to the Fairy Lake Park do as the couple did,the lake will be (severe) polluted and soon turned into a huge dustbin.
4.Some people (suspect) that the athlete hurt his opponent on purpose.
5.You are not (blame). It's not your fault.
6.All blood is tested for HIV and other (infect).
7.Using a computer, a photo can easily be transformed a greeting card.
答案 1.were defeated 2.was attended 3.severely
4.suspected 5.to blame 6.infections 7.into
Ⅱ.选词填空
come down;so... that...;in charge of;above all;thanks to;break out
1.You'll be your life instead of feeling at the mercy of it!
2. the help of several passers-by (路人), they were sent to hospital in time.
3.Since he came back from America, he with the flu.
4.One day,he was about to go home when he found that a fire in a building.
5.He performed well the audience cheered for him.
6.We students should often exchange ideas with our parents,who are rich in experience,and , love us most in the world.
答案 1.in charge of 2.Thanks to 3.has come down 4.broke out 5.so;that 6.above all
Ⅲ.读后续写微技能——人物心理活动
1.阅读课文中含有人物心理活动的语句
(1)As a young doctor,John Snow became frustrated because no one knew how to prevent or treat cholera.
(2)However,he never lost his desire to destroy cholera once and for all.
(3)He was determined to find out why.
2.选出下列句子中表示人物心理活动的句子
A.Snow suspected that the water pump was to blame.
B.Fortunately,we now know how to prevent cholera,thanks to the work of John Snow.
C.For this reason, Snow is considered the father of modern epidemiology.
D.In time, he rose to become a famous doctor, and even attended to Queen Victoria when she gave birth.
E.Snow began by marking on a map the exact places where all those who died had lived.
答案 A
【衔接高考】
单句填空
1.(2022·浙江1月)I felt he (treat) me as though I would hold him back and probably cause his grade-point average to take a nosedive.
2.(2021·全国甲)It's the seaside birds that deserve at least part of the blame getting Nick Burchill blacklisted at the Fairmont Empress Hotel in Victoria, Canada.
3.(2022·新高考Ⅰ)The GPNP's main goal is to improve connectivity between separate populations and homes of giant pandas, and eventually achieve a (desire) level of population in the wild.
4.(2022·浙江1月)Klein, a noted historian of technology, spins a narrative so lively at times it reads like a novel.
5.(2021·天津第一次)I (attend) classes two nights a week. Although exhausting, it gave me energy, enthusiasm and happiness.
6.(2020·天津第一次)However, later when I learned from my friends that my dad (defeat) all competitors and won everyone's admiration, I found that mixed in with my embarrassment was a touch of pride.
7.(2021·浙江1月)It was only when I tried (remove) my head that I realized getting out was going to be less straightforward than getting in.
答案 1.treated 2.for 3.desired 4.that 5.attended 6.defeated 7.to remove