2024届高三英语二轮复习阅读理解之说明文专项课件(共53张PPT)

(共53张PPT)
二轮复习阅读理解专项之说明文
备考策略3 强化基于语篇的解题策略训练
备考策略1 整体掌握各类型语篇结构及高考命题方式
备考策略2 熟练掌握说明文常用说明方法
高考说明文专题复习主要内容
以2023年新高考I卷C篇D篇、2023年1月浙江卷D篇为例
强化说明文解题步骤训练
备考策略1：整体掌握各类型语篇结构及高考命题方式
说明文语篇模式主要为
概括（General)
具体（Specific Statement 1)
具体（Specific Statement 2)
具体（Specific Statement 3)
1
2
3
4
说明对象
研究报告
研究结果
研究方法
结论阐述
专家评议
主旨大意最佳标题
细节理解/推断
细节理解/推断
情感态度
细节理解/推断
说明方法
具体（Specific)
概括(General)
（2022新高考ⅠD）Human speech contains more than 2,000 different sounds, from the common “m” and “a” to the rare clicks of some southern African languages. But why are certain sounds more common than others A ground-breaking, five-year study shows that diet-related changes in human bite led to new speech sounds that are now found in half the world’s languages. More than 30 years ago, the scholar Charles Hockett noted that speech sounds called labiodentals, such as “f” and “v”, were more common in the languages of societies that ate softer foods. Now a team of researchers led by Damián Blasi at the University of Zurich, Switzerland, has found how and why this trend arose. They discovered that the upper and lower front teeth of ancient human adults were aligned (对齐), making it hard to produce labiodentals, which are formed by touching the lower lip to the upper teeth. Later, our jaws changed to an overbite structure (结构), making it easier to produce such sounds. The team showed that this change in bite was connected with the development of agriculture in the Neolithic period. Food became easier to chew at this point. The jawbone didn’t have to do as much work and so didn’t grow to be so large. Analyses of a language database also confirmed that there was a global change in the sound of world languages after the Neolithic age, with the use of “f” and “v” increasing remarkably during the last few thousand years. These sounds are still not found in the languages of many hunter-gatherer people today. This research overturns the popular view that all human speech sounds were present when human beings evolved around 300,000 years ago. ”The set of speech sounds we use has not necessarily remained stable since the appearance of human beings, but rather the huge variety of speech sounds that we find today is the product of a complex interplay of things like biological change and cultural evolution,“ said Steven Moran, a member of the research team.
结果
结论阐述
专家评议
32. Which aspect of the human speech sound does Damián Blasi’s research focus on
33. Why was it difficult for ancient human adults to produce labiodentals
35. What does Steven Moran say about the set of human speech sounds
题目设置紧扣说明对象
（浙江2022年1月C）The benefits of regular exercise are well documented but there’s a new bonus to add to the ever-growing list. New research found that middle-aged women who were physically fit could be nearly 90 percent less likely to develop dementia (失智症) in later life — and if they did, it came on a decade later than less sporty women. Lead researcher Dr Helena H rder, of the University of Gothenburg in Sweden, said: “These findings are exciting because it’s possible that improving people’s cardiovascular (心血管的) fitness in middle age could delay or even prevent them from developing dementia.” For the study, 191 women with an average age of 50 took a bicycle exercise test until they were tired out to measure their peak (最大值的) cardiovascular capacity. The average peak workload was measured at 103 watts. A total of 40 women met the criteria for a high fitness level with a capacity of 120 watts or higher, while 92 women were in the medium fitness category. A total of 59 were of low fitness level, with a peak workload of 80 watts or less, or having their tests stopped because of health problems. These women were then tested for dementia six times over the following four decades. During that time, 44 of the women developed dementia. Five percent of the highly fit women developed dementia, compared to 25 percent of the women with medium fitness and 32 percent of the women with low fitness. “However, this study does not show cause and effect between cardiovascular fitness and dementia, it only shows an association,” said H rder. “More research is needed to see if improved fitness could have a positive effect on the risk of dementia and also to look at when during a lifetime a high fitness level is most important.” She also admitted that a relatively small number of women were studied, all of whom were from Sweden, so the results might not be applicable to other groups.
结果
方法
结论
专家
评议
28. Why did the researchers ask the women to do bicycle exercise
29. What do we know about Dr H rder’s study
30. Which of the following is the best title for the text
题目设置紧扣说明对象
说明对象
社会现象
提出现象
产生原因
造成影响
人们看法
预言、警告、措施
(2021.1)Why does the author mention Watkins’ predictions in the first paragraph （写作目的）
(2021.1)What has caused the decrease in Australian children’s physical activity (细节理解)
(2019.6)What is a major cause of the water shortage according to McIntyre (细节理解)
(2019.6)Which of the following is well-intentioned but may be bad for big trees （细节理解）
(2021.1)Why does the author find walking with her son worthwhile （细节理解）
备考策略1：整体掌握各类型语篇结构及高考命题方式
(2022新高考1.)24. What does the author want to show by telling the arugula story （写作目的）
(2022新高考1.)25. What is a consequence of food waste according to the test (细节理解)
(2022新高考1.)27. What does Curtin suggest people do （细节理解）
（2022新高考1B)Like most of us, I try to be mindful of food that goes to waste. The arugula (芝麻菜)was to make a nice green salad, rounding out a roast chicken dinner. But I ended up working late. Then friends called with a dinner invitation. I stuck the chicken in the freezer. But as days passed, the arugula went bad. Even worse, I had unthinkingly bought way too much; I could have made six salads with what I threw out. In a world where nearly 800 million people a year go hungry, “food waste goes against the moral grain,” as Elizabeth Royte writes in this month’s cover story. It’s jaw-dropping how much perfectly good food is thrown away — from “ugly” (but quite eatable) vegetables rejected by grocers to large amounts of uneaten dishes thrown into restaurant garbage cans. Producing food that no one eats wastes the water, fuel, and other resources used to grow it. That makes food waste an environmental problem. In fact, Royte writes, “if food waste were a country, it would be the third largest producer of greenhouse gases in the world.” If that’s hard to understand, let’s keep it as simple as the arugula at the back of my refrigerator. Mike Curtin sees my arugula story all the time — but for him, it's more like 12 bones of donated strawberries nearing their last days. Curtin is CEO of DC Central Kitchen in Washington, D.C., which recovers food and turns it into healthy meals. Last year it recovered more than 807,500 pounds of food by taking donations and collecting blemished (有瑕疵的) produce that otherwise would have rotted in fields. And the strawberries Volunteers will wash, cut, and freeze or dry them for use in meals down the road. Such methods seem obvious, yet so often we just don’t think. “Everyone can play a part in reducing waste, whether by not purchasing more food than necessary in your weekly shopping or by asking restaurants to not include the side dish you won’t eat,” Curtin says.
引出话题
提出现象
造成影响
措施及看法
24. What does the author want to show by telling the arugula story
25. What is a consequence of food waste according to the test
26. What does Curtin’s company do
27. What does Curtin suggest people do
题目设置紧扣说明对象
（2021年1月B）At the start of the 20th century, an American engineer named John Elfreth Watkins made predictions about life today. His predictions about slowing population growth, mobile phones and increasing height were close to the mark. But he was wrong in one prediction: that everybody would walk 10 miles a day. Today, in Australia, most children on average fall 2,000 steps short of the physical activity they need to avoid being overweight. In the early 1970s, 40 per cent of children walked to school, while in 2010, it was as low as 15 per cent. The decline is not because we have all become lazy. Families are pressed for time, many with both parents working to pay for their house, often working hours not of their choosing, living in car-dependent neighborhoods with limited public transport. The other side of the coin is equally a deprivation: for health and well-being, as well as lost opportunities (机会) for children to get to know their local surroundings. And for parents there are lost opportunities to walk and talk with their young scholar about their day. Most parents will have eagerly asked their child about their day, only to meet with a “good”, quickly followed by “I’m hungry”. This is also my experience as a mother. But somewhere over the daily walk more about my son’s day comes out. I hear him making sense of friendship and its limits. This is the unexpected and rare parental opportunity to hear more. Many primary schools support walking school-bus routes (路线), with days of regular, parent-accompanied walks. Doing just one of these a few times a week is better than nothing. It can be tough to begin and takes a little planning — running shoes by the front door, lunches made the night before, umbrellas on rainy days and hats on hot ones — but it’s certainly worth trying.
引出话题
提出现象
产生原因
造成影响
措施及看法
24. Why does the author mention Watkins’ predictions in the first paragraph
25. What has caused the decrease in Australian children’s physical activity
26. Why does the author find walking with her son worthwhile
题目设置紧扣说明对象
说明对象
提出新做法新理论
新做法新理论
运行原理
产生原因
优缺点
评议、前景
(2020.7)26.What does Kevin Balke say about adaptive signals (观点态度）
(2020.7)27.What can we learn from Bellevue’s success （细节推断）
(2020.1)Why can cheese brine help keep winter roads ice-free (细节理解)
(2020.1)What is a benefit of using cheese urine on roads (细节理解）
(2021全国乙）28. What are Von Wong’s artworks intended for (细节理解)
(2021全国乙）29. Why does the author discuss plastic straws in paragraph 3 (说明方法)
(2021新高考Ⅰ)32. What is a common
misunderstanding of emotional intelligence (细节理解)
备考策略1：整体掌握各类型语篇结构及高考命题方式
(2022新高考Ⅰ)28. What is the purpose of the project (细节理解)
(新高考Ⅰ2022)29. How has the project affected Ruth Xavier
（2022新高考ⅠC）The elderly residents (居民) in care homes in London are being given hens to look after to stop them feeling lonely. The project was dreamed up by a local charity (慈善组织) to reduce loneliness and improve elderly people’s wellbeing, It is also being used to help patients suffering dementia, a serious illness of the mind. Staff in care homes have reported a reduction in the use of medicine where hens are in use. Among those taking part in the project is 80-year-old Ruth Xavier. She said: “I used to keep hens when I was younger and had to prepare their breakfast each morning before I went to school. ” “I like the project a lot. I am down there in my wheelchair in the morning letting the hens out and down there again at night to see they’ve gone to bed.” “It’s good to have a different focus. People have been bringing their children in to see the hens and residents come and sit outside to watch them. I’m enjoying the creative activities, and it feels great to have done something useful.” There are now 700 elderly people looking after hens in 20 care homes in the North East, and the charity has been given financial support to roll it out countrywide. Wendy Wilson, extra care manager at 60 Penfold Street, one of the first to embark on the project, said: “Residents really welcome the idea of the project and the creative sessions. We are looking forward to the benefits and fun the project can bring to people here.” Lynn Lewis, director of Notting Hill Pathways, said: “We are happy to be taking part in the project. It will really help connect our residents through a shared interest and creative activities.”
提出做法
产生原因
评议、前景
28. What is the purpose of the project
29. How has the project affected Ruth Xavier
31. What can we learn about the project from the last two paragraphs
题目设置紧扣说明对象
（2020年1月B）Milwaukee, Wisconsin, is road testing a new way to keep winter roads ice-free – by spreading on them cheese brine, the salty liquid used to make soft cheese, like mozzarella. Wisconsin, also called "America's Dairyland," is famous for its cheese. The state produced 2.8 billion pounds of cheese last year! a result, there was a lot of leftover cheese brine. Disposing of(处置)the brine can be expensive. So what should cheese makers do with the waste Normally, towns use rock salt to de-ice streets. The salt lowers waters' freezing point, causing ice to melt(融化). But using cheese brine could help both cheese producers and cities save money, while keeping roads safe. Cheese brine has salt in it, which, like the rock salt, helps lower water's freezing point. In addition to saving money, cheese brine could also be a more environment-friendly option. Many people suspect that all the rock salt used every winter is harming the environment. Rock salt is made of sodium chloride, the sane con-pound (化合物)in ordinary table salt. Sounds harmless, right But while you probably add only a small amount of salt to your food, road crews spread about 20 million tons of salt on U.S. Roads every year! The chemical washes off roads and goes into the ground. There it can pollute drinking water, harm plants. and eat away soil. By spreading cheese brine on streets before adding a layer of rock salt, Milwaukee may be able to cut its rock salt use by 30 percent. Cheese brine has a downside too – a shell similar to that of bad milk. "I don't really mind it," Emil Norby told Modern Farmer magazine. He works for one of Wisconsin's county highway commissions and came up with the idea of using cheese brine. "Our roads smell like Wisconsin!" he said.
提出做法
产生原因
优点
缺点及评议
运行原理
24. Why can cheese brine help keep winter roads ice-free
25. What is a benefit of using cheese urine on roads
26. Milwaukee's new way to de-ice streets may be an example of_______________.
题目设置紧扣说明对象
说明对象
备考策略1：整体掌握各类型语篇结构特点及高考命题方式
新事物
引入新事物
产生背景
运行原理
优缺点
评议、改进
(2019·全国卷I)28. Why do the researchers develop the smart keyboard 细节理解
(2019·全国卷I)29. What makes the invention of the smart keyboard possible？细节理解
(2019·全国卷I)30. What do the researchers expect of the smart keyboard？ 细节推断
(2019·全国卷I)31. Where is this text most likely from 文章来源
（2020·浙江卷）25. What does the underlined word “that” in paragraph 2 refer to （代词指代）
（2020·浙江卷）26. What does Kevin Balke say about adaptive signals 细节推断
（2020·浙江卷）27. What can we learn from Bellevue’s success 细节推断
(2023·1浙江)32. What do solar developers often ignore 细节理解
(2023·1浙江)33. What does InSPIRE aim to do 细节理解
(2023·1浙江)34. What is the purpose of the laws mentioned in paragraph 4 细节理解
(2023.1·浙江)35. Which of the following is the best title for the text 文章主旨
（2023.1浙江）According to the Solar Energy Industry Association, the number of solar panels installed (安 装) has grown rapidly in the past decade, and it has to grow even faster to meet climate goals. But all of that growth will take up a lot of space, and though more and more people accept the concept of solar energy, few like large solar panels to be installed near them. Solar developers want to put up panels as quickly and cheaply as possible, so they haven't given much thought to what they put under them. Often, they'll end up filling the area with small stones and using chemicals to control weeds. The result is that many communities, especially in farming regions, see solar farms as destroyers of the soil. “Solar projects need to be good neighbors,” says Jordan Macknick, the head of the Innovative Site Preparation and Impact Reductions on the Environment(InSPIRE) project. “They need to be protectors ofthe land and contribute to the agricultural economy.” InSPIRE is investigating practical approaches to “low-impact” solar development, which focuses on establishing and operating solar farms in a way that is kinder to the land. One of the easiest low-impact solar strategies is providing habitat for pollinators(传粉昆虫). Habitat loss, pesticide use, and climate change have caused dramatic declines in pollinator populations over the past couple of decades, which has damaged the U.S. agricultural economy. Over 28 states have passed laws related to pollinator habitat protection and pesticide use. Conservation organizations put out pollinator-friendliness guidelines for home gardens, businesses, schools, cities—and now there are guidelines for solar farms. Over the past few years, many solar farm developers have transformed the space under their solar panels into a shelter for various kinds of pollinators, resulting in soil improvement and carbon reduction. “These pollinator-friendly solar farms can have a valuable impact on everything that's going on in the landscape,” says Macknick.
产生背景
优点
介绍新事物
运行原理
32. What do solar developers often ignore
35. Which of the following is the best title for the text
33. What does InSPIRE aim to do
34. What is the purpose of the laws mentioned in paragraph 4
（2020年7月B）The traffic signals along Factoria Boulevard in Bellevue, Washington, generally don't flash the same length of green twice in a row, especially at rush hour. At 9:30am, the full red/yellow/green signal cycle might be 140 seconds. By 9:33am, a burst of additional traffic might push it to 145 seconds. Less traffic at 9:37am could push it down to 135. Just like the traffic itself, the timing of the signals changes. That is by design. Bellevue, a fast-growing city just east of Seattle, uses a system that is gaining popularity around the US: intersection(十字路口) signals that can adjust in real time to traffic conditions. These lights, known as adaptive signals, have led to significant declines in both the trouble and cost of travels between work and home. “Adaptive signals can make sure that the traffic demand that is there is being addressed, ” says Alex Stevanovic, a researcher at Florida Atlantic University. For all of Bellevue’s success, adaptive signals are not a cure-all for jammed roadways. Kevin Balke, a research engineer at the Texas A&M University Transportation Institute, says that while smart lights can be particularly beneficial for some cities, others are so jammed that only a sharp reduction in the number of cars on the road will make a meaningful difference. “It’s not going to fix everything, but adaptive signals have some benefits for smaller cities,” he says. In Bellevue, the switch to adaptive signals has been a lesson in the value of welcoming new approaches. In the past, there was often an automatic reaction to increased traffic: just widen the roads, says Mark Poch, the Bellevue Transportation Department’s traffic engineering manager. Now he hopes that other cities will consider making their streets run smarter instead of just making them bigger.
介绍新事物
优点
不足
评议
25. What does the underlined word “that” in paragraph 2 refer to
26.What does Kevin Balke say about adaptive signals
A.They work better on broad roads
B.They should be used in other cities.
C.They have greatly reduced traffic on the road
D.They are less helpful in cities seriously jammed.
27.What can we learn from Bellevue’s success
常见写作手法：
★分类法（by classification）★比较法（by comparison）★举例法（by example）
★程序法（by process）★因果法（by cause and effect）
★定义法（by definition）★时序法（by following the order of time）
★重要性法（by importance,）★分析原因法（by analyzing cause）★引入数据或研究（by using data or mentioning some studies）★描述法（by description）
备考策略2：熟练掌握说明文常用说明方法（主要为阐释结论、原理等）
说明文是客观地说明事物或事理的一种文体。为了把事物特征说清楚，或者把事理阐述明白，必须采用相适应的说明方法。
（2023.1浙江)A machine can now not only beat you at chess, it can also outperform you in debate. Last week, in a public debate in San Francisco, a software program called Project Debater beat its human opponents, including Noa Ovadia, Israel's former national debating champion.
Brilliant though it is, Project Debater has some weaknesses. It takes sentences from its library of documents and prebuilt arguments and strings them together. This can lead to the kinds of errors no human would make. Such wrinkles will no doubt be ironed out, yet they also point to a fundamental problem. As Kristian Hammond, professor of electrical engineering and computer science at Northwestern University, put it: “There's never a stage at which the system knows what it's talking about.”
......
28. Why does the author mention Noa Ovadia in the first paragraph
A. To explain the use of a software program.
B. To show the cleverness of Project Debater.
C. To introduce the designer of Project Debater.
D. To emphasize the fairness of the competition.
用举例法说明它聪明
（2022新高考1)Like most of us, I try to be mindful of food that goes to waste. The arugula (芝麻菜)was to make a nice green salad, rounding out a roast chicken dinner. But I ended up working late. Then friends called with a dinner invitation. I stuck the chicken in the freezer. But as days passed, the arugula went bad. Even worse, I had unthinkingly bought way too much; I could have made six salads with what I threw out.
In a world where nearly 800 million people a year go hungry, “food waste goes against the moral grain,” as Elizabeth Royte writes in this month’s cover story. It’s jaw-dropping how much perfectly good food is thrown away — from “ugly” (but quite eatable) vegetables rejected by grocers to large amounts of uneaten dishes thrown into restaurant garbage cans.
Producing food that no one eats wastes the water, fuel, and other resources used to grow it. That makes food waste an environmental problem. In fact, Royte writes, “if food waste were a country, it would be the third largest producer of greenhouse gases in the world.”
......
24. What does the author want to show by telling the arugula story
A. We pay little attention to food waste.
B. We waste food unintentionally at times.
C. We waste more vegetables than meat.
D. We have good reasons for wasting food.
用举例法引出话题
1（2021年全国乙卷）You’ve heard that plastic is polluting the oceans — between 4.8 and 12.7 million tonnes enter ocean ecosystems every year. But does one plastic straw or cup really make a difference Artist Benjamin Von Wong wants you to know that it does. He builds massive sculptures out of plastic garbage, forcing viewers to re-examine their relationship to single-use plastic products. 2 At the beginning of the year, the artist built a piece called “Strawpocalypse,” a pair of 10-foot-tall plastic waves, frozen mid-crash. Made of 168,000 plastic straws collected from several volunteer beach cleanups, the sculpture made its first appearance at the Estella Place shopping center in Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam. 3 Just 9% of global plastic waste is recycled. Plastic straws are by no means the biggest source（来源）of plastic pollution, but they’ve recently come under fire because most people don’t need them to drink with and, because of their small size and weight, they cannot be recycled. Every straw that’s part of Von Wong’s artwork likely came from a drink that someone used for only a few minutes. Once the drink is gone, the straw will take centuries to disappear.
......
29. Why does the author discuss plastic straws in paragraph 3
A. To show the difficulty of their recycling.
B. To explain why they are useful.
C. To voice his views on modern art.
D. To find a substitute for them.
用举例法说明回收困难
（2022新高考2D）As we age, even if we’re healthy, the heart just isn’t as efficient in processing oxygen as it used to be. In most people the first signs show up in their 50s or early 60s. And among people who don’t exercise, the changes can start even sooner.
“Think of a rubber band. In the beginning, it is flexible, but put it in a drawer for 20 years and it will become dry and easily broken,” says Dr. Ben Levine, a heart specialist at the University of Texas. That’s what happens to the heart. Fortunately for those in midlife, Levine is finding that even if you haven’t been an enthusiastic exerciser, getting in shape now may help improve your aging heart. ......
12. What does Levine want to explain by mentioning the rubber band
A. The right way of exercising.
B. The causes of a heart attack.
C. The difficulty of keeping fit.
D. The aging process of the heart.
用比较(类比)法
1（2020年7月C）Challenging work that requires lots of analytical thinking, planning and other managerial skills might help your brain stay sharp as you age, a study published Wednesday in the journal Neurology suggests. 2 Researchers from the University of Leipzig in Germany gathered more than 1, 000 retired workers who were over age 75 and assessed the volunteers’ memory and thinking skills through a battery of tests. Then, for eight years, the scientists asked the same group to come back to the lab every 18 months to take the same sorts of tests. 3 Those who had held mentally stimulating(刺激), demanding jobs before retirement tended to do the best on the tests. And they tended to lose cognitive(认知) function at a much slower rate than those with the least mentally challenging jobs. The results held true even after the scientists accounted for the participants’ overall health status. 4 “This works just like physical exercise, ” says Francisca Then, who led the study. “After a long run, you may feel like you’re in pain, you may feel tired. But it makes you fit. After a long day at work-sure, you will feel tired, but it can help your brain stay healthy. ”
......
29.How does Francisca Then explain her findings in paragraph 4
A.By using an expert’s words. B.By making a comparison.
C.By referring to another study. D.By introducing a concept.
用比较（类比)法
（2019年6月C）California has lost half its big trees since the 1930s, according to a study to be published Tuesday and climate change seems to be a major factor(因素). The number of trees larger than two feet across has declined by 50 percent on more than 46, 000 square miles of California forests, the new study finds. No area was spared or unaffected, from the foggy northern coast to the Sierra Nevada Mountains to the San Gabriels above Los Angeles. In the Sierra high country, the number of big trees has fallen by more than 55 percent; in parts of southern California the decline was nearly 75 percent. Many factors contributed to the decline, said Patrick McIntyre, an ecologist who was the lead author of the study. Woodcutters targeted big trees. Housing development pushed into the woods. Aggressive wildfire control has left California forests crowded with small trees that compete with big trees for resources(资源). But in comparing a study of California forests done in the 1920s and 1930s with another one between 2001 and 2010, McIntyre and his colleagues documented a widespread death of big trees that was evident even in wildlands protected from woodcutting or development. ......
列数据说明其大树丧失严重
27.What is the second paragraph mainly about
A.The seriousness of big-tree loss in California.
B.The increasing variety of California big trees.
C.The distribution of big trees in California forests.
D.The influence of farming on big trees in California.
Honeybees and ants are both capable of learning. One Chinese study found that bees can be trained to learn and remember a route to a food source. The researchers also found that bees can be taught to recognize hidden objects and use the concepts of "sameness" and "difference" to accomplish certain tasks. Ants take this one step further. Recent American research has shown that ants not only have the ability to learn, but also can teach their foraging skills to other younger ants. They observed that older ants accompany young ants in search of food and teach them the route and how to avoid obstacles.
In this paragraph how does the author demonstrate the idea that Honeybees and ants are both capable of learning A. By using statistics. B. By explaining reasons.C. By referencing opinions. D. By presenting study findings.
引入研究
30. Which of the following is the best title for the text A. More Women Are Exercising to Prevent Dementia B. Middle-Aged Women Need to Do More ExerciseC. Fit Women Are Less Likely to Develop Dementia D. Biking Improves Women’s Cardiovascular Fitness
（浙江2022年1月C）The benefits of regular exercise are well documented but there’s a new bonus to add to the ever-growing list. New research found that middle-aged women who were physically fit could be nearly 90 percent less likely to develop dementia (失智症) in later life — and if they did, it came on a decade later than less sporty women.
话语标记语：New research/study found/ indicated/ showed/ suggested/revealed...
Researchers found /discovered that...
长难句去枝叶，留主干
Fit middle-aged women could be less likely to develop dementia in later life.
说明对象
备考策略3：强化基于语篇的解题策略训练
依据语篇结构+话语标记语紧扣说明对象，突破主旨大义、文章来源、写作目的
（2020年7月C）Challenging work that requires lots of analytical thinking, planning and other managerial skills might help your brain stay sharp as you age, a study published Wednesday in the journal Neurology suggests.
Researchers from the University of Leipzig in Germany gathered more than 1, 000 retired workers who were over age 75 and assessed the volunteers’ memory and thinking skills through a battery of tests. Then, for eight years, the scientists asked the same group to come back to the lab every 18 months to take the same sorts of tests.
Those who had held mentally stimulating(刺激), demanding jobs before retirement tended to do the best on the tests. And they tended to lose cognitive(认知) function at a much slower rate than those with the least mentally challenging jobs. The results held true even after the scientists accounted for the participants’ overall health status.
“This works just like physical exercise, ” says Francisca Then, who led the study. “After a long run, you may feel like you’re in pain, you may feel tired. But it makes you fit. After a long day at work-sure, you will feel tired, but it can help your brain stay healthy. ”
It's not just corporate jobs, or even paid work that can help keep your brain fit, Then points out. A waiter’s job, for example, that requires multitasking, teamwork and decision-making could be just as stimulating as any high-level office work. And “running a family household requires high-level planning and coordinating(协调), ” she says. “You have to organize the activities of the children and take care of the bills and groceries. ”
Of course, our brains can decline as we grow older for lots of reasons-including other environmental influences or genetic factors. Still, continuing to challenge yourself mentally and keeping your mind busy can only help.
30.Which of the following is the best title for the text A.Retired Workers Can Pick Up New Skills
B.Old People Should Take Challenging Jobs C.Your Tough Job Might Help Keep You Sharp
D.Cognitive Function May Decline As You Age
长难句去枝叶，留主干
同义替换
说明对象
（2021年1月B）At the start of the 20th century, an American engineer named John Elfreth Watkins made predictions about life today. His predictions about slowing population growth, mobile phones and increasing height were close to the mark. But he was wrong in one prediction: that everybody would walk 10 miles a day. Today, in Australia, most children on average fall 2,000 steps short of the physical activity they need to avoid being overweight. In the early 1970s, 40 per cent of children walked to school, while in 2010, it was as low as 15 per cent. The decline is not because we have all become lazy. Families are pressed for time, many with both parents working to pay for their house, often working hours not of their choosing, living in car-dependent neighborhoods with limited public transport. The other side of the coin is equally a deprivation: for health and well-being, as well as lost opportunities (机会) for children to get to know their local surroundings. And for parents there are lost opportunities to walk and talk with their young scholar about their day. Most parents will have eagerly asked their child about their day, only to meet with a “good”, quickly followed by “I’m hungry”. This is also my experience as a mother. But somewhere over the daily walk more about my son’s day comes out. I hear him making sense of friendship and its limits. This is the unexpected and rare parental opportunity to hear more. Many primary schools support walking school-bus routes (路线), with days of regular, parent-accompanied walks. Doing just one of these a few times a week is better than nothing. It can be tough to begin and takes a little planning — running shoes by the front door, lunches made the night before, umbrellas on rainy days and hats on hot ones — but it’s certainly worth trying.
引出话题
提出现象
产生原因
造成影响
措施及看法
24. Why does the author mention Watkins’ predictions in the first paragraph
A. To make comparisons. B. To introduce the topic.
C. To support her argument. D. To provide examples.
（2023.1浙江）......
Brilliant though it is, Project Debater has some weaknesses. It takes sentences from its library of documents and prebuilt arguments and strings them together. This can lead to the kinds of errors no human would make. Such wrinkles will no doubt be ironed out, yet they also point to a fundamental problem. As Kristian Hammond, professor of electrical engineering and computer science at Northwestern University, put it: “There's never a stage at which the system knows what it's talking about.”
What Hammond is referring to is the question of meaning, and meaning is central to what distinguishes the least intelligent of humans from the most intelligent of machines. A computer works with symbols. Its program specifies a set of rules to transform one string of symbols into another. But it does not specify what those symbols mean. Indeed, to a computer, meaning is irrelevant. Humans, in thinking, talking, reading and writing, also work with symbols. But for humans, meaning is everything. When we communicate, we communicate meaning. What matters is not just the outside of a string of symbols, but the inside too, not just how they are arranged but what they mean.
......
依据语篇结构关键词+同义替换原则锁定细节
30. What is Project Debater unable to do according to Hammond
A. Create rules. B. Comprehend meaning.
C. Talk fluently. D. Identify difficult words.
缺点
同义替换
（2022年1月C）The benefits of regular exercise are well documented but there’s a new bonus to add to the ever-growing list. New research found that middle-aged women who were physically fit could be nearly 90 percent less likely to develop dementia (失智症) in later life — and if they did, it came on a decade later than less sporty women. ..... For the study, 191 women with an average age of 50 took a bicycle exercise test until they were tired out to measure their peak (最大值的) cardiovascular capacity. The average peak workload was measured at 103 watts. A total of 40 women met the criteria for a high fitness level with a capacity of 120 watts or higher, while 92 women were in the medium fitness category. A total of 59 were of low fitness level, with a peak workload of 80 watts or less, or having their tests stopped because of health problems. These women were then tested for dementia six times over the following four decades. During that time, 44 of the women developed dementia. Five percent of the highly fit women developed dementia, compared to 25 percent of the women with medium fitness and 32 percent of the women with low fitness. “However, this study does not show cause and effect between cardiovascular fitness and dementia, it only shows an association,” said H rder. “More research is needed to see if improved fitness could have a positive effect on the risk of dementia and also to look at when during a lifetime a high fitness level is most important.” She also admitted that a relatively small number of women were studied, all of whom were from Sweden, so the results might not be applicable to other groups.
28. Why did the researchers ask the women to do bicycle exercise A. To predict their maximum heart rate.
B. To assess their cardiovascular capacity. C. To change their habit of working out.
D. To detect their potential health problems.
研究过程/方法
同义替换
依据语篇结构关键词+同义替换原则锁定细节
（2020年1月B）Milwaukee, Wisconsin, is road testing a new way to keep winter roads ice-free – by spreading on them cheese brine, the salty liquid used to make soft cheese, like mozzarella. Wisconsin, also called "America's Dairyland," is famous for its cheese. The state produced 2.8 billion pounds of cheese last year! a result, there was a lot of leftover cheese brine. Disposing of(处置)the brine can be expensive. So what should cheese makers do with the waste Normally, towns use rock salt to de-ice streets. The salt lowers waters' freezing point, causing ice to melt(融化). But using cheese brine could help both cheese producers and cities save money, while keeping roads safe. Cheese brine has salt in it, which, like the rock salt, helps lower water's freezing point. In addition to saving money, cheese brine could also be a more environment-friendly option. Many people suspect that all the rock salt used every winter is harming the environment. Rock salt is made of sodium chloride, the sane con-pound (化合物)in ordinary table salt. Sounds harmless, right But while you probably add only a small amount of salt to your food, road crews spread about 20 million tons of salt on U.S. Roads every year! The chemical washes off roads and goes into the ground. There it can pollute drinking water, harm plants. and eat away soil. By spreading cheese brine on streets before adding a layer of rock salt, Milwaukee may be able to cut its rock salt use by 30 percent. Cheese brine has a downside too – a shell similar to that of bad milk. "I don't really mind it," Emil Norby told Modern Farmer magazine. He works for one of Wisconsin's county highway commissions and came up with the idea of using cheese brine. "Our roads smell like Wisconsin!" he said.
依据语篇结构关键词+同义替换原则锁定细节
24.Why can cheese brine help keep winter roads ice-free A.It is soft. B.It contains salt. C.It is warm. D.It has milk in it.
运行原理
25.What is a benefit of using cheese urine on roads
A.Improving air quality. B.Increasing sales of rock salt.
C.Reducing water pollution. D.Saving the cheese industry.
优点
历年高考真题
年份 省 份 篇章 内容
2022-2023年 2022年新高考I卷 C篇 主要讲述了旨在减少孤独，改善老年人的健康状况的项目。
D篇 主要介绍因为饮食的改变导致了现在在世界上一半的语言中发现了新的语音。
2023年新高考I卷 C篇 主要介绍了数字极简主义生活方式的优点，倡导简单的数字生活方式。
D篇 陈述了“群体智慧”效应。实验表明，在某些情况下大量独立估计的平均值可能是相当准确的。
2022年6月浙江卷 C篇 主要介绍的是世界各地的“小森林”的兴起。
D篇 要适度工作，工作时要有积极的情绪，这会让自己在工作中更有效率。
2022年1月浙江卷 C篇 文章按照时间顺序讲述了蒸汽时代和电力时代的联系。
D篇 主要说明了经常锻炼的中年女性在老年时罹患失智症的几率会大大降低。
2023年1月浙江卷 D篇 介绍的是用一种更加友好的方式建立一种新型的太阳能农场。
Step4：甄别选项，有效运用技巧
Step3.仔细阅读题干，精准定位信息
Step1. 寻找高频词，了解文章大意
Step2. 关注主题句，理清篇章结构
高考说明文解题具体步骤
The goal of this book is to make the case for digital minimalism, including a detailed exploration of what it asks and why it works, and then to teach you how to adopt this philosophy if you decide it’s right for you.
To do so, I divided the book into two parts. In part one, I describe the philosophical foundations of digital minimalism, starting with an examination of the forces that are making so many people’s digital lives increasingly intolerable, before moving on to a detailed discussion of the digital minimalism philosophy.
Part one concludes by introducing my suggested method for adopting this philosophy: the digital declutter. This process requires you to step away from optional online activities for thirty days. At the end of the thirty days, you will then add back a small number of carefully chosen online activities that you believe will provide massive benefits to the things you value.
In the final chapter of part one, I’ll guide you through carrying out your own digital declutter. In doing so, I’ll draw on an experiment I ran in 2018 in which over 1,600 people agreed to perform a digital declutter. You’ll hear these participants’ stories and learn what strategies worked well for them, and what traps they encountered that you should avoid.
The second part of this book takes a closer look at some ideas that will help you cultivate (培养) a sustainable digital minimalism lifestyle. In these chapters, I examine issues such as the importance of solitude (独处) and the necessity of cultivating high-quality leisure to replace the time most now spend on mindless device use. Each chapter concludes with a collection of practices, which are designed to help you act on the big ideas of the chapter. You can view these practices as a toolbox meant to aid your efforts to build a minimalist lifestyle that works for your particular circumstances.
(2023 年新高考I卷C篇 )
Step1：寻找高频词，了解文章大意
Main idea: Introduce a book about digital minimalism philosophy.
The goal of this book is to make the case for digital minimalism, including a detailed exploration of what it asks and why it works, and then to teach you how to adopt this philosophy if you decide it’s right for you.
To do so, I divided the book into two parts. In part one, I describe the philosophical foundations of digital minimalism, starting with an examination of the forces that are making so many people’s digital lives increasingly intolerable, before moving on to a detailed discussion of the digital minimalism philosophy.
Part one concludes by introducing my suggested method for adopting this philosophy: the digital declutter. This process requires you to step away from optional online activities for thirty days. At the end of the thirty days, you will then add back a small number of carefully chosen online activities that you believe will provide massive benefits to the things you value.
In the final chapter of part one, I’ll guide you through carrying out your own digital declutter. In doing so, I’ll draw on an experiment I ran in 2018 in which over 1,600 people agreed to perform a digital declutter. You’ll hear these participants’ stories and learn what strategies worked well for them, and what traps they encountered that you should avoid.
The second part of this book takes a closer look at some ideas that will help you cultivate (培养) a sustainable digital minimalism lifestyle. In these chapters, I examine issues such as the importance of solitude (独处) and the necessity of cultivating high-quality leisure to replace the time most now spend on mindless device use. Each chapter concludes with a collection of practices, which are designed to help you act on the big ideas of the chapter. You can view these practices as a toolbox meant to aid your efforts to build a minimalist lifestyle that words for your particular circumstances.
(2023 年新高考I卷 )
Step2：关注主题句，理清文章结构
2023
全国1卷
para.1:
para.2-4:
para.5
介绍书的写作目的
介绍书的第一章节
介绍书的第二章节
语篇结构
总分总
总分
What does the author inform us of _______
A. an object
B. a social phenomenon
C. a research report...
28. What is the book aimed at
A. Teaching critical thinking skills. B. Advocating a simple digital lifestyle.
C. Solving philosophical problems. D. Promoting the use of a digital device.
29. What does the underlined word “declutter” in paragraph 3 mean
A. Clear-up. B. Add-on. C. Check-in. D. Take-over.
30. What is presented in the final chapter of part one
A. Theoretical models. B. Statistical methods.
C. Practical examples. D. Historical analyses.
31. What does the author suggest readers do with the practices offered in part two
A. Use them as needed. B. Recommend them to friends.
C. Evaluate their effects. D. Identify the ideas behind them.
Step3：仔细阅读题干，精准定位信息
对应第一段第一句，the goal of this book is to…
对应第三段第一句，declutter
对应第四段
对应第五段段，the second part of this book
28. What is the book aimed at
A. Teaching critical thinking skills. B. Advocating a simple digital lifestyle.
C. Solving philosophical problems. D. Promoting the use of a digital device.
29. What does the underlined word “declutter” in paragraph 3 mean
A. Clear-up. B. Add-on. C. Check-in. D. Take-over2
The goal of this book is to make the case for digital minimalism
技巧点拨1：同义替换表达
Step4：甄别选项，有效运用技巧
Part one concludes by introducing my suggested method for adopting this philosophy: the digital declutter. This process requires you to step away from optional online activities for thirty days.
技巧点拨2：关注代词和冒号的用法
注意表示解释说明关系的有：冒号，破折号，同位语，定语，be动词…
Step4：甄别选项，有效运用技巧
30. What is presented in the final chapter of part one
A. Theoretical models. B. Statistical methods.
C. Practical examples. D. Historical analyses.
In the final chapter of part one, I’ll guide you through carrying out your own digital declutter. In doing so, I’ll draw on an experiment I ran in 2018 in which over 1,600 people agreed to perform a digital declutter. You’ll hear these participants’ stories and learn what strategies worked well for them, and what traps they encountered that you should avoid.
技巧点拨3：分析词汇的上下义词
C选项中的examples是作者所利用实验具体的内容：参加者的故事，所学的策略，他们遇到的困境。
什么是上下义词？
上下义词指的是上义词和下义词。上义词(superordinates)是对事物的概括性、抽象性说明;下义词(subordinates)是事物的具体表现形式或更为具体的说明。可以理解为，上义词针对共性，而下义词针对个性。如: anmials(上义词);cats,horses等（下义词）
例如：
1.“老年人”的上义词：
old people ,elderly people, seniors, senior citizens
“老年人”的下义词：
retired peple, retirees, pensioners...
2. “青少年“的上义词：
minors
“青少年”的下义词：
teenagers, youngsters, adolescents, juveniles...
3.“电子产品”的上义词：
eletronic devices
“电子产品”的下义词：
mobile phones, tablets...
Step4：甄别选项，有效运用技巧
31. What does the author suggest readers do with the practices offered in part two
A. Use them as needed. B. Recommend them to friends.
C. Evaluate their effects. D. Identify the ideas behind them.
You can view these practices as a toolbox meant to aid your efforts
to build a minimalist lifestyle that words for your particular circumstances.
技巧点拨4：长难句分析，化繁为简
定语
状语
定语从句
(2023 年新高考I卷D篇 )
On March 7, 1907, the English statistician Francis Galton published a paper which illustrated what has come to be known as the “wisdom of crowds” effect. The experiment of estimation he conducted showed that in some cases, the average of a large number of independent estimates could be quite accurate.
This effect capitalizes on the fact that when people make errors, those errors aren’t always the same. Some people will tend to overestimate, and some to underestimate. When enough of these errors are averaged together, they cancel each other out, resulting in a more accurate estimate. If people are similar and tend to make the same errors, then their errors won’t cancel each other out. In more technical terms, the wisdom of crowds requires that people’s estimates be independent. If for whatever reasons, people’s errors become correlated or dependent, the accuracy of the estimate will go down.
But a new study led by Joaquin Navajas offered an interesting twist (转折) on this classic phenomenon. The key finding of the study was that when crowds were further divided into smaller groups that were allowed to have a discussion, the averages from these groups were more accurate than those from an equal number of independent individuals. For instance, the average obtained from the estimates of four discussion groups of five was significantly more accurate than the average obtained from 20 independent individuals.
In a follow-up study with 100 university students, the researchers tried to get a better sense of what the group members actually did in their discussion. Did they tend to go with those most confident about their estimates Did they follow those least willing to change their minds This happened some of the time, but it wasn’t the dominant response. Most frequently, the groups reported that they “shared arguments and reasoned together.” Somehow, these arguments and reasoning resulted in a global reduction in error. Although the studies led by Navajas have limitations and many questions remain the potential implications for group discussion and decision-making are enormous.
2023
全国
1卷D
para.1-2：
para.3：
para.4：
介绍过去的研究
介绍新的研究
介绍后续的研究
语篇结构
总分总
总分
What does the author inform us of _______
A. an object
B. a social phenomenon
C. a research report...
32. What is paragraph 2 of the text mainly about
A. The methods of estimation. B. The underlying logic of the effect.
C. The causes of people’s errors. D. The design of Galton’s experiment.
This effect capitalizes on the fact that when people make errors, those errors aren’t always the same. Some people will tend to overestimate, and some to underestimate. When enough of these errors are averaged together, they cancel each other out, resulting in a more accurate estimate. If people are similar and tend to make the same errors, then their errors won’t cancel each other out. In more technical terms, the wisdom of crowds requires that people’s estimates be independent. If for whatever reasons, people’s errors become correlated or dependent, the accuracy of the estimate will go down.
注意:文中when, if 可理解为条件状从。引导条件状从的词还有：
Unless，as/so long as, once, in case, on condition that, supposing that, providing/provided that, given that
技巧点拨5：关注信号词，分析句际关系
underline(v.)在...下面划线；强调，突出
underlying（adj.)潜在的，根本的
33. Navajas’ study found that the average accuracy could increase even if ______.
A. the crowds were relatively small B. there were occasional underestimates
C. individuals did not communicate D. estimates were not fully independent
This effect capitalizes on the fact that when people make errors, those errors aren’t always the same. Some people will tend to overestimate, and some to underestimate. When enough of these errors are averaged together, they cancel each other out, resulting in a more accurate estimate. If people are similar and tend to make the same errors, then their errors won’t cancel each other out. In more technical terms, the wisdom of crowds requires that people’s estimates be independent. If for whatever reasons, people’s errors become correlated or dependent, the accuracy of the estimate will go down.
But a new study led by Joaquin Navajas offered an interesting twist (转折) on this classic phenomenon. The key finding of the study was that when crowds were further divided into smaller groups that were allowed to have a discussion, the averages from these groups were more accurate than those from an equal number of independent individuals.
②
③
注意:表转折关系的词有：but, however, nevertheless, yet, though….
技巧点拨5：关注信号词，分析段际关系
34. What did the follow-up study focus on
A. The size of the groups. B. The dominant members.
C. The discussion process. D. The individual estimates.
35. What is the author’s attitude toward Navajas’ studies
A. Unclear. B. Dismissive. C. Doubtful. D. Approving.
In a follow-up study with 100 university students, the researchers tried to get a better sense of what the group members actually did in their discussion. Did they tend to go with those most confident about their estimates Did they follow those least willing to change their minds This happened some of the time, but it wasn’t the dominant response. Most frequently, the groups reported that they “shared arguments and reasoned together.” Somehow, these arguments and reasoning resulted in a global reduction in error. Although the studies led by Navajas have limitations and many questions remain, the potential implications for group discussion and decision-making are enormous.
技巧点拨1：同义替换表达
技巧点拨6：积累观点态度词，明确作者观点态度
技巧点拨7：关注中心词及首段，结尾段
赞成
positive 积极的
supportive 支持的
approving 赞成的
favorable 赞许的
反对
negative 消极的
disapproving 不赞成的
dissatisfied 不满意的
critical 批判的
worried 担忧的
doubtful 怀疑的
中立
objective客观的
neutral中立的
indifferent 漠不关心的
作者的态度：What’s the author’s attitude（态度）towards...
不清楚的
unclear 消极的
vague 模糊分
ambiguous
模棱两可的
Summary
技巧点拨1：同义替换表达
技巧点拨2：关注代词和冒号的用法
技巧点拨3：分析词汇的上下义词
技巧点拨4：长难句分析，化繁为简
技巧点拨5：关注信号词，分析句际、段际关系
技巧点拨6：积累观点态度词，明确作者观点态度
技巧点拨7：关注中心词及首段，结尾段
According to the Solar Energy Industry Association, the number of solar panels installed(安装)has grown rapidly in the past decade, and it has to grow even faster to meet climate goals. But all of that growth will take up a lot of space, and though more and more people accept the concept of solar energy, few like large solar panels to be installed near them.
Solar developers want to put up panels as quickly and cheaply as possible, so they haven’t given much thought to what they put under them. Often, they’ll end up filling the area with small stones and using chemicals to control weeds. The result is that many communities, especially in farming regions, see solar farms as destroyers of the soil.
“Solar projects need to be good neighbors,” says Jordan Macknick, the head of the Innovative Site Preparation and Impact Reductions on the Environment(InSPIRE)project. “They need to be protectors of the land and contribute to the agricultural economy.” InSPIRE is investigating practical approaches to “low-impact” solar development, which focuses on establishing and operating solar farms in a way that is kinder to the land. One of the easiest low-impact solar strategies is providing habitat for pollinators(传粉昆虫).
Habitat loss, pesticide use, and climate change have caused dramatic declines in pollinator populations over the past couple of decades, which has damaged the U.S. agricultural economy. Over 28 states have passed laws related to pollinator habitat protection and pesticide use. Conservation organizations put out pollinator-friendliness guidelines for home gardens, businesses, schools, cities—and now there are guidelines for solar farms.
Over the past few years, many solar farm developers have transformed the space under their solar panels into a shelter for various kinds of pollinators, resulting in soil improvement and carbon reduction. “These pollinator-friendly solar farms can have a valuable impact on everything that’s going on in the landscape,” says Macknick.
1. What is the topic of the passage （find key words)
2.What does the author inform us of _______
A. an object
B. a social phenomenon
C. research report
Consolidation
巩固练习
（2023年浙江首考卷D篇）
Para1-2:介绍现状，传统太阳板对环境的影响。
The necessity of developing some pollinator-friendly solar farms.
para 3:
InSPIRE正在研究“低影响”太阳能开发的实用方法
①
②
③
④
⑤
Para4-5:各国对新型太阳能农村的态度，以及新型太阳能农场对环境的积极影响。
32. What do solar developers often ignore
A. The decline in the demand for solar energy. B. The negative impact of installing solar panels.
C. The rising labor cost of building solar farms. D. The most recent advances in solar technology.
33. What does InSPIRE aim to do
A. Improve the productivity of local farms. B. Invent new methods for controlling weeds.
C. Make solar projects environmentally friendly. D. Promote the use of solar energy in rural areas.
34. What is the purpose of the laws mentioned in paragraph 4
A. To conserve pollinators. B. To restrict solar development.
C. To diversify the economy. D. To ensure the supply of energy.
35. Which of the following is the best title for the text
A. Pollinators: To Leave or to Stay B. Solar Energy: Hope for the Future
C. InSPIRE: A Leader in Agriculture D. Solar Farms: A New Development
（2023年浙江首考卷D篇）
技巧点拨3：分析词汇的上下义词
Para.2 ...using chemicals to...
Para.3 ...that is kind to land...
技巧点拨1：同义替换表达
Para.4 ...put out pollinator friendlliness guidelines...
技巧点拨1：同义替换表达
技巧点拨7：关注中心词及段首，段尾
Solar farm, development/ developer
Consolidation
The elderly residents (居民) in care homes in London are being given hens to look after to stop them feeling lonely.
The project was dreamed up by a local charity (慈善组织) to reduce loneliness and improve elderly people’s wellbeing, It is also being used to help patients suffering dementia, a serious illness of the mind. Staff in care homes have reported a reduction in the use of medicine where hens are in use.
Among those taking part in the project is 80-year-old Ruth Xavier. She said: “I used to keep hens when I was younger and had to prepare their breakfast each morning before I went to school. ”
“I like the project a lot. I am down there in my wheelchair in the morning letting the hens out and down there again at night to see they’ve gone to bed.”
“It’s good to have a different focus. People have been bringing their children in to see the hens and residents come and sit outside to watch them. I’m enjoying the creative activities, and it feels great to have done something useful.”
There are now 700 elderly people looking after hens in 20 care homes in the North East, and the charity has been given financial support to roll it out countrywide.
Wendy Wilson, extra care manager at 60 Penfold Street, one of the first to embark on the project, said: “Residents really welcome the idea of the project and the creative sessions. We are looking forward to the benefits and fun the project can bring to people here.”
Lynn Lewis, director of Notting Hill Pathways, said: “We are happy to be taking part in the project. It will really help connect our residents through a shared interest and creative activities.”
（2022年全国1卷C篇）
1. What is the topic of the passage （find key words)
2.What does the author inform us of _______
A. an object
B. a social phenomenon
C. research report
①
②
③
④
⑤
⑥
⑦
⑧
Para1: 开门见山,引出主题，养鸡减少老年人的孤独感。
Introduce a project of raising hens to reduce lonelness of old people.
para 2-5:
项目的目的，以及老年人对项目的评价。
Para6-8: 项目开展的情况，项目创办人及Lynn Lewis对项目的评价 。
（2022年全国1卷C篇）
28. What is the purpose of the project
A. To ensure harmony in care homes. B. To provide part-time jobs for the aged.
C. To raise money for medical research. D. To promote the elderly people’s welfare.
29. How has the project affected Ruth Xavier
A. She has learned new life skills. B. She has gained a sense of achievement.
C. She has recovered her memory. D. She has developed a strong personality.
30. What do the underlined words “embark on” mean in paragraph 7
Improve. B. Oppose. C. Begin. D. Evaluate.
31. What can we learn about the project from the last two paragraphs
A. It is well received. B. It needs to be more creative.
C. It is highly profitable. D. It takes ages to see the results.
Para.2 ... improve elderly people’s wellbeing
技巧点拨1：同义替换表达
Para.5 ... it feels great to have done something useful
技巧点拨1：同义替换表达
Para.6 ... the first
技巧点拨1：同义替换表达
Para.7 ... the benefits and fun...,Para8....we are happy...
技巧点拨1：同义替换表达
Human speech contains more than 2,000 different sounds, from the common “m” and “a” to the rare clicks of some southern African languages. But why are certain sounds more common than others A ground-breaking, five-year study shows that diet-related changes in human bite led to new speech sounds that are now found in half the world’s languages.
More than 30 years ago, the scholar Charles Hockett noted that speech sounds called labiodentals, such as “f”and “v”, were more common in the languages of societies that ate softer foods. Now a team of researchers led by Damián Blasi at the University of Zurich, Switzerland, has found how and why this trend arose.
They discovered that the upper and lower front teeth of ancient human adults were aligned (对齐), making it hard to produce labiodentals, which are formed by touching the lower lip to the upper teeth. Later, our jaws changed to an overbite structure (结构), making it easier to produce such sounds.
The team showed that this change in bite was connected with the development of agriculture in the Neolithic period. Food became easier to chew at this point. The jawbone didn’t have to do as much work and so didn’t grow to be so large.
Analyses of a language database also confirmed that there was a global change in the sound of world languages after the Neolithic age, with the use of “f” and “v” increasing remarkably during the last few thousand years. These sounds are still not found in the languages of many hunter-gatherer people today.
This research overturns the popular view that all human speech sounds were present when human beings evolved around 300,000 years ago. ”The set of speech sounds we use has not necessarily remained stable since the appearance of human beings, but rather the huge variety of speech sounds that we find today is the product of a complex interplay of things like biological change and cultural evolution,“ said Steven Moran, a member of the research team.
（2022年全国1卷D篇）
1. What is the topic of the passage （find key words)
2.What does the author inform us of _______
A. an object
B. a social phenomenon
C. research report
A team of researchers found how and why new speech sounds appeared.
Para1-2: The result and significance of the research.
para 3-5:
The process of the speech.
Para6: The limitation of the speech.
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32. Which aspect of the human speech sound does Damián Blasi’s research focus on
Its variety B. Its distribution C. Its quantity. D. Its development.
33. Why was it difficult for ancient human adults to produce labiodentals
They had fewer upper teeth than lower teeth. B. They could not open and close their lips easily.
C. Their jaws were not conveniently structured. D. Their lower front teeth were not large enough.
34. What is paragraph 5 mainly about
A.Supporting evidence for the research results.
B. Potential application of the research findings.
C. A further explanation of the research methods.
D. A reasonable doubt about the research process.
35. What does Steven Moran say about the set of human speech sounds
A. It is key to effective communication. B. It contributes much to cultural diversity.
C. It is a complex and dynamic system. D. It drives the evolution of human beings.
（2022年全国1卷D篇）
Para.2 ... More common, found how and why this trend arose
技巧点拨1：同义替换表达
Para.2 ... They discovered that the upper and lower front teeth of ancient human adults ...,making...,which....
技巧点拨4：长难句分析，化繁为简
Para.5 ... Analyses of a language database also confirmed that
技巧点拨5：关注信号词，分析句际、段际关系
Para.