一、高考英语完形填空宏观逻辑概述
在完形填空里,我们面对的主要题目类型就是名词、动词、形容词副词三大类,基本占到所有题目的90%以上,其中动词可能占到全部题量的半数,属于难度相对中上的题目,名词和形容词副词占到另外的接近半数,属于难度相对中下的题目。除此以外,某些完形填空里也会出现连词或介词题目考查,但是这两种题目在一篇文章里的数量非常少,一般情况下最多各出现一道题,而且都是基础知识点。因此,如果想在完形填空这个题目上拿到优秀的分数,我们的目标就是:
1、确保名词、形容词副词两种类型的题目全部正确;
2、尽量减少动词的错题数量;
3、连词和介词不断积累基本知识。
例题文本
Ask people to name the world's tallest peak and anybody with sound general knowledge will name Mount Qomolangma. But quiz them on its exact 21 and many will be not sure.
In 1975, Chinese surveyors 22 that Mount Qomolangma (Mount Everest) was 8848. 13 meters high. As 23 improved, satellites, photoelectricity, radars and gravity measurement technologies were 24 to get more exact figures. Of course, someone still had to carry 25 to what is the world's rooftop.
In 2005, a Chinese team scaled Qomolangma and found that it was not as high as that, as they 26 the height to be 8844. 43 meters. Scaling Qomolangma is no27task. The average air temperature there is -29 degrees Celsius, even four degrees28 than in Antarctica. The snow there is 4 —5 meters thick and hurricane-like 29 blow all the time. Team members were training to 30 the extreme conditions.
In a nutshell, measuring the Qomolangma's height is a tall order, 31 huge amounts of money and human resources, But it is worth the 32 . Qomolangma is theperfect 33 for observing crustal (地壳的)movements. And changes to the peak's height could 34 whether the two plates are heading toward or away from each other.
Besides, the condition of snow and other natural materials at the top is an indicator of upcoming climate change on the Tibet-Qinghai Plateau. That's 35 measuring the Qomolangma's height is so significant. Put to good use, it can benefit mankind.
21. A. location B. appearanc e C.area D. height
22. A. determined B. assumed C.estimated D. admitted
23. A. condition B. technology C.society D. economy
24. A. employed B. expected C.approached D. inspired
25. A. weapons B. vehicles C.instruments D. packages
26. A. changed B. calculated C.extended D. expanded
27. A. glorious B. easy C.admirable D. tough
28.A. colder B. hotter C.higher D. lower
29.A. snows B. rains C.winds D. snowflakes
30.A. cope with B. fight for C.take on D. carry out
31.A. wasting B. Spending C.overcoming D. involving
32.A. effort B. loss C.harvest D. achievement
33.A. channel B. window C.solution D. entrance
34.A. measure B. foresee C .indicate D. expose
35. A. where B. how C. why D. whether
高考英语完形填空宏观逻辑-名词题
1.名词题解题逻辑概述
以下述题目为样本,我们一起看看这几种题目类型的解题思路,首先是名词类题目。
①在题目里,涉及考查的名词基本上包括三种情况:人物身份、实际事物、抽象概念。其中人物身份和实际事物是相对而言比较简单的题目,因为题目中涉及的必定是文章中的重要人物或重要事物,在文章前后一定会重复出现,所以只要注意上下文的具体人物或物体的呼应即可。在这个层面上,题目考查的是最基本的“词与词的直接对应”。抽象概念的难度稍高一点,这类名词往往是个笼统的概念,所以需要对上下文的相关内容进行整体的概括归纳。在这个层面上,题目考查的是比较进阶的“词与句的总分对应”。
②除了名词与其它具体名词或具体语句的对应关系以外,名词的另一个判断依据是与动词和形容词配合的合理性。一方面,名词是动作的发出者和对象,通过已知的动词可以推断是谁在做动作,又是对谁在做动作。另一方面,形容词用于描述名词的性质,通过已知的形容词可以了解名词的性质,从而判断出具备该性质的名词。在结合动词和形容词判断名词的过程中,最重要的就是考虑相互配合的合理性。完形填空的文章一定是符合常理的,所以什么名词能与这个动作有关、什么名词能具备这种性质,一定应该满足正常状态的描述。
名词题解题思路总结:
简而言之,名词的解题思路可以概括为以下四条:
1、人物事物的前后呼应
2、抽象概念的相关内容
3、动词的发出者和对象
4、形容词合理性质描述
例题逐个题目解析
我们来一起看一看接下来的6道名词题。
1. Ask people to name the world’s tallest peak and anybody with sound general knowledge will name Mount Qomolangma. But quiz them on its exact (21) __________ and many will be not sure.
21.A. Location B. appearance C. area D. height
解题思路:根据21题所处的位置“its exact (21) __________”,可以判断出题目在提问的是“珠穆朗玛峰确切的……”。四个选项“location 位置”、“appearance 外貌”、“area 地区”和“height 高度”都属于抽象概念,因此必然要关注文章里的相关内容。看到下文中分别提到的数字概念8848.13和8844.43,以及在第二段至第五段不断提到的high和height,你就应该能够了解到,文章主要讲述的就是珠穆朗玛峰的高度问题,那么答案必然是D选项height。
实际上,即便不看后文,只看第一段,也能够找到解题相关的提示。文章开头是一个对比:“问到人们世界上最高的山峰,人们确定;问到确切的高度,人们就不确定了”。height对应的就是前面提到的“the world’s tallest peak”,只有这样But前后的对比才是有内容上的关联。
2. As (23) __________ improved, satellites, photo electricity, radars and gravity measurement technologies were (24) __________ to get more exact figures. Of course, someone still had to carry (25) __________ to what is the world’s rooftop.
23.
A. Condition B. technology C. society D. economy
25.
A. Weapons B. vehicles C. instruments D. packages
解题思路:23题的四个选项“condition 条件”、“technology 技术”、“society 社会”、“economy 经济”都是抽象概念,要关注后文出现的相关内容。根据随后的“satellites, photo electricity, radars and gravity measurement technologies 卫星、光电、雷达和重力测量技术”,很容易可以判断出答案为B选项technology。这道题体现的就是典型的抽象概念和对应内容形成的“概括到具体”的总分关系。
25题的四个选项“weapons 武器”、“vehicles 车辆”、“instruments 仪器”、“packages 包裹”都是具体事物,和这段话提到的各种技术直接对应的只有C选项instruments。另外,25题相关的动作是carry,“携带车辆”明显不合理,“携带武器或包裹”与文章内容也毫无关联。
3. The snow there is 4-5 meters thick and hurricane-like (29) __________ blow all the time.
29.A. Snows B. rains C. winds D. snowflakes
解题思路:看到前面出现了snow,这道题能不能就判断A选项“雪”和D选项“雪花”了?当然不能。正好相反,我会考虑直接排除这两个选项,因为“同义选项必同错”,试想怎么会有完形填空题要求你区分“雪”和“雪花”的区别呢?
解题的正确思路是,你要关注到29题前面的形容词“hurricane-like 像飓风的”和后面的动词“blow 吹”,考虑到性质和动作发出者的合理性,答案只能是C选项“ wind 风”。这就是名词性质和相关动作对名词的合理性要求。
4. In a nutshell, measuring the Qomolangma’s height is a tall order, (31) __________ huge amounts of money and human resources. But it is worth the (32) __________. Qomolangma is the perfect (33) __________ for observing crustal (地壳的) movements.
32.
A. Effort B. loss C. harvest D. achievement
33.
A. Channel B. Window C. solution D. entrance
解题思路:32题的四个选项“effort 努力”、“loss 损失”、“harvest 收获”、“achievement 成就”都是抽象概念,需要关注出现的对应内容。32题的所在语句与上文形成转折关系,而上文中提到的“tall order 难办的事、棘手的问题”、“ huge amounts of money and human resources 大量的金钱和人力”实际上就是人们为了测量珠穆朗玛峰的高度付出的“努力”,所以答案为A选项effort。B选项“损失”体现的是负态度,与句中的形容词“worth 值得的”性质描述矛盾。C选项“收获”和D选项“成就”都是人们“得到的东西”,而上文中提到的都是人们“付出的东西”,是无法对应的。
33题的四个选项“channel 渠道、通道”、“window 窗口”、“solution 解决方案”和“entrance 入口”同样是抽象概念。也许有同学会认为window和entrance也可以理解为“窗户”和“大门”,是具体事物,但是在完形填空里,同一道题目的四个选项体现的性质是基本相同的。也许B和D两个选项既可以看作具体事物,又可以看作抽象概念,但是C选项“解决方案”肯定是抽象概念,那么四个选项在这里都应该按照抽象概念理解。这就是完形填空四个选项体现的一致性特征。
抽象概念需要对应具体内容,和33题相关的内容很明确,就是后面的“for observing crustal movements 为了观察地壳运动”。哪个选项能够对应这个具体内容呢?
A选项“渠道、通道”是用于传递输送事物的,C选项“解决方案”是用于解决实际问题的,D选项“入口”是用于进入某个环境范围的,只有B选项“窗口”是用于了解获取信息的,能够和“observe 观察”对应,所以答案为B选项window。
4总结:
从这道题目我们可以看出,找到名词的对应内容并不难,但是要正确判断出答案,还需要对选项的词汇有更加准确的认识。只知道词汇的中文含义,题目仍然可能出现偏差,只有对词汇的实际应用有所了解,才能够结合文章的使用环境作出正确选择。这一点在我们下次看到的动词题里体现得更加明显。
高考英语完形填空真题练习:(有颜色标注为名词题)
【2023年新高考全国Ⅰ卷】On Oct. 11, hundreds of runners competed in a cross-country race in Minnesota. Melanie Bailey should have ____21____ the course earlier than she did. Her ____22____ came because she was carrying a ____23____ across the finish line.
As reported by a local newspaper, Bailey was more than two-thirds of the way through her ____24____ when a runner in front of her began crying in pain. She ____25____ to help her fellow runner, Danielle Lenoue. Bailey took her arm to see if she could walk forward with ____26____. She couldn’t. Bailey then ____27____ to let Lenoue climb onto her back and carried her all the way to the finish line, then another 300 feet to where Lenoue could get ____28____ attention.
Once there, Lenoue was ____29____ and later taken to a hospital, where she learned that she had serious injuries in one of her knees. She would have struggled with extreme ____30____ to make it to that aid checkpoint without Bailey’s help.
As for Bailey, she is more ____31____ about why her act is considered a big ____32____. “She was just crying. I couldn’t ____33____ her,” Bailey told the reporter. “I feel like I was just doing the right thing.”
Although the two young women were strangers before the ____34____, they’ve since become friends. Neither won the race, but the ____35____ of human kindness won the day.
21. A. designed B. followed C. changed D. finished
22. A. delay B. chance C. trouble D. excuse
23. A. judge B. volunteer C. classmate D. competitor
24. A. race B. school C. town D. training
25. A. agreed B. returned C. stopped D. promised
26. A. courage B. aid C. patience D. advice
27. A. went away B. stood up C. stepped aside D. bent down
28. A. medical B. public C. constant D. equal
29. A. interrupted B. assessed C. identified D. appreciated
30. A. hunger B. pain C. cold D. tiredness
31. A. worried B. ashamed C. confused D. discouraged
32. A. game B. problem C. lesson D. deal
33. A. leave B. cure C. bother D. understand
34. A. ride B. test C. meet D. show
A. secret B. display C. benefit D. exchange
高考英语完形填空真题练习解析
【答案】21. D 22. A 23. D 24. A 25. C 26. B 27. D 28. A 29. B 30. B 31. C 32. D 33. A 34. C 35. B
【解析】
【导语】本文是一篇记叙文,主要讲的是在明尼苏达州举行的一次越野赛中,Melanie Bailey背着另一个参赛者Danielle Lenoue过终点线并接受医疗检查的善行义举。
【21题详解】
考查动词词义辨析。句意:Melanie Bailey应该更早完成比赛。A. designed设计;B. followed跟随;C. changed改变;D. finished完成。根据下一段的“carried her all the way to the finish line, then another 300 feet to where Lenoue could get ____8____ attention”可知,Bailey在比赛中背一名参赛者,所以完成比赛晚了,因此句子表示“Melanie Bailey应该更早完成比赛”。故选D。
【22题详解】
考查名词词义辨析。句意:她的延迟是因为她背着一名竞争对手冲过终点线。A. delay延误;B. chance机会;C. trouble麻烦;D. excuse借口。根据上文“Melanie Bailey should have ____1____ the course earlier than she did”和上一题的解析可知,Melanie Bailey应该更早完成比赛,她的延迟是因为她背着一名竞争对手冲过终点线。故选A。
【23题详解】
考查名词词义辨析。句意:她的延迟是因为她背着一名参赛者冲过终点线。A. judge裁判;B. volunteer志愿者;C. classmate同学;D. competitor参赛者。根据第一段的“hundreds of runners competed in a cross-country race”可知,她是背着一名参赛者冲过终点线。故选D。
【24题详解】
考查名词词义辨析。句意:据当地一家报纸报道,当Bailey跑到比赛的三分之二多的时候,她前面的一名选手开始痛苦地哭泣。A. race比赛;B. school学校;C. town城镇;D. training训练。根据第一段的“hundreds of runners competed in a cross-country race”可知,此处是说“当Bailey跑到比赛的三分之二多的时候”。故选A。
【25题详解】
考查动词词义辨析。句意:她停下来帮助她的同伴Danielle Lenoue。A. agreed同意;B. returned回来;C. stopped停止;D. promised答应。根据下文“to help her fellow runner”可知,她停下来帮助她的同伴Danielle Lenoue。故选C。
【26题详解】
考查名词词义辨析。句意:Bailey扶着她的胳膊,看看她能否帮助下向前走。A. courage勇气;B. aid帮助;C. patience耐心;D. advice建议。根据上文“Bailey took her arm”可知,此处表示看她是否能在她的帮助下向前走。故选B。
【27题详解】
考查动词短语辨析。句意:然后Bailey弯下腰,让Lenoue爬到她的背上,一路背着她走到终点线,然后又走了300英尺,到Lenoue接受治疗的地方。A. went away离开; B. stood up站起来;C. stepped aside让路;D. bent down弯腰。根据下文“let Lenoue climb onto her back”可知,Bailey弯下腰,让勒诺爬到她的背上。故选D。
【28题详解】
考查形容词词义辨析。句意:然后Bailey弯下腰,让Lenoue爬到她的背上,一路背着她走到终点线,然后又走了300英尺,到Lenoue接受治疗的地方。A. medical医疗的;B. public公众的;C. constant持续不断的;D. equal平等的。根据上文“began crying in pain”可知,Danielle Lenoue很疼,所以是要接受治疗,medical attention意为“医疗救助”。故选A。
【29题详解】
考查动词词义辨析。句意:Lenoue在那里接受了检查,后来被送往医院,在那里她得知自己的一个膝盖受了重伤。A. interrupted打断;B. assessed评估;C. identified识别;D. appreciated感激。根据下文“later taken to a hospital”可知,她是先接受了检查,再被送往医院,也就是先接受评估。故选B。
【30题详解】
考查名词词义辨析。句意:如果没有Bailey的帮助,她可能会在极度的痛苦中挣扎着到达那个援助检查站。A. hunger饥饿;B. pain疼痛;C. cold感冒;D. tiredness疲劳。根据第5空前的“began crying in pain”可知,此处表示“如果没有Bailey的帮助,她可能会在极度的痛苦中挣扎着到达那个援助检查站”。故选B。
【31题详解】
考查形容词词义辨析。句意:至于Bailey,她更困惑的是为什么她的行为被认为是一件大事。A. worried担心的;B. ashamed惭愧的;C. confused困惑的;D. discouraged泄气的。根据下文“I feel like I was just doing the right thing”可知,Bailey觉得自己只是做了正确的事情,所以她对她的行为被认为是一件大事感到困惑。故选C。
【32题详解】
考查名词词义辨析。句意:至于Bailey,她更困惑的是为什么她的行为被认为是一件大事。A. game游戏;B. problem问题;C. lesson课;D. deal交易,局面。根据下文“I feel like I was just doing the right thing”可知,Bailey觉得自己只是做了正确的事情,所以她对她的行为被认为是一件大事感到困惑,a big deal意为“非常重要的事”。故选D。
【33题详解】
考查动词词义辨析。句意:我不能离开她。A. leave离开;B. cure治愈;C. bother打扰;D. understand理解。根据上文“She was just crying”以及Lenoue爬到她的背上,一路背着她走到终点线,然后又走了300英尺。可知,Bailey看见Lenoue哭喊,所以觉得不能离开她。故选A。
【34题详解】
考查名词词义辨析。句意:虽然这两个年轻女子在那场体育比赛之前是陌生人,但后来她们成了朋友。A. ride短途旅程;B. test测试;C. meet体育比赛;D. show展示。根据第一段“hundreds of runners competed in a cross-country race”及空前的“the two young women were strangers before”可知,当时是一场比赛,句子表示“这两个年轻女子在那场体育比赛之前是陌生人”。故选C。
【35题详解】
考查名词词义辨析。句意:两人都没有赢得比赛,但展示出的人类善良赢得了胜利。A. secret秘密;B. display展示;C. benefit利益;D. exchange交换。根据第二段的“let Lenoue climb onto her back and carried her all the way to the finish line, then another 300 feet to where Lenoue could get ____8____ attention”可知,Bailey背着一个参赛者过终点,并背她去接受检查,这展示了人类的善良,故选B。一、高考英语完形填空宏观逻辑——动词题
说过了名词的解题思路之后,我们再来看另一个重点词性——动词的解题思路。
1.关于动词,你需要重点注意的是三个方面:
①首先,完形填空的文章以记叙文体裁为主,辅以某些简单的说明文体裁。无论是描述具体事件过程,还是解释具体现象背后的原理,涉及的动作都不可能孤立存在,一定具有内在连续性。记叙文需要通过连续动作推动情节不断向前发展,而说明文需要连续动作分析说明对象相关的一系列连锁反应。为了确保情节发展的合理性和说明分析的有效性,关键动作一定不会过分跳跃而脱节。因此,在判断某一环缺失的动作时,通过观察前后已知动作的先后顺序,可以推断出需要补全的动作环节,这就是动作之间逻辑关系的体现。
②其次,动作在句中不是凭空出现的,也要与其它词性相互配合,重点需要关注的就是名词和副词。在上一章里我们提到过,名词是动作的发出者和对象,两者要确保合理的关系,所以通过已知的名词可以推断这个名词可能发出什么样的动作,又可能承受什么样的动作。此外,与形容词描述名词的性质相似,副词用于描述动作的状态,所以通过已知的副词可以了解动作的状态,从而判断出具备该状态的动词。在结合名词和副词判断动词的过程中,同样要考虑相互配合的合理性。什么动词能与这里的名词有关、什么动词能具备这种状态,一定应该满足符合常理的描述。
③最后,相对于名词而言,动词的应用场景更加广泛,也更加复杂。了解动词的中文含义是解题的基础,但是要确保选出正确答案,就要对常考动词的实际应用条件有更加深刻的认识,这样才能准确判断某个动作是否符合文章的具体环境。在这个层面上,笼统的中文释义往往会对句子理解产生误导,而命题者也会刻意利用这种误导来设置命题的陷阱,所以通过题目积累动词的使用经验,是完形填空这个以词汇为核心的考查题型对于你的硬性要求。
2.总结
简而言之,动词的解题思路可以概括为以下四条:
1、动作之间的逻辑关系
2、动作的发出者和对象
3、副词的合理状态限制
4、核心动词的应用条件
高考英语完形填空例题(practice 1)
Practice 1
Ask people to name the world’s tallest peak and anybody with sound general knowledge will name Mount Qomolangma. But quiz them on its exact (21) __________ and many will be not sure.
21. A. location B. appearance C. area D. height
In 1975, Chinese surveyors (22) __________ that Mount Qomolangma (Mount Everest) was 8,848.13 meters high. As (23) __________ improved, satellites, photo electricity, radars and gravity measurement technologies were (24) __________ to get more exact figures. Of course, someone still had to carry (25) __________ to what is the world’s rooftop.
22. A. estimated B. assumed C. determined D. admitted
23. A. condition B. technology C. society D. economy
24. A. employed B. expected C. approached D. inspired
25. A. weapons B. vehicles C. instruments D. packages
In 2005, a Chinese team scaled Qomolangma and found that it was not as high as that, as they (26) __________ the height to be 8,844.43 meters. Scaling Qomolangma is no (27) __________ task. The average air temperature there is -29 degrees Celsius, even four degrees (28) __________ than in Antarctica. The snow there is 4-5 meters thick and hurricane-like (29) __________ blow all the time. Team members were training to (30) __________ the extreme conditions.
26. A. changed B. calculated C. extended D. expanded
27. A. glorious B. easy C. admirable D. tough
28. A. colder B. hotter C. higher D. lower
29. A. snows B. rains C. winds D. snowflakes
30. A. cope with B. fight for C. take on D. carry out
In a nutshell, measuring the Qomolangma’s height is a tall order, (31) __________ huge amounts of money and human resources. But it is worth the (32) __________. Qomolangma is the perfect (33) __________ for observing crustal (地壳的) movements. And changes to the peak’s height could (34) __________ whether the two plates are heading toward or away from each other.
31. A. wasting B. spending C. overcoming D. involving
32. A. effort B. loss C. harvest D. achievement
33. A. channel B. window C. solution D. entrance
34. A. indicate B. foresee C. measure D. expose
Besides, the condition of snow and other natural materials at the top is an indicator of upcoming climate change on the Tibet-Qinghai Plateau. That’s (35) __________ measuring the Qomolangma’s height is so significant. Put to good use, and it can benefit mankind.
35. A. where B. how C. why D. whether
三、高考英语完形填空宏观逻辑——动词题逐题解析
我们来一起看一看Practice 1里的6道动词题。
1. In 1975, Chinese surveyors (22) __________ that Mount Qomolangma (Mount Everest) was 8,848.13 meters high.
22.A. Estimated B. assumed C. determined D. admitted
解题思路:22题的动作发出者是“Chinese surveyors 中国勘测员”。从动作之间的逻辑关系来看,中国勘测员做了某个动作,与珠穆朗玛峰的高度“was 8,848.13 meters high”相关, 由此可以排除A选项“estimate 估算、估计”和B选项“assume 假设、假定”。“估算、估计”的动作代表结果可能不甚准确,“假设、假定”用于陈述真假未知的情况,这两个动作都不可能出现was之后精确到小数点后两位的数据,“估计有八千多米”、“假设有八千米”这样的笼统说法更加符合这两个动作的使用条件。
正确答案是C选项“determine 决定、确定”,既可以描述描述主观下定决心的过程,又可以描述根据某些客观条件作出的判断,能够与后面准确的高度数据相关,与动作发出者“勘测员”的关系也合理。至于D选项“admit 承认过错、准许进入”,只要知道“承认”经常应用的场景是出现某些过错、过失或罪行时的受迫行为,在这里就绝对可以直接排除。
2. As technology improved, satellites, photo electricity, radars and gravity measurement technologies were (24) __________ to get more exact figures.
24.A. Employed B. expected C. approached D. inspired
解题思路:24题首先需要注意的是,选项动词均为-ed形式,空格旁边出现了be动词“were”,看到这种情况要立刻意识到,这里是动词的被动语态考查,所以一定要按照被动理解动作,才能正确理解语句含义。
这道题动作之间的逻辑关系更加明显。科技“improve 改善、提高”,然后一系列技术被做某个动作,最后“get more exact figures 得到更加准确的数据”,那么当然应该是技术“被应用、被使用”,对应的就是A选项“employ 应用、雇用”。有的同学对这个词理解得不够全面,认为employ一定是对人做的动作,那么你现在要知道,这个词既可以用来表示“雇用某些人”,又可以用来表示“应用某些事物”,其实二者的本质都是相同的“使用”。
B选项“expect 期待、预期”与前后已知动作的关系是脱节的。只有真正“应用”了技术后,才会有“期待”的动作发生,没有真实应用,期待结果就无从谈起。C选项“approach 接近、靠近”和D选项“inspire 激励、启发”都是比较明显的不合理选项。动作的相关名词是技术,技术无法被靠近,靠近的应该是某个确切的位置或结果;技术也无法被激励,受到激励和启发的应该是人。
3. In 2005, a Chinese team scaled Qomolangma and found that it was not as high as that, as they (26) __________ the height to be 8,844.43 meters.
26.A. Changed B. calculated C. extended D. expanded
解题思路:相对于22题和24题,26题的难度要低很多,因为已知动作和名词的提示非常充足,错误选项的干扰度也比较弱。从已知的“scale测量、攀登”、“find 发现”到后面的“was not as high 没有那么高”和“be 8,844.43 meters 是8844.43米”,以及动作发出者they和动作对象height,都可以判断出来正确答案为B选项“calculate 计算”,这是唯一相关的动作。
A选项“change 改变”的动作对象是不合理的,研究者可以改变他们的研究结果,但是无法改变山峰的高度,如果把height换成类似“result 结果”之类的内容,也许还勉强说得过去。C选项“extend 延长、延伸”用于描述长度增加,D选项“expand 扩张、扩大”用于描述面积增加,研究者不能延长山峰的高度,山峰的高度与面积扩大也没有关系。extend和expand这两个词经常在一起出现考查,属于易混词,需要特别注意。
4. Team members were training to (30) __________ the extreme conditions.
30.A. cope with B. fight for C. take on D. carry out
解题思路:动词短语是动词题的另一种表现形式,也是很多同学头疼的题目类型,原因主要是动词短语太多,如果不了解准确含义很容易无所适从。对于这种与介词考查相关的题目,我给各位的建议就是“积累”。如果这道题出现了你不了解的动词短语,只要把它多记几次有个印象就可以了,你不需要担心自己会遗忘,也不需要去找来一堆一堆的动词短语死记硬背,因为你背不完,而且背完了一样会忘。在一篇高考真题的完形填空中,动词短语的题目考查最多不超过两道题,而且正确答案一定是非常常用的动词短语。只要你按部就班完成正常的备考复习任务,这些短语你就一定应该非常熟悉,并不需要给自己那么大的心理压力。
而且动词短语的实质无外乎就是“基础动词 + 介词本义”而已,绝大多数的动词短语还是有章可循的。比如30题很多人可能误选B选项“fight for 为……而战、为……而拼搏”,那是因为你在看题的时候把“fight for”自动等同成了“fight 作战、对抗”,而忽视了“for 为了……”的含义。“fight the extreme conditions 与极端条件对抗”是合理的,“fight for the extreme conditions 为极端条件而战”就不合理了,因为fight for的后面应该是你要追求的目标和结果,比如“fight for the victory 为胜利而战”。
正确答案是能够与前面的“train 训练”形成连续动作的A选项“cope with 对付、应对”,同义短语是“deal with 解决、处理”,一般用于解决某些问题或困难,比如“cope with the difficulties 应对困难”。C选项“take on 承担、呈现”,可以“take on the responsibility 承担责任”,也可以“take on a new look 呈现新的面貌”。D选项“carry out 开展、执行”,往往用于正式进行某些计划或项目,如“carry out the project 开展项目”。
各位在记忆动词短语的时候也可以借鉴上面的做法,去熟悉一个动词短语实际的使用实例,而非只去死记硬背短语的基本含义,你会逐渐对短语有更加全面的理解,同时还能积累若干写作中能使用的素材。
5. In a nutshell, measuring the Qomolangma’s height is a tall order, (31) __________ huge amounts of money and human resources.
31.A. Wasting B. Spending C. overcoming D. involving
解题思路:31题的动作相关名词是“大量的金钱和人力”,我认为排除A选项“waste 浪费”和C选项“overcome 克服”是比较容易的。“浪费”是个负态度,如果浪费金钱人力,整篇文章讲到的为了测量珠峰的高度而付出的所有努力就都完全失去了意义。“克服”的动作对象往往是困难和障碍,与这里的相关名词不符。
这道题最容易误选的是B选项“spend 花费”,因为中文翻译“花费了大量的金钱和人力”毫无问题,但是如果你知道spend的正确用法是“sb spend … 某人花费了……”,就应该知道spend的动作发出者应该是人,而不是句中的“measuring the Qomolangma’s height 测量珠峰高度”。如果把spend换成“cost 花费”,这里就可以成立了,因为cost的正确用法是“sth cost … 某物花费了……”,cost的动作发出者才是物。这种就是典型的命题者利用词汇中文释义的笼统性产生的误导来人为设置出题陷阱的题目,如果不了解词汇的具体应用方法,很容易出现误选。
正确答案是D选项“involve 涉及、包含”,也就是“与……有关”。测量珠峰的高度牵扯到大量的金钱和人力投入,所以它是“a tall order 难办的事、棘手的问题”。
6. And changes to the peak’s height could (34) __________ whether the two plates are heading toward or away from each other.
34.A. Indicate B. foresee C. measure D. expose
解题思路:结合上一题的思路,你现在能否学会排除B选项“foresee 预见、预知”和C选项“measure 测量、衡量”了呢?这两个动作的发出者都应该是人,而不是句中的主语“changes to the peak’s height 山峰高度的改变”。需要注意的是measure也有主语是物的时候,用于表示“某物的尺寸是……”,后面一定应该是具体的长宽高等数字规格信息,与这里的情况不符。
D选项“expose 暴露”往往表示某物与外界产生了初次接触,或者某些隐秘的内容大白于天下,与后面的“whether 是否”是无法匹配的。比如“他暴露了他的真实身份”是成立的,“他暴露了他是否是那个人”就是混乱的,无论是暴露在某处,还是暴露某些内容,都应该是确定的结果,而非“是否”这种模棱两可的状态。
正确答案为A选项“indicate 表明、显示”,两个板块是在互相接近,还是互相远离,都是人们可以通过山峰高度的变化所了解到的,所谓“表明”,就是传递出信息、信号的意思。在下一段中出现了indicate的衍生词“indicator 指标、迹象”,其实是同样的含义。
至此,Practice 1这篇文章十五道题中的十二道题已经全部解析完毕了。各位会发现相对于比较简单直接的名词题而言,动词题要求你对每个动作的实际应用场景有更加准确细致的把握,这也是完形填空这个题目的重点和难点所在。各位可以在看过Practice 1这十二道重点题目的讲解后,重新再来看一遍文章和题目,回忆一下每道题的解题思路、每个选项的具体要求,从而加深对这些词汇的印象。
四、例题参考译文
参考译文(例题)
Ask people to name the world’s tallest peak and anybody with sound general knowledge will name Mount Qomolangma. But quiz them on its exact height and many will be not sure.
让人们说出世界上最高的山峰,只要有一定常识的人都会提到珠穆朗玛峰。但是如果再问到它的确切高度,许多人可能就不确定了。
In 1975, Chinese surveyors determined that Mount Qomolangma (Mount Everest) was 8,848.13 meters high. As technology improved, satellites, photo electricity, radars and gravity measurement technologies were employed to get more exact figures. Of course, someone still had to carry instruments to what is the world’s rooftop.
1975年,中国勘测员确定珠穆朗玛峰(珠峰)的高度为8,848.13米。随着技术的进步,卫星、光电、雷达和重力测量技术得以应用,从而获得更加准确的数据。当然,仍然需要有人携带仪器登上世界之巅。
In 2005, a Chinese team scaled Qomolangma and found that it was not as high as that, as they calculated the height to be 8,844.43 meters. Scaling Qomolangma is no easy task. The average air temperature there is -29 degrees Celsius, even four degrees lower than in Antarctica. The snow there is 4-5 meters thick and hurricane-like winds blow all the time. Team members were training to cope with the extreme conditions.
2005年,一支中国队伍攀登了珠穆朗玛峰,并且发现它并没有那么高,他们测算出的高度是8,844.43米。攀登珠穆朗玛峰绝非易事。那里的平均气温为摄氏零下29度,甚至比南极洲还要低四度。那里的积雪厚度达4-5米,飓风一般的狂风终日不止。队员们要经过训练来应对极端条件。
In a nutshell, measuring the Qomolangma’s height is a tall order, involving huge amounts of money and human resources. But it is worth the effort. Qomolangma is the perfect window for observing crustal movements. And changes to the peak’s height could indicate whether the two plates are heading toward or away from each other.
总之,测量珠穆朗玛峰的高度是一项艰巨的任务,涉及大量的资金和人力资源。但是一切努力都是值得的。珠穆朗玛峰是观测地壳运动的理想窗口。而峰顶高度的变化可能表明两个地壳板块的运动是彼此接近还是彼此远离。
Besides, the condition of snow and other natural materials at the top is an indicator of upcoming climate change on the Tibet-Qinghai Plateau. That’s why measuring the Qomolangma’s height is so significant. Put to good use, and it can benefit mankind.
此外,峰顶积雪和其它自然资源的状况是青藏高原未来气候变化的指标。这就是为什么测量珠穆朗玛峰的高度如此重要。如果得以善加利用,它将造福人类。
高考英语完形填空真题练习
【2023年新高考全国Ⅱ卷】In April last year, I saw a post on the PNP (Pilots N Paws) website from a family in Topeka. They had to move to Virginia but they were on a very tight ___21___. They could not afford to pay for ___22___ for their dog, Tiffy, and ___23___ wanted to take her with them.
It just ___24___ that I was planning another PNP flight with another pilot, Karen, who ___25___ to take Tiffy from Kansas City to Virginia. What I was to do was fly to Topeka to ___26___ Tiffy.
When I met Tiffy’s owners, they seemed very ___27___. George, the husband, was trying to be calm, but I could tell this was ___28___ for him, having to leave his dog to a ___29___ and trust that everything would _____30_____.
After some goodbyes, I asked George and his wife to help me _____31_____ Tiffy into the plane. I promised to take care of Tiffy and _____32_____ them as soon as we got to Kansas City.
The flight was _____33_____, and Tiffy was a great passenger. The next day, she _____34_____ with Karen and made it back to George in Virginia within a few days. He was so _____35_____ and sent me a nice e-mail with pictures. It felt great to know that I had helped bring this family together again.
21. A. turn B. budget C. schedule D. connection
22. A. food B. shelter C. medicine D. transportation
23. A. desperately B. temporarily C. secretly D. originally
24. A. appeared B. proved C. happened D. showed
25. A. waited B. offered C. hurried D. failed
26. A. see off B. look for C. hand over D. pick up
27. A. confused B. nervous C. annoyed D. curious
28. A. hard B. fine C. common D. lucky
29. A. coworker B. passenger C. stranger D. neighbor
30. A. speed up B. work out C. come back D. take off
31. A. feed B. follow C. change D. load
32. A. call B. join C. leave D. serve
33. A. unnecessary B. unexpected C. unavoidable D. uneventful
34. A. returned B. fought C. flew D. agreed
A. thankful B. generous C. proud D. sympathetic
高考英语完形填空真题练习解析
【答案】21. B 22. D 23. A 24. C 25. B 26. D 27. B 28. A 29. C 30. B 31. D 32. A 33. D 34. C 35. A
【解析】
【导语】本文是一篇记叙文。文章讲述了作者通过Pilots N Paws网站帮助一家搬家的人将他们的狗接到另一个城市的过程。作者和另一位飞行员一起完成了这次任务,最终成功将这只狗带回到了它的主人身边。
【21题详解】
考查名词词义辨析。句意:他们不得不搬到弗吉尼亚,但他们的预算非常紧张。A. turn转折点;B. budget预算;C. schedule时间表;D. connection联系。根据“They could not afford to pay for ___2___ for their dog, Tiffy,”可知,这个家庭的预算非常紧张。故选B。
【22题详解】
考查名词词义辨析。句意:他们付不起他们的狗Tiffy的交通费,又非常想带她一起走。A. food食物;B. shelter庇护;C. medicine药;D. transportation交通。根据“They had to move to Virginia but they were on a very tight ___1___ .”及下文可知,这个家庭的预算非常紧张,所以付不起他们的狗Tiffy的交通费。故选D。
【23题详解】
考查副词词义辨析。句意:他们付不起他们的狗Tiffy的交通费,又非常想带她一起走。 A. desperately非常、拼命地;B. temporarily暂时地;C. secretly秘密地;D. originally起初。根据“wanted to take her with them.”可知,这家人非常想把狗一起带走。故选A。
【24题详解】
考查动词词义辨析。句意:碰巧我和另一名飞行员Karen正在计划另一次PNP飞行,他主动提出要把Tiffy从堪萨斯城带到弗吉尼亚。A. appeared出现;B. proved证明;C. happened碰巧;D. showed展示。根据“I was planning another PNP flight with another pilot, Karen,”可知,碰巧的是作者和另一名飞行员正在计划另一次PNP飞行。故选C。
【25题详解】
考查动词词义辨析。句意:碰巧我和另一名飞行员Karen正在计划另一次PNP飞行,他主动提出要把Tiffy从堪萨斯城带到弗吉尼亚。A. waited等待;B. offered提供、主动提出;C. hurried匆忙;D. failed失败。根据“to take Tiffy from Kansas City to Virginia.”可知,Karen主动提出帮忙把狗Tiffy从堪萨斯城带到弗吉尼亚。故选B。
【26题详解】
考查动词短语辨析。句意:我要做的就是飞到托皮卡去接Tiffy。A. see off为……送行;B. look for寻找;C. hand over移交;D. pick up接载。根据“What I was to do was fly to Topeka”和常识可知,作者需要飞到托皮卡去接Tiffy。故选D。
【27题详解】
考查形容词词义辨析。句意:当我见到Tiffy的主人时,他们看起来很紧张。A. confused困惑的;B. nervous紧张的;C. annoyed恼怒的;D. curious好奇的。根据“George, the husband, was trying to be calm, but I could tell this was ___8___ for him, having to leave his dog to a ___9___ and trust that everything would ___10___ .”可知,这家人看起来有点紧张和不安。故选B。
【28题详解】
考查形容词词义辨析。句意:丈夫George试着冷静下来,但我看得出来,这对他来说很难,他不得不把狗留给一个陌生人,并相信一切都会解决的。A. hard困难的;B. fine好的;C. common常见的;D. lucky幸运的。根据上文“was trying to be calm”以及下文“having to leave his dog to a ___9___ and trust that everything would ___10___ .”可推知,此处指把狗留给一个陌生人对主人来说很难。故选A。
【29题详解】
考查名词词义辨析。句意:丈夫George试着冷静下来,但我看得出来,这对他来说很难,他不得不把狗留给一个陌生人,并相信一切都会解决的。A. coworker合作者;B. passenger乘客;C. stranger陌生人;D. neighbor邻居。根据“George, the husband, was trying to be calm, but I could tell this was ___8___ for him,”可知,要把狗留给一个陌生人。故选C。
【30题详解】
考查动词短语辨析。句意:丈夫George试着冷静下来,但我看得出来,这对他来说很难,他不得不把狗留给一个陌生人,并相信一切都会解决的。A. speed up加速;B. work out解决;C. come back回来;D. take off起飞。根据“George, the husband, was trying to be calm, but I could tell this was ___8___ for him,”可知,让狗的主人George相信一个陌生人一切都会解决好,对他来说很难。故选B。
【31题详解】
考查动词词义辨析。句意:道别之后,我让George和他的妻子帮我把Tiffy送上飞机。A. feed喂养;B. follow跟随;C. change改变;D. load装载。load into装入。根据“Tiffy into the plane.”可知,作者让George和他的妻子帮忙把Tiffy装入飞机。故选D。
【32题详解】
考查动词词义辨析。句意:我答应过会照顾好Tiffy,一到堪萨斯城就给他们打电话。A. call打电话;B. join加入;C. leave离开;D. serve服务。根据“as soon as we got to Kansas City.”可知,作者承诺一到堪萨斯城就给他们打电话。故选A。
【33题详解】
考查形容词词义辨析。句意:这次飞行平安无事,Tiffy是个很棒的乘客。A. unnecessary没有必要的;B. unexpected意想不到的;C. unavoidable不可避免的;D. uneventful太平无事的。根据“and Tiffy was a great passenger.”可知,这次飞行一切都平安无事。故选D。
【34题详解】
考查动词词义辨析。句意:第二天,她和Karen一起坐飞机,几天后就回到了弗吉尼亚州的George那里。 A. returned返回;B. fought打仗;C. flew飞;D. agreed同意。根据“It just ___4___ that I was planning another PNP flight with another pilot, Karen, who ___5___ to take Tiffy from Kansas City to Virginia.”可知,Karen带狗Tiffy飞往弗吉尼亚州。故选C。
【35题详解】
考查形容词词义辨析。句意:他非常感激,给我发了一封很漂亮的电子邮件,并附上了照片。A. thankful感激的;B. generous慷慨的;C. proud骄傲的;D. sympathetic同情的。通读全文,再根据“and sent me a nice e-mail with pictures.”可推知,此处指对于作者的帮忙,George非常感激。故选A。