2024届高三英语二轮复习阅读理解CD篇说明文突破专练(含详解答案和词汇整理测试）-（无答案）

新高考英语阅读理解CD篇说明文突破专练
【难题必做】Text 1
The idea that we need to eat meat to get enough protein and iron, a false assumption of some Paleo diet (原始饮食) advocates, is a common misconception. It ignores the abundance of protein and iron in many plant-based foods such as nuts and seeds. Likewise, while we typically associate omega-3 fatty acids with fish, fish themselves incorporate these into their tissue by eating seaweed, which we can consume directly without the concerns of exposure to microplastics in fish flesh.
Indeed, a whole-food, plant-based diet can provide all essential nutrients except for vitamin B12, made by bacteria in soil and ingested by animals, thereby incorporated into their tissue, milk, and eggs. While modern sanitation allows humans to consume clean produce unpolluted by dirt, we can easily and cheaply obtain oral B12 supplements.
Evidently, significantly reducing our consumption of meat would carry vast benefits. Cardiovascular disease remains the leading cause of death around the world. Eating highly processed foods and red meat has been repeatedly demonstrated to promote underlying mechanisms of cancer and cardiovascular disease, such as inflammation (炎症) and damage to the lining of blood vessels (血管).
Mounting evidence points to the benefits of a whole-food, plant-based diet. Studies from 2017 found that a vegetarian diet is associated with a 25 percent relative risk reduction for coronary heart disease and an 8 percent relative risk reduction for cancer, with a vegan diet related to a 15 percent relative risk reduction for cancer. The World Health Organization has classified processed meat as carcinogenic (致癌的), and unprocessed red meat as probably carcinogenic to humans.
In addition to harming ourselves, eating meat harms others. Factory farming practices often entail unspeakable cruelty to animals, and working conditions for human laborers are often unsafe and inhumane as well. Overcrowding of livestock and workers promotes the spread of disease among both people and animals, putting us all at risk for future pandemics. The over use of “routine” antibiotics (抗生素) to accelerate animal growth and precautiously treat the infections anticipated as a result of living in unclean and overcrowded conditions can promote antibiotic resistance.
While large-scale, well-coordinated national and international action is undoubtedly needed to fight unscrupulous factory farming practices—and to ensure the availability of nutritious and healthy food for all citizens, those with greater influence, such as physicians, educators, and policy makers, should consider the importance of acting as role models for healthy behaviors themselves as well as advocating for policies that ensure better nutritional access and education for others.
All of these should not be excuses for individuals to resist implementing change in their own lives and communities. Societies change when enough individuals within them alter their behavior, and it is up to each of us to act as a change agent in whatever capacity we can. We would all be well served to pull this lever in our own lives as well.
1. The author writes the first two paragraphs mainly to _______.
A. show the concerns of Paleo diet advocates
B. compare the differences between two diets
C. highlight the importance of nutrition intake
D. point out a misunderstanding in nutrition source
2. Which of the following logic chains is reasonable according to the passage
3. What does the underlined word “unscrupulous” in Para. 6 probably mean
A. Illegal. B. Unfair. C. Immoral. D. Unnecessary.
4. Which of the following would be the best title for the passage
A. A Meatless Diet Is Better for You
B. Food Problems Call for Joint Efforts
C. Say No to Processed Meat Consumption
D. Eatable Greens or Not That Is a Question
【词汇表整理及测试】
英文单词 中文翻译
assumption
misconception
abundance
incorporate
tissue
exposure
micro-plastic
sanitation
ingest
cardiovascular
processed
inflammation
mechanism
unprocessed
carcinogenic
factory farming
cruelty
laborer
inhumane
overcrowding
pandemic
antibiotic resistance
coordinated
influential
advocating
implement
society
alter
change agent
capacity
【难题必做】Text 2
I love making art and looking at artworks. I’ve found myself wondering how we gain pleasure from art. And now neuroaesthetics, a combination of neuroscience (神经科学) and aesthetics (美学), may provide an answer.
Neuroaesthetics is a relatively young field of research on what happens in the brain when we make aesthetic assessments. Researchers use brain imaging technique to see which brain areas light up when we view paintings that we consider beautiful. Similar research has been done to understand the “neuronal fireworks” that occur when we look at inspiring sculptures, attractive faces, impressive dance, etc.
But why do we find some art beautiful and other art ugly According to research, it all comes down to the “aesthetic triad (三元组合)”.
The first part of the triad is sensory-motor. This involves perceiving things like colours, shapes and movements. Movement in art has an interesting role. If you see a painting of a movement, like of a man pulling his arm away after being bitten by a dog, you feel like going through a similar experience. The part of your brain that controls your own movements lights up in response.
Second is emotion-valuation. This is how a piece of art makes you feel, and whether or not you appreciate or enjoy that feeling. The part of the brain related to pleasure is activated in response to something we find beautiful. This system can be affected in fascinating ways, as found by research using transcranial magnetic stimulation(TMS) (经颅磁刺激). If TMS is applied to a specific part of your brain behind your forehead that is particularly important for decision-making, you suddenly like different kinds of art. Such stimulation produces significant changes in aesthetic appreciation of faces, bodies and artworks.
The third part is meaning-knowledge. This is to do with how we can connect with a piece of art and what meaning we can create in it. Art is deeply personal, because when two people see the same artwork, our perception can create vastly different experiences of meaning. If we find meaning, then we often find pleasure. We also get enjoyment from the knowledge of how something was made. For the images that an artist creates, viewers will probably get far more enjoyment once they know the process used to create them.
Informed by neuroaesthetics, the next time I create my art I will value the process even more, enjoying the activation of the aesthetic triad in my brain as I admire the vivid images that I have created.
1. What does “neuronal fireworks” in Paragraph 2 refer to
A. A beautiful painting or sculpture. B. The lighting-up of specific brain areas.
C. An advanced brain imaging technology. D. The aesthetic assessment of modern art.
2. What effect does movement in art produce on the viewers
A. Certain part of their brain is activated. B. Their experience of pain is reduced.
C. Their aesthetic sense is sharpened. D. Their body reactions are delayed.
3. The application of TMS to the brain described in Paragraph 5 leads to__________.
A. raised memory capacity B. enhanced painting skills
C. changed artistic taste D. improved decision-making ability
4. According to the author, what increases our enjoyment of a piece of art
A. Knowing how it is created. B. Having a pleasant personality.
C. Learning how science develops. D. Understanding the meaning of life.
5. What is the author’s purpose in writing the passage
A. To propose an abstract theory of art making.
B. To reveal the beauty of science in an artistic way.
C. To share some personal understanding of artworks.
D. To introduce a new research field for art appreciation.
【词汇表整理及测试】
英文单词 中文翻译
aesthetic
imaging technique
triad
sensory-motor
transcranial magnetic stimulation
decision-making
appreciation
perception
vastly different
enjoyment
informed by
activation
vivid
connection
meaning
personal
perceive
admiration
stimulation
【难题必做】Text 3
Getting the “side-eye” look from your dog can make it seem like they are making a judgement about you, and some new studies suggest they really could be.
The ability to judge others’ intentions is an indicator of possessing “theory of mind” which was once thought to be unique to humans. However, new studies have shown that dogs can read human behaviour and have a preference to people who are more friendly or generous with food.
One such study published in 2023 aimed to see if dogs can tell the difference between humans who are “unwilling” or “unable” to give them a treat. 96 dogs were involved in both “unwilling” and “unable” scenarios (情境) designed for the study. Both scenarios involved a dog being placed on one side of a glass screen with small holes in it at nose-height, and an experimenter standing on the other. In the ‘unwilling’ scenario, the experimenter would hang a piece of sausage in front of the screen in a ‘teasing’ (戏耍) manner, and approach one of the holes. But instead of passing it through the hole to the dog, they would then pull it out of its reach. For the “unable” scenario, the experimenter would again move the treat towards the hole while the dog watched, but “accidentally” drop it before they could pass it through.
The researchers observed that the dogs were much more patient, making more eye contact and staying closer to the screen after the “unable” scenario played out. In the “unwilling” scenario, however, the dogs looked at the experimenter less often, sat, lay down and wandered around more frequently.
Another study from 2021 tested for “theory of mind” in dogs in a similar way, but the dogs were able to walk round the screen to obtain the treat after witnessing the experimenter’s “unwilling” or “unable” behaviour. The main finding was that the dogs approached the experimenter significantly sooner in the unable scenario than in the unwilling scenario.
However, the researchers of the 2023 study challenged that the food dropped on the floor in the clumsy (笨拙的) manner might have motivated the dogs to approach the experimenter considering that they probably often obtain food dropped on the floor in their daily lives.
Now, more evidence has been provided that dogs distinguish between similar actions associated with different intentions. But how exactly they acquire such intention-reading abilities will be an exciting topic for future research.
1. What is one of the new research findings according to Paragraph 2
A. Dogs also have “theory of mind”.
B. Dogs prefer food from generous people.
C Human behaviours are mostly intentional.
D. Friendly animals can get food more easily.
2. What did the experimenter do in the “unwilling” scenario in the 2023 study
A. They acted awkwardly while feeding the dog.
B. They pretended to walk slowly away from the dog.
C. They teased the dog by fixing the treat to the screen.
D. They pulled the sausage beyond the dog’s reach.
3. How did the dogs of the 2023 study respond to the “unable” behaviour
A. By moving closer to the experimenter.
B. By keeping wandering around.
C. By ignoring the experimenter.
D. By lying still on the floor
4. How does the experiment design of the 2021 study differ from that of 2023
A. The dogs can watch the experimenter.
B. The dogs can go to the other side of the screen.
C. The dogs’ responses are under close observation.
D. The dogs’ habitual behaviours are under analysis.
5. What do the dogs’ different responses in “unwilling” and “unable” scenarios suggest
A. Dogs can tell “being friendly” from “being mean”
B. Dogs’ intelligence is gradually evolving.
C. Dogs’ intentions can be easily identified.
D. Dogs are a lot more emotional than other animals.
【词汇表整理】
英文单词 中文翻译
theory of mind
indicator
generous
scenario
teasing
experimenter
clumsy
distinguish
intention
acquire
【难题必做】Text 4
The integration of artificial intelligence(AI)in educational technology(EdTech)has brought incomparable convenience and efficiency to classrooms worldwide.However,despite these advancements,it is crucial to recognize the challenges these AI-driven tools pose to the autonomy and professional judgment of instructors.
One of its primary concerns is the depersonalization of instruction.These tools often rely on pre-packaged digital content and standardized solutions,leaving insufficient room for instructors to tailor their teaching methods. Each student possesses unique characteristics.Instructors,armed with their wealth of experience and knowledge, are best positioned to tailor their approaches to these individual needs.However,AI-driven tools restrict their ability to do so effectively,resulting in a one-size-fits-all approach that fails to inspire students to reach their maximum potential.
EdTech companies offer step-by-step solutions to textbook problems.These are intended to act as study aids. However,some students employ this feature as a means to merely copy solutions without comprehending concepts. Consequently,instances of cheating on assignments and exams become widespread.While these tools may offer convenience,students may use external resources or cooperate with others during quizzes,affecting the honesty of their learning outcomes.
The implications of this depersonalization and the increase in academic dishonesty are far-reaching.By decreasing the role of instructors as facilitators of meaningful educational interactions,we run the risk of preventing the growth of critical thinking and problem-solving skills among students.Education should not only focus on knowledge acquisition,but should also develop the ability to analyze,evaluate,and apply that knowledge in real-world contexts.It should help one's mind grow,not simply memorize information.Through dynamic classroom discussions,cooperative projects,and hands-on activities,instructors play a crucial role in developing these essential skills.
While AI-driven EdTech tools undeniably have their virtues,we must not lose sight of the importance of preserving instructor autonomy and educational experience.Instead of relying only on pre-packaged content and standardized solutions,these tools should be designed to empower instructors to adapt and customize their approaches while taking full advantage of the benefits of technology.
28.What do the underlined words "the depersonalization of instruction"in paragraph 2 refer to
A.Tailored methods for individuals. B.Instructors' dependence on Al.
C.Insufficient resources of AI-driven tools. D.The one-size-fits-all approach.
29.What is paragraph 3 mainly about
A.A possible solution. B.A further problem.
C.A well-meant intention. D.A suggested application.
30.In what aspect do students suffer most with AI-driven EdTech education
A.Thinking skills. B.Teamwork building.
C.Interest development. D.Knowledge acquisition.
31.What is conveyed about AI-driven EdTech tools in the last paragraph
A.They should be used widely. B.Their benefits deserve our attention.
C.Their resources need enriching. D.They should support instructor autonomy.
【词汇表整理及测试】
英文单词 中文翻译
integration
incomparable
autonomy
judgment
instructor
de-personalization
standardized
tailored
comprehension
cheating
widespread
【难题必做】Text 5
Including a joke in the title of a paper could pay off in terms of citations（引用）, according to a study. The finding — which has not been proved by peers — suggests that researchers could gain citations by giving their papers amusing titles while some say the evidence is too weak to support the conclusion.
Jokes sometimes find their way into academic papers. “One place where we often see humor is in titles, but there’s a very small amount of literature about whether this is reasonable,” says lead author Stephen Heard, an evolutionary ecologist.
To investigate whether having a funny title could boost a paper’s readership and citations, Heard and his colleagues asked volunteers to score the titles of 2,439 papers according to how amusing they were. The scorers assessed humor on a seven-point scale, from zero (serious titles) to six (extremely funny). The researchers then looked for a link between papers’ humor scores and the number of citations they had received, including self-citations by their own authors.
Papers with funny titles were cited slightly less often than those with more serious or straightforward titles. However, papers with more amusing titles also tended to have fewer self-citations, which led Heard’s team to infer that scientists might give funnier titles to less important papers. “Our assumption is that authors don’t cite their own papers subsequently because they don’t think that those are their most important papers,” Heard says.
After controlling for self-citations as a measure of a paper’s importance, the researchers found that articles with funny titles are in fact cited more than those with serious titles. For example, papers with titles that got a score of six had nearly twice as many citations on average as those whose titles got a humor score of four. But some researchers argued that self-citations might not be a good criterion for a paper’s importance.
1. The finding of the study can be best described as _________ according to the first paragraph.
A. a widely accepted belief. B. something surprising.
C. a wholly resisted opinion. D. something still in debate.
2. How did the researchers carry out the first stage of the study
A. By enquiring about volunteers’ attitudes toward funny titles.
B. By asking participants to divide those titles into seven ranks.
C. By matching the papers’ scores with the volunteers’ likes.
D. By digitalizing the citations into various scores of humor.
3. Which of the following statements will Heard most probably agree with
A. Including a joke in an essay is by no means a good attempt.
B. Self-citations don’t serve as a good standard for the research.
C. Articles with fewer self-citations tend to be unimportant to the authors.
D. Scientists should stop their self-citations to guarantee academic fairness.
4. Which of the following is the best title of the passage
A. One Cites Himself：A Rise To Fame
B. Funny Or Serious：It Serves Your Choice
C. Are You Joking：Funny Titles Are Good
D. Joking Paper Titles：Fewer Citations Or More
【词汇表整理及测试】
英文单词 中文翻译
citations
peers
literature
evolutionary
ecologist
amusing
straightforward
infer
self-citations
criterion
importance
control for
example
score
【难题必做】Text 6
I spoke to my parents last night and for a moment I forgot I wasn’t really speaking to them, but to their digital replicas(复制品). They live inside an app as voice assistants constructed by the company HereAfter AI.
In fact, my parents are still alive and well; their virtual versions were made to help me understand the technology. Grief tech, which lets you “talk” with the people you’ve loved and lost, has been appearing in science fiction. But now it’s becoming a reality. Although the thought of it makes some frightened, it’s not hard to see the appeal that people might turn to digital replicas for comfort.
However, there is one major limitation. These replicas may sound like someone you love, but they know nothing about you. Anyone can talk to them, and get the same reply in the same tone. “The biggest issue with the technology is the idea that you can generate a single universal person,” says Justin Harrison, founder of a technological service.
Creating a virtual avatar you can have more conversation with contributes to your feeling connected to someone you loved and lost, says Erin Thompson, a clinical psychologist. But a grieving person needs to know that these bots can only capture a small part of someone rather than replace healthy, functional human relationships.
And there are other risks. Any service that allows you to create a digital replica of someone without that person’s participation raises complex moral issues. While some might argue that permission is less important with someone who is dead, can’t you also argue that the person who generated the other side of the conversation should have a say too And what if that person is not, in fact, dead
If digital replicas become mainstream, there will inevitably need to be new regulations around what we leave behind online. And we’ll be better off if we cope with the possibility of these replicas’ misuse before, not after, they reach mass adoption.
Anyway, I feel lucky to still have the precious opportunity to spend more time with my parents, face to face, no technology involved.
1.Which of the following is not a drawback of digital replicas
They can’t vary their response accordingly.
They can’t mirror every aspect of a person.
They may pose threat to the interests of people alive.
It’s hard to gain permission from someone who is not alive.
2.What’s the author’s attitude towards grief tech
Favorable. B. Reasonable. C. Critical. D. Indifferent.
3. According to the last two paragraphs, what inspiration did the author draw from his experience
Technology is advancing faster than imagined.
Safety risks can be surely avoided by regulations.
Replicas will not be misused before widely adopted.
Cherish the beloved ones when they are still around.
4. What’s the main idea of the passage
Reflections on grief tech.
Ways to overcome our grief.
C. Technology to change our life.
D. Controversy over digital replicas.
【词汇表整理及测试】
英文单词 中文翻译
replica
construct
grief tech
frightened
digital replicas
limitation
appeal
universal
technological
avatar
contribute
psychologist
complex
【难题必做】Text 7
Both Roberto and Keith have a 45-minute commute(通勤) time from their homes to their workplace. When Roberto drives, he has realistic expectations of how others drive and how long the trip should take. Overall, he is able to adapt to any unexpected challenges he may face on the road. He rarely becomes angry. By contrast, Keith drives with a tendency for becoming angry easily, partly due to unrealistic expectations of other drivers, his quickness to personalize and feel threatened by the actions of others, and his inability to calm his anger.
The difference between how Roberto and Keith experience their drive to work, especially with regard to getting angry, is influenced very much by their emotional intelligence. Emotional intelligence is crucial for helping individuals choose constructive over destructive anger. A key aspect of healthy anger is being able to pause and reflect on, rather than react to, our thoughts, feelings, and senses associated with getting angry.
Self-regulation and empathy are two important components of emotional intelligence, which can be a buffer(缓冲) against destructive anger. Self-regulation helps us to control our moods. Empathy helps us to recognize the humanity in others and ourselves.
Studies suggest that training in emotional intelligence can powerfully impact how anger is managed. This was supported by a three-year study of 476 young adults who showed reduced tendency of becoming angry after training. Children and adults can learn skills to boost their emotional intelligence and, by doing so, develop adaptability for dealing with various negative affect, including anger. Many workbooks offer skills in emotional intelligence to promote empathy and self-awareness regarding emotions and how they impact our beliefs and behavior.
Clearly, through training, Keith would experience greater emotional flexibility that could support a more peaceful commute to work. I firmly believe that learning skills in emotional intelligence should be the focus in helping individuals more constructively manage this highly challenging and complex emotion.
1. What is the function of the first paragraph
A. To tell a true story. B. To make a comparison.
C. To introduce the main topic. D. To present an important finding.
2. Which of the following is the main point of healthy anger
A. Thinking over the annoying situation.
B. Taking action to deal with the awful situation.
C. Turning a blind eye to the unwelcome situation.
D. Expressing feelings about the disturbing situation.
3. What is the author’s attitude towards training in emotional intelligence
A. Tolerant. B. Doubtful. C. Negative. D. Supportive.
4. What is the suitable title of the text
A. Friends Should Enjoy Peaceful Commute
B. Drivers Need to Boost Their Emotional Intelligence
C. Emotional Intelligence Is a Buffer Against Destructive Anger
D. Emotional Intelligence Has a Powerful Impact on People's Life
【词汇表整理及测试】
英文 中文
commute
expectation
personalize
adapt
tendency
unrealistic
threat
inability
emotional intelligence
destructive
self-regulation
empathy
【难题必做】Text 8
In a groundbreaking effort , scientists at the University of Rochester have successfully transferred a longevity gene from naked mole rats to mice, leading to enhanced health and a longer lifespan for the mice .
Unlike many other species , the rats do not often contract diseases - including cancer - as they age . Vera Gorbunova , the Doris Johns Cherry Professor of biology and medicine at Rochester , along with Andrei Seluanov , a professor of biology , and their colleagues have devoted decades of research to understanding the unique mechanisms（机制） that the naked mole rats use to protect themselves against aging and diseases. The researchers discovered that HMW - HA is one mechanism responsible for the rats ' unusual resistance to pared to mice and humans , naked mole rats have about ten times more HMW - HA in their bodies . When the researchers removed HMW - HA from the rat cells , the cells were more likely to form tumors （肿瘤）.
" Our study provides a proof of principle that unique longevity mechanisms that evolved in long - lived mammals can be exported to improve the lifespans of other mammals," says Gorbunova. The Rochester researchers report in a study published in Nature that they successfully transferred a gene responsible for making HMW - HA from naked mole rat to mice. This led to improved health and an approximate 4.4 percent increase in the median lifespan for the mice .
By introducing a specific gene responsible for enhanced cellular repair and protection into mice, the researchers have opened exciting possibilities for unlocking the secrets of aging and extending human lifespan ." It took us 10 years from the discovery of HMW - HA in the naked mole rat to showing that HMW - HA improves health in mice ," Gorbunova says ." Our next goal is to transfer this benefit to humans ."
They believe they can accomplish this through two routes : either by slowing down the degradation of HMW - HA or by enhancing HMW - HAsnhesis . e hope that ourfindings will provide the first , but not the last , example of how longevity adaptations from a long - lived species can be adapted to benefit human longevity and health ." Seluanov says .
1. What does paragraph 2 mainly talk about
A . The beneficial effects of HMW - HA on humans.
B . The comparison between mice and humans in longevity.
C . The process of transferring genes producing HMW - HA.
D . The discovery of a unique mechanism for cancer resistance.
2. What can we learn about the Rochester researchers
A . They have uncovered the secrets of humans.
B . They managed to end the weakening of HMW - HA .
C . They are planning to export longevity genes to humans .
D . They have spent 10 years trying to discover HMW - HA .
3.What does Seluanov think of the prospect of extending human lifespan
A . Hopeful. B . Profitable. C . Doubtful. D . Uncertain.
4. Which of the following is the best title for the text
A . Promise Shown in Control of Human Genes
B . Scientists Successfully Transfer Longevity Gene
C . Achievement Made in Extending Human Lifespan
D . New Breakthrough Paves the Way for Curing Cancer
【词汇表整理及测试】
英文 中文
groundbreaking
longevity
mechanism
contract
resistance
tumor
proof of principle
lifespan
cellular
degradation
synthesis
【难题必做】Text 9
Here are the simple instructions given by a Harvard University assistant professor to people participating in a recent science study: “Imagine the following scene. Visualize it in your mind’s eye, as vividly as you can: a person walks into a room and knocks a ball off a table.”
The assistant professor, Tomer Ullman, then asked those in the study about their mental images: “Did you see how big the ball was How about the person’s hair color ” Most participants visualized the former but not the latter. Ullman and his colleagues term this absence of details “noncommitment” to mental imagery (意象).
Brain imaging studies show that mental imagery engages the same neurons (744770) in similar ways as perception (EXXI). Visualizing things seems to have much in common with actually seeing them. But if mental images are indeed pictures, why do they lack such simple details
Ullman and his colleagues conducted a series of experiments in which participants visualized the ball and table scene and were then presented with the questions selected by the researchers. The findings show 78% of the participants did not visualize at least two details. People are often unaware of how little detail their mental images contain until asked. They don’t notice how much they don’t notice. It has nothing to do with a person forgetting the contents of a mental image, and it also is found in people with vivid imaginations.
“Nearly everyone can tell you the size of the ball but not the person’s hair color,” Ullman says. “It’s like there’s one hierarchy when we construct images, and spatial properties are high up. Then things like colors are further down.” This fits with Kosslyn’s “skeletal image” theory, in which overall shape is generated first, and other details are added as needed.
“There are imagery-based systems for interviewing people who witnessed a crime to guide them through trying to visualize it as accurately as possible,” Kosslyn says. Imagination is an issue, but understanding noncommitment better could help develop ways of getting more accurate eyewitness evidence, he says. “That’s worth a lot.”
1．What does noncommitment to mental imagery refer to
A．Imagining a scene in one’s mind vividly. B．Remembering the size of a ball exactly.
C．Picturing things in one’s mind partially. D．Forgetting a person’s hair colour entirely.
2．Why do people ignore some details when visualizing things
A．They fail to realize. B．They have poor memories.
C．They lack a rich imagination. D．They think in a wrong way.
3．What does the underlined word “hierarchy” probably mean in paragraph 5
A．Prejudice. B．Order. C．Height. D．Standard.
4．What is the last paragraph mainly about
A．The potential value of the research. B．The further prospect of the research.
C．The importance of looking for a witness. D．The difficulty in finding evidence of a crime.
【词汇表整理及测试】
英文 中文
participate
vividly
noncommitment
imagery
perception
hierarchy
spatial
skeletal
eyewitness
accuracy
develop
【难题必做】Text 10
Artificial intelligence models can trick each other into disobeying their creators and providing banned instructions for making drugs, or even building a bomb, suggesting that preventing such AI "jailbreaks" is more difficult than it seems.
Many publicly available large language models （LLMs）, such as ChatGPT, have hard-coded rules that aim to prevent them from exhibiting racial or sexual discrimination, or answering questions with illegal or problematic answers-things they have learned from humans via training data. But that hasn't stopped people from finding carefully designed instructions that block these protections, known as "jailbreaks", making AI models disobey the rules.
Now, Arush Tagade at Leap Laboratories and his co-workers have found a process of jailbreaks. They found that they could simply instruct one LLM to convince other models to adopt a persona （角色）， which is able to answer questions the base model has been programmed to refuse. This process is called "persona modulation （调节）".
Tagade says this approach works because much of the training data consumed by large models comes from online conversations, and the models learn to act in certain ways in response to different inputs. By having the right conversation with a model, it is possible to make it adopt a particular persona, causing it to act differently.
There is also an idea in AI circles, one yet to be proven, that creating lots of rules for an AI to prevent it displaying unwanted behaviour can accidentally create a blueprint for a model to act that way. This potentially leaves the AI easy to be tricked into taking on an evil persona. "If you're forcing your model to be good persona, it somewhat understands what a bad persona is, " says Tagade.
Yinzhen Li at Imperial College London says it is worrying how current models can be misused, but developers need to weigh such risks with the potential benefits of LLMs. "Like drugs, they also have side effects that need to be controlled, "she says.
1. What does the AI jailbreak refer to
A. The technique to break restrictions of AI models.
B. The initiative to set hard-coded rules for AI models.
C. The capability of AI models improving themselves.
D. The process of AI models learning new information.
2. What can we know about the persona modulation
A. It can help AI models understand emotions.
B. It prevents AI learning via online conversations.
C. It can make AI models adopt a particular persona.
D. It forces AI models to follow only good personas.
3. What is Yinzhen Li's attitude towards LLMs
A. Unclear. B. Cautious. C. Approving. D. Negative.
4. Which can be a suitable title for the text
A. LLMs: Illegal Learning Models B. LLMs: The Latest Advancement
C. AI Jailbreaks: A New Challenge D. AI Jailbreaks: A Perfect Approach
【词汇表整理】
英文 中文
jailbreak
hard-coded
discrimination
problematic
persona
modulation
training data
conversation
persona modulation
AI circles
blueprint
【难题必做】Text 11
Fatherhood is seen as dispensable. People freely and frequently undermine a dad’s role in Child-rearing by assuming that he can’t possibly be in charge of a baby on his own or by suggesting that he is such a great dad because he spent ten minutes rocking his own child to sleep. What a hero — doing something that he shouldn’t have to do because, if we’re all honest, it’s a mum’s job.
Stories of fathers in the media tend to focus on their absence. Until relatively recently, fathers were either missing, played a very specific and distant role of breadwinner, or were hapless idiots incapable of using a washing machine. We’re programmed to believe that fathers don’t possess the ‘nurturing gene’ and that this should be the sole responsibility of the mother. The thing is, that is bullshit. Like mothers, fathers have been shaped by evolution to be biologically, psychologically and behaviorally primed to parent. The hormonal and brain changes seen in new mothers are mirrored in fathers. Their ability to parent is not based on biology; it is based on how much time they spend with their children.
Nonetheless, no matter how hard couples try to re-balance the caring duties, we continue to bang our heads against a gendered wall. Our heads — and the heads of almost everyone around us — are filled with nonsense by advertisers and the media who love nothing more than creating a “gender war” out of everything. So even though it’s 2021 and science is telling us the complete opposite, the narrative remains that women are better and more “natural” carers, that they’re the only ones who can multi-task, men don’t really care about children — and are dangerous around them — and so on.
All of this can be hard to dismantle when you realize that the only way you can make ends meet is for the mother to stay off work or go down to part-time when the baby arrives, and for the dad to stay full-time with a killer commute. And of course it’s true that some of us end up internalizing all of this and start to believe the gender stereotypes.
1.The underlined word “dispensable” means “________”.
A.determining and profound B.incompetent and punishing
C.not necessary or essential D.not attractive or appealing
2. Which of the following statements will the author agree with
A.A father who spends ten minutes rocking his kid to sleep should be regarded as a hero.
B.Women’ s better parenting abilities is mainly predetermined by their biological features.
C.The more time a father spends with his kids, the better he will be at looking after them.
D.Women are the only ones who can keep the balance between their work and career.
3. What is the author’s attitude towards the current distribution of parenting duties
A.favourable B.indifferent C.prejudiced D.discontented
4. What might be the best title for the passage
A.Desperate Housewives. B.The Absence of Fatherhood.
C.Happy Wife, Happy Life. D.The Manhood Crisis.
【词汇表整理及测试】
词汇 中文翻译
dispensable
undermine
assume
on one's own
breadwinner
hapless
incapable
bullshit
nurture
prime
biological
psychological
behavioral
based on
gendered
internalize
make ends meet
commute
internalize
gender stereotype
【难题必做】Text 12
You jerk（猛然一动）awake in the middle of the night in confusion. Is there a figure standing in the corner of the room Your brain begs your legs to move,but nothing happens.The anxiety increases. Your eyes scan the room. Just as you're about to hit peak panic,you sit up and the figure disappears.
You've just experienced sleep paralysis（瘫痪），which is the name experts give to all sorts of weird things that occur during sleep. It happens when the brain temporarily disables the body to prevent it from acting out the vivid dreams occurring during REM(rapid eye movement)sleep. It often comes with a feeling of immobility,and a sense of choking.The good news is,it's absolutely normal,even if it's terrifying.
But when sleep paralysis happens outside of deep sleep—when a person is just dozing off—it can be“disruptive of the architecture of sleep,” said Baland Jalal, a researcher who investigates the phenomenon. That could lead to more sleep paralysis.
While not everyone who has sleep paralysis experiences hallucinations（幻觉），seeing a person or a ghost in the room is the most common vision,said Jalal. The mechanisms behind sleep paralysis remain unclear,but research indicates that certain risk factors may increase the likelihood of experiencing a jerk,including extreme exercise before sleep,inadequate sleep, emotional stress and worry, and excessive stimulant consumption(like caffeine and nicotine), especially later in the day.
"For most people,it is not indicative of any kind of disease. If you are really worried about it, regular sleep and other simple relaxation techniques,like meditation, deep breathing and yoga, may help,"said Dr.Nathaniel Watson,president of the American Academy of Sleep Medicine. While the experience feels frightening,the episodes last only a few seconds or minutes at most. Most people slip out of it as quickly as they fell into it,he said.
1. What is sleep paralysis
A. A frightening dream that interrupts sleep. B. A physical symptom of anxiety disorders.
C. A mental disease that affects sleep quality. D. A brief state of being conscious but frozen.
2. What do people who have sleep paralysis often experience
A. Involuntary cough. B.Unreal sensation.
C. Sharpened vision. D. Sustained immobility.
3. What does Dr.Nathaniel Watson say about sleep paralysis
A.It is caused by inadequate sleep. B. It can be a warning signal of diseases.
C.It is a temporary disturbing experience. D. It can be prevented by extreme exercise.
4.Which of the following is a suitable title for the text
A. Common Myths About Sleep Paralysis
B. Sleep Paralysis: How It Affects Sleep Patterns
C. Ways to Prevent and Cope with Sleep Paralysis
D.Sleep Paralysis:Why We Jerk Awake and Can't Move
【词汇表整理及测试】
词汇 中文翻译
jerk
confusion
figure
corner
anxiety
scan .
panic
sleep paralysis
disable
immobility
choking
disruptive
architecture
phenomenon
hallucination
mechanism
risk factor
inadequate
relaxation techniques
meditation
slip out of
答案解析
【难题必做】Text 1 无肉饮食
【导语】 本文是说明文。需要吃肉才能获得足够的蛋白质和铁这是错误的观点，实际上，植物性饮食可以提供人们所需的营养。文章主要介绍了无肉饮食对人们更好。
【参考答案】DDCA
【1题详解】D推理判断题。根据第一段中我们需要吃肉才能获得足够的蛋白质和铁，这是一些原始饮食倡导者的错误假设，是一种常见的误解。它忽略了许多植物性食品(如坚果和种子) 中丰富的蛋白质和铁。和第二段中(事实上，全食物、植物性饮食可以提供除维生素B12之外的所有必需营养素维生素B12由土壤中的细菌产生并被动物摄入，从而融入其组织、牛奶和鸡蛋中。)可知，第一段作者指出了营养来源的一个误区--需要吃肉能获得足够的蛋白质和铁，接着第二段作者指出植物性饮食可以提供除维生素B12之外的所有必需营养素这样一个事实，从而解释了人们所认为的营养来源的误区，由此可推知，作者写前两段主
要是为了指出营养来源的一个误区，故选D。
【2题详解】D细节理解题。根据倒数第三段牲畜和工人的过度拥挤会促进疾病在人
和动物之间的传播，使我们所有人都面临未来流行病的风险。过度使用“常规”抗生素来加速动物生长并谨慎治疗因生活在不清洁和过度拥挤的环境中而导致的感染可能会促进抗生素耐药性。)”可知，过度拥挤的条件促进疾病的传播这导致过度使用抗生素来治疗，而过度使用抗生素会促进抗生素耐药性，故选D。
【3题详解】C词句猜测题。根据划线单词上文工厂化养殖方式往往对动物造成难以言表的残忍，而人类劳工的工作条件也往往不安全和不人道。)”和划线单词前面的“fight(打击)”可知，工养殖化方式对动物造成难以言表的残忍，而人类劳工的工作条件也往往不安全和不人道，由此可知，需要采取大规模、协调一致的国家和国际行动来打击不道德的工厂化养殖做法，划线单词unscrupulous与上文“inhumane”意思一样，意为“不道德的”，与C项“Immoral(不道德的)”意思一样故选C。
【4题详解】A主旨大意题。通读全文，尤其根据第一段中(我们需要吃肉才能获得足够的蛋白质和铁，这是一些原始饮食倡导者的错误假设，是-种常见的误解。它忽略了许多植物性食品 (如坚果和种子)中丰富的蛋白质和铁。)”和第二段(事实上，全食物、植物性饮食可以提供除维生素B12之外的所有必需营养素，维生素B12由土壤中的细菌产生并被动物摄入，从而融入其组织、牛奶和鸡蛋中。)”，第三段中(显然，大幅减少肉类消费会带来巨大的好处。)和第四段中可知，文章主要介绍了需要吃肉才能获得足够的蛋白质和铁这是错误的观点，实际上无肉饮食对人们更好，A项“无肉饮食对你更好”适合作文章标题，故选A。
【难题必做】Text 2 神经美学
【导语】 本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了神经美学这一学科领域，以及它如何解释我们为何会从艺术中获得愉悦感。
【参考答案】BACAD
【1题详解】B词义猜测题。划线短语上文“Neuroaesthetics is a relatively young field of research on what happens in the brain when we make aesthetic assessments. Researchers use brain imaging technique to see which brain areas light up when we view paintings that we consider beautiful.提出当进行审美评估，看到时美丽的画作时，我们大脑的一些区域会“发光”。划线词所在句“Similar research has been done to understand the “neuronal fireworks ” that occur when we look at inspiring sculptures, attractive faces, impressive dance, etc.文中将两种情况进行了类比，由此推知，“neuronal fireworks(神经元烟花)”与上文中的“大脑的一些区域会‘发光’”是同一个意思，即指上文中的“The lighting-up of specific brain areas.”。故选B。
【2题详解】A细节理解题。根据文章第四段“Movement in art has an interesting role. If you see a painting of a movement, like of a man pulling his arm away after being bitten by a dog, you feel like going through a similar experience. The part of your brain that controls your own movements lights up in response.可知，当人们看到艺术中的运动时，人们会觉得自己也有类似的经历，大脑中控制自己动作的部分会相应地亮起来，也就是该部分被激活了。故选A。
【3题详解】C推理判断题。根据文章第五段通过使用经颅磁刺激(TMS)的研究发现，该系统可以以令人着迷的方式受到影响。如果颅磁刺激应用于前额后大脑中对决策特别重要的特定部位，你就会突然喜欢上不同种类的艺术。这种刺激使人们对面孔、身体和艺术品的审美发生了重大变化。)”可推知，颅磁刺激会使人们的审美发生变化。故选C。
【4题详解】细节理解题。根据文章第六段“We also get enjoyment from the knowledge of how something was made. For the images that an artist creates, viewers will probably get far more enjoyment once they know the process used to create them.(我们也从了解事物的制作过程中获得乐趣。对于艺术家创作的图像，一旦观众了解了创作过程，他们可能会获得更多的乐趣。)”可知，如果我们知道了创作过程，我们就会更加欣赏这件艺术品。故选A。
【5题详解】D 推理判断题。根据全文内容可知，文章介绍了神经美学这一学科领域，以及它如何解释我们为何会从艺术中获得愉悦感，因此作者的目的是介绍一个新的研究领域，即神经美学，以帮助人们更好地欣赏艺术。故选D。
【难题必做】Text 3 狗的意图感知能力
【导语】 本文探讨了狗狗是否具有理解人类意图的能力。通过对比“不愿意”与“无法”两种情境下狗狗的反应，研究揭示了它们能够区分人类行为背后的不同意图，为“心智理论”在动物中的存在提供了新的证据。
【参考答案】BACAD
【1题详解】B考查理解和推断能力。第二段提到，“However, new studies have shown that dogs can read human behaviour and have a preference to people who are more friendly or generous with food.” 这表明狗能够理解人类的行为并对更友好或更慷慨的人有偏好，暗示它们可能具有某种程度的“心智理论”。故选A。
【2题详解】A考查细节理解。原文中描述，“In the ‘unwilling’ scenario, the experimenter would hang a piece of sausage in front of the screen in a ‘teasing’ manner, and approach one of the holes. But instead of passing it through the hole to the dog, they would then pull it out of its reach.” 这明确说明了实验者在“不愿意”情境中的行为是将香肠拉到狗够不着的地方。故选D。
【3题详解】C考查细节理解。根据原文，“The researchers observed that the dogs were much more patient, making more eye contact and staying closer to the screen after the ‘unable’ scenario played out.” 这表明在“无法”情境中，狗表现出更多的耐心，更多地与实验者进行眼神接触，并且更靠近屏幕，即靠近实验者。故选A。
【4题详解】考查理解和比较。原文中提到，“Another study from 2021 tested for ‘theory of mind’ in dogs in a similar way, but the dogs were able to walk round the screen to obtain the treat after witnessing the experimenter’s ‘unwilling’ or ‘unable’ behaviour.” 这表明2021年研究的不同之处在于狗可以绕过屏幕去获得食物。故选B。直接描述了2021年研究设计中允许狗绕过屏幕这一独特之处，这是与2023年研究设计的一个明显区别。
【5题详解】D 考查推理判断。原文中描述狗在两种情境中的不同反应，特别是在“unable”情境中狗表现出更多的耐心和接近行为(“the dogs were much more patient, making more eye contact and staying closer to the screen after the “unable” scenario played out.”，而在“unwilling”情境中则表现出较少的关注和更多的游荡行为(“In the “unwilling” scenario, however, the dogs looked at the experimenter less often, sat, lay down and wandered around more frequently. ”。这表明狗能够区分人类的不同意图，即能够判断人是“不愿意”还是“无法”给予食物，从而区分“友好”和“刻薄”。故选A。
【难题必做】Text 4 AI与教育自主权
【导语】 AI在教育科技中的应用给教学带来了方便和效率，但也带来了一些挑战，特别是对教师自主权和专业判断的挑战。文章指出，AI驱动的工具可能导致教学的非个性化，使教师无法充分根据学生的需求调整教学方法。因此，文章呼吁保护教师的自主权和教育经验，让教师能够灵活运用科技，而不是简单地依赖预设内容和标准化解决方案。
【参考答案】DBAD
【1题详解】D本题突出考查具体语境中理解词汇的能力。根据第二段 “AI-driven tools restrict their ability to do so effectively, resulting in a one-size-fits-all approach that fails to inspire students to reach their maximum potential.”可知AI驱动的教学工具限制了教师们根据学生的个人需要来调整他们教学方法的能力，造成“一刀切”，从而未能激发学生发挥其最大潜力。因此推断出“the depersonalization of instruction”指的是“the one-size-fits-all approach ”。
【2题详解】B本题突出考查归纳段落主旨的能力。考点在于让学生通过全文的脉络理解及本段落的结构来概括本段的主旨。根据本段的“however”、”consequently”这两个关键结构逻辑连接词，我们可知该段主要讲述AI-driven tools会导致学生的作弊和诚信问题。另外根据全文篇章脉络，第四段第一句是对第二段和第三段的总结，从而再次证明了第三段的主旨是关于学业诚信的问题。
【3题详解】A本题突出考查理解具体信息的能力。考点在于让考生通过阅读获取具体文本细节信息。根据第四段“By decreasing the role of instructors as facilitators of meaningful educational interactions, we run the risk of preventing the growth of critical thinking and problem-solving skills among students.”可知，如果削弱教师作为教育互动促进者的地位，那么我们就会冒着阻碍学生批判性思维以及问题解决能力技能发展的风险。因此受到阻碍的是思维技能的发展。
【4题详解】D本题突出考查推断的能力。考查点在于让考生通过对最后一段的信息理解，从而推断作者所传达的意思。最后一段第一句,即“While AI-driven EdTech tools undeniably have their virtues, we must not lose sight of the importance of preserving instructor autonomy and educational experience.”可知尽管AI驱动的教学工具有很多优点，但我们不能无视保护教师自主性和教学经验的重要性。
【难题必做】Text 5 取个幽默的论文标题
【导语】 这篇文章探讨了一项研究发现，给论文标题加入幽默元素可能会增加引用次数。虽然这一结论尚未经过同行评审的验证，但研究表明，通过为论文起一个幽默的标题，研究人员可能会增加其引用次数。然而，一些人认为证据不足以支持这一结论。
【参考答案】DBCD
【1题详解】D细节理解题。根据第一段 这一尚未得到同行证实的发现表明，研究人员可以通过给论文起有趣的标题来获得引用，而有些人则认为证据太弱，无法支持这一结论)”可知，这项研究的发现并未被同行证实，有些同行认为证据不足，因而研究成果还存在争议。故选D。
【2题详解】A细节理解题。根据第三段“To investigate whether having a funny title could boost a paper’s readership and citations, Heard and his colleagues asked volunteers to score the titles of 2,439 papers according to how amusing they were.(为了调查一个有趣的标题是否能提高论文的读者和引用率，赫德和他的同事们让志愿者们根据标题的有趣程度给2439篇论文的标题打分)”可知，研究者在研究的起始阶段让志愿者对论文标题的趣味性进行评分。故选B。
【3题详解】B推理判断题。根据文章第四段“However, papers with more amusing titles also tended to have fewer self-citations, which led Heard’s team to infer that scientists might give funnier titles to less important papers.(然而，标题更有趣的论文往往也有更少的自我引用，这让赫德的团队推断，科学家可能会给不太重要的论文起更有趣的标题)”可知，Heard的团队推断，科学家可能会给不太重要的论文起更有趣的标题，因为这些论文的自我引用次数较少。由此推知，Heard可能会同意自我引用次数较少的文章对作者来说可能不太重要。故选C。
【4题详解】B主旨大意题。根据第一段“Including a joke in the title of a paper could pay off in terms of citations (引用), according to a study.及全文可知，文章主要讨论了一项研究，该研究发现，带有趣标题的论文在控制了自我引用次数后，实际上被引用的次数更多。由此可知，D 项“Joking Paper Titles: Fewer Citations Or More(戏谑的的论文标题：引用少还是多)”能概括文章的整体内容，适合作本文最佳标题。故选D。
【难题必做】Text 6 哀悼科技创设死生对话
【导语】 文章介绍了哀悼科技能让人和逝去的挚爱通过技术再次对话。这一技术对人类有着难以抵抗的吸引力，但是该项技术本身也带来不少争议。最大的局限就是该项技术只能进行对话，无法进行情感交互。同时技术背后牵涉的伦理问题也引人深思。也许最好的方式就是趁一切来得及，多陪伴。
【参考答案】CBDA
【1题详解】C文章没有提到数字副本直接对还活着的人的利益构成威胁的缺点。文章更多地关注数字副本的局限性和可能的道德问题。
【2题详解】B作者对悲伤科技持一个平衡的态度，承认它的潜在吸引力和提供安慰的能力，但也强调了它的局限性和潜在的道德问题。
【3题详解】D作者从与数字副本的经历中得到启示，强调了珍惜和与所爱之人面对面相处的重要性，而不仅仅依赖于技术。
【4题详解】A文章的主要观点是对新兴技术悲伤科技的思考和洞察，讨论了它的潜在好处、局限性和道德考虑。
【难题必做】Text 7 情商管理愤怒情绪
【导语】 本文主要讨论了Roberto和Keith在上班通勤过程中处理愤怒的不同经历，进而强调了情绪智商对于选择建设性而非破坏性愤怒的重要性，尤其是通过自我调节和共情作为情商的重要组成部分，可以缓解破坏性的愤怒。研究表明情商的培训可以强大地影响愤怒的管理，尤其在年轻人中有降低愤怒倾向的效果。
【参考答案】CADC
【1题详解】C推理判断题。第一段讲述Roberto 和Keith在通勤路上驾车遇到恼火情况时不同的反应,第二段进入本文主题。所以第一段的功能是引出本文主题。故选C。
【2题详解】A细节理解具体题。根据文章第二段“A key aspect of healthy anger is being able to pause and reflect on, rather than react to, our thoughts,feelings, and senses associated with getting angry.(健康愤怒的一个关键方面是能够停下来反思,而不是对我们与愤怒有关的想法、感受和感觉做出反应。)”可知,对令人恼怒的情况进行仔细思考是健康愤怒的重点。故选A。
【3题详解】D推理判断题。根据文章最后一段第二句“I firmly believe that learning skills in emotional intelligence should be the focus in helping individuals more constructively manage this highly challenging and complex emotion.(我坚信,学习情商技能应该是帮助个人更具建设性地管理这种极具挑战性和复杂情绪的核心重点)”可推知,作者对待情商训练持有支持的态度。故选D。
【4题详解】C理解主旨要义题。通读全文,尤其是第三段的“Self-regulation and empathy(同理心)are two important components of emotional intelligence, which can be a buffer(缓冲)against destructive anger.(自我调节和同理心是情商的两个重要组成部分,情商可以起到缓冲作用对抗破坏性的愤怒。)”可推知,C项“Emotional Intelligence Is a Buffer Against Destructive Anger(情商是对抗破坏性愤怒的缓冲)”适合做题目。故选C。
【难题必做】Text 8 长寿基因移植
【导语】 本文报道了罗切斯特大学科学家成功将裸鼠的长寿基因转移至老鼠，从而提高老鼠的健康水平并延长寿命。裸鼠老化过程中很少患病，包括癌症。研究人员发现，裸鼠抗癌的一个机制是高分子量透明质酸，而成功将这一基因转移到老鼠后，老鼠的寿命得到提高。
【参考答案】DCAB
【1题详解】D第二段主要在探讨Rat 为什么随着年龄的增长，并不容易感染疾病，原因是因为他们体内有HMW—HA这个物质，如果把这个物质移除，老鼠会很容易得肿瘤。所以第二段主要在探讨rat不容易得病的机理或者原理，选D。
【2题详解】C根据倒数第二段的最后一句，R这些研究员的下一步是把研究的好处和成果转移到人类身上，即他们计划把这个长寿基因移植到人类身上。
【3题详解】A根据最后一段they believe they can accomplish this through two routes, 可知科学家对于他们的研究成果能够延长人类寿命这一点是非常有信心的，选hopeful。
【4题详解】B科研类首段的科研成果是文章主旨，第一段主要讲了科学家把长寿基因从rat移植到了mice，这个就是文章主旨和标题，选B。
【难题必做】Text 9 构建心理意象的非承诺性
【导语】 本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍了一个理论：人们构建心理意象时往往缺少细节，这被称作“非承诺性”。即使有着生动的想象力，人们也往往忽视一些简单的细节。这与学者Kosslyn的“骨架形象”理论相符合，即整体形状首先生成，其他细节需要按需添加。了解这一现象有助于开发更准确的目击证据采访系统。
【参考答案】CABA
【1题详解】C细节理解题。根据第二段中“Ullman and his colleagues term this absence of details “noncommitment” to mental imagery (意象).(乌尔曼和他的同事将这种细节的缺失称为对心理意象的“非承诺性”。)”可知，“非承诺性”指的是心理意象在构建时会缺乏一定的细节，是一种部分地在脑海中描绘事物的现象。故选C。
【2题详解】A细节理解题。根据第四段中“People are often unaware of how little detail their mental images contain until asked. They don’t notice how much they don’t notice. (直到被问到，人们才意识到他们脑海中的图像所包含的细节是多么的少。他们没有注意到他们没有注意到多少。)”可知，人们之所以会忽视心理意象构建时的细节是因为人们没有意识到图像中包含多少细节。故选A。
【3题详解】B词义猜测题。根据划线词后面的内容，当我们构建图像时，空间属性很高。然后是颜色之类的东西。”这符合Kosslyn的“骨架形象”理论，即首先生成整体形状，然后根据需要添加其他细节。)”可知，此处强调人们在构建图像的时候是按照一定的顺序进行的即先整体后局部细节。故猜测划线词与B选项“Order.(顺序)”为同义词。故选B。
【4题详解】A主旨大意题。根据最后一段中“but understanding noncommitment better could help develop ways of getting more accurate eyewitness evidence, he says. “That’s worth a lot.”(但他说，更好地理解“非承诺性”可能有助于找到获得更准确的目击证据的方法。“这很有价值。”)”可知，本段主要阐述的是“非承诺性”行为的研究价值即能够有助于更准确的找到目击证据。故选A。
【难题必做】Text 10 大语言模型面临AI越狱
【导语】 本文是一篇科普文。目前被广泛运用的一些大语言模型（LLMs）正面临着新的挑战——AI Jailbreaks（AI越狱）。文章主要介绍了AI Jailbreaks的概念、运作过程及其对LLMs带来的影响。
【参考答案】ACBC
【1题详解】A文章第二段介绍了“jailbreaks”的含义。目前许多公开可用的大型语言模型都有硬编码规则，“But that hasn't stopped people from finding carefully designed instructions that block these protections”，可见，“jailbreaks”（“越狱”）是指一种可以突破AI模型限制的一种技术。因此，A选项是正确的。
【2题详解】 C文章中提到，在“persona modulation”这个过程中， “They found that they could simply instruct one LLM to convince other models to adopt a persona （角色）, which is able to answer questions the base model has been programmed to refuse.” 这个方法之所以有效，是因为通过与一个模型进行正确的对话，可以使其采用特定的角色，进而做出不同的行为。因此，C选项是正确的。
【3题详解】B文章最后一段表明了Yinzhen Li的态度。“Yinzhen Li at Imperial College London says it is worrying how current models can be misused, but developers need to weigh such risks with the potential benefits of LLMs. “Like drugs, they also have side effects that need to be controlled," she says.”可见，Yinzhen Li认为需要认真权衡LLMs的潜在利益和风险，对其保持谨慎态度。因此，B选项是正确的。
【4题详解】C文章主要介绍了“AI Jailbreaks”的概念、运作过程和影响，根据文章内容可知，AI Jailbreaks对于大语言模型是一种新的挑战。因此，C选项是正确的。
【难题必做】Text 11 父亲角色弱化缺失
【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍了人们随意地、频繁地削弱父亲在抚养孩子中的角色作用，造成父亲被认为是可有可无的错误认知，作者在文中抨击了这一现象并分析了原因。
【参考答案】CCDB
【1题详解】C 词句猜测题。根据划线词下文“People freely and frequently undermine a dad’s role in Child-rearing by assuming that he can’t possibly be in charge of a baby on his own or by suggesting that he is such a great dad because he spent ten minutes rocking his own child to sleep.(人们随意地、频繁地削弱父亲在抚养孩子中的角色作用，认为他不可能独自一人照顾孩子，或者暗示他是一个伟大的父亲，因为他花了十分钟摇着自己的孩子入睡)”可知，人们总是削弱父亲在抚养孩子中的角色作用，所以导致父亲被认为是可有可无的，由此推知上文“Fatherhood is seen as dispensable.”中划线词的意思是“不必要的或不重要的”。故选C项。
【2题详解】C推理判断题。根据第二段中“Their ability to parent is not based on biology; it is based on how much time they spend with their children.(他们的养育能力不是基于生物学；这取决于他们花多少时间和孩子在一起)”可知，作者认为养育能力取决于花多少时间和孩子在一起，由此推知，作者会赞同“父亲花在孩子身上的时间越多，他就能更好地照顾他们。”这一说法。故选C项。
【3题详解】D推理判断题。根据第三段中“Nonetheless, no matter how hard couples try to re-balance the caring duties, we continue to bang our heads against a gendered wall.(尽管如此，无论夫妻们多么努力地试图重新平衡照顾孩子的责任，我们还是无法摆脱关于孩子的抚养的性别偏见)”可推知，当前父母责任的分配无法让我们摆脱与孩子抚养相关的性别偏见，由此推知，作者对于当前父母责任的分配是不满意的。故选D项。
【4题详解】 B主旨大意题。通读全文可知，文章介绍了人们随意地、频繁地削弱父亲在抚养孩子中的角色作用，造成父亲被认为是可有可无的错误认知，作者在文中抨击了这一现象并分析了原因。结合选项，“The Absence of Fatherhood.(父亲的缺席)”正是文章讨论的主题：为什么父亲会缺席孩子的抚养，所以B项是文章最佳标题。故选B项。
【难题必做】Text 12 睡眠瘫痪
【导语】这篇文章讨论了睡眠瘫痪的现象。睡眠瘫痪是指在睡眠过程中大脑暂时禁止身体行动，以防止在快速眼动（REM）睡眠期间出现生动的梦境。文章还提到了导致睡眠瘫痪的风险因素。对于大多数人来说，睡眠瘫痪不表示任何疾病，正常的睡眠和放松技巧如冥想、深呼吸和瑜伽可能有所帮助。
【参考答案】DBCD
【1题详解】B 细节理解题。根据第二段你刚刚经历了睡眠瘫痪，这是专家给睡眠中发生的各种奇怪的事情起的名字。当大脑暂时使身体失去功能，以防止它在REM睡眠期间发生生动的梦时，就会发生这种情况。它通常伴随着一种不动的感觉，和一种窒息的感觉。好消息是，这是绝对正常的，即使这很可怕。可知，睡眠瘫痪是一种有意识的但僵住的短暂状态。故选D。
【2题详解】B推理判断题。根据第一段内容可知，经历睡眠瘫痪的人会有不真实的感觉。故选B。
【3题详解】C推理判断题。根据第三段的““For most people, it is not indicative of any kind of disease. If you are really worried about it, regular sleep and other simple relaxation techniques, like meditation, deep breathing and yoga, may help,” said Dr. Nathaniel Watson, president of the American Academy of Sleep Medicine. (“对大多数人来说，这并不意味着任何疾病。如果你真的担心这个问题，有规律的睡眠和其他简单的放松技巧，比如冥想、深呼吸和瑜伽，可能会有所帮助，”美国睡眠医学学会主席纳撒尼尔·沃森博士说)”可知，纳撒尼尔·沃森博士认为睡眠瘫痪不是疾病，只是短暂地令人不安的经历。故选C。
【4题详解】D主旨大意题。根据第二段“You’ve just experienced sleep paralysis(瘫痪), which is the name experts give to all sorts of weird things that occur during sleep. It happens when the brain temporarily disables the body to prevent it from acting out the vivid dreams occurring during REM (rapid eye movement) sleep. It often comes with a feeling of immobility, and a sense of choking. The good news is, it’s absolutely normal, even if it’s terrifying.以及下文的分析可知，本文讲述了睡眠瘫痪这一现象，睡眠瘫痪是一段在睡眠时发生的清醒却不能移动的感觉，分析出现睡眠瘫痪的原因。因此推断D项“睡眠瘫痪：为什么我们会突然醒来却不能动”可以作为本文的最佳标题。故选D。