Unit 4
Section Ⅲ Grammar and usage
【学习目标】
1.通过对教材的理解,了解重要词汇的基本用法。(语言能力)
2.通过导学案的套用,以练促学,巩固内化单词、短语和句式,并学以致用。(学习能力)
3.通过对教材的理解,学会运用非谓语动词的用法。(学习能力)
【合作探究】
新知探究
核 心 单 词
知识点1 undergo vt.(underwent,undergone) 经历;经受
(P48)During that time, England was undergoing a process called industrialization.
在此期间,英国正在经历一个称为工业化的过程。
知识拓展
undergo great changes 经历巨变
undergo tests/trials/repairs 经受考验/接受检修
经典佳句
When we eat too much roast or spicy food, or undergo too much physical or emotional stress, our bodies will get “hot”, and we will become unwell.
当我们吃太多烤制或辛辣的食物,或遭受太多身体或精神上的压力,我们的身体会变“热”,我们会变得不舒服。
融会应用
单句写作
(1)The technology will .
这一技术将会经历更进一步的改善。
(2)In recent years, China .
近年来,中国经历了巨变。
答案 (1)undergo further improvement (2)has undergone great changes
知识点2 advocate vt.拥护;支持;提倡
(P48)Instead, they advocated going back to nature.
相反,他们提倡回归自然。
知识拓展
advocate (doing) sth 主张(做)某事
advocate that... (should) do... 主张/倡导……
It is advocated that... (should) do... 有人主张 / 提倡……
an advocate of/for ……的支持者/拥护者
经典佳句
I think people should advocate improvements in the way we use energy today.
我认为人们应该提倡改善当下我们使用能源的方式。
融会应用
单句写作
(1)Others advocated more and more people to wear traditional clothes.
另外一些人提倡我们鼓励越来越多的人穿传统服装。
(2)In college, the first professor he met was .
在大学里,他遇到的第一位教授是一位真理的倡导者。
答案 (1)that we (should) encourage (2)an advocate of truths
短 语 句 式
知识点3 It is/was a time when...
(P48)It was a time when many painters, musicians, novelists and poets looked at the world in new and different ways.
在那个时代,许多画家、音乐家、小说家和诗人都以崭新的、不同的方式看待这个世界。
知识拓展
本句为“It is/was a time when ...”句式,其中when引导定语从句,先行词为a time。
time的其他相关句型如下:
It/This/That is the first/second .../last time that ...have done ... 这是某人第一、二……最后一次做某事
It is time to do sth 到该做某事的时候了
It is (high) time that sb did/should do sth 到该某人做某事的时候了
each time/every time/next time/any time 每次/下次/任何时候(引导时间状语从句)
It was a time when anything seemed possible.
那是一个任何事都可能发生的时代。
Every time I hear that song I feel happy.
我每次听到那首歌我都感到很愉快。
It is high time that the government took effective measures to resolve these problems.
该是政府采取有效措施来解决这些问题的时候了。
It is the first time that the school has offered computer science classes.
这是该校第一次提供电脑科学课。
It is time to remember friends and family members who have died.
到纪念已故朋友和家人的时候了。
融会应用
单句填空
(1)This is the first time that scientists (find) that a volcanic eruption produced such an effect.
(2)It is high time that we (put) great emphasis on the wildlife protection.
(3)It is time for you (lay) aside your differences and trust each other.
答案 (1)have found (2)put/should put (3)to lay
语法探究
非谓语动词
自主探究
观察下列句子,注意黑体部分的用法。
1.So, how to reveal this hidden dimension
2.Sometimes reading a poem can be a lifelong job.
3.You need to go on a journey to a remote and unknown destination.
4.Finally, remember that you do not have to fully understand a poem to appreciate it.
5.Poetry's combination of “sound” and “sense” makes you see the world in a new way and allows you to go beyond normal reality for the everlasting beauty.
我的发现
(1)句1中非谓语动词hidden在句中作 ;
(2)句2中非谓语动词短语reading a poem在句中作 ;
(3)句3中非谓语动词短语to go on a journey在句中作 ;
(4)句4中非谓语动词to appreciate在句中作 ;
(5)句5中非谓语动词短语to go beyond normal reality在句中作 。
答案 (1)定语 (2)主语 (3)宾语 (4)状语 (5)补语
探究点1 动词不定式和动词-ing形式作主语
动词不定式作主语通常表示具体动作;动词-ing形式作主语通常表示抽象动作。
To swim in the sea in hot summer is very pleasant.
炎热的夏季在海里游泳很惬意。
Reading aloud is a good way to learn English.
大声朗读是学习英语的一个好方法。
名师点拨
动词不定式作主语时,一般可用it作形式主语,而将真正的主语放在后面;而动词-ing形式只能在一些特定的句式中用it作形式主语。
It is no use (no good,no fun,a waste of time...)+doing sth.
探究点2 动词不定式和动词-ing形式作宾语
1.except、but作介词时后面也可以跟动词不定式,但多用于否定句和疑问句。
He has no choice but to lie down and sleep.
他别无选择,只能躺下睡觉。
Tom did nothing last night except to watch TV.
除了看电视,汤姆昨晚什么也没干。
2.下列动词(短语)后要用动词不定式作宾语:agree、promise、learn、fail、decide、plan、manage等。
They managed to escape from the burning building.
他们成功地逃出了那座着火的大楼。
3.下列动词(短语)后要用动词-ing形式作宾语:allow/permit、consider、suggest/advise/propose/recommend、be busy、insist on、practise、appreciate等。
I appreciate having been given the opportunity to study abroad two years ago.
我很感激两年前被给予出国学习的机会。
4.有些动词后既可用动词-ing形式又可用动词不定式作宾语,意义上无较大差别,常见的有begin、start、prefer、love、like等;而有些两者意义完全不同,常见的有remember、forget、try、regret、mean等。
As soon as he arrived at the school,he began reading/to read his English book.
他一到学校就开始看英语书。
Don't forget to post the letter for me when you pass the post office.
当你经过邮局时,别忘了替我把这封信寄出去。
I'll never forget hearing this piece of music for the first time.
我永远不会忘记第一次听到这首曲子的情景。
5.有些动词(如need、want、require、bear等)后可跟动词-ing形式表示被动意义,也可跟动词不定式的被动形式表示被动意义。
The house needs repairing/to be repaired.
这幢房子需要修缮。
This kind of cloth bears washing/to be washed.
这种布料很耐洗。
探究点3 动词不定式、动词-ing形式和动词-ed形式作表语
1.动词不定式作表语一般表示具体动作,特别是表示将来的动作。动词-ing形式作表语一般表示抽象的一般性的行为。
To do two things at a time is to do neither.
一次做两件事等于什么也做不成。
Her job is teaching.
她的工作就是教书。
如果主语是动词不定式(表示条件),表语也用动词不定式(表示结果);如果主语是动词-ing形式,表语也用动词-ing形式。
To be kind to the enemy is to be cruel to the people.
对敌人仁慈就是对人民残忍。
Helping others is helping yourself.
帮助别人就是帮助自己。
2.动词-ing形式作表语一般表示事物的性质、特征;动词-ed形式作表语多用来描述人或高级动物的心理状态。例如表示“人对……感兴趣”就用sb be interested in...,表示“人/物本身有趣”就用sb/sth be interesting。这类词常见的有interesting / interested, exciting / excited, delighting / delighted, disappointing / disappointed等。
探究点4 动词不定式、动词-ing形式和动词-ed形式作定语
1.动词不定式作定语
(1)用动词不定式作定语的几种情况:
①动词不定式表将来
The car to be bought is for his sister.
要买的这辆车是给他姐姐的。
②用来修饰被序数词、最高级或no、all、any等限定的中心词。
He was the best man to do the job.
他是做这项工作的最佳人选。
She was the first woman to win the gold medal in the Olympic Games.
她是第一个在奥运会上获得金牌的女运动员。
③当修饰抽象名词时用动词不定式,常见的抽象名词有ability、chance、idea、fact、excuse、promise、answer、reply、attempt、belief、way、reason、moment、time等。
Do you have the ability to read and write in English
你具备读写英语的能力吗
I have no chance to go sightseeing.
我没有机会去观光。
(2)作定语的动词不定式如果是不及物动词,或者动词不定式所修饰的名词或代词是动词不定式动作的地点、工具等,动词不定式后面须有相应的介词。
The Browns have a comfortable house to live in.
布朗一家有舒适的房子居住。
(3)当作定语的动词不定式所修饰的名词或代词是动词不定式动作的承受者时,动词不定式既可用主动语态,也可用被动语态,但其含义有所不同。
Have you got anything to send
你有什么东西要寄吗 (动词不定式to send的动作执行者是“你”)
Have you got anything to be sent
你有什么要(我或别人)寄的东西吗 (动词不定式to be sent的动作执行者是“我”或“别人”)
2.动词-ing形式/动词-ed形式作定语
(1)动词-ing形式作定语:动词-ing形式作定语时,与被修饰词之间是主谓关系。
The soldiers wearing sky-blue helmets are United Nations peacekeepers.
戴着天蓝色头盔的士兵是联合国维和人员。
(2)动词-ed形式作定语:动词-ed形式作定语时,与被修饰词之间是动宾关系,表示被动或完成的动作。
The house built last year has become our lab.
去年建的那座房子已经成了我们的实验室。
名师点拨
1.单个动词-ing形式/动词-ed形式作定语一般放在被修饰的名词前面,短语作定语放在所修饰的名词后面。
Keep silent in order not to wake up the sleeping baby.
保持安静,别弄醒熟睡的婴儿。
2.动词-ing形式的一般式(doing) 作定语,表示主动、进行的动作;动词-ing形式一般式的被动语态(being done) 作定语,表示被动、进行的动作。
The man standing by the window is our teacher.
站在窗户旁边的那个人是我们的老师。
The bridge being repaired will be put into use next month.
正在修缮的大桥将于下个月投入使用。
探究点5 动词不定式、动词-ing形式和动词-ed形式作状语
1.动词不定式作状语
(1)动词不定式作目的状语:to do、in order to do和so as to do,其中so as to do不能用于句首。
We eat to live rather than live to eat.
我们吃饭是为了活着,而不是活着为了吃饭。
In order to find hard evidence,he searched the whole house.
为了找到确凿证据,他搜查了整个房子。
(2)动词不定式作原因状语:跟在某些表示心理变化的形容词后面,如:glad、surprised、amazed、delighted等。
We were surprised to find everything changed.
发现一切都变了,我们很惊讶。
(3)动词不定式作结果状语:表示出人意料的结果,动词不定式前有逗号和副词only;也可以用于too...to...“太……而不能……”,enough to...“足够……”和so/such...as to...“如此……以至于……”句型中。
I hurried to Professor Wang's house, only to find he was out.
我匆忙赶到王教授的家,却发现他出去了。
He was so tired as to be unable to walk.
他累得走不动了。
2.动词-ing形式/动词-ed形式作状语
(1)动词-ing形式/动词-ed形式作原因状语:动词-ing形式/动词-ed形式用作原因状语,通常可转换成原因状语从句。
Getting up late (=As he got up late),he missed the early train.
由于起床晚了,他没有赶上早班火车。
Greatly encouraged (=As we were greatly encouraged),we made up our mind to carry on the hard work.
由于受到极大鼓舞,我们决心将艰苦的工作继续下去。
(2)动词-ing形式/动词-ed形式作时间状语:动词-ing形式/动词-ed形式用作时间状语,通常可转换成时间状语从句。
Hearing the good news (=When he heard the good news),he jumped with joy.
听到这个好消息,他高兴地跳了起来。
(3)动词-ing形式/动词-ed形式作伴随状语或方式状语:动词-ing形式/动词-ed形式用作伴随状语,通常可转换成并列谓语,它表示的动作伴随句子谓语的动作同时发生。动词-ing形式/动词-ed形式用作方式状语与用作伴随状语的情形比较接近。
Tom lay on the grass,staring at the sky (=and stared at the sky) for a long time.
汤姆躺在草地上,长时间地望着天空。
He hurried to the hall,followed by two guards(=and he was followed by two guards).
他快步走向大厅,身后跟着两个警卫。
(4)动词-ing形式/动词-ed形式作条件状语:动词-ing形式/动词-ed形式用作条件状语通常可转换成条件状语从句。
Working hard(=If you work hard),you will succeed.
努力工作,你将会成功。
Seen in the distance(=If it is seen in the distance),the village looks more beautiful.
从远处看,这个村庄看上去更漂亮。
(5)动词-ing形式作结果状语:动词-ing形式用作结果状语时,通常可转换成并列谓语,它表示伴随谓语动作的发生而产生的自然结果。
The fire lasted for a week,leaving nothing valuable (=and left nothing valuable).
大火持续了一周,几乎没剩下什么有用的东西。
(6)动词-ing形式/动词-ed形式作让步状语:动词-ing形式/动词-ed形式用作让步状语,通常可转换成让步状语从句。
Although living miles away (=Although he lived miles away),he attended the course.
虽然住在几英里以外,他仍去上课。
Defeated(=Although he was defeated) again,the scientist didn't give up.
尽管再次被打败了,但这位科学家并没有放弃。
名师点拨
1.动词不定式作结果状语和动词-ing形式作结果状语的区别
动词不定式和动词-ing形式均可表示结果,但有区别:动词不定式表示结果,其动作发生在谓语动词动作之后,常表示未曾料到的结果或令人不快的结果,动词不定式前常加only;动词-ing形式表示结果,是伴随谓语动词动作的发生而产生的自然结果。
2.动词-ing形式作状语与动词-ed形式作状语的区别
(1)动词-ing形式作状语时,动词-ing形式的动作就是句子主语的动作,它们之间是主谓关系。
He went out shutting the door behind him.
他出去后将门随手关上了。
(2)动词-ed形式作状语时,动词-ed形式表示的动作是句子主语承受的动作,它们之间是动宾关系。
Given more attention,the trees could have grown better.
如果对这些树多关心一些,它们本可以长得更好。
探究点6 动词不定式作宾语补足语
1.一般情况下,动词不定式作宾语补足语常指动作是将来发生的,动词-ing形式作宾语补足语表示动作正在进行,而动词-ed形式作宾语补足语常表示动作被动完成。
The children asked their parents to take them to the park.
孩子们请求父母带他们去公园。
Suddenly he heard someone knocking gently on the window.
忽然他听见有人在轻轻地敲窗户。
When they got there,they found the house burnt down.
当他们到那儿时,发现房子已全部被烧毁。
2.感官动词(see、watch、look at、observe、notice、hear、listen to、feel等)及部分表示“使;让”的使役动词(have、make、let等)后跟动词不定式作宾语补足语时,要省略动词不定式符号to,但在被动语态中作主语补足语时动词不定式要保留to。
Though he often made his sister cry before,today he was made to cry by his sister.
虽然以前他总是弄哭他妹妹,但今天他却被他妹妹弄哭了。
【随堂检测】
Ⅰ.品句填空
1.Helen is a very well-known n in Australia.
2.Walt Disney stayed true to his (理想).
3.She is a fairly r person who has strong religious views.
4.He went into the hospital to u tests for a pain in his abdomen(腹部).
5.I transformed the world.
6.Many experts a rewarding our children for good behaviour.
7.I drove around the business (区域).
答案 1.novelist 2.ideals 3.rigid 4.undergo 5.Industrialization 6.advocate 7.district
Ⅱ.单句填空
1. (play) with fire will be dangerous.
2.His project resulted in farmers (replace) their crops with trees or grass.
3.The film is (excite).
4.There are still many problems (solve) before we are ready for a long stay on the moon.
5. (spend) nearly all our money, we couldn't afford to stay at a hotel.
6.I caught John (read) my private letters.
7.During the Mid-Autumn Festival,family members often gather together (share) a meal,admire the moon and enjoy moon cakes.
8.I was watching the clock all through the meeting,as I had a train (catch).
9.When the clerk saw a kind face wrinkled in an apologetic smile,she stood rooted to the ground, (wonder) whether to stay or leave.
10. (absorb) in painting,John didn't notice evening approaching.
答案 1.To play 2.replacing 3.exciting 4.to be solved 5.Having spent 6.reading 7.to share 8.to catch 9.wondering 10.Absorbed
Ⅲ.语法填空
Good afternoon, ladies and gentlemen. It is a great honor for me 1. (introduce) this English speech contest. As we all know, 2. (master) a foreign language is very important. 3. (take) part in an English speech contest is a helpful way 4. (learn) English. Everyone wants to show their best. When they prepare for it, they can improve their listening and speaking ability, 5. (develop) a good habit of learning English.
In the process of the competition, you should pay attention to the rules 6. (make) by us. First, you should make your voice 7. (hear) clearly by everyone, so 8. (read) aloud is very necessary. Second, you should try your best 9. (express) yourself in English fluently. Finally, you should finish your speech in five minutes.
I am sure the English speech competition will be a great success and the audience will feel 10. (satisfy) with our performance. Thank you!
答案 1.to introduce 2.to master 3.Taking 4.to learn 5.developing 6.made 7.heard
8.reading 9.to express 10.satisfied
2(共46张PPT)
UNIT 4 Exploring poetry
Section Ⅲ Grammar and usage
1.通过对教材的理解,了解重要词汇的基本用法。（语言能力）
2.通过导学案的套用,以练促学,巩固内化单词、短语和句式,并学以致用。（学习能力）
3.通过对教材的理解,学会运用非谓语动词的用法。（学习能力）
核心单词
知识点1 undergo vt.（underwent，undergone） 经历；经受
（P48）During that time, England was undergoing a process called industrialization.
在此期间,英国正在经历一个称为工业化的过程。
知识拓展
undergo great changes 经历巨变
undergo tests/trials/repairs 经受考验/接受检修
经典佳句
When we eat too much roast or spicy food, or undergo too much physical or emotional stress, our bodies will get “hot”, and we will become unwell.
当我们吃太多烤制或辛辣的食物，或遭受太多身体或精神上的压力，我们的身体会变“热”，我们会变得不舒服。
融会应用 单句写作
（1）The technology will__________________________.
这一技术将会经历更进一步的改善。
undergo further improvement
（2）In recent years, China__________________________.
近年来,中国经历了巨变。
has undergone great changes
知识点2 advocate vt.拥护；支持；提倡
（P48）Instead, they advocated going back to nature.
相反，他们提倡回归自然。
知识拓展
advocate （doing） sth 主张（做）某事
advocate that... （should） do... 主张/倡导……
It is advocated that... （should） do... 有人主张 / 提倡……
an advocate of/for ……的支持者/拥护者
经典佳句
I think people should advocate improvements in the way we use energy today.
我认为人们应该提倡改善当下我们使用能源的方式。
融会应用 单句写作
（1）Others advocated____________________________ more and more people to wear
traditional clothes.
另外一些人提倡我们鼓励越来越多的人穿传统服装。
that we （should） encourage
（2）In college, the first professor he met was____________________.
在大学里，他遇到的第一位教授是一位真理的倡导者。
an advocate of truths
短语句式
知识点3 It is/was a time when...
（P48）It was a time when many painters, musicians, novelists and poets looked at the world in new and different ways.
在那个时代，许多画家、音乐家、小说家和诗人都以崭新的、不同的方式看待这个世界。
知识拓展
本句为“It is/was a time when ...”句式，其中when引导定语从句，先行词为a time。
time的其他相关句型如下：
It/This/That is the first/second .../last time that ...have done ... 这是某人第一、二……最后一次做某事
It is time to do sth 到该做某事的时候了
It is （high） time that sb did/should do sth 到该某人做某事的时候了
each time/every time/next time/any time 每次/下次/任何时候（引导时间状语从句）
It was a time when anything seemed possible.
那是一个任何事都可能发生的时代。
Every time I hear that song I feel happy.
我每次听到那首歌我都感到很愉快。
It is high time that the government took effective measures to resolve these problems.
该是政府采取有效措施来解决这些问题的时候了。
It is the first time that the school has offered computer science classes.
这是该校第一次提供电脑科学课。
It is time to remember friends and family members who have died.
到纪念已故朋友和家人的时候了。
融会应用 单句填空
（1）This is the first time that scientists___________（find） that a volcanic eruption
produced such an effect.
have found
（2）It is high time that we ______________（put） great emphasis on the wildlife
protection.
put/should put
（3）It is time for you _______（lay） aside your differences and trust each other.
to lay
非谓语动词
自主探究
观察下列句子，注意黑体部分的用法。
1.So, how to reveal this hidden dimension
2.Sometimes reading a poem can be a lifelong job.
3.You need to go on a journey to a remote and unknown destination.
4.Finally, remember that you do not have to fully understand a poem to appreciate it.
5.Poetry's combination of “sound” and “sense” makes you see the world in a new way and allows you to go beyond normal reality for the everlasting beauty.
我的发现（1） 句1中非谓语动词hidden在句中作______；
定语
（2）句2中非谓语动词短语reading a poem在句中作______；
主语
（3）句3中非谓语动词短语to go on a journey在句中作______；
宾语
（4）句4中非谓语动词to appreciate在句中作______；
状语
（5）句5中非谓语动词短语to go beyond normal reality在句中作______。
补语
探究点1 动词不定式和动词-ing形式作主语
动词不定式作主语通常表示具体动作；动词-ing形式作主语通常表示抽象动作。
To swim in the sea in hot summer is very pleasant.
炎热的夏季在海里游泳很惬意。
Reading aloud is a good way to learn English.
大声朗读是学习英语的一个好方法。
名师点拨
动词不定式作主语时,一般可用it作形式主语,而将真正的主语放在后面；而动词-ing形式只能在一些特定的句式中用it作形式主语。
It is no use （no good,no fun,a waste of time...）+doing sth.
探究点2 动词不定式和动词-ing形式作宾语
1.except、but作介词时后面也可以跟动词不定式,但多用于否定句和疑问句。
He has no choice but to lie down and sleep.
他别无选择,只能躺下睡觉。
Tom did nothing last night except to watch TV.
除了看电视,汤姆昨晚什么也没干。
2.下列动词（短语）后要用动词不定式作宾语:agree、promise、learn、fail、decide、plan、manage等。
They managed to escape from the burning building.
他们成功地逃出了那座着火的大楼。
3.下列动词（短语）后要用动词-ing形式作宾语:allow/permit、consider、suggest/advise/propose/recommend、be busy、insist on、practise、appreciate等。
I appreciate having been given the opportunity to study abroad two years ago.
我很感激两年前被给予出国学习的机会。
4.有些动词后既可用动词-ing形式又可用动词不定式作宾语,意义上无较大差别,常见的有begin、start、prefer、love、like等；而有些两者意义完全不同,常见的有remember、forget、try、regret、mean等。
As soon as he arrived at the school,he began reading/to read his English book.
他一到学校就开始看英语书。
Don't forget to post the letter for me when you pass the post office.
当你经过邮局时,别忘了替我把这封信寄出去。
I'll never forget hearing this piece of music for the first time.
我永远不会忘记第一次听到这首曲子的情景。
5.有些动词（如need、want、require、bear等）后可跟动词-ing形式表示被动意义,也可跟动词不定式的被动形式表示被动意义。
The house needs repairing/to be repaired.
这幢房子需要修缮。
This kind of cloth bears washing/to be washed.
这种布料很耐洗。
探究点3 动词不定式、动词-ing形式和动词-ed形式作表语
1.动词不定式作表语一般表示具体动作，特别是表示将来的动作。动词-ing形式作表语一般表示抽象的一般性的行为。
To do two things at a time is to do neither.
一次做两件事等于什么也做不成。
Her job is teaching.
她的工作就是教书。
如果主语是动词不定式（表示条件），表语也用动词不定式（表示结果）；如果主语是动词-ing形式，表语也用动词-ing形式。
To be kind to the enemy is to be cruel to the people.
对敌人仁慈就是对人民残忍。
Helping others is helping yourself.
帮助别人就是帮助自己。
2.动词-ing形式作表语一般表示事物的性质、特征；动词-ed形式作表语多用来描述人或高级动物的心理状态。例如表示“人对……感兴趣”就用sb be interested in...,表示“人/物本身有趣”就用sb/sth be interesting。这类词常见的有interesting/interested,exciting/excited,delighting/delighted,disappointing/disappointed等。
探究点4 动词不定式、动词-ing形式和动词-ed形式作定语
1.动词不定式作定语
（1）用动词不定式作定语的几种情况：
①动词不定式表将来
The car to be bought is for his sister.
要买的这辆车是给他姐姐的。
②用来修饰被序数词、最高级或no、all、any等限定的中心词。
He was the best man to do the job.
他是做这项工作的最佳人选。
She was the first woman to win the gold medal in the Olympic Games.
她是第一个在奥运会上获得金牌的女运动员。
③当修饰抽象名词时用动词不定式，常见的抽象名词有ability、chance、idea、fact、excuse、promise、answer、reply、attempt、belief、way、reason、moment、time等。
Do you have the ability to read and write in English
你具备读写英语的能力吗？
I have no chance to go sightseeing.
我没有机会去观光。
（2）作定语的动词不定式如果是不及物动词，或者动词不定式所修饰的名词或代词是动词不定式动作的地点、工具等，动词不定式后面须有相应的介词。
The Browns have a comfortable house to live in.
布朗一家有舒适的房子居住。
（3）当作定语的动词不定式所修饰的名词或代词是动词不定式动作的承受者时，动词不定式既可用主动语态，也可用被动语态，但其含义有所不同。
Have you got anything to send
你有什么东西要寄吗？（动词不定式to send的动作执行者是“你”）
Have you got anything to be sent
你有什么要（我或别人）寄的东西吗？（动词不定式to be sent的动作执行者是“我”或“别人”）
2.动词-ing形式/动词-ed形式作定语
（1）动词-ing形式作定语：动词-ing形式作定语时，与被修饰词之间是主谓关系。
The soldiers wearing sky-blue helmets are United Nations peacekeepers.
戴着天蓝色头盔的士兵是联合国维和人员。
（2）动词-ed形式作定语：动词-ed形式作定语时，与被修饰词之间是动宾关系，表示被动或完成的动作。
The house built last year has become our lab.
去年建的那座房子已经成了我们的实验室。
名师点拨
1.单个动词-ing形式/动词-ed形式作定语一般放在被修饰的名词前面，短语作定语放在所修饰的名词后面。
Keep silent in order not to wake up the sleeping baby.
保持安静，别弄醒熟睡的婴儿。
2.动词-ing形式的一般式（doing） 作定语，表示主动、进行的动作；动词-ing形式一般式的被动语态（being done） 作定语，表示被动、进行的动作。
The man standing by the window is our teacher.
站在窗户旁边的那个人是我们的老师。
The bridge being repaired will be put into use next month.
正在修缮的大桥将于下个月投入使用。
探究点5 动词不定式、动词-ing形式和动词-ed形式作状语
1.动词不定式作状语
（1）动词不定式作目的状语：to do、in order to do和so as to do，其中so as to do不能用于句首。
We eat to live rather than live to eat.
我们吃饭是为了活着，而不是活着为了吃饭。
In order to find hard evidence，he searched the whole house.
为了找到确凿证据，他搜查了整个房子。
（2）动词不定式作原因状语：跟在某些表示心理变化的形容词后面，如：glad、surprised、amazed、delighted等。
We were surprised to find everything changed.
发现一切都变了，我们很惊讶。
（3）动词不定式作结果状语：表示出人意料的结果，动词不定式前有逗号和副词only；也可以用于too...to...“太……而不能……”，enough to...“足够……”和so/such...as to...“如此……以至于……”句型中。
I hurried to Professor Wang's house， only to find he was out.
我匆忙赶到王教授的家，却发现他出去了。
He was so tired as to be unable to walk.
他累得走不动了。
2.动词-ing形式/动词-ed形式作状语
（1）动词-ing形式/动词-ed形式作原因状语：动词-ing形式/动词-ed形式用作原因状语，通常可转换成原因状语从句。
Getting up late （=As he got up late），he missed the early train.
由于起床晚了，他没有赶上早班火车。
Greatly encouraged （=As we were greatly encouraged），we made up our mind to carry on the hard work.
由于受到极大鼓舞，我们决心将艰苦的工作继续下去。
（2）动词-ing形式/动词-ed形式作时间状语：动词-ing形式/动词-ed形式用作时间状语，通常可转换成时间状语从句。
Hearing the good news （=When he heard the good news），he jumped with joy.
听到这个好消息，他高兴地跳了起来。
（3）动词-ing形式/动词-ed形式作伴随状语或方式状语：动词-ing形式/动词-ed形式用作伴随状语，通常可转换成并列谓语，它表示的动作伴随句子谓语的动作同时发生。动词-ing形式/动词-ed形式用作方式状语与用作伴随状语的情形比较接近。
Tom lay on the grass，staring at the sky （=and stared at the sky） for a long time.
汤姆躺在草地上，长时间地望着天空。
He hurried to the hall，followed by two guards（=and he was followed by two guards）.
他快步走向大厅，身后跟着两个警卫。
（4）动词-ing形式/动词-ed形式作条件状语：动词-ing形式/动词-ed形式用作条件状语通常可转换成条件状语从句。
Working hard（=If you work hard），you will succeed.
努力工作，你将会成功。
Seen in the distance（=If it is seen in the distance），the village looks more beautiful.
从远处看，这个村庄看上去更漂亮。
（5）动词-ing形式作结果状语：动词-ing形式用作结果状语时，通常可转换成并列谓语，它表示伴随谓语动作的发生而产生的自然结果。
The fire lasted for a week，leaving nothing valuable （=and left nothing valuable）．
大火持续了一周，几乎没剩下什么有用的东西。
（6）动词-ing形式/动词-ed形式作让步状语：动词-ing形式/动词-ed形式用作让步状语，通常可转换成让步状语从句。
Although living miles away （=Although he lived miles away），he attended the course.
虽然住在几英里以外，他仍去上课。
Defeated（=Although he was defeated） again，the scientist didn't give up.
尽管再次被打败了，但这位科学家并没有放弃。
名师点拨
1.动词不定式作结果状语和动词-ing形式作结果状语的区别
动词不定式和动词-ing形式均可表示结果，但有区别：动词不定式表示结果，其动作发生在谓语动词动作之后，常表示未曾料到的结果或令人不快的结果，动词不定式前常加only；动词-ing形式表示结果，是伴随谓语动词动作的发生而产生的自然结果。
2.动词-ing形式作状语与动词-ed形式作状语的区别
（1）动词-ing形式作状语时，动词-ing形式的动作就是句子主语的动作，它们之间是主谓关系。
He went out shutting the door behind him.
他出去后将门随手关上了。
（2）动词-ed形式作状语时，动词-ed形式表示的动作是句子主语承受的动作，它们之间是动宾关系。
Given more attention，the trees could have grown better.
如果对这些树多关心一些，它们本可以长得更好。
探究点6 动词不定式作宾语补足语
1.一般情况下，动词不定式作宾语补足语常指动作是将来发生的，动词-ing形式作宾语补足语表示动作正在进行，而动词-ed形式作宾语补足语常表示动作被动完成。
The children asked their parents to take them to the park.
孩子们请求父母带他们去公园。
Suddenly he heard someone knocking gently on the window.
忽然他听见有人在轻轻地敲窗户。
When they got there，they found the house burnt down.
当他们到那儿时，发现房子已全部被烧毁。
2.感官动词（see、watch、look at、observe、notice、hear、listen to、feel等）及部分表示“使；让”的使役动词（have、make、let等）后跟动词不定式作宾语补足语时，要省略动词不定式符号to，但在被动语态中作主语补足语时动词不定式要保留to。
Though he often made his sister cry before，today he was made to cry by his sister.
虽然以前他总是弄哭他妹妹，但今天他却被他妹妹弄哭了。
Ⅰ.品句填空
1.Helen is a very well-known n_______ in Australia.
ovelist
2.Walt Disney stayed true to his ______（理想）.
ideals
3.She is a fairly r_____ person who has strong religious views.
igid
4.He went into the hospital to u_______ tests for a pain in his abdomen（腹部）.
ndergo
5.I______________ transformed the world.
ndustrialization
6.Many experts a________ rewarding our children for good behaviour.
dvocate
7.I drove around the business _______（区域）.
district
Ⅱ.单句填空
1.________ （play） with fire will be dangerous.
To play
2.His project resulted in farmers _________（replace） their crops with trees or grass.
replacing
3.The film is ________（excite）.
exciting
4.There are still many problems ____________（solve） before we are ready for a
long stay on the moon.
to be solved
5._____________ （spend） nearly all our money, we couldn't afford to stay at a
hotel.
Having spent
6.I caught John ________（read） my private letters.
reading
7.During the Mid-Autumn Festival,family members often gather together ________
（share） a meal,admire the moon and enjoy moon cakes.
to share
8.I was watching the clock all through the meeting,as I had a train ________
（catch）.
to catch
9.When the clerk saw a kind face wrinkled in an apologetic smile,she stood rooted to
the ground, __________（wonder） whether to stay or leave.
wondering
10.__________ （absorb） in painting,John didn't notice evening approaching.
Absorbed
Ⅲ.语法填空
Good afternoon, ladies and gentlemen. It is a great honor for me
1.____________（introduce） this English speech contest. As we all know,
2.__________（master） a foreign language is very important. 3._______（take） part
in an English speech contest is a helpful way 4.________（learn） English. Everyone
wants to show their best. When they prepare for it, they can improve their listening
and speaking ability, 5.___________（develop） a good habit of learning English.
In the process of the competition, you should pay attention to the rules 6.______
（make） by us. First, you should make your voice 7.______（hear） clearly by
to introduce
to master
Taking
to learn
developing
made
heard
everyone, so 8.________（read） aloud is very necessary. Second, you should try
your best 9.__________（express） yourself in English fluently. Finally, you should
finish your speech in five minutes.
I am sure the English speech competition will be a great success and the
audience will feel 10.________（satisfy） with our performance. Thank you!
reading
to express
satisfied
