阅读六选四 + 简单句基本句型
[句首题]
1．空格为主旨句
在某段第一句设空的内容通常是该段落主旨句，学生需要通过认真研读该段的内容，然后从选项中查找下文的同义词或其他相关词或句的方法，从而确定答案；有时则需反复读设空处后面一两句或更多内容，确定关键信息词，然后在各个选项中查找关联词和信息句。一般正确答案选项与所设空后的第一句在意义上是紧密衔接的，因此正确选项和原文的内容是连贯且符合逻辑的。
[典例] 【上海市华东师范大学第二附属中学2022-2023学年高一上学期期中英语试卷】
Lego in China
..............................................
In 2017 Lego cut 1,400 jobs and recorded its first drop in revenues and profits in over a decade. But last year both ticked up again, by 4% each. Lego has thus retained its status as the world’s biggest toy-maker, snatched from Mattel in 2014 - even as its American rival last year earned its highest revenues in five years from its Barbie dolls.
A．It has done so even though the brick-maker’s global business has looked shakier. B．It has been sold in great volumes with various kinds of sets and earned the fame as the most suitable toys for children to play with. C．Over the past decades, Lego’s sales volume in China is not as satisfying as it expected.
【答案】 A
【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章介绍了乐高公司在中国的营销发展状况。
【详解】 下文“In 2017 Lego cut 1,400 jobs and recorded its first drop in revenues and profits in over a decade. But last year both ticked up again, by 4% each(2017年，乐高裁员1400人，收入和利润出现十多年来首次下滑。但去年两者都有所回升，分别上涨了4%)”具体陈述了乐高2017年和去年的运营状况。该空位于句首，应该对其运营情况进行概述。结合选项，A选项It has done so even though the brick-maker’s global business has looked shakier. (尽管这家制砖商的全球业务看起来不太稳定，但它还是做到了)符合语境。故选A。
2．空格为承上启下句
在某段第一句设空的内容也有可能为承上启下的句子，这就需要学生做到瞻前顾后，既熟悉上一段结尾的内容，又结合下一段的内容，分析所选的答案是否能够将两段内容连贯起来。
[典例] 【上海市复旦大学附属中学2022-2023学年高一上学期期中英语试卷】
We all regard receiving presents as a pleasant experience and yet it can be one of the most awkward situations. It is often difficult to look pleased when you receive a gift which is useless or the wrong size.
However, you have no right to change an article purchased just because it does not fit or is not to your liking. Worse still, the agreement on the sale is between the person who bought it and the shop.
B．However, shoppers should remember this is a privilege, not a right. C．Unfortunately, the law does not explain what it meant by “reasonable”. D．All you can do is exchange it after your friend or relative has gone home.
【答案】D
【详解】根据上文“It is often difficult to look pleased when you receive a gift which is useless or the wrong size.(当你收到一份无用或尺寸不对的礼物时，往往很难表现出高兴的样子)”及下文“However, you have no right to change an article purchased just because it does not fit or is not to your liking. Worse still, the agreement on the sale is between the person who bought it and the shop.( 然而，你没有权利仅仅因为它不适合或不符合你的喜好而更换购买的物品。更糟糕的是，买卖协议是在买家和商店之间达成的)”可知，设空处应说的是发现礼物不合适可以去更换。由此可知，选项D“你所能做的就是等你的朋友或亲戚回家后再换。”符合题意。故选D。
[段尾题]
1．空格为总结、概括句
做题时一要注意空格前的一句或两句；二是注意在选项中查找表示结果、结论、总结的信号词，如to conclude，in a word，thus，hence，in short，to sum up，therefore，as a result等词语；三是要注意与前文的逻辑关系，找到关键的线索词句，如表示转折、对比、并列或排比的关系。如果第一段的段尾是空格，要认真阅读，看此处是细节还是主题。通常文章第一段要提出文章的主题，如果在段尾提出主题，会用一些信号词如转折词引出来，正确答案中应有这样的特征词。
【典例】【上海市交大附中2022-2023学年高一上学期期中英语试题】
A selection from the trolley
The strongest preferences, expressed by respondents from all over the world, were for saving human lives over animal ones, preferring to save many rather than few and prioritising children over the old.
D．The preference for saving women, for instance, was stronger in places with higher levels of gender equality. E．There were weaker preferences for saving women over men, pedestrians over passengers in the car and for
taking action rather than doing nothing. F．The excitement around self-driving cars, though, has made the problem famous.
【答案】E
【详解】前文“The strongest preferences, expressed by respondents from all over the world, were for saving human lives over animal ones, preferring to save many rather than few and prioritising children over the old.(来自世界各地的受访者表示，最优先的是拯救人类而不是动物的生命，优先拯救多数人而不是少数人，优先考虑儿童而不是老年人。)”阐述了收集到公众们的评论结果，阐述了人们优先考虑的事情，E项中的“weaker preferences”呼应前文的“The strongest preferences”，E项“对于拯救女性而非男性、拯救行人而非车内乘客、采取行动而非袖手旁观的偏好较弱。”符合语境，从另一方面阐述公众们的观点。故选E。
2．空格为承上启下句
还有可能这一空是引出下一段的内容。如果在选项中找不出与前文之间的关联，此时可考虑与下一段开头是否有一定的衔接。认真阅读下一段开头几句，看是否能与选项的最后一句紧密连接起来。
【典例】【上海市建平中学2022-2023学年高一上学期期中英语试卷】
Travel the World by Bike
“Traveling by bike is the ultimate freedom,” Rachel said via email. “On a bike, you become part of the scenery. The landscape is not framed by a window. ______”
A growing community
Dennis Swift, secretary of the Southwest Idaho Mountain Biking Association, rode across the U.S last year–from Seattle to Salem, Massachusetts. Six people started the tour and three finished, riding 52 out of 56 days. They averaged about 60 miles per riding day.
A．Bike tourism is on the rise in the United States and around the world, according to the Adventure Cycling Association. B．Slowly, you can see snapshots of people’s daily lives and interact with them. C． Travelling alters your attitude towards the whole world.
【答案】B
【分析】本文为说明文。本文通过Rachel 夫妇骑自行车环游世界的经历，介绍了骑自行车环游世界的好处。
【详解】考查对上下文的理解及推理判断能力。根据上一句“On a bike, you become part of the scenery. The
landscape is not framed by a window ”可知，骑自行车旅行，你就是风景的一部分。这时的风景不是你从窗户中看到的，你看到的是人们日常生活的缩影。因为你置身于其中，所 以会有与他们的互动。分析选项可知B“Slowly, you can see snapshots of people’s daily lives and interact with them.”符合题意，故选B项。
[段中题]
段中设空即主题句或展开句。尤其注意分析空前后的逻辑关系和行文逻辑及内容的连贯性，注意句间的衔接手段。其特点主要以转折手法引出主题句，或者是用来承上启下的过渡句，也可能是补充前文具体的事实、事例和说明。因此第一步需要依据信息词将选项进行排除之后，把剩下的几个可能正确的选项依次代入设空处，最终判断和确定一个选项和空白处前后内容能达到语意连贯，逻辑关系清晰，于是得出了正确答案。下面列举常考的依据逻辑关系设置的考题。
1.从行文逻辑上判断——例证关系
前后句的某句是为了证明另一句而举的例子。例证的形式具有多样性，思维过程基本是归纳(从例子到观点)和推理(从观点到例子)。
【典例】【上海进才中学2022--2023学年高一上学期期中考试】
So you will have to tell your favourite aunt that the T-shirt does not fit. But an exchange is not always that simple because there has to be a good reason for it. _________ For example, if the buyer was told that a switch was voice-operated and later found out it was not, then action could be taken. You would have the right to return it and get the money back.
D. All you can do is exchange it after your friend or relative has gone home. E. Either the thing has to be broken or unsuitable for the job it was intended to do. F. You should make clear what your legal position is before returning goods to the shop.
【答案】. E
【解析】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要讲述当你收到一份无用或尺寸不对的礼物时怎样去退换货以及退换货的一些要求。
【详解】根据上文“But an exchange is not always that simple because there has to be a good reason for it.(但更换并不总是那么简单，因为它必须有一个很好的理由)”可知，下文应该介绍更换的理由。由此可知，选项E“要么是这个东西坏了，要么是它不适合它本来要做的工作。”都符合更换的理由，和上文连接紧密，下文For example...... 举例进一步说明。故选E。
【典例】【上海市晋元高级中学2022-2023学年高一上学期期中考试】
Moreover, skipping breakfast leads to malnutrition and lack of specific nutrients, which is linked to aggression and problem behaviors. ____60____...........
A. A large percentage of participants, around 78%, claim that it is a daily routine for them to have this meal in the morning. B. For example, there are strong and consistent links to increased bullying behavior with skipping breakfast in both boys and girls. C. However, many people skip breakfast or substitute a donut (炸面圈) and a cup of coffee for a well-balanced meal.
【答案】 60. B
【解析】这是一篇说明文。文章讲述了吃早餐对人有多方面的益处。
【详解】由上文“Moreover, skipping breakfast leads to malnutrition and lack of specific nutrients, which is linked to aggression and problem behaviors. (此外，不吃早餐会导致营养不良和缺乏特定营养素，这与攻击性和问题行为有关)”可知，B选项“例如，在男孩和女孩中，不吃早餐与欺凌行为的增加有着强烈而一致的联系。”承接上文讲不吃早餐可能与攻击性和问题行为有关的不利影响。故选B项。
2.从行文逻辑上判断——转折关系
转折关系主要指英语行文中后句对前句构成逆转逻辑关系。如果空格前后两句话之间有however(然而)，nevertheless(然而，不过)，still(还，仍然)，though(可是，不过，然而)，yet(然而)，on the contrary(正相反)，in contrast(与此相反，相比之下)，in comparison(比较起来，与……比较)，by comparison(相比之下)等连接词，则表明前后两句话是逻辑上的逆转，空格处很有可能表示转折。
【典例】 【上海市上海中学2022--2023学年高一上学期期中】
A. It is widely recognized that the dog has a complex structure of brain, similar, in a way, to that of human’s. B. But they respond correctly to our words. C. Animals are found to have adopted various mechanisms to defend against enemies.
It’s an important question. Dogs are speechless species.______ For instance, some dogs are able to recognize thousands of names of individual objects. They can even link each name to a specific object.
【答案】 B
【解析】这是一篇说明文。狗狗会对人类的语言做出反应。文章分析了这种现象背后的原因。
【详解】根据空后“For instance, some dogs are able to recognize thousands of names of individual objects. They can even link each name to a specific object.（例如，一些狗能够识别数千个单个物体的名字。它们甚至可以将每个名字与特定的对象联系起来。）”可知，狗会对人们说的话产生反应。这和上文提到的“Dogs
are speechless species.（狗是不会说话的物种。）”，是转折关系，即：尽管狗不会说话，但是它们会对人说的话做出回应。 故选B。
3.从行文逻辑上判断——因果关系
做题时最重要的是要在读懂空格前后的句子的基础上，依据彼此的关系来确认答案。有时，前后的句子之间出现as a result(结果)，thus/therefore(因此)，so(such)...that(如此……以至于)等标志性词语，表明前后句有着原因和结果之间的关系，说明前因后果或者前果后因等情况。
【典例】 【上海市华东师范大学第二附属中学2022-2023学年高一上学期期中】
So what else can a company do to make sure that a person is right for an overseas assignment ________ Experienced colleagues can also be used to ease someone through the first stages. And another key area is to make sure that the relatives receive similar backup and training: it’s no good having a happy employee who is under pressure from his or her partner to come home.
A. Working with other cultures is not for everyone. B. One way is training, and many companies now invest substantial amounts of money to prepare people to cope with living and working in another culture. C. It used to be so easy. D. The ideal person for an overseas assignment has to be delegated when necessary.
【答案】 B
【解析】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了公司如何决定派谁去海外工作，以及确保其适合海外生活和工作的方法。
【详解】根据前文“So what else can a company do to make sure that a person is right for an overseas assignment (那么，公司还能做些什么来确保一个人适合海外工作呢？)”和后文“Experienced colleagues can also be used to ease someone through the first stages. And another key area is to make sure that the relatives receive similar backup and training: it’s no good having a happy employee who is under pressure from his or her partner to come home. (有经验的同事也可以帮助员工度过最初的阶段。另一个关键领域是确保亲属得到类似的支持和培训：让一个快乐的员工在伴侣的压力下回家是没有好处的)”可知，后句是前文解释，前后属于因果关系。所以选择项B“One way is training, and many companies now invest substantial amounts of money to prepare people to cope with living and working in another culture. (一种方法是培训，许多公司现在投入大量资金，让员工做好适应另一种文化的生活和工作的准备)”符合上下文语境。故选B。
4.从行文逻辑上判断——递进关系
递进关系主要指英语行文中后句对前句是一种顺承逻辑关系。如果空格前后两句话之间有also(也，而且)，further(进一步地，而且)，furthermore(而且，此外)，likewise(同样地，也)，similarly(相同地，类似地)，moreover(而且，此外)，in addition(另外，加之)，what's more(更重要的是)，not only...but also(不但……而且)等连接词或词组，则表明前后两句是逻辑上的递进关系，空格处很有可能是个递进的句子。
【典例】（2023·上海·高一复旦附中校考期末）
Nowadays, however, Italian eating habits appear to have changed. people no longer spend so much time preparing their meals. Indeed, frozen or takeaway Italian meals have become very popular in Italy. Furthermore, dried pasta is now mass-produced and sold relatively cheaply in the supermarkets. Ready-made pasta sauces are also increasingly popular—sales have doubled in the last five years, according to one manufacturer._______This trend is more common in urban areas such as Rome, Milan and Venice, although many smaller towns are also experiencing similar changes.
D．Possibly the global popularity of Italian food will ensure that it survives. E．Another important change in Italian eating habits is the increasing popularity of foreign cuisine, especially Indian, Chinese and Japanese foods. F．Globalization has had a significant influence on the way that Italians eat.
【答案】E
【导语】这是一篇说明文。主要介绍了全球化对意大利当地食品行业及意大利人日常饮食的影响。
【详解】6．下文“This trend is more common in urban areas such as Rome, Milan and Venice, although many smaller towns are also experiencing similar changes.”（虽然一些小城镇也在经历相似的改变，但这种趋势在像罗马，米兰和威尼斯这样的城市更加普遍。）说明一种趋势在意大利变得流行起来，故空处需要指明这种趋势的具体内容。E项“Another important change in Italian eating habits is the increasing
popularity of foreign cuisine, especially Indian, Chinese and Japanese foods.”（意大利饮食习惯的另一个重要的改变是外国菜肴变得日益流行，尤其是印度菜，中国菜和日本菜。）衔接上文提到的一个变化，即意大利本土食物的商业化，说明了外国菜肴在意大利变得流行这一趋势，衔接恰当。故选E项。
5.从行文逻辑上判断——并列关系
如果空格前后两句话之间有first(首先，第一)，second(第二)，third(第三)；firstly(第一，首先)，secondly(第二(点)，其次)，thirdly(第三)；first(第一)，next(其次)，then(那么，然后)；in the first place(第一，首先)，in the second place(第二，其次)；for one thing(首先，一则)，for another(其次)；to begin with(首先，第一)，to conclude(最后)等连接词或词组，则表明前后两句是逻辑上的并列关系，空格处很有可能是个并列的句子。
【典例】【上海市南洋模范中学2022-2023学年高一上学期期中英语】
Be open to change.
You should expect to learn and grow and change during your time at school. ______As the term progresses, realize things will change for both of you. Be comfortable addressing things that unexpectedly come up, setting new rules, and being flexible to your changing environment.
D. Living with a roommate is really a wonderful thing. E. You should correct your bad habits first. F. And the same should happen to your roommate, if all goes well.
【答案】. F
【解析】这是一篇说明文。文章主要说明了一些有助于和大学室友友好相处的建议。
【详解】根据上文“You should expect to learn and grow and change during your time at school.(你应该期待在学校学习、成长和改变)”以及后文“As the term progresses, realize things will change for both of you. Be comfortable addressing things that unexpectedly come up, setting new rules, and being flexible to your changing environment.(随着时间的推移，你会意识到你们俩的情况都会发生变化。坦然地处理意外出现的事情，制定新的规则，灵活地适应不断变化的环境)”可知，后文提到室友和你都会发生变化，即两个人都在成长，故F选项“如果一切顺利，同样的事情也会发生在你的室友身上”符合语境，故选F。
【课堂典例】 【上海中学2023学年第一学期期末考试】
Do Lobsters Feel Pain
The traditional method for cooking a lobster — boiling it alive — raises the question of whether or not lobsters feel pain. ____58____. Lobsters decay very quickly after they die, and eating a dead lobster increases the risk of food-borne illness and reduces the quality of its flavor. However, if lobsters are capable of feeling pain, these cooking methods raise ethical questions for chefs and lobster eaters alike.
Until the 1980s, scientists were trained to ignore animal pain, based on the belief that the ability to feel pain was associated only with higher consciousness. However, today, scientists view humans as a species of animal. Still, scientists disagree over whether or not lobsters feel pain. Lobsters have a peripheral system (外围系统) like humans, but instead of a single brain, they possess segmented ganglia (分段神经节). Because of these differences, some researchers argue lobsters are too dissimilar to vertebrates (脊椎动物) to feel pain and that their reaction to negative stimuli is simply a reflex. ____59____. Lobsters guard their injuries, learn to avoid dangerous situations, and respond to anesthetics (麻醉剂). For these reasons, most scientists believe that injuring a lobster (e. g. storing it on ice or boiling it alive) causes physical pain.
____60____. Currently, boiling lobsters alive is banned in Switzerland, New Zealand, and the Italian city
Reggio Emilia. Even in locations where boiling lobsters remains legal, many restaurants choose more human e methods, both to calm customer concerns and because the chefs believe stress negatively affects the flavor of the meat.
While we cannot know definitively whether or not lobsters feel pain, research indicates that it’s likely. So, if you want to enjoy a lobster dinner, how should you go about it The most human e tool for cooking a lobster is the CrustaStun. This device kills a lobster by an electric shock, making it unconscious in less than half a second, after which it can be cut apart or boiled. In contrast, it takes about 2 minutes for a lobster to die from immersion in boiling water. ____61____. Some restaurants place a lobster in a plastic bag and place it in the freezer for a couple of hours, during which time the lobster loses consciousness and dies.
A. Nonetheless, lobsters do satisfy all of the criteria for a pain response B. This cooking technique is used in many restaurants to improve humans’ dining experience C. Due to growing evidence that the lobsters may feel pain, it is now becoming illegal to boil lobsters alive or keep them on ice D. This method is probably the most humane option for killing a lobster before cooking and eating it E. Evidence shows that many species like lobsters are capable of learning and possess some level of self-awareness F. Unfortunately, this technique is too expensive for most restaurants to afford
【答案】58. B 59. A 60. C 61. F
【解析】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了一些研究表明伤害龙虾会导致龙虾身体疼痛，所以一些国家规定活煮龙虾已成为违法行为，文章还介绍了几种人性化杀死龙虾的方法。
58题详解】
【上文“The traditional method for cooking a lobster — boiling it alive — raises the question of whether or not lobsters feel pain. (烹饪龙虾的传统方法——活煮——引发了龙虾是否感到疼痛的问题)”指出烹饪龙虾的传统方法是活煮，下文“Lobsters decay very quickly after they die, and eating a dead lobster increases the risk of food-borne illness and reduces the quality of its flavor. (龙虾死后很快就会腐烂，食用死龙虾会增加食源性疾病的风险并降低其风味质量)”指出吃死龙虾的危害，由此可知，空处应该承接上文，指出活煮龙虾的好处，B项“许多餐厅都采用这种烹饪技术来改善人类的就餐体验”符合语境，this cooking technique代指上文boiling it alive，故选B。
【59题详解】
上文“Because of these differences, some researchers argue lobsters are too dissimilar to vertebrates (脊椎动物)
to feel pain and that their reaction to negative stimuli is simply a reflex. (由于这些差异，一些研究人员认为，龙虾与脊椎动物太不相似了，它们对负面刺激的反应仅仅是一种反射)”指出一些研究人员认为，龙虾与脊椎动物太不相似了，它们对负面刺激的反应仅仅是一种反射，下文“Lobsters guard their injuries, learn to avoid dangerous situations, and respond to anesthetics (麻醉剂). For these reasons, most scientists believe that injuring a lobster (e. g. storing it on ice or boiling it alive) causes physical pain.(龙虾保护自己的伤口，学会避免危险情况，并对麻醉剂做出反应。由于这些原因，大多数科学家认为伤害龙虾（例如将其存放在冰上或活煮）会导致身体疼痛)”和上文是转折关系，指出一些科学家的不同看法，即龙虾会对疼痛做出反应，A项“尽管如此，龙虾确实满足疼痛反应的所有标准”符合语境，引起下文，故选A。
【60题详解】
下文“Currently, boiling lobsters alive is banned in Switzerland, New Zealand, and the Italian city Reggio Emilia.(目前，瑞士、新西兰和意大利雷焦艾米利亚市禁止活煮龙虾)”指出一些国家禁止活煮龙虾，C项“由于越来越多的证据表明龙虾可能会感到疼痛，现在活煮龙虾或将它们放在冰上已成为违法行为”符合语境，引起下文，故选C。
【61题详解】
上文“So, if you want to enjoy a lobster dinner, how should you go about it The most human e tool for cooking a lobster is the CrustaStun. This device kills a lobster by an electric shock, making it unconscious in less than half a second, after which it can be cut apart or boiled. In contrast, it takes about 2 minutes for a lobster to die from immersion in boiling water.(那么，如果你想享受一顿龙虾大餐，该怎么做呢？最人性化的龙虾烹饪工具是CrustaStun。该装置通过电击杀死龙虾，使其在不到半秒的时间内失去知觉，然后可以将其切开或煮沸。相比之下，龙虾在沸水中浸泡约2分钟就会死亡)”可知，最人性化的龙虾烹饪工具是使用工具CrustaStun，该装置通过电击杀死龙虾，下文“Some restaurants place a lobster in a plastic bag and place it in the freezer for a couple of hours, during which time the lobster loses consciousness and dies.(一些餐馆将龙虾放入塑料袋中，然后将其放入冰箱中几个小时，在此期间龙虾会失去知觉并死亡)”指出一些餐厅却用其他的方法，而不是这种用工具CrustaStun电死龙虾的最人性的方法，这说明这种方法有一定的缺陷，F项“不幸的是，这种技术对于大多数餐馆来说太昂贵了，无法承受”符合语境，即这种方法花费太大，一些餐馆无法负担，所以采用其他的方法，故选F。
【课堂反馈】【上海市延安中学2023学年第一学期期中考试】
Reading allows you to de-stress by unplugging and escaping. In one study, reading was found to be as
effective as yoga and humor in reducing subjective feelings of stress over a 30-minute period, as well as objective measurements of blood pressure and heart rate. ____53____ Note that a good old-fashioned book or a dedicated eBook reader is the best way to do this. If you are using a tablet, phone, or computer on which to read, shut down other programs and turn off notifications. Distractions and disruptions interfere with reading’s stress management properties.
In a longitudinal (纵向的) study of individuals aged 64 and over, those who read at least once a week were less likely to experience cognitive decline than those who did not. At the 14-year mark of the study, and regardless of educational level, those who read more enjoyed greater protection. This effect is maintained into readers’ 80’s.
____54____ One study found that book readers lived longer than non-book readers and this was thought to be due to the effect that reading has on maintaining cognitive abilities over time. Another study found men aged 70 and older who read daily had lower mortality rates over time than those who did not, when controlling for a number of potentially confounding variables.
, or the use of various reading materials for the promotion of psychological health, is a well-known aid to mental health treatment. ____55____ This can be a powerful strategy and has been used successfully to reduce depression, anxiety, insomnia and stress.
Reading can be an important bedtime ritual for anyone-not just kids. ____56____ Reading from a tablet or other blue enriched light source, including eBook readers, however, increases alertness and delays sleep onset, decreases melatonin secretion, disrupts sleep physiology and decreases morning alertness.
A. It may include self-help books, focused readings, first-hand accounts of other’s experiences, and even relevant fiction. B. Additionally, readers are expected of a longer life span than non-readers. C. Another study found that cognition in those over 80 was protected by activities such as reading. D. This means that reading benefits your physical as well as your psychological health. E. However studies have shown that electronic devices are by no means helpful in reading. F. For adults, reading a book before bed can reduce the amount of time it takes to fall asleep and increase sleep duration.
【答案】53. D 54. B 55. A 56. F
【解析】这是一篇说明文。文章主要说明了阅读的好处以及对人心理和身体的影响。
【53题详解】
根据上文“Reading allows you to de-stress by unplugging and escaping. In one study, reading was found to be as effective as yoga and humor in reducing subjective feelings of stress over a 30-minute period, as well as objective measurements of blood pressure and heart rate.(阅读可以让你通过不插电和逃避来减压。一项研究发现，在30分钟的时间内，阅读与瑜伽和幽默一样有效，可以减轻主观压力，也可以减轻血压和心率的客观测量)”以及后文“Note that a good old-fashioned book or a dedicated eBook reader is the best way to do this. If you are using a tablet, phone, or computer on which to read, shut down other programs and turn off notifications. Distractions and disruptions interfere with reading’s stress management properties.(注意，一本好的老式书籍或专门的电子书阅读器是做到这一点的最好方法。如果你使用的是平板电脑、手机或电脑来阅读，关闭其他程序并关闭通知。分心和干扰会干扰阅读的压力管理特性)”可知，上文提到阅读可以减压和降低血压和心率，即对心理和身体都有好处。故D选项“这意味着阅读对你的身体和心理健康都有好处”符合语境，故选D。
【54题详解】
根据后文“One study found that book readers lived longer than non-book readers and this was thought to be due to the effect that reading has on maintaining cognitive abilities over time. Another study found men aged 70 and older who read daily had lower mortality rates over time than those who did not, when controlling for a number of potentially confounding variables.(一项研究发现，读书的人比不读书的人寿命更长，这被认为是由于阅读对长期保持认知能力的影响。另一项研究发现，在控制了一些潜在的混杂变量后，70岁及以上的男性每天阅读的死亡率比那些不阅读的人低)”可知，本段的主旨是阅读可以延长人的寿命，故B选项“另外，阅读的人比不阅读的人寿命更长”符合语境，故选B。
【55题详解】
根据上文“Bibliotherapy, or the use of various reading materials for the promotion of psychological health, is a well-known aid to mental health treatment.(阅读疗法，或使用各种阅读材料来促进心理健康，是一种众所周知的心理健康治疗方法)”以及后文“This can be a powerful strategy and has been used successfully to reduce depression, anxiety, insomnia and stress.(这是一个强有力的策略，已经成功地用于减少抑郁、焦虑、失眠和压力)”可知，上文提到了阅读各种材料，故本句承接上文具体说明可以阅读哪些类型的东西，故A选项“可能包括自助书籍、重点读物、对他人经历的第一手描述，甚至是相关的小说”符合语境，故选A。
【56题详解】
根据上文“Reading can be an important bedtime ritual for anyone-not just kids.(阅读对任何人来说都是一项重要的睡前仪式——不仅仅是孩子)”以及后文“Reading from a tablet or other blue enriched light source,
including eBook readers, however, increases alertness and delays sleep onset, decreases melatonin secretion, disrupts sleep physiology and decreases morning alertness.(然而，通过平板电脑或其他蓝光光源（包括电子书阅读器）阅读，会提高警觉性，推迟睡眠时间，减少褪黑激素分泌，扰乱睡眠生理，降低早晨的警觉性)”可知，上文提到了阅读不仅仅是孩子的睡前仪式，说明成年人睡前也可以阅读，故F选项“对于成年人来说，睡前读一本书可以减少入睡的时间，延长睡眠时间”符合语境，故选F。
简单句的五种基本句型
英语五种基本句型结构如下：
主语 谓语
用符号表示为：
① S V （主＋谓）
② S V O （主＋谓＋宾）
③ S V o O （主＋谓＋间宾＋直宾）
④ S V O C （主＋谓＋宾＋宾补）
⑤ S V P （主＋系＋表）
1、主语 + 谓语
此句式中的谓语动词为不及物动词（短语），如live, travel, work, lie, arrive, stay, agree, rise, fail, succeed, happen, get up, take place等。
The bus stopped suddenly.
2、主语 + 谓语 + 宾语
此句式中的谓语动词为及物动词（短语），如spend, visit, reach, forget, explain, take, discover, waste,
trust, do with, look forward to, look after等，其后必须跟宾语才能使句意表达完整、准确。
You can put the dishes in the kitchen.
→主谓宾结构的被动语态都属于主谓结构：Dishes can be put in the kitchen.
3、主语 + 谓语 + 间接宾语 + 直接宾语
英语中有些及物动词能跟双宾语，即间接宾语(指人)和直接宾语(指物)。通常情况下间接宾语在前，直接宾语在后。能跟双宾语的动词常见的有：give, offer, lend, teach, bring, take, return, send, hand, pass, buy, make, cook, get, sing, ask等，间接宾语也可以放在后面，如give sth. to sb., buy sth. for sb.
They have offered us $ 60,000 for the house.
I told him that the bus was late.
→主谓双宾结构的被动语态有2种：
We are offered $60,000 for the house by them.（主谓宾）
$ 60,000 is offered to us for the house by them.（主谓）
4、主语 + 谓语 + 宾语 + 宾语补足语
英语中，有些及物动词除能跟宾语外，有时还须加一个补足语，句意才能完整。宾语补足语的作用是说明宾语的动作或状态。作宾语补足语的主要是名词、形容词、动词不定式和分词，副词和介词短语等也可以用作宾语补足语。
1）后跟名词作宾语补足语的动词有call, name, make, choose, elect, appoint, think, consider, find等。表示职位的名词做宾语补足语时，职位名词前不要冠词。
We call him Tom for short.
I made painting the house the project for the summer.
2）后跟形容词做宾语补足语的动词有keep, make, find, get, think, believe, feel, leave等。注意it作形式宾语的情况。
We’d better keep the windows open.
I feel it very pleasant to be with your family.
3）动词不定式做宾语补足语有以下三种情况：
① 后跟带to的不定式作宾语补足语的动词常有ask, tell, teach, warn, encourage, allow, advise等。
He told us to keep quiet in the hospital.
② 后跟不带to的不定式作宾语补足语的动词可归纳为：“吾看三室两厅一感觉”。感官动词：五看(see, watch, notice, observe, look at)、 三个使役动词(make, let, have)、两听(hear, listen to)、 一感觉(feel)，变被动，to还原。
I often hear her sing in the next room.
She is often heard to sing in the next room.
③ help后跟不定式作宾语补足语时，不定式既可带to，也可不带to。
My father often helps me (to) study English.
4）后跟分词形式作宾语补足语的动词有find, feel, get, make, leave, keep, have, hear, notice, see, watch等。
He saw a girl getting on the bus.
He saw a woman’s wallet stolen yesterday.
5）后跟介词短语作宾语补足语的动词有keep, find, take等。
I’ll keep the words in my mind.
6） 由as构成的短语作宾补：常用as构成的短语作宾补的动词有：consider…as, treat…as, regard…as, look on…as, think of…as等。
They treat me as their daughter.
→主谓宾宾补结构的被动语态都是主谓主补结构：
The book was found interesting.
The woman’s wallet was seen stolen yesterday.
5、主语 + 系动词 + 表语
这种句型结构主要指谓语动词为连系动词的情况。常见的系动词有①be ②keep, remain, stay ③feel, taste, smell, sound, look ④seem, appear ⑤get, come, become, turn, grow, go ⑥prove, turn out等。
The weather is getting windy and rainy.
The result turned out to be true.
6、there be 句型
此句型是由“there+be +主语+状语”构成，用以表达“存在有”。可用 live, stand, come, go, lie, remain, exist, arrive等词代替be动词。
There are two rulers and a pencil on the desk.
There exists no air on the moon.
【课堂练习】
一. 判断下列句子属于哪种句子类型及哪种基本句型
Mrs Peabody, the English teacher, gave the class a writing assignment.
That night Jim sat at his desk at home and stared at a blank sheet of paper.
He didn’t want to write about his summer vacation as usual.
He’d actually been happy to get back to school.
By the 1870s, there were many rugby clubs in Britain and elsewhere, but they weren’t all playing rugby the same way.
When I was a boy growing up in New Jersey in the 1960s, we had a milkman delivering milk to our doorstep.
The number of the students in the district is expected to double within five years.
【答案】1.简单句；主谓双宾 2. 简单句；主谓 3. 简单句；主谓宾 4. 简单句；主系表 5. 并列句；there be句型；主谓宾 6. 复合句；主系表；主谓宾宾补 7. 简单句；主谓主补
（一）选词填空，根据需要做适当变形。
communicate； opposed; show respect for; in authority; maintain fix one’s eyes on; confuse; hostility; signal; remark;
1. The proposed new airport will be strongly _________________________ by the local residents.
2. We _________________________ people by using different gestures.
3. She _________________________ us that everything was all right.
4. The government has taken a measure _________________________ the stability of prices.
5. The first steps into the workforce are often the most _________________________.
6. They successfully___________________ their knowledge to others.
7. It is so encouraging to hear this__________________.
8. Those _________________________ should try their best to protect our citizens.
9. If a child lives with _________________________ he learns to fight.
10. _________________________ the road and we will be much safer.
【Keys】
opposed 2.show respect for 3.signaled 4.to maintain 5.confusing 6. communicated
remark 8.in authority 9.hostility 10.Fix your eyes on
（二）翻译
1. 中看的鞋子不一定耐穿。(last)
2. 由于缺乏资金和人力，地铁修建不得不推迟。(lack)
3. 为避免误会，你最好向她解释清楚这个问题。(explain)
4. 即使周围响声很大，他也能集中精力看书。(concentrate)
5. 应该非常当心以避免造成家庭事故。(avoid)
6. 我们学习的越多，将来就能为国家工作的越好。(the more..., the better...)
7. 据说学习一门语言的最好方法是和说那种语言的人交际。(communicate)
8. 使他惊奇的是送他生日蛋糕的不是他的子女 ，而是他的学生。(not...but...)
9. 我们把他看作生物领域的权威。(consider)
10.这张旧照片让我想起童年的生活。(remind)
【Keys】
1. Good-looking shoes do not necessarily last long.
2. The building of the subway has to be put off for lack of funds and labor.
3. To avoid misunderstanding, you had better explain the problem to her clearly.
4. He can concentrate on his books even if it is very noisy around him.
5. Care should be taken to avoid causing home accidents.
6. The more we learn, the better we will do for our country.
7. It is said that the best way to learn a foreign language is to communicate with the people who speak it.
8. To his surprise, the birthday cake was sent not by his children but by his students.
9. We consider him as an authority in the field of biology.
10.The old photo reminds me of my childhood’s life.
I. 选词填空【2023年上学期上海交大附中嘉定分校高一英语期末考试卷】
A. touched B. extraordinary C. set D. challenged E. involvement F. individuality G. angle H. quote I. reflection J. amazed K. dismissal
Dead Poets Society (死亡诗社) is a 1989 American drama film written by Tom Schulman, directed by Peter Weir and starring Robin Williams. The film evoked an extensive ___26___ on education. ___27___at the conservative Welton Academy in the northeast United States in 1959, and it tells the story of an English teacher who inspires his students through his teaching of poetry.
In the autumn of 1959, Neil begins his senior year of high school at Welton Academy, an all- male, elite school. On the first day of classes, they are ___28___ by the unorthodox (非正统的) teaching methods of the new English teacher John Keating,a Welton alumnus who encourages his students to “make your lives ___29___”, a sentiment he summarized with the Latin expression carpe diem. Subsequent lessons include having them take turns standing on his desk to teach the boys how they must look at life in a different ___30___ , telling them to tear off the introduction of their poetry books which explains a mathematical formula used for rating poetry, and inviting them to make up their own style of walking in a courtyard to encourage them to maintain ___31___. As the school year progresses, Keating’s lessons and their ___32___ in a secret poetry club encourage them to live their lives on their own terms.
However, Keating’s methods attract the attention of strict headmaster Gale Nolan. He is fired and Nolan takes over teaching the class. Keating interrupts the class to collect personal articles before he leaves, the students shout that all of them were forced to sign the letter that resulted in his ___33___. They stand on their desks one by one and salute Keating with the words “O Captain! My Captain!”. Keating is deeply ___34___.
The Dead Poets Society received critical applause and box office success. The film’s line “Carpe diem. Seize the day.” was also voted as the greatest movie ____35____ of the year 2014 by the American Film Institute.
【答案】26. I 27. C 28. J 29. B 30. G 31. F 32. E 33. K 34. A 35. H
【解析】
【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了一部1989年的美国剧情片《死亡诗社》，本片由汤姆·舒尔曼编剧，彼得·威尔执导，罗宾·威廉姆斯主演。这部电影唤起了人们对教育的广泛反思，并且它的台词“只争朝夕”也被美国电影学会评选为2014年最伟大的电影语录。
【26题详解】
考查名词。句意：这部电影唤起了人们对教育的广泛反思。分析句子可知，空处应填名词reflection“反思”在句子中作宾语，a reflection on“对……的反思”。故选I。
【27题详解】
考查非谓语。句意：故事发生在1959年美国东北部保守的韦尔顿学院，讲述了一位英语老师通过诗歌教学激励学生的故事。分析句子可知，空处应用set“以……为背景”的过去分词形式作状语，与句子主语it构成逻辑上的被动关系。故选C。
【28题详解】
考查形容词。句意：在上课的第一天，他们对新任英语老师约翰·基廷(John Keating)的非正统教学方法感到惊讶。基廷是韦尔顿大学的校友，他鼓励学生“让你的生活变得非凡”，他用拉丁语“carpe diem”概括了这一观点。分析句子可知，空处应填形容词amazed在句中作表语，be amazed by“对……感到惊讶”。故选J。
【29题详解】
考查形容词。句意：在上课的第一天，他们对新任英语老师约翰·基廷(John Keating)的非正统教学方法感到惊讶。基廷是韦尔顿大学的校友，他鼓励学生“让你的生活变得非凡”，他用拉丁语“carpe diem”概括了这一观点。分析句子可知，空处应填形容词extraordinary“非凡的”在make的复合结构中作宾语补足语。故选B。
【30题详解】
考查名词。句意：随后的课程包括让他们轮流站在他的桌子上，教男孩们如何从不同的角度看待生活，让他们撕掉诗集的引言，引言解释了一个用于评定诗歌等级的数学公式，并邀请他们组成自己在庭院中行走的风格，鼓励他们保持个性。分析句子可知，空处应填名词angle“角度”在句中作宾语，in a different angle“从一个不同的角度”。故选G。
【31题详解】
考查名词。句意同上。分析句子可知，空处应用名词individuality“个性”，作宾语。故选F。
【32题详解】
考查名词。句意：随着学年的进展，基廷的课程和他们参加的一个秘密诗歌俱乐部鼓励他们按照自己
的方式生活。分析句子可知，空处应填名词involvement“参与”和lessons并列在句中作主语。故选E。
【33题详解】
考查名词。句意：基廷在离开前打断课堂去收集个人物品，学生们大喊，他们都被迫在导致他被解雇的信上签名。分析句子可知，空处应填名词dismissal“解雇”在从句中作宾语。故选K。
【34题详解】
考查形容词。句意：基廷深受感动。分析句子可知，空处应填形容词touched“感动的”在句中作表语。故选A。
【35题详解】
考查名词。句意：这部电影的台词“只争朝夕”也被美国电影学会评选为2014年最伟大的电影语录。分析句子可知，空处应填名词quote“引文，语录”在句中作宾语。故选H。
II. 阅读理解【上海市行知中学2023学年第一学期期中】
Being connected to the Internet has become a necessary part of modern life. Some people actually need it as they cannot do their jobs without it, and others simply feel they need it as they cannot imagine life without it.
To think that something that did not even exist 50 years ago has come to play a crucial role in our lives like this in just about 15 years makes one wonder–just what will the future bring
In 2004, a survey was conducted in the US asking a group of technology experts their opinions on the Internet in the next ten years. 57% of them agreed that virtual classes will be more widely adopted in schools, allowing students to learn with those at the same level and with interests in the same subjects. It’s quite possible that, by the year 2030, every child in every school will do all their schoolwork on their own laptop with all their textbooks available on the Internet. No more heavy books to carry around and no more pens and paper!
At work, we already use email to deal with people both inside and outside our offices and video conferencing (电话会议) is occurring more frequently. This means that meetings can be held between offices in different countries without the trouble caused by business travel. Business travel will stop to exist in the future, and so will offices as people all start to work from home.
It has also become a trend for people to use pocket computers such as Blackberries. With this helpful equipment, people can send and receive emails, surf the Web, and read multimedia files from absolutely anywhere even if we are on a beach holiday.
The Internet will have a revolutionary (突破性的) effect on entertainment in the future. Already we can buy and download music and movies from the Internet but it is still possible for us to buy a CD or go to the DVD
stores to rent the latest movies. However, it’s quite possible that in the future, CD shops and DVD rental stores will close and cinemas will no longer exist. Entertainment will become completely virtual although hopefully people will still want to get outside to play sports and entertain themselves in more healthy ways.
With the Internet we need only relax in the rocking chair. The Internet, however, has problems to be solved.
63. The expression “play a crucial role in” can be understood as “______”.
A. change a dull role into B. play an interesting part in
C. have an important effect on D. act a cruel character in
64. According to the passage, people are satisfied with all the following changes EXCEPT that ______.
A. people won’t have to make business travel any more thanks to the video conference
B. virtual classes can make students’ dream of getting rid of their schoolbags come true
C. people can be kept informed anytime and anywhere with the help of convenient equipment
D. CD shops and cinemas will shut down as a result of the adoption of virtual entertainment
65. What will the writer probably discuss after the last paragraph
A. Bad effects the Internet can have on us.
B. The possible school life in the future.
C. More excitements the Internet will bring us.
D. The likely ways to solve the problems.
66. What is probably the best title for the passage
A. Virtual reality, our best friend!
B. What will future life be like with the Internet
C. Goodbye, textbooks and offices!
D. How can human beings deal with the Internet
【答案】63. C 64. D 65. A 66. B
【解析】
【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了互联网将对人们未来的生活带来的便利影响。当然，它依然存在许多问题有待解决。
【63题详解】
词句猜测题。根据第一段“Being connected to the Internet has become a necessary part of modern life. Some people actually need it as they cannot do their jobs without it, and others simply feel they need it as they cannot
imagine life without it.(连接到互联网已经成为现代生活中必不可少的一部分。有些人确实需要它，因为他们的工作离不开它，而另一些人只是觉得他们需要它，因为他们无法想象没有它的生活。)”可知，互联网在人们生活中扮演了重要的角色。所以play a crucial role in为“扮演至关重要的角色”之意，与C项“ 对……有重要影响”意思一样。故选C。
【64题详解】
细节理解题。根据倒数第二段“However, it’s quite possible that in the future, CD shops and DVD rental stores will close and cinemas will no longer exist. Entertainment will become completely virtual although hopefully people will still want to get outside to play sports and entertain themselves in more healthy ways.(然而，很有可能在未来，CD店和DVD出租店将关闭，电影院将不复存在。娱乐将变得完全虚拟，尽管人们仍希望到户外运动，以更健康的方式娱乐自己。)”可知，人们不希望CD店，DVD店和电影院等娱乐场所的关闭。故选D。
【65题详解】
推理判断题。通读文章可知，主要讲述互联网给人们生活带来的便利影响。根据最后一段“The Internet, however, has problems to be solved. (然而，互联网也有一些问题需要解决。)”可推断，下文可能会讲到互联网的不足之处。故选A。
【66题详解】
主旨大意题。根据第二段“To think that something that did not even exist 50 years ago has come to play a crucial role in our lives like this in just about 15 years makes one wonder–just what will the future bring (想想50年前还不存在的东西，在短短15年里就在我们的生活中扮演了至关重要的角色，这不禁让人想知道——未来会带来什么？)”及全文可知，文章主要介绍了互联网将对人们未来的生活带来的便利影响，B项“有了互联网，未来的生活会是什么样子？”适合做文章标题。故选B。
III.Translation
Directions: Translate the following sentences into English, using the words given in the brackets.
1.缺少睡眠会使你在上课时难以集中精力。（lack n.）
2.她瞥了一下那本字典的价格，二话没说就买了下来。(hesitation)
3.最近的一次博物馆的参观给这些外国学生留下了深刻的印象。(impression)
4.一些学生宁愿向他人寻求问题的答案，而不愿自己思考。(prefer)
5.在中国文化中，吃月饼被认为是庆祝中秋节最好的方式之一。(consider)
1.Lack of sleep makes/will make it difficult for you to concentrate (your attention/energies) in class.
2.She glanced at the price of the new dictionary and bought it without any hesitation.
3.The recent/latest/last visit to the museum gave this foreign students a deep impression.
4.Some students prefer to turn/go to others for the answer/ask others for the answer rather than think by themselves.
5. In Chinese culture, eating moon-cakes is considered (to be) one of the best ways to celebrate the Mid-autumn Festival.阅读六选四 + 简单句基本句型
[句首题]
1．空格为主旨句
在某段第一句设空的内容通常是该段落主旨句，学生需要通过认真研读该段的内容，然后从选项中查找下文的同义词或其他相关词或句的方法，从而确定答案；有时则需反复读设空处后面一两句或更多内容，确定关键信息词，然后在各个选项中查找关联词和信息句。一般正确答案选项与所设空后的第一句在意义上是紧密衔接的，因此正确选项和原文的内容是连贯且符合逻辑的。
[典例] 【上海市华东师范大学第二附属中学2022-2023学年高一上学期期中英语试卷】
Lego in China
In 2017 Lego cut 1,400 jobs and recorded its first drop in revenues and profits in over a decade. But last year both ticked up again, by 4% each. Lego has thus retained its status as the world’s biggest toy-maker, snatched from Mattel in 2014 - even as its American rival last year earned its highest revenues in five years from its Barbie dolls.
A．It has done so even though the brick-maker’s global business has looked shakier. B．It has been sold in great volumes with various kinds of sets and earned the fame as the most suitable toys for children to play with. C．Over the past decades, Lego’s sales volume in China is not as satisfying as it expected.
2．空格为承上启下句
在某段第一句设空的内容也有可能为承上启下的句子，这就需要学生做到瞻前顾后，既熟悉上一段结尾的内容，又结合下一段的内容，分析所选的答案是否能够将两段内容连贯起来。
[典例] 【上海市复旦大学附属中学2022-2023学年高一上学期期中英语试卷】
We all regard receiving presents as a pleasant experience and yet it can be one of the most awkward situations. It is often difficult to look pleased when you receive a gift which is useless or the wrong size.
However, you have no right to change an article purchased just because it does not fit or is not to your liking. Worse still, the agreement on the sale is between the person who bought it and the shop.
B．However, shoppers should remember this is a privilege, not a right. C．Unfortunately, the law does not explain what it meant by “reasonable”. D．All you can do is exchange it after your friend or relative has gone home.
[段尾题]
1．空格为总结、概括句
做题时一要注意空格前的一句或两句；二是注意在选项中查找表示结果、结论、总结的信号词，如to conclude，in a word，thus，hence，in short，to sum up，therefore，as a result等词语；三是要注意与前文的逻辑关系，找到关键的线索词句，如表示转折、对比、并列或排比的关系。如果第一段的段尾是空格，要认真阅读，看此处是细节还是主题。通常文章第一段要提出文章的主题，如果在段尾提出主题，会用一些信号词如转折词引出来，正确答案中应有这样的特征词。
【典例】【上海市交大附中2022-2023学年高一上学期期中英语试题】
A selection from the trolley
The strongest preferences, expressed by respondents from all over the world, were for saving human lives over animal ones, preferring to save many rather than few and prioritising children over the old.
D．The preference for saving women, for instance, was stronger in places with higher levels of gender equality. E．There were weaker preferences for saving women over men, pedestrians over passengers in the car and for taking action rather than doing nothing. F．The excitement around self-driving cars, though, has made the problem famous.
2．空格为承上启下句
还有可能这一空是引出下一段的内容。如果在选项中找不出与前文之间的关联，此时可考虑与下一段开头是否有一定的衔接。认真阅读下一段开头几句，看是否能与选项的最后一句紧密连接起来。
【典例】【上海市建平中学2022-2023学年高一上学期期中英语试卷】
Travel the World by Bike
“Traveling by bike is the ultimate freedom,” Rachel said via email. “On a bike, you become part of the scenery. The landscape is not framed by a window. ______”
A growing community
Dennis Swift, secretary of the Southwest Idaho Mountain Biking Association, rode across the U.S last year–from Seattle to Salem, Massachusetts. Six people started the tour and three finished, riding 52 out of 56 days. They averaged about 60 miles per riding day.
A．Bike tourism is on the rise in the United States and around the world, according to the Adventure Cycling Association. B．Slowly, you can see snapshots of people’s daily lives and interact with them.
C． Travelling alters your attitude towards the whole world.
[段中题]
段中设空即主题句或展开句。尤其注意分析空前后的逻辑关系和行文逻辑及内容的连贯性，注意句间的衔接手段。其特点主要以转折手法引出主题句，或者是用来承上启下的过渡句，也可能是补充前文具体的事实、事例和说明。因此第一步需要依据信息词将选项进行排除之后，把剩下的几个可能正确的选项依次代入设空处，最终判断和确定一个选项和空白处前后内容能达到语意连贯，逻辑关系清晰，于是得出了正确答案。下面列举常考的依据逻辑关系设置的考题。
1.从行文逻辑上判断——例证关系
前后句的某句是为了证明另一句而举的例子。例证的形式具有多样性，思维过程基本是归纳(从例子到观点)和推理(从观点到例子)。
【典例】【上海进才中学2022--2023学年高一上学期期中考试】
So you will have to tell your favourite aunt that the T-shirt does not fit. But an exchange is not always that simple because there has to be a good reason for it. _________ For example, if the buyer was told that a switch was voice-operated and later found out it was not, then action could be taken. You would have the right to return it and get the money back.
D. All you can do is exchange it after your friend or relative has gone home. E. Either the thing has to be broken or unsuitable for the job it was intended to do. F. You should make clear what your legal position is before returning goods to the shop.
【典例】【上海市晋元高级中学2022-2023学年高一上学期期中考试】
Moreover, skipping breakfast leads to malnutrition and lack of specific nutrients, which is linked to aggression and problem behaviors. ____60____...........
A. A large percentage of participants, around 78%, claim that it is a daily routine for them to have this meal in the morning. B. For example, there are strong and consistent links to increased bullying behavior with skipping breakfast in both boys and girls. C. However, many people skip breakfast or substitute a donut (炸面圈) and a cup of coffee for a well-balanced meal.
2.从行文逻辑上判断——转折关系
转折关系主要指英语行文中后句对前句构成逆转逻辑关系。如果空格前后两句话之间有however(然
而)，nevertheless(然而，不过)，still(还，仍然)，though(可是，不过，然而)，yet(然而)，on the contrary(正相反)，in contrast(与此相反，相比之下)，in comparison(比较起来，与……比较)，by comparison(相比之下)等连接词，则表明前后两句话是逻辑上的逆转，空格处很有可能表示转折。
【典例】 【上海市上海中学2022--2023学年高一上学期期中】
A. It is widely recognized that the dog has a complex structure of brain, similar, in a way, to that of human’s. B. But they respond correctly to our words. C. Animals are found to have adopted various mechanisms to defend against enemies.
It’s an important question. Dogs are speechless species.______ For instance, some dogs are able to recognize thousands of names of individual objects. They can even link each name to a specific object.
3.从行文逻辑上判断——因果关系
做题时最重要的是要在读懂空格前后的句子的基础上，依据彼此的关系来确认答案。有时，前后的句子之间出现as a result(结果)，thus/therefore(因此)，so(such)...that(如此……以至于)等标志性词语，表明前后句有着原因和结果之间的关系，说明前因后果或者前果后因等情况。
【典例】 【上海市华东师范大学第二附属中学2022-2023学年高一上学期期中】
So what else can a company do to make sure that a person is right for an overseas assignment ________ Experienced colleagues can also be used to ease someone through the first stages. And another key area is to make sure that the relatives receive similar backup and training: it’s no good having a happy employee who is under pressure from his or her partner to come home.
A. Working with other cultures is not for everyone. B. One way is training, and many companies now invest substantial amounts of money to prepare people to cope with living and working in another culture. C. It used to be so easy. D. The ideal person for an overseas assignment has to be delegated when necessary.
4.从行文逻辑上判断——递进关系
递进关系主要指英语行文中后句对前句是一种顺承逻辑关系。如果空格前后两句话之间有also(也，而且)，further(进一步地，而且)，furthermore(而且，此外)，likewise(同样地，也)，similarly(相同地，类似地)，moreover(而且，此外)，in addition(另外，加之)，what's more(更重要的是)，not only...but also(不但……而且)等连接词或词组，则表明前后两句是逻辑上的递进关系，空格处很有可能是个递进的句子。
【典例】（2023·上海·高一复旦附中校考期末）
Nowadays, however, Italian eating habits appear to have changed. people no longer spend so much time preparing their meals. Indeed, frozen or takeaway Italian meals have become very popular in Italy. Furthermore, dried pasta is now mass-produced and sold relatively cheaply in the supermarkets. Ready-made pasta sauces are also increasingly popular—sales have doubled in the last five years, according to one manufacturer._______This trend is more common in urban areas such as Rome, Milan and Venice, although many smaller towns are also experiencing similar changes.
D．Possibly the global popularity of Italian food will ensure that it survives. E．Another important change in Italian eating habits is the increasing popularity of foreign cuisine, especially Indian, Chinese and Japanese foods. F．Globalization has had a significant influence on the way that Italians eat.
5.从行文逻辑上判断——并列关系
如果空格前后两句话之间有first(首先，第一)，second(第二)，third(第三)；firstly(第一，首先)，secondly(第二(点)，其次)，thirdly(第三)；first(第一)，next(其次)，then(那么，然后)；in the first place(第一，首先)，in the second place(第二，其次)；for one thing(首先，一则)，for another(其次)；to begin with(首先，第一)，to conclude(最后)等连接词或词组，则表明前后两句是逻辑上的并列关系，空格处很有可能是个并列的句子。
【典例】【上海市南洋模范中学2022-2023学年高一上学期期中英语】
Be open to change.
You should expect to learn and grow and change during your time at school. ______As the term progresses, realize things will change for both of you. Be comfortable addressing things that unexpectedly come up, setting new rules, and being flexible to your changing environment.
D. Living with a roommate is really a wonderful thing. E. You should correct your bad habits first. F. And the same should happen to your roommate, if all goes well.
【课堂典例】 【上海中学2023学年第一学期期末考试】
Do Lobsters Feel Pain
The traditional method for cooking a lobster — boiling it alive — raises the question of whether or not lobsters feel pain. ____58____. Lobsters decay very quickly after they die, and eating a dead lobster increases
the risk of food-borne illness and reduces the quality of its flavor. However, if lobsters are capable of feeling pain, these cooking methods raise ethical questions for chefs and lobster eaters alike.
Until the 1980s, scientists were trained to ignore animal pain, based on the belief that the ability to feel pain was associated only with higher consciousness. However, today, scientists view humans as a species of animal. Still, scientists disagree over whether or not lobsters feel pain. Lobsters have a peripheral system (外围系统) like humans, but instead of a single brain, they possess segmented ganglia (分段神经节). Because of these differences, some researchers argue lobsters are too dissimilar to vertebrates (脊椎动物) to feel pain and that their reaction to negative stimuli is simply a reflex. ____59____. Lobsters guard their injuries, learn to avoid dangerous situations, and respond to anesthetics (麻醉剂). For these reasons, most scientists believe that injuring a lobster (e. g. storing it on ice or boiling it alive) causes physical pain.
____60____. Currently, boiling lobsters alive is banned in Switzerland, New Zealand, and the Italian city Reggio Emilia. Even in locations where boiling lobsters remains legal, many restaurants choose more human e methods, both to calm customer concerns and because the chefs believe stress negatively affects the flavor of the meat.
While we cannot know definitively whether or not lobsters feel pain, research indicates that it’s likely. So, if you want to enjoy a lobster dinner, how should you go about it The most human e tool for cooking a lobster is the CrustaStun. This device kills a lobster by an electric shock, making it unconscious in less than half a second, after which it can be cut apart or boiled. In contrast, it takes about 2 minutes for a lobster to die from immersion in boiling water. ____61____. Some restaurants place a lobster in a plastic bag and place it in the freezer for a couple of hours, during which time the lobster loses consciousness and dies.
A. Nonetheless, lobsters do satisfy all of the criteria for a pain response B. This cooking technique is used in many restaurants to improve humans’ dining experience C. Due to growing evidence that the lobsters may feel pain, it is now becoming illegal to boil lobsters alive or keep them on ice D. This method is probably the most humane option for killing a lobster before cooking and eating it E. Evidence shows that many species like lobsters are capable of learning and possess some level of self-awareness F. Unfortunately, this technique is too expensive for most restaurants to afford
【课堂反馈】 【上海市延安中学2023学年第一学期期中考试】
Reading allows you to de-stress by unplugging and escaping. In one study, reading was found to be as effective as yoga and humor in reducing subjective feelings of stress over a 30-minute period, as well as objective measurements of blood pressure and heart rate. ____53____ Note that a good old-fashioned book or a dedicated eBook reader is the best way to do this. If you are using a tablet, phone, or computer on which to read, shut down other programs and turn off notifications. Distractions and disruptions interfere with reading’s stress management properties.
In a longitudinal (纵向的) study of individuals aged 64 and over, those who read at least once a week were less likely to experience cognitive decline than those who did not. At the 14-year mark of the study, and regardless of educational level, those who read more enjoyed greater protection. This effect is maintained into readers’ 80’s.
____54____ One study found that book readers lived longer than non-book readers and this was thought to be due to the effect that reading has on maintaining cognitive abilities over time. Another study found men aged 70 and older who read daily had lower mortality rates over time than those who did not, when controlling for a number of potentially confounding variables.
, or the use of various reading materials for the promotion of psychological health, is a well-known aid to mental health treatment. ____55____ This can be a powerful strategy and has been used successfully to reduce depression, anxiety, insomnia and stress.
Reading can be an important bedtime ritual for anyone-not just kids. ____56____ Reading from a tablet or other blue enriched light source, including eBook readers, however, increases alertness and delays sleep onset, decreases melatonin secretion, disrupts sleep physiology and decreases morning alertness.
A. It may include self-help books, focused readings, first-hand accounts of other’s experiences, and even relevant fiction. B. Additionally, readers are expected of a longer life span than non-readers. C. Another study found that cognition in those over 80 was protected by activities such as reading. D. This means that reading benefits your physical as well as your psychological health. E. However studies have shown that electronic devices are by no means helpful in reading.
F. For adults, reading a book before bed can reduce the amount of time it takes to fall asleep and increase sleep duration.
简单句的五种基本句型
英语五种基本句型结构如下：
主语 谓语
用符号表示为：
① S V （主＋谓）
② S V O （主＋谓＋宾）
③ S V o O （主＋谓＋间宾＋直宾）
④ S V O C （主＋谓＋宾＋宾补）
⑤ S V P （主＋系＋表）
1、主语 + 谓语
此句式中的谓语动词为不及物动词（短语），如live, travel, work, lie, arrive, stay, agree, rise, fail, succeed, happen, get up, take place等。
The bus stopped suddenly.
2、主语 + 谓语 + 宾语
此句式中的谓语动词为及物动词（短语），如spend, visit, reach, forget, explain, take, discover, waste, trust, do with, look forward to, look after等，其后必须跟宾语才能使句意表达完整、准确。
You can put the dishes in the kitchen.
3、主语 + 谓语 + 间接宾语 + 直接宾语
英语中有些及物动词能跟双宾语，即间接宾语(指人)和直接宾语(指物)。通常情况下间接宾语在前，直
接宾语在后。能跟双宾语的动词常见的有：give, offer, lend, teach, bring, take, return, send, hand, pass, buy, make, cook, get, sing, ask等，间接宾语也可以放在后面，如give sth. to sb., buy sth. for sb.
They have offered us $ 60,000 for the house.
I told him that the bus was late.
4、主语 + 谓语 + 宾语 + 宾语补足语
英语中，有些及物动词除能跟宾语外，有时还须加一个补足语，句意才能完整。宾语补足语的作用是说明宾语的动作或状态。作宾语补足语的主要是名词、形容词、动词不定式和分词，副词和介词短语等也可以用作宾语补足语。
1）后跟名词作宾语补足语的动词有call, name, make, choose, elect, appoint, think, consider, find等。表示职位的名词做宾语补足语时，职位名词前不要冠词。
We call him Tom for short.
I made painting the house the project for the summer.
2）后跟形容词做宾语补足语的动词有keep, make, find, get, think, believe, feel, leave等。注意it作形式宾语的情况。
We’d better keep the windows open.
I feel it very pleasant to be with your family.
3）动词不定式做宾语补足语有以下三种情况：
① 后跟带to的不定式作宾语补足语的动词常有ask, tell, teach, warn, encourage, allow, advise等。
He told us to keep quiet in the hospital.
② 后跟不带to的不定式作宾语补足语的动词可归纳为：“吾看三室两厅一感觉”。感官动词：五看(see, watch, notice, observe, look at)、 三个使役动词(make, let, have)、两听(hear, listen to)、 一感觉(feel)，变被动，to还原。
I often hear her sing in the next room.
She is often heard to sing in the next room.
③ help后跟不定式作宾语补足语时，不定式既可带to，也可不带to。
My father often helps me (to) study English.
4）后跟分词形式作宾语补足语的动词有find, feel, get, make, leave, keep, have, hear, notice, see, watch等。
He saw a girl getting on the bus.
He saw a woman’s wallet stolen yesterday.
5）后跟介词短语作宾语补足语的动词有keep, find, take等。
I’ll keep the words in my mind.
6） 由as构成的短语作宾补：常用as构成的短语作宾补的动词有：consider…as, treat…as, regard…as, look on…as, think of…as等。
They treat me as their daughter.
→主谓宾宾补结构的被动语态都是主谓主补结构：
The book was found interesting.
The woman’s wallet was seen stolen yesterday.
5、主语 + 系动词 + 表语
这种句型结构主要指谓语动词为连系动词的情况。常见的系动词有①be ②keep, remain, stay ③feel, taste, smell, sound, look ④seem, appear ⑤get, come, become, turn, grow, go ⑥prove, turn out等。
The weather is getting windy and rainy.
The result turned out to be true.
6、there be 句型
此句型是由“there+be +主语+状语”构成，用以表达“存在有”。可用 live, stand, come, go, lie, remain, exist, arrive等词代替be动词。
There are two rulers and a pencil on the desk. There exists no air on the moon.
【课堂练习】
一. 判断下列句子属于哪种句子类型及哪种基本句型
Mrs Peabody, the English teacher, gave the class a writing assignment.
That night Jim sat at his desk at home and stared at a blank sheet of paper.
He didn’t want to write about his summer vacation as usual.
He’d actually been happy to get back to school.
By the 1870s, there were many rugby clubs in Britain and elsewhere, but they weren’t all playing rugby the same way.
When I was a boy growing up in New Jersey in the 1960s, we had a milkman delivering milk to our doorstep.
The number of the students in the district is expected to double within five years.
（一）选词填空，根据需要做适当变形。
communicate； opposed; show respect for; in authority; maintain fix one’s eyes on; confuse; hostility; signal; remark;
1. The proposed new airport will be strongly _________________________ by the local residents.
2. We _________________________ people by using different gestures.
3. She _________________________ us that everything was all right.
4. The government has taken a measure _________________________ the stability of prices.
5. The first steps into the workforce are often the most _________________________.
6. They successfully___________________ their knowledge to others.
7. It is so encouraging to hear this__________________.
8. Those _________________________ should try their best to protect our citizens.
9. If a child lives with _________________________ he learns to fight.
10. _________________________ the road and we will be much safer.
（二）翻译1. 中看的鞋子不一定耐穿。(last)
2. 由于缺乏资金和人力，地铁修建不得不推迟。(lack)
3. 为避免误会，你最好向她解释清楚这个问题。(explain)
4. 即使周围响声很大，他也能集中精力看书。(concentrate)
5. 应该非常当心以避免造成家庭事故。(avoid)
6. 我们学习的越多，将来就能为国家工作的越好。(the more..., the better...)
7. 据说学习一门语言的最好方法是和说那种语言的人交际。(communicate)
8. 使他惊奇的是送他生日蛋糕的不是他的子女 ，而是他的学生。(not...but...)
9. 我们把他看作生物领域的权威。(consider)
10.这张旧照片让我想起童年的生活。(remind)
I. 选词填空【2023年上学期上海交大附中嘉定分校高一英语期末考试卷】
A. touched B. extraordinary C. set D. challenged E. involvement F. individuality G. angle H. quote I. reflection J. amazed K. dismissal
Dead Poets Society (死亡诗社) is a 1989 American drama film written by Tom Schulman, directed by Peter Weir and starring Robin Williams. The film evoked an extensive ___26___ on education. ___27___at the conservative Welton Academy in the northeast United States in 1959, and it tells the story of an English teacher who inspires his students through his teaching of poetry.
In the autumn of 1959, Neil begins his senior year of high school at Welton Academy, an all- male, elite school. On the first day of classes, they are ___28___ by the unorthodox (非正统的) teaching methods of the new English teacher John Keating,a Welton alumnus who encourages his students to “make your lives ___29___”, a sentiment he summarized with the Latin expression carpe diem. Subsequent lessons include having them take turns standing on his desk to teach the boys how they must look at life in a different ___30___ , telling them to tear off the introduction of their poetry books which explains a mathematical formula used for rating poetry, and inviting them to make up their own style of walking in a courtyard to encourage them to maintain ___31___. As the school year progresses, Keating’s lessons and their ___32___ in a secret poetry club encourage them to live their lives on their own terms.
However, Keating’s methods attract the attention of strict headmaster Gale Nolan. He is fired and Nolan takes over teaching the class. Keating interrupts the class to collect personal articles before he leaves, the students shout that all of them were forced to sign the letter that resulted in his ___33___. They stand on their desks one by one and salute Keating with the words “O Captain! My Captain!”. Keating is deeply ___34___.
The Dead Poets Society received critical applause and box office success. The film’s line “Carpe diem. Seize the day.” was also voted as the greatest movie ____35____ of the year 2014 by the American Film Institute.
II. 阅读理解【上海市行知中学2023学年第一学期期中】
Being connected to the Internet has become a necessary part of modern life. Some people actually need it as they cannot do their jobs without it, and others simply feel they need it as they cannot imagine life without it.
To think that something that did not even exist 50 years ago has come to play a crucial role in our lives like this in just about 15 years makes one wonder–just what will the future bring
In 2004, a survey was conducted in the US asking a group of technology experts their opinions on the Internet in the next ten years. 57% of them agreed that virtual classes will be more widely adopted in schools, allowing students to learn with those at the same level and with interests in the same subjects. It’s quite possible that, by the year 2030, every child in every school will do all their schoolwork on their own laptop with all their textbooks available on the Internet. No more heavy books to carry around and no more pens and paper!
At work, we already use email to deal with people both inside and outside our offices and video conferencing (电话会议) is occurring more frequently. This means that meetings can be held between offices in different countries without the trouble caused by business travel. Business travel will stop to exist in the future, and so will offices as people all start to work from home.
It has also become a trend for people to use pocket computers such as Blackberries. With this helpful equipment, people can send and receive emails, surf the Web, and read multimedia files from absolutely anywhere even if we are on a beach holiday.
The Internet will have a revolutionary (突破性的) effect on entertainment in the future. Already we can buy and download music and movies from the Internet but it is still possible for us to buy a CD or go to the DVD stores to rent the latest movies. However, it’s quite possible that in the future, CD shops and DVD rental stores will close and cinemas will no longer exist. Entertainment will become completely virtual although hopefully people will still want to get outside to play sports and entertain themselves in more healthy ways.
With the Internet we need only relax in the rocking chair. The Internet, however, has problems to be solved.
63. The expression “play a crucial role in” can be understood as “______”.
A. change a dull role into B. play an interesting part in
C. have an important effect on D. act a cruel character in
64. According to the passage, people are satisfied with all the following changes EXCEPT that ______.
A. people won’t have to make business travel any more thanks to the video conference
B. virtual classes can make students’ dream of getting rid of their schoolbags come true
C. people can be kept informed anytime and anywhere with the help of convenient equipment
D. CD shops and cinemas will shut down as a result of the adoption of virtual entertainment
65. What will the writer probably discuss after the last paragraph
A. Bad effects the Internet can have on us.
B. The possible school life in the future.
C. More excitements the Internet will bring us.
D. The likely ways to solve the problems.
66. What is probably the best title for the passage
A. Virtual reality, our best friend!
B. What will future life be like with the Internet
C. Goodbye, textbooks and offices!
D. How can human beings deal with the Internet
III.Translation
Directions: Translate the following sentences into English, using the words given in the brackets.
1.缺少睡眠会使你在上课时难以集中精力。（lack n.）
2.她瞥了一下那本字典的价格，二话没说就买了下来。(hesitation)
3.最近的一次博物馆的参观给这些外国学生留下了深刻的印象。(impression)
4.一些学生宁愿向他人寻求问题的答案，而不愿自己思考。(prefer)
5.在中国文化中，吃月饼被认为是庆祝中秋节最好的方式之一。(consider)
