专题01 阅读理解
目 录
01 挑战真题·查知识漏洞
02 回顾教材·补知识漏洞
回顾知识体系
回顾核心考点
易混易错归纳
03 知识通关演练
Passage1
【2023年新高考全国Ⅰ卷】The goal of this book is to make the case for digital minimalism, including a detailed exploration of what it asks and why it works, and then to teach you how to adopt this philosophy if you decide it’s right for you.
To do so, I divided the book into two parts. In part one, I describe the philosophical foundations of digital minimalism, starting with an examination of the forces that are making so many people’s digital lives increasingly intolerable, before moving on to a detailed discussion of the digital minimalism philosophy.
Part one concludes by introducing my suggested method for adopting this philosophy: the digital declutter. This process requires you to step away from optional online activities for thirty days. At the end of the thirty days, you will then add back a small number of carefully chosen online activities that you believe will provide massive benefits to the things you value.
In the final chapter of part one, I’ll guide you through carrying out your own digital declutter. In doing so, I’ll draw on an experiment I ran in 2018 in which over 1,600 people agreed to perform a digital declutter. You’ll hear these participants’ stories and learn what strategies worked well for them, and what traps they encountered that you should avoid.
The second part of this book takes a closer look at some ideas that will help you cultivate (培养) a sustainable digital minimalism lifestyle. In these chapters, I examine issues such as the importance of solitude (独处) and the necessity of cultivating high-quality leisure to replace the time most now spend on mindless device use. Each chapter concludes with a collection of practices, which are designed to help you act on the big ideas of the chapter. You can
view these practices as a toolbox meant to aid your efforts to build a minimalist lifestyle that words for your particular circumstances.
8. What is the book aimed at
A. Teaching critical thinking skills. B. Advocating a simple digital lifestyle.
C. Solving philosophical problems. D. Promoting the use of a digital device.
9. What does the underlined word “declutter” in paragraph 3 mean
A. Clear-up. B. Add-on. C. Check-in. D. Take-over.
10. What is presented in the final chapter of part one
A. Theoretical models. B. Statistical methods.
C. Practical examples. D. Historical analyses.
11. What does the author suggest readers do with the practices offered in part two
A. Use them as needed. B. Recommend them to friends.
C. Evaluate their effects. D. Identify the ideas behind them.
【答案】8. B 9. A 10. C 11. A
【解析】
【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了数字极简主义生活方式的优点，倡导简单的数字生活方式。
【8题详解】
细节理解题。根据文章第一段“The goal of this book is to make the case for digital minimalism, including a detailed exploration of what it asks and why it works, and then to teach you how to adopt this philosophy if you decide it’s right for you. (这本书的目标是为数字极简主义辩护，包括详细探索它的要求和为什么有效，然后如果你认为它适合你，教你如何采用这种哲学)”可知，这本书的目的是倡导简单的数字生活方式。故选B。
【9题详解】
词句猜测题。根据画线词下文“This process requires you to step away from optional online activities for thirty days. At the end of the thirty days, you will then add back a small number of carefully chosen online activities that you believe will provide massive benefits to the things you value. (这个过程要求你在30天内远离可选的在线活动。在30天结束的时候，你再加上一些你认为会给你所看重的东西带来巨大好处的精心挑选的在线活动)”可推知，画线词“declutter”的意思是“清理”，对在线活动进行清理和挑选。故选A。
【10题详解】
推理判断题。通过文章第四段“In the final chapter of part one, I’ll guide you through carrying out your own digital declutter. In doing so, I’ll draw on an experiment I ran in 2018 in which over 1,600 people agreed to perform a digital declutter. (在第一部分的最后一章中，我将指导您进行自己的数字清理。在这样做的过程中，我将借鉴我在2018年进行的一项实验，在该实验中，1600多人同意进行数字清理)”可推知，第一部分的最后一章介绍了实验与数字清理的实际例子。故选C。
【11题详解】
推理判断题。通过文章最后一段“You can view these practices as a toolbox meant to aid your efforts to build a minimalist lifestyle that words for your particular circumstances. (你可以将这些实践视为一个工具箱，旨在帮助
你建立一种适合自己特定情况的极简主义生活方式)”可推知，作者建议读者根据需要与实际情况使用第二部分中提及的实践。故选A。
Passage2
【2023年新高考全国Ⅱ卷】As cities balloon with growth, access to nature for people living in urban areas is becoming harder to find. If you’re lucky, there might be a pocket park near where you live, but it’s unusual to find places in a city that are relatively wild.
Past research has found health and wellness benefits of nature for humans, but a new study shows that wildness in urban areas is extremely important for human well-being.
The research team focused on a large urban park. They surveyed several hundred park-goers, asking them to submit a written summary online of a meaningful interaction they had with nature in the park. The researchers then examined these submissions, coding (编码) experiences into different categories. For example, one participant’s experience of “We sat and listened to the waves at the beach for a while” was assigned the categories “sitting at beach” and “listening to waves.”
Across the 320 submissions, a pattern of categories the researchers call a “nature language” began to emerge. After the coding of all submissions, half a dozen categories were noted most often as important to visitors. These include encountering wildlife, walking along the edge of water, and following an established trail.
Naming each nature experience creates a usable language, which helps people recognize and take part in the activities that are most satisfying and meaningful to them. For example, the experience of walking along the edge of water might be satisfying for a young professional on a weekend hike in the park. Back downtown during a workday, they can enjoy a more domestic form of this interaction by walking along a fountain on their lunch break.
“We’re trying to generate a language that helps bring the human-nature interactions back into our daily lives. And for that to happen, we also need to protect nature so that we can interact with it,” said Peter Kahn, a senior author of the study.
12. What phenomenon does the author describe at the beginning of the text
A. Pocket parks are now popular. B. Wild nature is hard to find in cities.
C. Many cities are overpopulated. D. People enjoy living close to nature.
13. Why did the researchers code participant submissions into categories
A. To compare different types of park-goers. B. To explain why the park attracts tourists.
C. To analyze the main features of the park. D. To find patterns in the visitors’ summaries.
14. What can we learn from the example given in paragraph 5
A. Walking is the best way to gain access to nature.
B. Young people are too busy to interact with nature.
C. The same nature experience takes different forms.
D. The nature language enhances work performance.
15. What should be done before we can interact with nature according to Kahn
A. Language study. B. Environmental conservation.
C. Public education. D. Intercultural communication.
【答案】12. B 13. A 14. C 15. B
【解析】
【导语】本文是一篇说明文。城市化让人们越来越难以接触到自然，但一项新研究发现城市中的野生自然对人类健康和幸福感具有重要影响。研究团队对一座大型城市公园的游客进行调查，发现与野生自然的互动可以创造出一种可用的语言，帮助人们认识和参与最令人满意和有意义的活动。该研究呼吁保护城市中的野生自然。
【12题详解】
细节理解题。根据第一段内容“As cities balloon with growth, access to nature for people living in urban areas is becoming harder to find. If you’re lucky, there might be a pocket park near where you live, but it’s unusual to find places in a city that are relatively wild.(随着城市的飞速发展，生活在城市地区的人们越来越难以接近大自然。如果你幸运的话，你住的地方附近可能会有一个袖珍公园，但在城市里找到相对天然的地方是罕见的)”可知，文章开头作者讲述了一种现象，在城市里，人们很难找到野生的自然。故选B。
【13题详解】
推理判断题。根据第三段的“They surveyed several hundred park-goers, asking them to submit a written summary online of a meaningful interaction they had with nature in the park. The researchers then examined these submissions, coding (编码) experiences into different categories. (他们调查了数百名公园游客，要求他们在网上提交一份书面总结，描述他们在公园里与大自然有意义的互动。然后，研究人员检查了这些提交的信息，将体验分为不同的类别)”可知，研究人员按照公园游客提交的在公园里与大自然互动的活动把游客分类，再根据第四段“Across the 320 submissions, a pattern of categories the researchers call a “nature language” began to emerge. After the coding of all submissions, half a dozen categories were noted most often as important to visitors. (在这320份提交的作品中，一种被研究人员称为“自然语言”的分类模式开始出现。在对所有提交的内容进行编码后，有六个类别被认为对游客最重要)”可推断，给游客分类是为了区分不同的游客类别。故选A。
【14题详解】
推理判断题。根据第五段内容“Naming each nature experience creates a usable language, which helps people recognize and take part in the activities that are most satisfying and meaningful to them. For example, the experience of walking along the edge of water might be satisfying for a young professional on a weekend hike in the park. Back downtown during a workday, they can enjoy a more domestic form of this interaction by walking along a fountain on their lunch break. (命名每一种自然体验创造了一种可用的语言，这有助于人们认识并参与到对他们来说最满意和最有意义的活动中。例如，沿着水边散步的经历可能会让一个年轻的专业人士在周末去公园徒步旅行时感到满意。在工作日回到市中心，他们可以在午休时沿着喷泉散步，享受一种更居家的互动方式)”可知，本段讲述了自然体验创造一种可用的语言，有助于人们识别并参与对自己来说最满意最有意义的活动，接下来以一个年轻的专业人士参与自然的方式举例说明，去公园时沿着水边散步让他感到满意，回到市中心工作时他可以通过沿着喷泉散步获得满足。因此推知，从第五段的例子中我们可以知道一样的自然体验可以呈现不同的形式。故选C。
【15题详解】
推理判断题。根据最后一段““We’re trying to generate a language that helps bring the human-nature interactions back into our daily lives. And for that to happen, we also need to protect nature so that we can interact with it,” said Peter Kahn, a senior author of the study. (“我们正试图创造一种语言，帮助将人类与自然的互动带回我们的日常生活中。要做到这一点，我们还需要保护自然，这样我们才能与它互动，”该研究的资深作者彼得·卡恩说。)”可推断，彼得·卡恩认为在我们与大自然互动之前我们应该先要保护自然。故选B。
回顾知识体系
回顾核心考点
阅读理解做题步骤 题文同序
先看题干；确定关键词
带着关键词，去文中准确定位；
结合题干问题，对比文本和选项；
细节理解题，同义替换是答案。
考点1 细节理解题
1.读完题干，确定关键词；
2.在文章中找出关键词(定位)；
3.对比(对比文章和选项有没有相同的或者相似的)；
4. 同义替换就是答案；
5.如果技巧找不到答案，就在理解的基础上解题。
注意：
特殊疑问词开头的题一般都是细节理解词。解题关键就是一个字“找”!
标志词:What/How/Where/why
如果它问的是哪个是对的或哪个是错的，或者找相同点或不同点，这样的题需要你耐心地去一个一个地找！
干扰项特征：
文不对题。是原文信息，但不是与题目对应的内容。
2.张冠李戴。细节与原文一致，但把本来做这件事的“张三”换成“李四”。
3.无中生有。符合常识，但原文未提及。
4.偷梁换柱。与原文信息极其相似，但在关键信息处改变了修饰语或所指对象等从而改变具体内涵。
5.扩缩范围。如原文用almost,all, nearly,more than,normally,usually 等词对信息加以限制，干扰选项则改变了限定范围。
6.颠倒是非。与原文信息大相径庭甚至完全相反。
7. 正误参半。内容部分正确，部分错误。
考点2 推理判断题
推理判断题不是选事实，而是有一个推理判断的过程推理判断一定要基于文本，要合理。
标记词:infer /suggest/imply /learn about等。
考点3 主旨大意题
标记词:main idea/mainly about / best title·
去首段/尾段直接去找，留意反复出现的词。
新闻报道，议论文和说明文:主题句在首段。
记叙文，议论文:主题句一般在尾段·在文中反复出现的词，肯定是文章的主题词。
无主题的文章，需要自己概括大意
考点4 词义猜测题
方法:上下文
标记词: mean/best explain/best describe /replace /refer to 等
1.不认识的单词:看上句和下句，加上本句，三句话比对得出答案。
2.认识的单词:不要直接写意思，还是根据上下文去推测，有可能考熟词生义。
3.代词的指代:去上文找名词或事情，加上理解。
易混易错归纳
易错点一：不熟悉正确项中的同义转述、简化概括
典例1：
Biological age might help determine your quality of life as you get older, since your cells and organs have ages varying from your regular age. Many aging-research scientists believe that knowing your biological age could help you postpone or avoid age-related illnesses , and better predict an individual's lifespan(寿命). Other scientists argue that there's no standard way to measure biological age. At the center of the debate are hopes that people can extend their lives by changing their behaviors.
Since everybody's genes(基因) are different, tracking your biological age could help determine your most helpful habits and customize them. People can also attempt to lower their biological age through ways of effectively managing stress.
Q: What can people do after knowing their biological ages
A.Improve their calendar ages to prevent diseases.
B.Determine ways to effectively manage stress.
C.Get personalized nutrition plan to improve health
D. Lengthen their lives by changing their conduct
错因: 本题易错选 B或 C。 部分考生根据题干定位到文章中的"People can also attempt to lower their biological age through ways of effectively managing stress" ，发现这句话中的" ways ofeffectively managing stress"出现在
了 B 项中，因而错选 B 项;也有部分考生在第一段中看到"knowing your biological age could help you postpone or avoid age-related illnesses"，认为要推迟或避免和年龄相关的疾病，"制定个性化的营养计划来改善健康"非常合理，因而错选 C 项。
分析: B 项”确定有效管理压力的方法”是对原文"人们也可以尝试通过有效地管理压力来减小自己的生理年龄”的曲解;C 项"制定个性化的营养计划来改善健康”在文中没有提及,属于无中生有。由第一段中的"...hopes that people can extend their lives by changing their behaviors"和第一段中的" tracking your biological age could help determine your most helpful habits and customize them"知,人们希望通过改变行为来延长寿命,了解生理年龄有助于确定对自己最有帮助的习惯并定制这些习惯,因此人们在知道了自己的生理年龄之后,就可以通过改变行为来延长寿命。D 项”Lengthen their lives by changing their conduct"是对原文"extend their lives by changing their behaviors"进行的同义转述。
答案为D
典例2:
Metzner's recording career began with moment of realization in the 1970s, when he first ventured onto the campus of UMass Amherst equipped with a stereo recorder, a microphone and earphones. Metzner recalled pushing the red button and hearing a lifelike symphony: a couple walking and talking nearby, a bicycle riding through gravel , a bird flying overhead and bells in the distance.
" And I was going like, ‘Wow , this is amazing. What an extraordinary coincidence!’"he recalled. " But it wasn't a coincidence - this stuff was happening all the time, I just hadn't been paying attention to it. And it was the microphone and the recorder that said, ‘Wake up... you live in a world of sound. Here it is.’ And it was, like , handing it to me on a platter."
Q:What inspired Metzner to take up the recording career
A.A symphony he heard on the campus of UMass Amherst
B.A sound-rich moment on the campus of UMass Amherst
C.A realization that he was well equipped with recording devices.
D. A coincidence that he happened to be waken up by the recorder.
错因 考生易错选 A或 C。 部分考生根据文章第一段中的"Metzner's recording career began with a moment of realization"对应到 C项，或者根据该段中的"the campus of UMass Amherst"和"hearing a lifelike symphony"对应到 A项，从而错选。
分析 原文"hearing a lifelike symphony"是一种比喻的说法,A 项是对原文的曲解;C项虽然有原文词汇 realization 的复现,但根据下文可知触动 Metzner 的并不是录音设备,而是他听到的声音,属于张冠李戴。B项是对原文" Metzner recalled pushing the red button and hearing a lifelike symphony: a couple walking and talking nearby, a bicycle riding through gravel, a bird flying overhead and bells in the distance"的简化概括,在校园里听到的丰富的声音让他深受启发。
答案:B
易错快攻:
同义转述是命题人常用的手段。 这种转述是指考题与原文的关键内容用同根词、同义词或近义词进行转换，有时也会在常用词组或短语之间进行转换。 这种情况下正确选项和原文的关键句相同的词汇不一定多，但意思的表述却是一致的，如[调研1]。 考生在平时的学习中要注意进行同根词、同义词和近义词的积累，并在解题时认真比对。
简化概括则是把原文中较为复杂的、详细的信息进行简化或概括，正确答案比较隐蔽,如[调研2].考生要仔细对原文信息句进行观察和分析，然后进行简化或归纳概括。
易错点二： 忽视干扰项中的偷换概念，曲解原意
典例1: Recent studies suggest global food production is responsible for one-third of all planet-heating emissions, with the use of animals for meat accounting for twice the pollution of producing plant based foods. Forests that absorb carbon dioxide are cut down for raising animals while fertilisers used for growing their feed are rich in nitrogen(氮), which can contribute to air and water pollution, climate change and ozone depletion(臭氧损耗). Livestock also produces large quantities of methane，a powerful greenhouse gas.
A Dutch city will become the first in the world to ban meat advertisements from public spaces in an effort to reduce consumption and greenhouse gas emissions
Haarlem, which lies to the west of Amsterdam and has a population of about 160 ,000, will pass the prohibition from 2024 after meat was added to a list of products thought to contribute to the climate crisis. Ads will not be allowed on Haarlem's buses , shelters and screens in public spaces, prompting the complaint from the meat sector that local authority is “going too far in telling people what's best for them”.
Ziggy Klazes , who drafted the proposal banning meat advertising, said she had no known the city would be the world's first to enforce such a policy when she proposed it. She told a radio channel: " We do not prohibit what people are baking and roasting in their own kitchen; if people wanted to continue eating meat, fine. ...We can't tell people there's aclimate crisis and encourage them to buy products that are part of the cause."
Q:Why does Haarlem intend to ban meat advertisements
A. To take the lead in cutting emissions.
B. To switch food to plant-based food.
C. To stop advocating eating meat publicly.
D.To contribute to the climate crisis.
错因: 考生易错选A。 部分考生根据题干将信息句定位在第二段，认为 A 项中的“take the lead"对该段中的“will become the first in the world"进行了同义转述，cut 对 reduce 进行了同义转述，并且选项和原文中都有"emissions"。
分析 根据第二段可知”一个荷兰城市将成为世界上第一个禁止在公共空间投放肉类广告的城市”,但并不是为了在这方面领先,而且第四段Ziggy 所说的"she had not known the city would be the world's first to enforce such a policy when she proposed it"也可以佐证这一点。因此A项属于偷换融念,把无意之举理解成有目的的行为,曲解了原文意思。根据第二段内容可知,颁布这个禁令的直接目的就是禁止在公共场所投放肉类广告,进而努
力减少消费和温室气体的排放,C 项”停止公开提倡吃肉”对”禁止在公共场所投放肉类广告"进行了同义转述。
答案:C
典例 2： Cory’s shearwaters are long-lived,rarely producing young successfully before age nine. This leaves an opening for learning and practice to develop their migration patterns. Researchers call this the " exploration-refinement"，and until now it has been hypothetical(假设的) because of difficulties in tracking migratory animals’ movements.
But a team of researchers has done that by attaching small geolocators to more than 150 of the birds aged four to nine. They found that younger birds traveled longer distances , for longer periods, and had more diverse paths than older birds. " We finally have evidence of the 'exploration-refinement’ for migratory birds," says Letizia Campioni, who led the study. Younger Cory's shearwaters are able to fly just as fast as the adults -- but they do not, suggesting that the young do more exploring, which gradually fades as they mature and settle into a preferred course.
Although it may seem less efficient than other strategies , " exploration-refinement could be beneficial to birds and other organisms in a rapidly changing world due to unpredictable man-made changes ," says Barbara Frei. " It might be safer to repeat a behavior that was recently successful than to rely on patterns that were perfected long ago but might no longer be safe. "
Q:What can we conclude from the last paragraph
A.Man-made changes make migration easier
B.Animals make a safer journey via a fixed track.
C. Course exploration contributes to birds’adaptability.
D.A combination of strategies assures migration success
错因 考生易错选 B。 部分考生对文章最后一段最后一句的长难句理解不透彻，仅根据其中的"It might be safer to repeat a behavior"，认为重复一个行为更安全，得出动物通过固定的轨道进行更安全的旅行，曲解了原文的意思而错选 B 项。
分析 最后一段末句句意为:重复一种最近成功的行为可能比依赖那些很久以前就已经完善但可能不再安全的模式更安全。其中"最近成功的行为"指的就是"最近探索成功的路线”,很显然这不是"固定的路线",故可排除 B。由最后一段第一句可知,由于不可预测的人为变化,在一个迅速变化的世界里,精细的探索可能对鸟类和其他生物有益。由此可以推断出,对路线的探索能够让鸟类更好地适应各种不可预测的变化,和C项是吻合的。
答案:C
易错快攻
偷换概念一般指在阅读理解题的选项中，干扰项的表达与原文信息句吻合程度较高，仅有部分词汇原文中没有体现或者和原文不一致，这容易给考生造成一种错觉，从而误选，这种干扰项常常偷换了动作的发出者、动作的承受者、动作本身或积极、消极语义等。 曲解原意也是干扰项设置中的常见方法，有些选项来自文章中的某一句或某几句话，看似表达文章的意思，其实是对原句意思的曲解。
针对此类选项，考生在解题时要根据题干中的关键词回文定位，认真分析原文相关语句字斟句酌，准确理解原文表达的意思，避免误选。
易错点三：忽视干扰项中的以偏概全、扩大或缩小概括范围
典例1："When trying to make new friends，people think that high-status symbols will make them look more socially attractive to potential friends. However, it turns out that potential friends are repelled(排斥) by the high-status symbols on others ," says Professor Stephen Garcia, the lead author.
In one study, researchers presented 125 participants from a wealthy suburb with one of two scenarios. Those in the presenter's scenario picked between a luxury car or a basic car to drive to an outdoor wedding party where they could meet new friends, and those in the evaluator's scenario indicated their reaction to someone arriving in either car.
Nearly two-thirds of the individuals in the presenter's condition believed the luxury car would be more effective in making friends. " However, this choice backfired from the perspective of the would-be friends, who expressed significantly less social interest in those individuals; they expressed more social interest in those with the basic car,Garcia says.
Another study asked people which of two plain T-shirts the participants would wear to a picnic in their efforts to make new friends. One T-shirt had the name of a supermarket written on it, and the other T-shirt had the name of a luxury store written on it.
Seventy-six percent of the participants who were presenting themselves chose to wear the T-shirt with the name of a luxury store , whereas 64 percent of the would-be friends chose the person wearing the T-shirt with the name of a supermarket as a potential new friend.
Q: What can be inferred from Paragraphs 2 - 5
A. High status T-shirts are sold in the supermarket.
B.The two studies came to the same conclusion.
C.A terrible incident happened at the outdoor wedding party.
D. Participants of the studies preferred ordinary-status symbols.
错因 考生易错选 D。部分考生找到陈述研究结果的句子(第三段第二句及第五段中whereas 64 percent..·)，认为 However 和 whereas 之后的部分是关键信息，因此利用两句话的后半部分 ("they expressed more... with the basic car"和 " 64 percent of the would-be friends ... new friend")推断出，实验的参与者更喜欢象征普通地位的事物，从而错选 D。 忽略了研究的参与者分为两个群体，分别在两种场景下做出选择，即"presenters scenario"和"evaluator's scenario"，考生将参与"evaluators scenario"群体的表现扩大到了所有的参与者，属于以偏概全.
分析 由第三段第二句可知,接近三分之二的“展示者场景”的参与者认为豪车交朋友更有效,然而,从想成为朋友的人的角度来看,这种选择适得其反,他们对这些人表现出的社交兴趣明显较少,他们对那些拥有基本款汽车的人表达了更多的社交兴趣;由第五段的第一句可知,76% 的参与者选择穿着印有奢侈品商店名称的 T恤衫,而64% 的准朋友选择穿印有超市名称的T恤衫的人作为潜在的新朋友。它们都证明了奢侈品不利于结
交新朋友,因此这两项研究得出了相同的结论这和 B 项吻合,也和文章第一段末句呈现的研究结果相吻合。答案:B
典例2: At St.Francis High School in La Canada, Calif. , there's something to be said about math teacher Jim Connor.
The truth is, Connor can be a bit of a drudge. But the 70-year-old man says he's not here to entertain his students. " It drives me crazy when people say school should be fun,”he says. "I mean , it's nice if it could be, but you can't make school fun. "
And for years, the kids thought that's all there was to him - until last November, when senior Pat MeGoldrick learned they didn't know the half of him.
Pat was in charge of a student blood drive and had just come to Children's Hospital Los Angeles for a meeting. And he says it was weird: Whenever he told someone he went to St.Francis High School, they all said, " Oh, you must know Jim Connor. Isn't he wonderful "
"It was disbelief, really ," Pat says. It was almost kind of finding this alter ego( 另一面) that he has. Inside the blood donor center, Pat found a plaque listing all the top blood donors at the hospital, including the record holder, Jim Connor. Then he learned something even more unbelievable: whenever Connor isn't torturing kids with calculus( 微积分),he's cuddling sick babies. Three days a week for the past 20 years, Jim has volunteered at the hospital to hold, feed and comfort the children when their parents can't do that.
" They tend to calm for him, " Nurse Erin says. " They tend to relax with him. They fall asleep with him."
"I just like them and relate to them somehow," Connor says.
Connor has never been married; he has no kids of his own. But he has fallen hard for these babies.
"I've always respected him, but now it's to an even different degree - really to the point where I try to emulate him," Pat says. " He's the epitome of a man of service. "
O: What is the best title for the text
A. Bonding with Babies in Need of Love
B.A Real Lesson Is Life Through Learning Calculus
C. Everybody Keeps Something Under His Hat
D.Tough Teacher Has a Soft Heart
错因 考生易错选A或C。 部分考生认为文章用大量的篇幅介绍了 Connor 在医院做志愿者工作，照顾那些生病的婴儿，给予他们爱和温暖，因此错选A 项。 还有部分考生认为，Conmor在医院献血和做志愿者工作一直都不为身边的人所知，因此错选 C 项(每个人都有自己的秘密)。 这些都是考生在归纳标题时缩小了概括的范围，忽略了 Connor 在教师这一职业中的表现。
分析 本文属于写人记事类的记叙文,根据第二段内容可知,70 岁的数学老师 Connor 认为教书不是为了给学生带来娱乐,学校不是玩乐的地方,由此可知在教学中 Connor 是一位严厉的(lough)老师;根据下文可知,Connor 积极献血,在医院当志愿者照顾生病的婴儿,从文中的"to hold, feed and comfort the children" ,"I just like them and relate to them somehow" ," But he has fallen hard for these babies"可知,Connor 有一副软心肠(a soft heart)。这与 D项内容相吻合。
答案:D
易错快攻
以偏概全、扩大或缩小概括范围的干扰项常出现在需要归纳概括的主旨大意类题目中，如[典例2]，对该类题目可以通过以下方法避免干扰: (1)结合文章主旨提炼中间段落的要点，如[典例1];(2)用"逆向推理”法，反推文章的写作方向，看与原文是否相符，不一致的则排除。
易错点四 忽视语境逻辑，过度推断
典例 Cores taken from 350 Douglas firs (花旗松) showed that annual tree ring growth was related to the extent of fungal connection a tree had with other trees. They had much higher growth than those that had only a few connections. The research also showed that trees with more connections to many unique fungi had much greater growth than those with only one or two connections. " If you have this network that is helping trees grow faster, that helps capture more carbon year after year.These networks may help trees grow more steadily even as conditions become more stressful and could even help protect them against death ," said Birch.
Birch hopes his findings lead to further studies in different kinds of forests in other geographical areas , because it's likely that the connections among trees change from year to year. He said, " Knowing whether fungal networks are operating the same way in other tree species could inform how we reforest areas after harvesting them, and inform how we plant trees to preserve these networks."
Q:What can be inferred from what Birch has put
A.The fungal networks support one another in times of stress.
B.The fungal networks enable us to know more about reforestation.
C. The findings can apply to different kinds of forests in other geographical areas.
D. The fungal networks will help trees grow more steadily if conditions become more stressful.
错因 考生易错选 D。部分考生看到第一段中 Birch 所说的话"These networks may help trees grow more steadily even as conditions become more stressful"，经过比对认为这与 D 项表述的内容一致，忽视了原文是 may help (可能有助于 )，而选项中是 will help(将有助于)，过度推断把可能变成事实，从而错选 D。
分析 根据最后一段 Birh 所说的话可知,了解真菌网络在其他树种中是否以同样的方式运作,可以影响我们在采伐后如何重新造林,也可以告诉我们如何种植树木来保护这些网络;由此可知,真菌网络使我们能够更多地了解重新造林,和 B 项吻合。
答案:B
易错点五 混淆事实与观点，答非所问
典例 For most of our history,humans have been short, a study has found. Until around 150 years ago , few people grew taller than 170 centimeters.
Christiane Scheffler at the University of Potsdam and Michael Hermanussen in Altenho have spent several years studying the height of people from a wide range of populations. In their latest paper, they combined an existing data of more than 6 ,000 prehistoric human skeletons with multiple studies of more recent historical populations from
Europe and the US,They also included their own data on 1 ,666 present-day school children from Indonesia.
In the prehistoric populations, the maximum height for men was 165 to 170 centimeters, while women topped out at 160 cm. Today, men in England have an average height of around 175 cm , while for women it is about 162 cm.
But there is significant variation between modern countries. The Indonesian school children in the study were shorter than similarly aged children from the US, despite being well-nourished.
Subramanian at Harvard University isn't convinced by the pair's interpretation. His team previously showed that the best predictor of a child's height is the height of their parents.This suggests that the influence of other factors , such as social mobility , is limited.
After assessing nearly 163,000 children living in 55 low and middle-income countries,
Subramanian's team found that 42.9 percent had poor nutrition but no sign of stunting(阻发育) or other physical indicators of this fact.
This implies there is a lot of hidden malnutrition that doesn't reveal itself through stunting. " A person's nutritional condition should be assessed by looking at their diet not their height," says Subramanian.
Q: What can we infer from Subramanian's study
A. Poor nutrition delays physical development.
B.A balanced diet contributes to growing taller.
C. High social classes can reach a greater height.
D.A human's height has little to do with nutrition.
错因 在很多考生的认知里，A 选项(营养不良延缓了身体的发育 ) 是符合事实的表达，因此考生会错选 A。
分析 根据倒数第二段内容可知,在对 55 个低收入和中等收入国家的近 16.3 万名儿童进行评估后，Subramanian 的团队发现 42.9% 的儿童营养不良,但没有发育受阻的迹象。由此可知,考生认为正确的 A 项和 Subramanian 的研究发现并不相符。根据最后一段内容可知,有很多隐藏的营养不良,它们并不能通过发育不良表现出来;一个人的营养状况应该通过观察他们的饮食而不是身高来评估。由此可推断出,Subramanian 的研究表明:一个人的身高和营养没有太大关系。
答案:D
易错快攻
混淆事实与观点是阅读理解常见的干扰项的特征。 干扰项的内客和原文的表述是一致的,或者干扰项的表述是客观事实，因此迷感性很强，考生很容易错选。 破解这类题的办法是从影干出发，忠实于原文，根据题于关键词锁定原文中的信息句，然后和选项进行认真比对。
易错点六 主观臆断取代作者观点
典例1： Have you ever walked through a door and thought to yourself, " What was I going to do " If you have, you are not alone.”Psychologists believe that walking through a door and entering another room creates a" mental block" in the brain. This is generally referred to as the doorway effect.
...
A new research led by psychologist Oliver Baumann from Bond University in Australia suggests that it's not so much the doorways that cause a memory wipe, as moving from one location to a significantly different one and that it's the abrupt change of scene that prepares our minds for something new. "A good example is moving around in a department store,says Baumann.
"Taking the elevator between floors may have no effect on our memory , but moving from the store to the parking lot might cause us to forget something that we need to buy.Baumann also points out that a busy and perhaps overloaded brain does seem to play some part in this phenomenon. In other words, walking through open doors is thought to reset memory to make room for a new episode.
The good news is that experiencing such forgettable episodes after entering another room does not tell you anything about your memory and intelligence. So when you enter a room and suddenly forget why you are there, you should not think that Alzheimer's disease is creeping up on you !
Q: What does the author think of the " doorway effect"
A.Insignificant. B.Beneficial. C.Influential. D.Damaging.
错因 考生易错选B或D。 部分考生在最后一段中看到”The good news"，便误以为作者的态度是正向的，因此错选B项。 也有考生根据第一段中的"creates amental block'in the brain推断作者认为"doorway elfect"是有破坏性的，因此错选D项。 这些考生没有仔细分析作者字里间要表达的观点，而是根据文中的只言片语，凭自己的主观臆断做出了选择。
分析 作者在最后一段指出,在进入另一个房间后经历这种忘事的情节并不能反映出关于分析你的记忆力或者智力的信息;所以,当你进入一个房间,突然忘记你为什么在那里的时候,你不应该认为是阿尔茨海默病在悄悄靠近你。由此可以推断出,作者认为"doorway elfect"与记忆力或智力关,也不是阿尔茨海默病的表现,是无足轻重的。insignificant adj.不重要的,无足轻重的。
答案:A
易错快攻
在推断作者观点态度的试题中，考生由于思维定式，或受到文中某些非关键信息的干扰很容易凭主观臆断做出错误的选择。 做该类题目时，如果文中没有直接表明作者观点态度的句时，考生要根据作者在文中的措辞，尤其是表达情感色彩的词，以及作者所举的事例，读懂弦外之音，来正确推断其观点态度。
典例 2
Next Frontiers
Schoolbooks typically present explorers as intrepid ( 勇敢的) individuals who, for example, sail wooden ships to new lands. But today most explorers who are making fundamental discoveries are scientists. And whether the frontiers are tiny, like the human genome, or massive, like our deepest oceans, we still have much left to learn about planet Earth. The quests that modern scientists pursue rival(比得上) anything in a history book or an adventure novel.
Exploration is science in its most basic form -- asking questions of the natural world and, we hope, using the answers for the betterment of everything on Earth.
Exploration has great value. It inspires us , widens our knowledge and gives us hope for a better future. And the practical payoffs can even be lifesaving. Scientists who spent decades exploring what was in the atmosphere found that over time the concentration of carbon dioxide was rising. Without that discovery, we humans would now be living like the proverbial frog in a pot of gradually heating water, unsure why the environment around us is changing, and slowly boiling to death.
The human drive to overcome challenges is an essential aspect of the human drive to explore, which, in most cases , spurs innovation. Early human submersibles that reached the bottom of the deepest ocean trenches made the trip just once, stressed by the enormous pressures there. But eventually a more stress-resistant deep-submergence vehicle, the Limiting Factor, allowed investor and undersea explorer Victor Vescovo to reach trench bottoms numerous times.
Now there are roughly 4,000 autonomous Argo floats across the world's oceans that dive down to 2 ,000 feet and resurface every 10 days. Programmable vessels greatly expand our reach and reduce the risk to the people involved in exploration , allowing for the kind of discovery that the human body might limit. The Argo group will also deploy dozens of sensors every year that will gather biological and chemical data, leading to new observations about marine life.
Other institutions plan to search the seas in unison, sending data to guide ships that forward the information to researchers on shore. Ocean research groups have made it a priority to openly share their discoveries and data with the public and to inspire the next generation of young scientists. Anyone can go along for the ride -- we can all be explorers.Maybe one day you'll explore the Great Barrier Reef, the desert, or a rain-forest canopy.Captain James T. Kirk began each episode of the original Star Trek television by saying,"Space，the final frontier.Not necessarily. We still have plenty series to discover right here on Earth , and we eagerly await surprises from the newest worlds we find.
Q : What can we infer from the passage
A.Few modern scientists are true explorers
B. The space will be human's final frontier
C. Exploring is an in-born human quality.
D.Exploring the earth can still be fruitful.
错因 考生易错选 B。 部分考生看到文章的标题为"Next Frontiers"，结合文章最后一段中错因的"Space，the final frontier"和考生本人对太空探索的了解，便主观臆断，认为太空是人类的最后疆域，因此错选 B 项。
分析 根据文章第一段中的"And whether the frontiers are tiny... we still have much left to learn about planet Earth"可知,无论(探索的)边界是像人类基因组一样很小,还是像我们最深的海洋一样巨大,对于地球我们还有很多东西需要了解;文章第三段作者用二氧化碳浓度的例子证明"探索有很大的价值”;在最后一段中,作者引用了《星际迷航》中 Captain James T.Kirk 的话”Space，the final frontier",但随即用"Not necessarily"进行了否定,接着作者表示:我们在地球上还有很多东西要发现,我们急切地等待着我们发现最新世界的惊喜。由此可以推断出,对地球的探索仍然可以富有成果。答案:D
易错点七 不能精准定位信息句，误判选择依据
典例1
Europe is the perfect place for a campervan holiday. Every corner of the continent is bursting with history，culture and sights. Here are 4 great European campervan holiday destinations for this summer.
Sweden
...
Germany
...
Scotland
Scotland has something for everyone: cities with vibrant nightlife, incredible scenery,stunning lochs and medieval castles. If you want to get away from it all, then the Highlands are one of the least populated areas in the whole of Europe. Hikers will love the Cairngorms.If you're in Scotland in August, then be sure to check out the Edinburgh International Festival，a feast of theatre , dance,music and comedy.
Spain
Spain's renowned for its beach holidays, but it offers so much more than that. Having a lovely climate, rich history , stunning architecture, delicious cuisine and friendly locals.Spain has long been a favoured destination for campervan aficionados(爱好者).Hiking fanatics should not miss the beautiful Picos de Europa, Spain's only inhabited nature reserve. But be ware - summers can be very hot in Spain , particularly in the South.
Q: Which area should you visit if you like the architecture in the Middle Ages
Sweden. B.Germany. C.Scotland. D.Spain.
错因 部分考生只注意到题干中的"architecture"，而忽视了该词的后置定语"in the Middle Ages"，错误地将信息句定位到 Spain 段落中的"Having ... stunning architecture... Spain has long been a favoured destination for campervan aficionados(爱好者)"，因此错选 D。
分析 由题干中的"the architecture in the Middle Ages"可将信息句定位至Scotland 中的"Scotland has something for everyone: ...medieval castles"。 medieval 意为"中世纪的”,是题干中"in the Middle Ages"的同义转述,castles 是题干中"architecture"的下义词。答案:C
典例2
...
“We found the super-worms fed a diet of just polystyrene not only survived, but even had slight weight gains,"Dr. Rilke said. " This suggests the worms can get energy from the polystyrene, most likely with the help of their internal micro-organisms. "They are like mini recycling plants, tearing up the polystyrene with their mouths and then feeding it to the bacteria in their ' stomach ’.”
Co-author of the research , PhD candidate Jiarui Sun, said they aimed to grow the bacteria in the lab and further test their ability to break down polystyrene. " We can then look into how we can upgrade this process to a level required for an entire recycling plant,”Ms. Sun said.
Q: How will those researchers continue the research
A. By testing different abilities of the bacteria.
B. By experimenting with large-scale production
C. By establishing a modern recycling factory.
D.By growing and breaking down the worms.
错因 部分考生根据题干中的"continue the research"定位到最后一段中的"they aimed to grow the bacteria in the lab and further test their ability to break down polystyrene", 认为信息句中的"the bacteria"和"test their ability"与 A 项高度重合，但忽略了A 项中的"different”在原文中并没有对应信息，因此错选 A 项。
分析 根据题千中的关键词"continue the research”,可将信息句定位至最后一段。由"We can then look into how we can upgrade this process to a level required for an entire recycling plant"知，"如何将这个过程升级到整个回收工厂所需的水平"是他们接下来将要研究的内容。B 项"通过大规模生产实验"是该信息句的同义转述。答案:B
易错快攻
有些细节理解题题干中的关键词对原文中的关键词进行了同义转述，或者是原文中的信息句不止一处，这些都容易导致考生不能精准定位信息句，误判了选择的依据。 考生在做题时要注意题干中的修饰限定成分，如[典例 1]，还要注意全面分析对应的信息句，如[典例2]。
Passage 1
（2023·山东济南·模拟预测）Pretending sickness may get harder. Slipping a day off work by nervously coughing down the phone to your boss might not work. Very soon your company might be able to tell whether your symptoms are real, just from your voice.
An Indian research team tried to tell a “cold voice” from a healthy voice. Their research makes use of the fact that human speech, like any musical instrument, does not produce single frequencies of sounds. Even the best trained singers cannot hit pure notes like those from tuning forks. The dominant notes in the human voice are instead accompanied by a series of higher pitch (音高) tones.
Together these sets of notes fit into mathematical patterns called harmonics (和声), with tones having frequencies that are multiples of the original note. For example, the pitch of the second harmonic note is twice the frequency of the main note and so on. The loudness of these harmonics in speech tends to fade as they proceed up the frequency scale. The team reasoned that infection with a cold might change how this decline happened.
To find out, the scientists made use of an unusual resource: recordings of the voices of 630 people in Germany, 111 of whom were suffering from a cold. Each was asked to count from one to 40 and describe what they did at the weekend. They also read aloud a fable The North Wind and the Sun, which has been a popular text for speech research since 1949. By breaking down each person’s speech into its spectrum (声谱) of component wavelengths, the researchers could identify the dominant frequency and the harmonics in each case. They then used machine-learning to analyse the relationships between the loudness of these harmonics and found patterns that could distinguish the cold voices from the healthy voices.
The team’s diagnosis of cold voice shows a 70% accuracy. Faced with another dull Monday at the office, would you take the risk
12．On what basis is the research performed
A．Human speeches vary in frequencies.
B．Training has no effect on human notes.
C．Humans speak like musical instruments.
D．Higher pitch notes dominate human voices.
13．What may reduce the volume of human harmonics
A．The pitch of harmonics. B．A pretended cold voice.
C．The sets of human notes. D．Higher sound frequencies.
14．Why are the participants required to read the fable
A．It is easy to understand. B．It is valuable in literature.
C．It is popular with speakers. D．It is suitable for the research.
15．What does the author want to tell us
A．Human speech reflects health B．Pretending sickness is a trend.
C．Voice changes with conditions. D．Changing voice is of great risk.
【答案】12．A 13．D 14．D 15．C
【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章主要讲述印度的一个研究小组试图区分感冒的声音和健康的声音。
12．细节理解题。根据文章第二段“Their research makes use of the fact that human speech, like any musical instrument, does not produce single frequencies of sounds.(他们的研究利用了这样一个事实，即人类的语言和任何乐器一样，不会产生单一频率的声音)”可知，该研究理论基础是人的语言频率是不同的。故选A项。
13．细节理解题。根据文章第三段“The loudness of these harmonics in speech tends to fade as they proceed up the frequency scale. (这些和声在语音中的响度往往会随着它们在频率范围内的上升而减弱)”可知，较高的声音频率会减少人类和声的响度。故选D项。
14．推理判断题。由文章第四段“By breaking down each person’s speech into its spectrum (声谱) of component wavelengths, the researchers could identify the dominant frequency and the harmonics in each case. They then used machine-learning to analyse the relationships between the loudness of these harmonics and found patterns that could distinguish the cold voices from the healthy voices.(通过将每个人的语音分解为其分量波长谱，研究人员可以识别出每种情况下的主频和和声。然后，他们使用机器学习来分析这些和声的响度之间的关系，并找到了可以区分感冒声音和健康声音的模式)”可知，测试者被要求读寓言是因为可用他们的声音来分析。由此推知，这样做是为了配合该研究。故选D项。
15．推理判断题。根据文章第三段“The loudness of these harmonics in speech tends to fade as they proceed up the frequency scale. The team reasoned that infection with a cold might change how this decline happened.(这些和声在语音中的响度往往会随着它们在频率范围内的上升而减弱。研究小组推断，感染感冒可能会改变这种下
降的发生方式)”以及联系上下文可推知，作者想告诉我们声音随着环境的变化而变化。故选C项。
Passage 2
（2023·陕西咸阳·模拟预测）Electric vehicles (EVs) are widely considered a strong weapon in efforts against global warming. But are they like what people believe The Radiant Energy Group (REG) stated effects of EVs vary with countries. In some nations, EVs lead to the release of more carbon gases than gasoline cars. The group reckoned gas emissions caused by a gasoline vehicle and from charging an EV. Countries where charging an EV is cleaner than driving a gasoline-powered car use a lot of nuclear or solar power.
Sales of electric cars are rising the fastest in Europe. Data from REG suggests EVs in Poland actually create more carbon emissions because their electrical systems depend so much on coal. In other European countries, however, EVs result in fewer emissions. The countries with the biggest carbon gas reduction use much clean power. The first was Switzerland at 100 percent carbon reductions over gasoline vehicles.
Germany and Spain create lots of electricity from the sun and wind. But the sun and wind don’t add to a country’s electrical system equally throughout the day. For this reason, carbon emissions saved by driving an EV aren’t fixed. Charging in the afternoon, when there’s more sun and wind, saves 16 to 18 percent more carbon than at night when electrical systems are more likely to be using gas or coal.
The gap in emissions between electric and gasoline-powered vehicles has narrowed in recent years. In Europe, carmakers have been required to meet EU CO2 emissions of performance standards. They’ve made their gasoline engines more fuel-efficient. As a result, carbon emissions of new gasoline-powered cars in Europe have fallen an average of 25 percent in the past years. But EV sales in Europe are backed by government spending and rules against new gasoline engine cars after 2035. Major automakers have set targets to sell mainly EVs in Europe in the coming years.
8．What does the underlined word “reckoned” mean in Paragraph 1
A．Increased. B．Calculated. C．Banned. D．Prevented.
9．What affects carbon emissions of EVs according to Paragraph 3
A．The country where they’re made. B．Facilities producing clean power.
C．The time they are being charged. D．Technology used by electrical systems.
10．What causes sales of EVs to rise quickly in Europe
A．Support of official policies. B．Concern about global warming.
C．Standards of gasoline car. D．Advertisements from carmakers.
11．Which can be the best title for the text
A．What Benefits Do EVs Bring B．Will EVs Replace Gasoline Cars in Europe
C．How Do EVs Affect Carbon Emissions D．Do Electric Cars Really Help the Environment
【答案】8．B 9．C 10．A 11．D
【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章讲述了电动汽车被认为是对抗全球气候变暖的一个重要利器，但是科学研究发现电动汽车并非真正环保。
8．词义猜测题。根据第二段“Data from REG suggests EVs in Poland actually create more carbon emissions (由
REG得到的数据显示波兰的电动汽车实际上造成了更多的碳排放)”可推理出第一段划线单词的含义为：计算，故选B项。
9．推理判断题。根据第三段最后一句话“Charging in the afternoon, when there’s more sun and wind, saves 16 to 18 percent more carbon than at night when electrical systems are more likely to be using gas or coal. (下午的时候光能和风能更多，这个时候充电要比晚上少16%至18%的碳排放，晚上的时候电力系统更有可能使用气或者煤)”可推理出，充电的时间会影响碳排放，故选C项。
10．推理判断题。根据最后一段“EV sales in Europe are backed by government spending (欧洲电动汽车的销售有政府的财力支持)”可知，欧洲电动汽车销售快速增长的主要原因是有政府的支持，故选A项。
11．主旨大意题。根据文章第一段“Electric vehicles (EVs) are widely considered a strong weapon in efforts against global warming. But are they like what people believe (电动汽车被广泛地认为是一种对抗全球变暖的利器。但是他们真的像人们认为的那样吗？)”可知，作者在第一段提出了这个话题，后续段落对这个话题进行了分析、解释，由此可知，本文主要讲的是电动汽车并不一定对环境有益，故选D项。
Passage 3
（2024·山东日照·一模）Dr Paul King at Texas Christian University has been an influential scholar in the field of communication studies for 30 years. I spoke to King about his research into “state anxiety in listening performance”. Most of us believe that anxiety impacts only the person giving the speech or presentation. Dr King has discovered that audience members feel anxiety, too.
King says that listening is a tiring activity because the learner is continually adding material to be remembered-retrieved-later. This is what he means by “cognitive backlog(认知积压)”. Put simply, the longer the task or the more information that is delivered, the greater the cognitive load. According to King, listening to a five-minute presentation produces a relatively small amount of cognitive backlog; an 18-minute presentation produces a little more, while a 60-minute presentation produces so much backlog that you risk seriously upsetting your audience unless you create a very engaging presentation with “soft breaks”— stories, videos, demonstrations, or other speakers.
The longer the presentation, the more the listener has to organize, comprehend, and remember. The burden increases along with a listener’s anxiety. They become increasingly frustrated, even angry. King says that the current research into memory processing suggests that it’s better to study content on two or three occasions for a short period of time instead of spending an entire evening cramming(填鸭式学习).
King applies the results to his graduate class on research methods. If given a choice, most graduate students would rather attend a single three-hour class than three 50-minute classes. When King taught his class once a week, he found that the students returned for the next class having lost most of the information they had learned the prior week. King discovered the “better practice” was to schedule the same content on three separate occasions, such as Monday, Wednesday, and Friday. King said that despite objections, when he taught the class on three occasions his students scored better and exhibited a better memory of the complex material.
12．What does Dr Paul King say about “cognitive backlog”
A．It should be prevented from happening.
B．It is affected by the number of listeners.
C．It changes with the length of a presentation.
D．It produces a negative effect on mental health.
13．What is the function of “soft breaks”
A．To ease listeners’ anxiety. B．To show the talents of speakers.
C．To add topics to the presentation. D．To make the presentation longer.
14．What does Dr Paul King’s new practice focus on
A．Exploring complex materials. B．Completing a single task at a time.
C．Breaking up the whole into parts. D．Grouping students by their levels.
15．What can we learn about Dr Paul King’s new class schedule
A．It was welcomed by students. B．It turned out to be a success.
C．It made no difference indeed. D．It still had room for improvement.
【答案】12．C 13．A 14．C 15．B
【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要访谈了德克萨斯基督教大学的保罗·金教授，讨论了他的研究“听力表现中的状态焦虑”。文章揭示了听众在听力过程中也会感受到焦虑，这种焦虑随着演讲时间的增长和信息量的增加而增加。文章还提到，金教授将这一研究结果应用于自己的研究生课程，通过将课程内容分三次授课，而不是一次三小时的集中授课，发现学生的学习效果更好。
12．细节理解题。根据第二段“Put simply, the longer the task or the more information that is delivered, the greater the cognitive load.(简单来说，任务越长或者传递的信息越多，认知负荷就越大)”可知，认知负荷随着任务的长度发生变化，故选C项。
13．细节理解题。根据第二段“According to King, listening to a five-minute presentation produces a relatively small amount of cognitive backlog; an 18-minute presentation produces a little more, while a 60-minute presentation produces so much backlog that you risk seriously upsetting your audience unless you create a very engaging presentation with “soft breaks”— stories, videos, demonstrations, or other speakers.( 根据金博士的说法，听一个五分钟的演讲会产生相对较少的认知积压；18分钟的演讲会产生更多一些，而60分钟的演讲会产生如此多的认知积压，除非你制作了一个非常吸引人的演讲，并有“轻松休息”——故事、视频、演示或其他演讲者，否则你冒着严重激怒你的听众的风险)”可知，“轻松休息”的功能是减轻听众的焦虑情绪，故选A项。
14．细节理解题。根据最后一段“King applies the results to his graduate class on research methods.(金博士将结果应用到他的研究生课程研究方法上)”以及“King discovered the “better practice” was to schedule the same content on three separate occasions, such as Monday, Wednesday, and Friday. (金博士发现，更好的做法是将相同的内容安排在三个不同的时间，例如周一、周三和周五)”可知，金博士的新做法是将整个任务分解为几个部分，故选C项。
15．细节理解题。根据最后一段“King said that despite objections, when he taught the class on three occasions his students scored better and exhibited a better memory of the complex material(金博士说，尽管有反对意见，当他
在三个不同时间教授课程时，他的学生得分更好，并且对复杂材料的记忆力更好)”可知，保罗·金博士的新课程安排，结果证明是成功的，故选B项。
Passage 4
（2024·湖南长沙·二模）In a policy address to lawmakers, Japan’s Prime Minister, Fumio Kishida, said the country’s population problem was a case of solving the issue “now or never”, and that it “simply cannot wait any longer because it can affect social functions”.
“In thinking of the sustainability and inclusiveness of our nation’s economy and society, we place child care support as our most important policy,” he said, adding that he wants the government to double its spending on child-related programs, and that a new government agency would be set up in April to focus on the issue.
Japan has one of the lowest birth rates in the world, and it recorded fewer than 800,000 births in 2022 for the first time since records began in 1899. The country also has one of the highest life expectancies in the world; in 2020, nearly one in 1,500 people in Japan were age 100 or older, according to government data.
These trends have driven a growing population problem, with a rapidly aging society, a shrinking workforce and not enough young people to fill the gaps in the stagnating (停滞) economy. The country’s high cost of living, limited space and lack of child care support in cities make it difficult to raise children, meaning fewer couples are having kids. Experts point to the pessimism young people in Japan hold towards the future, many frustrated with work pressure and economic stagnation.
How about other parts of East Asia South Korea recently broke its own record for the world’s lowest birth rate, with data from November 2023 showing a South Korean woman will have an average of 0.79 children in her lifetime — far below the 2.1 needed to maintain a stable population. Japan’s birth rate stands at 1.3, while the United States is at 1.6. Meanwhile, China’s population shrank in 2022 for the first time, adding pressure to its economic growth.
8．How does the Japanese government feel about the falling birth rate
A．Surprised. B．Confused. C．Embarrassed. D．Worried.
9．Which of the following has led the birth rate in Japan to decline
A．The rapidly aging society. B．The high life expectancies.
C．The shortage of workforce. D．The various stresses of life.
10．What are the statistics in the last paragraph used to show
A．Ignorance of the birth rate. B．Serious population crisis.
C．Weak care services for children. D．Potential harm to women’s health.
11．In which section of a newspaper may this text appear
A．Society. B．Health. C．Education. D．Science.
【答案】8．D 9．D 10．B 11．A
【导语】本文是新闻报道。日本政府就本国人口危机发出了严重警告，称由于出生率不断下降，人口问题可能影响社会运转。
8．推理判断题。根据第一段“In a policy address to lawmakers, Japan’s Prime Minister, Fumio Kishida, said the country’s population problem was a case of solving the issue “now or never”, and that it “simply cannot wait any longer because it can affect social functions”.(日本首相岸田文雄在向国会议员发表的政策讲话中表示，日本的人口问题是一个“要么现在解决，要么永远不解决”的问题，而且“不能再等了，因为它会影响社会功能”)”，再结合第二段谈到的日本政府对出生率下降所采取的行动，可推知，日本政府对此感到很担忧。故选D。
9．细节理解题。根据第四段“The country’s high cost of living, limited space and lack of child care support in cities make it difficult to raise children, meaning fewer couples are having kids.(这个国家的高生活成本、有限的空间以及城市中缺乏儿童保育支持使得抚养孩子变得困难，这意味着生育孩子的夫妇越来越少)”可知，各种生活压力导致年轻人觉得抚养孩子很困难，于是出现出生率下降的情况。故选D。
10．推理判断题。根据最后一段“South Korea recently broke its own record for the world’s lowest birth rate, with data from November 2023 showing a South Korean woman will have an average of 0.79 children in her lifetime — far below the 2.1 needed to maintain a stable population. Japan’s birth rate stands at 1.3, while the United States is at 1.6. Meanwhile, China’s population shrank in 2022 for the first time, adding pressure to its economic growth.(韩国最近打破了自己创造的世界最低出生率纪录，2023年11月的数据显示，韩国女性一生平均生育0.79个孩子，远低于维持人口稳定所需的2.1个孩子。日本的出生率为1.3，而美国为1.6。与此同时，2022年中国人口首次出现萎缩，给经济增长增加了压力)”可推知，最后一段的统计数据用来说明严重的人口危机。故选B。
11．推理判断题。根据第一段“In a policy address to lawmakers, Japan’s Prime Minister, Fumio Kishida, said the country’s population problem was a case of solving the issue “now or never”, and that it “simply cannot wait any longer because it can affect social functions”.(日本首相岸田文雄在向国会议员发表的政策讲话中表示，日本的人口问题是一个“要么现在解决，要么永远不解决”的问题，而且“不能再等了，因为它会影响社会功能”)”结合本文主要在谈：日本政府由于人口出生率下降，采取了相应措施，并分析了出现人口危机的原因，最后一段还指出在东亚存在的人口危机问题。人口以及出生率属于社会主题。故选A。
Passage 5
（2024·湖南·一模）The days of having a dictionary on your bookshelf are numbered. But that’s OK, because everyone already walks around with a dictionary — not the one on your phone, but the one in your head.
Just like a physical dictionary, your mental dictionary contains information about words. This includes the letters, sounds and meaning, or semantics, of words, as well as information about parts of speech and how you can fit words together to form grammatical sentences. While a physical dictionary is helpful for shared knowledge, your personal mental dictionary is customized based on your individual experiences.
What words are in your mental dictionary might overlap with the mental dictionary of someone else who also speaks the same language, but there will also be a lot of differences between the content of your dictionaries. You add words to your mental dictionary through your educational, occupational, cultural and other life experiences. This customization also means that the size of mental dictionaries is a little bit different from person to person and varies by age. Researchers found that the average 20-year-old American English speaker knows about 42,000
unique words, and this number grows to about 48,000 by age 60. Some people will have even larger vocabularies.
However, your mental dictionary can’t be like a physical dictionary since it is dynamic and quickly accessed. Your brain’s ability to retrieve a word is very fast. In one study, researchers mapped the time course of word retrieval among 24 college students by recording their brain activities while they named pictures. They found evidence that participants selected words within 200 milliseconds of seeing the image. After word selection, their brains continued to process information about that word, like what sounds are needed to say that chosen word and ignoring related words. This is why you can retrieve words with such speed in real-time conversations, often so quickly that you give little conscious attention to that process.
The next time you have a conversation with someone, take a moment to reflect on why you chose the specific words you did. Remember that the words you use and the mental dictionary you have are part of what make you and your voice unique.
12．In paragraph 2, the author explains “mental dictionary” by ________.
A．making comparisons B．analyzing influences
C．drawing conclusions D．offering assumptions
13．What can we infer from paragraph 3
A．People’s vocabulary will peak at the age of 60.
B．The content of one’s mental dictionary is inherited.
C．Careers have an impact on the size of a mental dictionary.
D．Native English speakers share the same mental dictionaries.
14．What does the underlined word “retrieve” mean in paragraph 4
A．Revise. B．Reacquire. C．Retell. D．Represent.
15．According to the passage, which of the following may the author agree with most
A．People are aware of the word choosing process. B．Think twice before what to say in a conversation.
C．Print dictionaries will be replaced by mental ones. D．Our choices of vocabulary probably tell who we are.
【答案】12．A 13．C 14．B 15．D
【导语】这是一篇说明文。短文介绍了心理词典与实体词典的区别以及心理词典的特点。
12．推理判断题。根据第二段段首句“Just like a physical dictionary, your mental dictionary contains information about words.”（就像实体词典一样，你的心理词典也包含有关单词的信息。）以及段尾句“While a physical dictionary is helpful for shared knowledge, your personal mental dictionary is customized based on your individual experiences.”（虽然实体词典有助于分享知识，但你的个人心理词典是根据你的个人经验定制的。）可知，作者通过比较心理词典和实体字典来解释mental dictionary的具体含义，故选A项。
13．推理判断题。根据第三段中的“You add words to your mental dictionary through your educational, occupational, cultural and other life experiences.”（你通过自己的教育、职业、文化和其他生活经历将单词添加到你的心理词典中）可知，职业对于心理词典的容量大小有影响。故选C项。
14．词句猜测题。根据上文“However, your mental dictionary can’t be like a physical dictionary since it is dynamic
and quickly accessed.”（然而，你的心理词典不能像实体词典一样，因为它是动态的和快速访问的）和“They found evidence that participants selected words within 200 milliseconds of seeing the image.”（他们发现有证据表明，参与者在看到图像后200毫秒内选择了单词）可知，你的大脑恢复单词的能力非常快。所以划线词的意思是“重新获得”。故选B项。
15．推理判断题。根据最后一段段尾句“Remember that the words you use and the mental dictionary you have are part of what make you and your voice unique.”（记住，你所使用的词汇和你所拥有的心理词典是使你和你的声音独一无二的部分）可知，“人们的说话用词是展现个体独特性的一个方面”，说明我们对词汇的选择可能会告诉我们自己是谁。故选D项。
Passage 6
（2024·湖北·二专题01 阅读理解
目 录
01 挑战真题·查知识漏洞
02 回顾教材·补知识漏洞
回顾知识体系
回顾核心考点
易混易错归纳
03 知识通关演练
Passage1
【2023年新高考全国Ⅰ卷】The goal of this book is to make the case for digital minimalism, including a detailed exploration of what it asks and why it works, and then to teach you how to adopt this philosophy if you decide it’s right for you.
To do so, I divided the book into two parts. In part one, I describe the philosophical foundations of digital minimalism, starting with an examination of the forces that are making so many people’s digital lives increasingly intolerable, before moving on to a detailed discussion of the digital minimalism philosophy.
Part one concludes by introducing my suggested method for adopting this philosophy: the digital declutter. This process requires you to step away from optional online activities for thirty days. At the end of the thirty days, you will then add back a small number of carefully chosen online activities that you believe will provide massive benefits to the things you value.
In the final chapter of part one, I’ll guide you through carrying out your own digital declutter. In doing so, I’ll draw on an experiment I ran in 2018 in which over 1,600 people agreed to perform a digital declutter. You’ll hear these participants’ stories and learn what strategies worked well for them, and what traps they encountered that you should avoid.
The second part of this book takes a closer look at some ideas that will help you cultivate (培养) a sustainable digital minimalism lifestyle. In these chapters, I examine issues such as the importance of solitude (独处) and the necessity of cultivating high-quality leisure to replace the time most now spend on mindless device use. Each chapter concludes with a collection of practices, which are designed to help you act on the big ideas of the chapter. You can
view these practices as a toolbox meant to aid your efforts to build a minimalist lifestyle that words for your particular circumstances.
8. What is the book aimed at
A. Teaching critical thinking skills. B. Advocating a simple digital lifestyle.
C. Solving philosophical problems. D. Promoting the use of a digital device.
9. What does the underlined word “declutter” in paragraph 3 mean
A. Clear-up. B. Add-on. C. Check-in. D. Take-over.
10. What is presented in the final chapter of part one
A. Theoretical models. B. Statistical methods.
C. Practical examples. D. Historical analyses.
11. What does the author suggest readers do with the practices offered in part two
A. Use them as needed. B. Recommend them to friends.
C. Evaluate their effects. D. Identify the ideas behind them.
Passage2
【2023年新高考全国Ⅱ卷】As cities balloon with growth, access to nature for people living in urban areas is becoming harder to find. If you’re lucky, there might be a pocket park near where you live, but it’s unusual to find places in a city that are relatively wild.
Past research has found health and wellness benefits of nature for humans, but a new study shows that wildness in urban areas is extremely important for human well-being.
The research team focused on a large urban park. They surveyed several hundred park-goers, asking them to submit a written summary online of a meaningful interaction they had with nature in the park. The researchers then examined these submissions, coding (编码) experiences into different categories. For example, one participant’s experience of “We sat and listened to the waves at the beach for a while” was assigned the categories “sitting at beach” and “listening to waves.”
Across the 320 submissions, a pattern of categories the researchers call a “nature language” began to emerge. After the coding of all submissions, half a dozen categories were noted most often as important to visitors. These include encountering wildlife, walking along the edge of water, and following an established trail.
Naming each nature experience creates a usable language, which helps people recognize and take part in the activities that are most satisfying and meaningful to them. For example, the experience of walking along the edge of water might be satisfying for a young professional on a weekend hike in the park. Back downtown during a workday, they can enjoy a more domestic form of this interaction by walking along a fountain on their lunch break.
“We’re trying to generate a language that helps bring the human-nature interactions back into our daily lives. And for that to happen, we also need to protect nature so that we can interact with it,” said Peter Kahn, a senior author of the study.
12. What phenomenon does the author describe at the beginning of the text
A. Pocket parks are now popular. B. Wild nature is hard to find in cities.
C. Many cities are overpopulated. D. People enjoy living close to nature.
13. Why did the researchers code participant submissions into categories
A. To compare different types of park-goers. B. To explain why the park attracts tourists.
C. To analyze the main features of the park. D. To find patterns in the visitors’ summaries.
14. What can we learn from the example given in paragraph 5
A. Walking is the best way to gain access to nature.
B. Young people are too busy to interact with nature.
C. The same nature experience takes different forms.
D. The nature language enhances work performance.
15. What should be done before we can interact with nature according to Kahn
A. Language study. B. Environmental conservation.
C. Public education. D. Intercultural communication.
回顾知识体系
回顾核心考点
阅读理解做题步骤 题文同序
先看题干；确定关键词
带着关键词，去文中准确定位；
结合题干问题，对比文本和选项；
细节理解题，同义替换是答案。
考点1 细节理解题
1.读完题干，确定关键词；
2.在文章中找出关键词(定位)；
3.对比(对比文章和选项有没有相同的或者相似的)；
4. 同义替换就是答案；
5.如果技巧找不到答案，就在理解的基础上解题。
注意：
特殊疑问词开头的题一般都是细节理解词。解题关键就是一个字“找”!
标志词:What/How/Where/why
如果它问的是哪个是对的或哪个是错的，或者找相同点或不同点，这样的题需要你耐心地去一个一个地找！
干扰项特征：
文不对题。是原文信息，但不是与题目对应的内容。
2.张冠李戴。细节与原文一致，但把本来做这件事的“张三”换成“李四”。
3.无中生有。符合常识，但原文未提及。
4.偷梁换柱。与原文信息极其相似，但在关键信息处改变了修饰语或所指对象等从而改变具体内涵。
5.扩缩范围。如原文用almost,all, nearly,more than,normally,usually 等词对信息加以限制，干扰选项则改变了限定范围。
6.颠倒是非。与原文信息大相径庭甚至完全相反。
7. 正误参半。内容部分正确，部分错误。
考点2 推理判断题
推理判断题不是选事实，而是有一个推理判断的过程推理判断一定要基于文本，要合理。
标记词:infer /suggest/imply /learn about等。
考点3 主旨大意题
标记词:main idea/mainly about / best title·
去首段/尾段直接去找，留意反复出现的词。
新闻报道，议论文和说明文:主题句在首段。
记叙文，议论文:主题句一般在尾段·在文中反复出现的词，肯定是文章的主题词。
无主题的文章，需要自己概括大意
考点4 词义猜测题
方法:上下文
标记词: mean/best explain/best describe /replace /refer to 等
1.不认识的单词:看上句和下句，加上本句，三句话比对得出答案。
2.认识的单词:不要直接写意思，还是根据上下文去推测，有可能考熟词生义。
3.代词的指代:去上文找名词或事情，加上理解。
易混易错归纳
易错点一：不熟悉正确项中的同义转述、简化概括
典例1：
Biological age might help determine your quality of life as you get older, since your cells and organs have ages varying from your regular age. Many aging-research scientists believe that knowing your biological age could help you postpone or avoid age-related illnesses , and better predict an individual's lifespan(寿命). Other scientists argue that there's no standard way to measure biological age. At the center of the debate are hopes that people can extend their lives by changing their behaviors.
Since everybody's genes(基因) are different, tracking your biological age could help determine your most helpful habits and customize them. People can also attempt to lower their biological age through ways of
effectively managing stress.
Q: What can people do after knowing their biological ages
A.Improve their calendar ages to prevent diseases.
B.Determine ways to effectively manage stress.
C.Get personalized nutrition plan to improve health
D. Lengthen their lives by changing their conduct
错因: 本题易错选 B或 C。 部分考生根据题干定位到文章中的"People can also attempt to lower their biological age through ways of effectively managing stress" ，发现这句话中的" ways ofeffectively managing stress"出现在了 B 项中，因而错选 B 项;也有部分考生在第一段中看到"knowing your biological age could help you postpone or avoid age-related illnesses"，认为要推迟或避免和年龄相关的疾病，"制定个性化的营养计划来改善健康"非常合理，因而错选 C 项。
分析: B 项”确定有效管理压力的方法”是对原文"人们也可以尝试通过有效地管理压力来减小自己的生理年龄”的曲解;C 项"制定个性化的营养计划来改善健康”在文中没有提及,属于无中生有。由第一段中的"...hopes that people can extend their lives by changing their behaviors"和第一段中的" tracking your biological age could help determine your most helpful habits and customize them"知,人们希望通过改变行为来延长寿命,了解生理年龄有助于确定对自己最有帮助的习惯并定制这些习惯,因此人们在知道了自己的生理年龄之后,就可以通过改变行为来延长寿命。D 项”Lengthen their lives by changing their conduct"是对原文"extend their lives by changing their behaviors"进行的同义转述。
答案为D
典例2:
Metzner's recording career began with moment of realization in the 1970s, when he first ventured onto the campus of UMass Amherst equipped with a stereo recorder, a microphone and earphones. Metzner recalled pushing the red button and hearing a lifelike symphony: a couple walking and talking nearby, a bicycle riding through gravel , a bird flying overhead and bells in the distance.
" And I was going like, ‘Wow , this is amazing. What an extraordinary coincidence!’"he recalled. " But it wasn't a coincidence - this stuff was happening all the time, I just hadn't been paying attention to it. And it was the microphone and the recorder that said, ‘Wake up... you live in a world of sound. Here it is.’ And it was, like , handing it to me on a platter."
Q:What inspired Metzner to take up the recording career
A.A symphony he heard on the campus of UMass Amherst
B.A sound-rich moment on the campus of UMass Amherst
C.A realization that he was well equipped with recording devices.
D. A coincidence that he happened to be waken up by the recorder.
错因 考生易错选 A或 C。 部分考生根据文章第一段中的"Metzner's recording career began with a moment of realization"对应到 C项，或者根据该段中的"the campus of UMass Amherst"和"hearing a lifelike symphony"对应到 A项，从而错选。
分析 原文"hearing a lifelike symphony"是一种比喻的说法,A 项是对原文的曲解;C项虽然有原文词汇 realization 的复现,但根据下文可知触动 Metzner 的并不是录音设备,而是他听到的声音,属于张冠李戴。B项是对原文" Metzner recalled pushing the red button and hearing a lifelike symphony: a couple walking and talking nearby, a bicycle riding through gravel, a bird flying overhead and bells in the distance"的简化概括,在校园里听到的丰富的声音让他深受启发。
答案:B
易错快攻:
同义转述是命题人常用的手段。 这种转述是指考题与原文的关键内容用同根词、同义词或近义词进行转换，有时也会在常用词组或短语之间进行转换。 这种情况下正确选项和原文的关键句相同的词汇不一定多，但意思的表述却是一致的，如[调研1]。 考生在平时的学习中要注意进行同根词、同义词和近义词的积累，并在解题时认真比对。
简化概括则是把原文中较为复杂的、详细的信息进行简化或概括，正确答案比较隐蔽,如[调研2].考生要仔细对原文信息句进行观察和分析，然后进行简化或归纳概括。
易错点二： 忽视干扰项中的偷换概念，曲解原意
典例1: Recent studies suggest global food production is responsible for one-third of all planet-heating emissions, with the use of animals for meat accounting for twice the pollution of producing plant based foods. Forests that absorb carbon dioxide are cut down for raising animals while fertilisers used for growing their feed are rich in nitrogen(氮), which can contribute to air and water pollution, climate change and ozone depletion(臭氧损耗). Livestock also produces large quantities of methane，a powerful greenhouse gas.
A Dutch city will become the first in the world to ban meat advertisements from public spaces in an effort to reduce consumption and greenhouse gas emissions
Haarlem, which lies to the west of Amsterdam and has a population of about 160 ,000, will pass the prohibition from 2024 after meat was added to a list of products thought to contribute to the climate crisis. Ads will not be allowed on Haarlem's buses , shelters and screens in public spaces, prompting the complaint from the meat sector that local authority is “going too far in telling people what's best for them”.
Ziggy Klazes , who drafted the proposal banning meat advertising, said she had no known the city would be the world's first to enforce such a policy when she proposed it. She told a radio channel: " We do not prohibit what people are baking and roasting in their own kitchen; if people wanted to continue eating meat, fine. ...We can't tell people there's aclimate crisis and encourage them to buy products that are part of the cause."
Q:Why does Haarlem intend to ban meat advertisements
A. To take the lead in cutting emissions.
B. To switch food to plant-based food.
C. To stop advocating eating meat publicly.
D.To contribute to the climate crisis.
错因: 考生易错选A。 部分考生根据题干将信息句定位在第二段，认为 A 项中的“take the lead"对该段中
的“will become the first in the world"进行了同义转述，cut 对 reduce 进行了同义转述，并且选项和原文中都有"emissions"。
分析 根据第二段可知”一个荷兰城市将成为世界上第一个禁止在公共空间投放肉类广告的城市”,但并不是为了在这方面领先,而且第四段Ziggy 所说的"she had not known the city would be the world's first to enforce such a policy when she proposed it"也可以佐证这一点。因此A项属于偷换融念,把无意之举理解成有目的的行为,曲解了原文意思。根据第二段内容可知,颁布这个禁令的直接目的就是禁止在公共场所投放肉类广告,进而努力减少消费和温室气体的排放,C 项”停止公开提倡吃肉”对”禁止在公共场所投放肉类广告"进行了同义转述。
答案:C
典例 2： Cory’s shearwaters are long-lived,rarely producing young successfully before age nine. This leaves an opening for learning and practice to develop their migration patterns. Researchers call this the " exploration-refinement"，and until now it has been hypothetical(假设的) because of difficulties in tracking migratory animals’ movements.
But a team of researchers has done that by attaching small geolocators to more than 150 of the birds aged four to nine. They found that younger birds traveled longer distances , for longer periods, and had more diverse paths than older birds. " We finally have evidence of the 'exploration-refinement’ for migratory birds," says Letizia Campioni, who led the study. Younger Cory's shearwaters are able to fly just as fast as the adults -- but they do not, suggesting that the young do more exploring, which gradually fades as they mature and settle into a preferred course.
Although it may seem less efficient than other strategies , " exploration-refinement could be beneficial to birds and other organisms in a rapidly changing world due to unpredictable man-made changes ," says Barbara Frei. " It might be safer to repeat a behavior that was recently successful than to rely on patterns that were perfected long ago but might no longer be safe. "
Q:What can we conclude from the last paragraph
A.Man-made changes make migration easier
B.Animals make a safer journey via a fixed track.
C. Course exploration contributes to birds’adaptability.
D.A combination of strategies assures migration success
错因 考生易错选 B。 部分考生对文章最后一段最后一句的长难句理解不透彻，仅根据其中的"It might be safer to repeat a behavior"，认为重复一个行为更安全，得出动物通过固定的轨道进行更安全的旅行，曲解了原文的意思而错选 B 项。
分析 最后一段末句句意为:重复一种最近成功的行为可能比依赖那些很久以前就已经完善但可能不再安全的模式更安全。其中"最近成功的行为"指的就是"最近探索成功的路线”,很显然这不是"固定的路线",故可排除 B。由最后一段第一句可知,由于不可预测的人为变化,在一个迅速变化的世界里,精细的探索可能对鸟类和其他生物有益。由此可以推断出,对路线的探索能够让鸟类更好地适应各种不可预测的变化,和C项是吻合的。
答案:C
易错快攻
偷换概念一般指在阅读理解题的选项中，干扰项的表达与原文信息句吻合程度较高，仅有部分词汇原文中没有体现或者和原文不一致，这容易给考生造成一种错觉，从而误选，这种干扰项常常偷换了动作的发出者、动作的承受者、动作本身或积极、消极语义等。 曲解原意也是干扰项设置中的常见方法，有些选项来自文章中的某一句或某几句话，看似表达文章的意思，其实是对原句意思的曲解。
针对此类选项，考生在解题时要根据题干中的关键词回文定位，认真分析原文相关语句字斟句酌，准确理解原文表达的意思，避免误选。
易错点三：忽视干扰项中的以偏概全、扩大或缩小概括范围
典例1："When trying to make new friends，people think that high-status symbols will make them look more socially attractive to potential friends. However, it turns out that potential friends are repelled(排斥) by the high-status symbols on others ," says Professor Stephen Garcia, the lead author.
In one study, researchers presented 125 participants from a wealthy suburb with one of two scenarios. Those in the presenter's scenario picked between a luxury car or a basic car to drive to an outdoor wedding party where they could meet new friends, and those in the evaluator's scenario indicated their reaction to someone arriving in either car.
Nearly two-thirds of the individuals in the presenter's condition believed the luxury car would be more effective in making friends. " However, this choice backfired from the perspective of the would-be friends, who expressed significantly less social interest in those individuals; they expressed more social interest in those with the basic car,Garcia says.
Another study asked people which of two plain T-shirts the participants would wear to a picnic in their efforts to make new friends. One T-shirt had the name of a supermarket written on it, and the other T-shirt had the name of a luxury store written on it.
Seventy-six percent of the participants who were presenting themselves chose to wear the T-shirt with the name of a luxury store , whereas 64 percent of the would-be friends chose the person wearing the T-shirt with the name of a supermarket as a potential new friend.
Q: What can be inferred from Paragraphs 2 - 5
A. High status T-shirts are sold in the supermarket.
B.The two studies came to the same conclusion.
C.A terrible incident happened at the outdoor wedding party.
D. Participants of the studies preferred ordinary-status symbols.
错因 考生易错选 D。部分考生找到陈述研究结果的句子(第三段第二句及第五段中whereas 64 percent..·)，认为 However 和 whereas 之后的部分是关键信息，因此利用两句话的后半部分 ("they expressed more... with the basic car"和 " 64 percent of the would-be friends ... new friend")推断出，实验的参与者更喜欢象征普通地位的事物，从而错选 D。 忽略了研究的参与者分为两个群体，分别在两种场景下做出选择，即"presenters scenario"和"evaluator's scenario"，考生将参与"evaluators scenario"群体的表现扩大到了所有的参与者，属于
以偏概全.
分析 由第三段第二句可知,接近三分之二的“展示者场景”的参与者认为豪车交朋友更有效,然而,从想成为朋友的人的角度来看,这种选择适得其反,他们对这些人表现出的社交兴趣明显较少,他们对那些拥有基本款汽车的人表达了更多的社交兴趣;由第五段的第一句可知,76% 的参与者选择穿着印有奢侈品商店名称的 T恤衫,而64% 的准朋友选择穿印有超市名称的T恤衫的人作为潜在的新朋友。它们都证明了奢侈品不利于结交新朋友,因此这两项研究得出了相同的结论这和 B 项吻合,也和文章第一段末句呈现的研究结果相吻合。答案:B
典例2: At St.Francis High School in La Canada, Calif. , there's something to be said about math teacher Jim Connor.
The truth is, Connor can be a bit of a drudge. But the 70-year-old man says he's not here to entertain his students. " It drives me crazy when people say school should be fun,”he says. "I mean , it's nice if it could be, but you can't make school fun. "
And for years, the kids thought that's all there was to him - until last November, when senior Pat MeGoldrick learned they didn't know the half of him.
Pat was in charge of a student blood drive and had just come to Children's Hospital Los Angeles for a meeting. And he says it was weird: Whenever he told someone he went to St.Francis High School, they all said, " Oh, you must know Jim Connor. Isn't he wonderful "
"It was disbelief, really ," Pat says. It was almost kind of finding this alter ego( 另一面) that he has. Inside the blood donor center, Pat found a plaque listing all the top blood donors at the hospital, including the record holder, Jim Connor. Then he learned something even more unbelievable: whenever Connor isn't torturing kids with calculus( 微积分),he's cuddling sick babies. Three days a week for the past 20 years, Jim has volunteered at the hospital to hold, feed and comfort the children when their parents can't do that.
" They tend to calm for him, " Nurse Erin says. " They tend to relax with him. They fall asleep with him."
"I just like them and relate to them somehow," Connor says.
Connor has never been married; he has no kids of his own. But he has fallen hard for these babies.
"I've always respected him, but now it's to an even different degree - really to the point where I try to emulate him," Pat says. " He's the epitome of a man of service. "
O: What is the best title for the text
A. Bonding with Babies in Need of Love
B.A Real Lesson Is Life Through Learning Calculus
C. Everybody Keeps Something Under His Hat
D.Tough Teacher Has a Soft Heart
错因 考生易错选A或C。 部分考生认为文章用大量的篇幅介绍了 Connor 在医院做志愿者工作，照顾那些生病的婴儿，给予他们爱和温暖，因此错选A 项。 还有部分考生认为，Conmor在医院献血和做志愿者工作一直都不为身边的人所知，因此错选 C 项(每个人都有自己的秘密)。 这些都是考生在归纳标题时缩小了概括的范围，忽略了 Connor 在教师这一职业中的表现。
分析 本文属于写人记事类的记叙文,根据第二段内容可知,70 岁的数学老师 Connor 认为教书不是为了给学生带来娱乐,学校不是玩乐的地方,由此可知在教学中 Connor 是一位严厉的(lough)老师;根据下文可知,Connor 积极献血,在医院当志愿者照顾生病的婴儿,从文中的"to hold, feed and comfort the children" ,"I just like them and relate to them somehow" ," But he has fallen hard for these babies"可知,Connor 有一副软心肠(a soft heart)。这与 D项内容相吻合。
答案:D
易错快攻
以偏概全、扩大或缩小概括范围的干扰项常出现在需要归纳概括的主旨大意类题目中，如[典例2]，对该类题目可以通过以下方法避免干扰: (1)结合文章主旨提炼中间段落的要点，如[典例1];(2)用"逆向推理”法，反推文章的写作方向，看与原文是否相符，不一致的则排除。
易错点四 忽视语境逻辑，过度推断
典例 Cores taken from 350 Douglas firs (花旗松) showed that annual tree ring growth was related to the extent of fungal connection a tree had with other trees. They had much higher growth than those that had only a few connections. The research also showed that trees with more connections to many unique fungi had much greater growth than those with only one or two connections. " If you have this network that is helping trees grow faster, that helps capture more carbon year after year.These networks may help trees grow more steadily even as conditions become more stressful and could even help protect them against death ," said Birch.
Birch hopes his findings lead to further studies in different kinds of forests in other geographical areas , because it's likely that the connections among trees change from year to year. He said, " Knowing whether fungal networks are operating the same way in other tree species could inform how we reforest areas after harvesting them, and inform how we plant trees to preserve these networks."
Q:What can be inferred from what Birch has put
A.The fungal networks support one another in times of stress.
B.The fungal networks enable us to know more about reforestation.
C. The findings can apply to different kinds of forests in other geographical areas.
D. The fungal networks will help trees grow more steadily if conditions become more stressful.
错因 考生易错选 D。部分考生看到第一段中 Birch 所说的话"These networks may help trees grow more steadily even as conditions become more stressful"，经过比对认为这与 D 项表述的内容一致，忽视了原文是 may help (可能有助于 )，而选项中是 will help(将有助于)，过度推断把可能变成事实，从而错选 D。
分析 根据最后一段 Birh 所说的话可知,了解真菌网络在其他树种中是否以同样的方式运作,可以影响我们在采伐后如何重新造林,也可以告诉我们如何种植树木来保护这些网络;由此可知,真菌网络使我们能够更多地了解重新造林,和 B 项吻合。
答案:B
易错点五 混淆事实与观点，答非所问
典例 For most of our history,humans have been short, a study has found. Until around 150 years ago , few people grew taller than 170 centimeters.
Christiane Scheffler at the University of Potsdam and Michael Hermanussen in Altenho have spent several years studying the height of people from a wide range of populations. In their latest paper, they combined an existing data of more than 6 ,000 prehistoric human skeletons with multiple studies of more recent historical populations from Europe and the US,They also included their own data on 1 ,666 present-day school children from Indonesia.
In the prehistoric populations, the maximum height for men was 165 to 170 centimeters, while women topped out at 160 cm. Today, men in England have an average height of around 175 cm , while for women it is about 162 cm.
But there is significant variation between modern countries. The Indonesian school children in the study were shorter than similarly aged children from the US, despite being well-nourished.
Subramanian at Harvard University isn't convinced by the pair's interpretation. His team previously showed that the best predictor of a child's height is the height of their parents.This suggests that the influence of other factors , such as social mobility , is limited.
After assessing nearly 163,000 children living in 55 low and middle-income countries,
Subramanian's team found that 42.9 percent had poor nutrition but no sign of stunting(阻发育) or other physical indicators of this fact.
This implies there is a lot of hidden malnutrition that doesn't reveal itself through stunting. " A person's nutritional condition should be assessed by looking at their diet not their height," says Subramanian.
Q: What can we infer from Subramanian's study
A. Poor nutrition delays physical development.
B.A balanced diet contributes to growing taller.
C. High social classes can reach a greater height.
D.A human's height has little to do with nutrition.
错因 在很多考生的认知里，A 选项(营养不良延缓了身体的发育 ) 是符合事实的表达，因此考生会错选 A。
分析 根据倒数第二段内容可知,在对 55 个低收入和中等收入国家的近 16.3 万名儿童进行评估后，Subramanian 的团队发现 42.9% 的儿童营养不良,但没有发育受阻的迹象。由此可知,考生认为正确的 A 项和 Subramanian 的研究发现并不相符。根据最后一段内容可知,有很多隐藏的营养不良,它们并不能通过发育不良表现出来;一个人的营养状况应该通过观察他们的饮食而不是身高来评估。由此可推断出,Subramanian 的研究表明:一个人的身高和营养没有太大关系。
答案:D
易错快攻
混淆事实与观点是阅读理解常见的干扰项的特征。 干扰项的内客和原文的表述是一致的,或者干扰项的表述是客观事实，因此迷感性很强，考生很容易错选。 破解这类题的办法是从影干出发，忠实于原文，根据题于关键词锁定原文中的信息句，然后和选项进行认真比对。
易错点六 主观臆断取代作者观点
典例1： Have you ever walked through a door and thought to yourself, " What was I going to do " If you have, you are not alone.”Psychologists believe that walking through a door and entering another room creates a" mental block" in the brain. This is generally referred to as the doorway effect.
...
A new research led by psychologist Oliver Baumann from Bond University in Australia suggests that it's not so much the doorways that cause a memory wipe, as moving from one location to a significantly different one and that it's the abrupt change of scene that prepares our minds for something new. "A good example is moving around in a department store,says Baumann.
"Taking the elevator between floors may have no effect on our memory , but moving from the store to the parking lot might cause us to forget something that we need to buy.Baumann also points out that a busy and perhaps overloaded brain does seem to play some part in this phenomenon. In other words, walking through open doors is thought to reset memory to make room for a new episode.
The good news is that experiencing such forgettable episodes after entering another room does not tell you anything about your memory and intelligence. So when you enter a room and suddenly forget why you are there, you should not think that Alzheimer's disease is creeping up on you !
Q: What does the author think of the " doorway effect"
A.Insignificant. B.Beneficial. C.Influential. D.Damaging.
错因 考生易错选B或D。 部分考生在最后一段中看到”The good news"，便误以为作者的态度是正向的，因此错选B项。 也有考生根据第一段中的"creates amental block'in the brain推断作者认为"doorway elfect"是有破坏性的，因此错选D项。 这些考生没有仔细分析作者字里间要表达的观点，而是根据文中的只言片语，凭自己的主观臆断做出了选择。
分析 作者在最后一段指出,在进入另一个房间后经历这种忘事的情节并不能反映出关于分析你的记忆力或者智力的信息;所以,当你进入一个房间,突然忘记你为什么在那里的时候,你不应该认为是阿尔茨海默病在悄悄靠近你。由此可以推断出,作者认为"doorway elfect"与记忆力或智力关,也不是阿尔茨海默病的表现,是无足轻重的。insignificant adj.不重要的,无足轻重的。
答案:A
易错快攻
在推断作者观点态度的试题中，考生由于思维定式，或受到文中某些非关键信息的干扰很容易凭主观臆断做出错误的选择。 做该类题目时，如果文中没有直接表明作者观点态度的句时，考生要根据作者在文中的措辞，尤其是表达情感色彩的词，以及作者所举的事例，读懂弦外之音，来正确推断其观点态度。
典例 2
Next Frontiers
Schoolbooks typically present explorers as intrepid ( 勇敢的) individuals who, for example, sail wooden ships to new lands. But today most explorers who are making fundamental discoveries are scientists. And whether the
frontiers are tiny, like the human genome, or massive, like our deepest oceans, we still have much left to learn about planet Earth. The quests that modern scientists pursue rival(比得上) anything in a history book or an adventure novel.
Exploration is science in its most basic form -- asking questions of the natural world and, we hope, using the answers for the betterment of everything on Earth.
Exploration has great value. It inspires us , widens our knowledge and gives us hope for a better future. And the practical payoffs can even be lifesaving. Scientists who spent decades exploring what was in the atmosphere found that over time the concentration of carbon dioxide was rising. Without that discovery, we humans would now be living like the proverbial frog in a pot of gradually heating water, unsure why the environment around us is changing, and slowly boiling to death.
The human drive to overcome challenges is an essential aspect of the human drive to explore, which, in most cases , spurs innovation. Early human submersibles that reached the bottom of the deepest ocean trenches made the trip just once, stressed by the enormous pressures there. But eventually a more stress-resistant deep-submergence vehicle, the Limiting Factor, allowed investor and undersea explorer Victor Vescovo to reach trench bottoms numerous times.
Now there are roughly 4,000 autonomous Argo floats across the world's oceans that dive down to 2 ,000 feet and resurface every 10 days. Programmable vessels greatly expand our reach and reduce the risk to the people involved in exploration , allowing for the kind of discovery that the human body might limit. The Argo group will also deploy dozens of sensors every year that will gather biological and chemical data, leading to new observations about marine life.
Other institutions plan to search the seas in unison, sending data to guide ships that forward the information to researchers on shore. Ocean research groups have made it a priority to openly share their discoveries and data with the public and to inspire the next generation of young scientists. Anyone can go along for the ride -- we can all be explorers.Maybe one day you'll explore the Great Barrier Reef, the desert, or a rain-forest canopy.Captain James T. Kirk began each episode of the original Star Trek television by saying,"Space，the final frontier.Not necessarily. We still have plenty series to discover right here on Earth , and we eagerly await surprises from the newest worlds we find.
Q : What can we infer from the passage
A.Few modern scientists are true explorers
B. The space will be human's final frontier
C. Exploring is an in-born human quality.
D.Exploring the earth can still be fruitful.
错因 考生易错选 B。 部分考生看到文章的标题为"Next Frontiers"，结合文章最后一段中错因的"Space，the final frontier"和考生本人对太空探索的了解，便主观臆断，认为太空是人类的最后疆域，因此错选 B 项。
分析 根据文章第一段中的"And whether the frontiers are tiny... we still have much left to learn about planet Earth"可知,无论(探索的)边界是像人类基因组一样很小,还是像我们最深的海洋一样巨大,对于地球我们还有很多东西需要了解;文章第三段作者用二氧化碳浓度的例子证明"探索有很大的价值”;在最后一段中,作者引
用了《星际迷航》中 Captain James T.Kirk 的话”Space，the final frontier",但随即用"Not necessarily"进行了否定,接着作者表示:我们在地球上还有很多东西要发现,我们急切地等待着我们发现最新世界的惊喜。由此可以推断出,对地球的探索仍然可以富有成果。答案:D
易错点七 不能精准定位信息句，误判选择依据
典例1
Europe is the perfect place for a campervan holiday. Every corner of the continent is bursting with history，culture and sights. Here are 4 great European campervan holiday destinations for this summer.
Sweden
...
Germany
...
Scotland
Scotland has something for everyone: cities with vibrant nightlife, incredible scenery,stunning lochs and medieval castles. If you want to get away from it all, then the Highlands are one of the least populated areas in the whole of Europe. Hikers will love the Cairngorms.If you're in Scotland in August, then be sure to check out the Edinburgh International Festival，a feast of theatre , dance,music and comedy.
Spain
Spain's renowned for its beach holidays, but it offers so much more than that. Having a lovely climate, rich history , stunning architecture, delicious cuisine and friendly locals.Spain has long been a favoured destination for campervan aficionados(爱好者).Hiking fanatics should not miss the beautiful Picos de Europa, Spain's only inhabited nature reserve. But be ware - summers can be very hot in Spain , particularly in the South.
Q: Which area should you visit if you like the architecture in the Middle Ages
Sweden. B.Germany. C.Scotland. D.Spain.
错因 部分考生只注意到题干中的"architecture"，而忽视了该词的后置定语"in the Middle Ages"，错误地将信息句定位到 Spain 段落中的"Having ... stunning architecture... Spain has long been a favoured destination for campervan aficionados(爱好者)"，因此错选 D。
分析 由题干中的"the architecture in the Middle Ages"可将信息句定位至Scotland 中的"Scotland has something for everyone: ...medieval castles"。 medieval 意为"中世纪的”,是题干中"in the Middle Ages"的同义转述,castles 是题干中"architecture"的下义词。答案:C
典例2
...
“We found the super-worms fed a diet of just polystyrene not only survived, but even had slight weight gains,"Dr. Rilke said. " This suggests the worms can get energy from the polystyrene, most likely with the help of their internal micro-organisms. "They are like mini recycling plants, tearing up the polystyrene with their mouths and then feeding it to the bacteria in their ' stomach ’.”
Co-author of the research , PhD candidate Jiarui Sun, said they aimed to grow the bacteria in the lab and further test their ability to break down polystyrene. " We can then look into how we can upgrade this process to a level required for an entire recycling plant,”Ms. Sun said.
Q: How will those researchers continue the research
A. By testing different abilities of the bacteria.
B. By experimenting with large-scale production
C. By establishing a modern recycling factory.
D.By growing and breaking down the worms.
错因 部分考生根据题干中的"continue the research"定位到最后一段中的"they aimed to grow the bacteria in the lab and further test their ability to break down polystyrene", 认为信息句中的"the bacteria"和"test their ability"与 A 项高度重合，但忽略了A 项中的"different”在原文中并没有对应信息，因此错选 A 项。
分析 根据题千中的关键词"continue the research”,可将信息句定位至最后一段。由"We can then look into how we can upgrade this process to a level required for an entire recycling plant"知，"如何将这个过程升级到整个回收工厂所需的水平"是他们接下来将要研究的内容。B 项"通过大规模生产实验"是该信息句的同义转述。答案:B
易错快攻
有些细节理解题题干中的关键词对原文中的关键词进行了同义转述，或者是原文中的信息句不止一处，这些都容易导致考生不能精准定位信息句，误判了选择的依据。 考生在做题时要注意题干中的修饰限定成分，如[典例 1]，还要注意全面分析对应的信息句，如[典例2]。
Passage 1
（2023·山东济南·模拟预测）Pretending sickness may get harder. Slipping a day off work by nervously coughing down the phone to your boss might not work. Very soon your company might be able to tell whether your symptoms are real, just from your voice.
An Indian research team tried to tell a “cold voice” from a healthy voice. Their research makes use of the fact that human speech, like any musical instrument, does not produce single frequencies of sounds. Even the best trained singers cannot hit pure notes like those from tuning forks. The dominant notes in the human voice are instead accompanied by a series of higher pitch (音高) tones.
Together these sets of notes fit into mathematical patterns called harmonics (和声), with tones having frequencies that are multiples of the original note. For example, the pitch of the second harmonic note is twice the frequency of the main note and so on. The loudness of these harmonics in speech tends to fade as they proceed up the frequency scale. The team reasoned that infection with a cold might change how this decline happened.
To find out, the scientists made use of an unusual resource: recordings of the voices of 630 people in Germany, 111 of whom were suffering from a cold. Each was asked to count from one to 40 and describe what they
did at the weekend. They also read aloud a fable The North Wind and the Sun, which has been a popular text for speech research since 1949. By breaking down each person’s speech into its spectrum (声谱) of component wavelengths, the researchers could identify the dominant frequency and the harmonics in each case. They then used machine-learning to analyse the relationships between the loudness of these harmonics and found patterns that could distinguish the cold voices from the healthy voices.
The team’s diagnosis of cold voice shows a 70% accuracy. Faced with another dull Monday at the office, would you take the risk
12．On what basis is the research performed
A．Human speeches vary in frequencies.
B．Training has no effect on human notes.
C．Humans speak like musical instruments.
D．Higher pitch notes dominate human voices.
13．What may reduce the volume of human harmonics
A．The pitch of harmonics. B．A pretended cold voice.
C．The sets of human notes. D．Higher sound frequencies.
14．Why are the participants required to read the fable
A．It is easy to understand. B．It is valuable in literature.
C．It is popular with speakers. D．It is suitable for the research.
15．What does the author want to tell us
A．Human speech reflects health B．Pretending sickness is a trend.
C．Voice changes with conditions. D．Changing voice is of great risk.
Passage 2
（2023·陕西咸阳·模拟预测）Electric vehicles (EVs) are widely considered a strong weapon in efforts against global warming. But are they like what people believe The Radiant Energy Group (REG) stated effects of EVs vary with countries. In some nations, EVs lead to the release of more carbon gases than gasoline cars. The group reckoned gas emissions caused by a gasoline vehicle and from charging an EV. Countries where charging an EV is cleaner than driving a gasoline-powered car use a lot of nuclear or solar power.
Sales of electric cars are rising the fastest in Europe. Data from REG suggests EVs in Poland actually create more carbon emissions because their electrical systems depend so much on coal. In other European countries, however, EVs result in fewer emissions. The countries with the biggest carbon gas reduction use much clean power. The first was Switzerland at 100 percent carbon reductions over gasoline vehicles.
Germany and Spain create lots of electricity from the sun and wind. But the sun and wind don’t add to a country’s electrical system equally throughout the day. For this reason, carbon emissions saved by driving an EV aren’t fixed. Charging in the afternoon, when there’s more sun and wind, saves 16 to 18 percent more carbon than at night when electrical systems are more likely to be using gas or coal.
The gap in emissions between electric and gasoline-powered vehicles has narrowed in recent years. In Europe,
carmakers have been required to meet EU CO2 emissions of performance standards. They’ve made their gasoline engines more fuel-efficient. As a result, carbon emissions of new gasoline-powered cars in Europe have fallen an average of 25 percent in the past years. But EV sales in Europe are backed by government spending and rules against new gasoline engine cars after 2035. Major automakers have set targets to sell mainly EVs in Europe in the coming years.
8．What does the underlined word “reckoned” mean in Paragraph 1
A．Increased. B．Calculated. C．Banned. D．Prevented.
9．What affects carbon emissions of EVs according to Paragraph 3
A．The country where they’re made. B．Facilities producing clean power.
C．The time they are being charged. D．Technology used by electrical systems.
10．What causes sales of EVs to rise quickly in Europe
A．Support of official policies. B．Concern about global warming.
C．Standards of gasoline car. D．Advertisements from carmakers.
11．Which can be the best title for the text
A．What Benefits Do EVs Bring B．Will EVs Replace Gasoline Cars in Europe
C．How Do EVs Affect Carbon Emissions D．Do Electric Cars Really Help the Environment
Passage 3
（2024·山东日照·一模）Dr Paul King at Texas Christian University has been an influential scholar in the field of communication studies for 30 years. I spoke to King about his research into “state anxiety in listening performance”. Most of us believe that anxiety impacts only the person giving the speech or presentation. Dr King has discovered that audience members feel anxiety, too.
King says that listening is a tiring activity because the learner is continually adding material to be remembered-retrieved-later. This is what he means by “cognitive backlog(认知积压)”. Put simply, the longer the task or the more information that is delivered, the greater the cognitive load. According to King, listening to a five-minute presentation produces a relatively small amount of cognitive backlog; an 18-minute presentation produces a little more, while a 60-minute presentation produces so much backlog that you risk seriously upsetting your audience unless you create a very engaging presentation with “soft breaks”— stories, videos, demonstrations, or other speakers.
The longer the presentation, the more the listener has to organize, comprehend, and remember. The burden increases along with a listener’s anxiety. They become increasingly frustrated, even angry. King says that the current research into memory processing suggests that it’s better to study content on two or three occasions for a short period of time instead of spending an entire evening cramming(填鸭式学习).
King applies the results to his graduate class on research methods. If given a choice, most graduate students would rather attend a single three-hour class than three 50-minute classes. When King taught his class once a week, he found that the students returned for the next class having lost most of the information they had learned the prior week. King discovered the “better practice” was to schedule the same content on three separate occasions, such as
Monday, Wednesday, and Friday. King said that despite objections, when he taught the class on three occasions his students scored better and exhibited a better memory of the complex material.
12．What does Dr Paul King say about “cognitive backlog”
A．It should be prevented from happening.
B．It is affected by the number of listeners.
C．It changes with the length of a presentation.
D．It produces a negative effect on mental health.
13．What is the function of “soft breaks”
A．To ease listeners’ anxiety. B．To show the talents of speakers.
C．To add topics to the presentation. D．To make the presentation longer.
14．What does Dr Paul King’s new practice focus on
A．Exploring complex materials. B．Completing a single task at a time.
C．Breaking up the whole into parts. D．Grouping students by their levels.
15．What can we learn about Dr Paul King’s new class schedule
A．It was welcomed by students. B．It turned out to be a success.
C．It made no difference indeed. D．It still had room for improvement.
Passage 4
（2024·湖南长沙·二模）In a policy address to lawmakers, Japan’s Prime Minister, Fumio Kishida, said the country’s population problem was a case of solving the issue “now or never”, and that it “simply cannot wait any longer because it can affect social functions”.
“In thinking of the sustainability and inclusiveness of our nation’s economy and society, we place child care support as our most important policy,” he said, adding that he wants the government to double its spending on child-related programs, and that a new government agency would be set up in April to focus on the issue.
Japan has one of the lowest birth rates in the world, and it recorded fewer than 800,000 births in 2022 for the first time since records began in 1899. The country also has one of the highest life expectancies in the world; in 2020, nearly one in 1,500 people in Japan were age 100 or older, according to government data.
These trends have driven a growing population problem, with a rapidly aging society, a shrinking workforce and not enough young people to fill the gaps in the stagnating (停滞) economy. The country’s high cost of living, limited space and lack of child care support in cities make it difficult to raise children, meaning fewer couples are having kids. Experts point to the pessimism young people in Japan hold towards the future, many frustrated with work pressure and economic stagnation.
How about other parts of East Asia South Korea recently broke its own record for the world’s lowest birth rate, with data from November 2023 showing a South Korean woman will have an average of 0.79 children in her lifetime — far below the 2.1 needed to maintain a stable population. Japan’s birth rate stands at 1.3, while the United States is at 1.6. Meanwhile, China’s population shrank in 2022 for the first time, adding pressure to its economic growth.
8．How does the Japanese government feel about the falling birth rate
A．Surprised. B．Confused. C．Embarrassed. D．Worried.
9．Which of the following has led the birth rate in Japan to decline
A．The rapidly aging society. B．The high life expectancies.
C．The shortage of workforce. D．The various stresses of life.
10．What are the statistics in the last paragraph used to show
A．Ignorance of the birth rate. B．Serious population crisis.
C．Weak care services for children. D．Potential harm to women’s health.
11．In which section of a newspaper may this text appear
A．Society. B．Health. C．Education. D．Science.
Passage 5
（2024·湖南·一模）The days of having a dictionary on your bookshelf are numbered. But that’s OK, because everyone already walks around with a dictionary — not the one on your phone, but the one in your head.
Just like a physical dictionary, your mental dictionary contains information about words. This includes the letters, sounds and meaning, or semantics, of words, as well as information about parts of speech and how you can fit words together to form grammatical sentences. While a physical dictionary is helpful for shared knowledge, your personal mental dictionary is customized based on your individual experiences.
What words are in your mental dictionary might overlap with the mental dictionary of someone else who also speaks the same language, but there will also be a lot of differences between the content of your dictionaries. You add words to your mental dictionary through your educational, occupational, cultural and other life experiences. This customization also means that the size of mental dictionaries is a little bit different from person to person and varies by age. Researchers found that the average 20-year-old American English speaker knows about 42,000 unique words, and this number grows to about 48,000 by age 60. Some people will have even larger vocabularies.
However, your mental dictionary can’t be like a physical dictionary since it is dynamic and quickly accessed. Your brain’s ability to retrieve a word is very fast. In one study, researchers mapped the time course of word retrieval among 24 college students by recording their brain activities while they named pictures. They found evidence that participants selected words within 200 milliseconds of seeing the image. After word selection, their brains continued to process information about that word, like what sounds are needed to say that chosen word and ignoring related words. This is why you can retrieve words with such speed in real-time conversations, often so quickly that you give little conscious attention to that process.
The next time you have a conversation with someone, take a moment to reflect on why you chose the specific words you did. Remember that the words you use and the mental dictionary you have are part of what make you and your voice unique.
12．In paragraph 2, the author explains “mental dictionary” by ________.
A．making comparisons B．analyzing influences
C．drawing conclusions D．offering assumptions
13．What can we infer from paragraph 3
A．People’s vocabulary will peak at the age of 60.
B．The content of one’s mental dictionary is inherited.
C．Careers have an impact on the size of a mental dictionary.
D．Native English speakers share the same mental dictionaries.
14．What does the underlined word “retrieve” mean in paragraph 4
A．Revise. B．Reacquire. C．Retell. D．Represent.
15．According to the passage, which of the following may the author agree with most
A．People are aware of the word choosing process. B．Think twice before what to say in a conversation.
C．Print dictionaries will be replaced by mental ones. D．Our choices of vocabulary probably tell who we are.
Passage 6
（2024·湖北·二模）It was long theorized that people make decisions based on integrated global calculations that occur within the frontal cortex(额叶皮层) of the brain, which is considered the seat of higher-order thinking. However, Yale researchers have found that three distinct brain circuits from the frontal cortex connecting to different brain regions are involved in making good decisions, bad ones, and determining which of those past choices to store in memory.
The study of decision-making in rats may help scientists find the roots of flawed decision-making common to mental health disorders such as addiction, the authors say. They used-a new tool to manipulate(操纵) brain circuits in rats while they were making choices between actions that led to them receiving rewards or no rewards. If the rats made the right decision, one that ended in a reward, one of the brain circuits was activated, but another was activated if the rats made the wrong choice and received no reward. The third circuit stored past experiences and decisions to help the rats with future choices.
Stephanie Groman, lead author of the research says, “A comparison would be deciding on a restaurant for dinner. For instance, without the ‘good choice’ circuit you may not return to the restaurant with good food and without the ‘bad choice’ circuit you might not avoid the restaurant with bad food. The third ‘memory’ circuit is crucial in making decisions such as whether to return to the restaurant after receiving one bad meal after several good ones.”
Changes in these circuits may help explain a typical feature of addiction—why people continue to make harmful choices even after repeated negative experiences. The Yale researchers previously showed that some of the same brain calculations were disrupted(扰乱)in animals that had taken methamphetamine. “Because we used a test that is similar to those used in studies of human decision making, our findings have direct relevance to humans and could aid in the search for novel treatments for substance abuse in humans,” Groman said.
8．How was Yale’s research different from the previous theory
A．It defined the function of different brain regions.
B．It identified specific circuits involved in decision-making.
C．It focused on the connection between choices and memories.
D．It highlighted the role of the frontal cortex in higher-order thinking.
9．What can be inferred from Stephanie Groman’s words
A．Memories are related to all the three circuits.
B．People base their decisions on personal preferences.
C．The three circuits are all of vital importance in making decisions.
D．The circuit related to rewards is the foundation of deciding wisely.
10．What does the last paragraph mainly focus on
A．The limitations of the present study. B．A description of the research method.
C．A possible reason for the study findings. D．The potential application of the conclusion.
11．What might be the best title for the text
A．How people get addicted and cured
B．How making decisions influences our brain
C．How our brain develops when facing choices
D．How the brain helps us make good decisions and bad ones
Passage 7
（2023·辽宁·三模）I was at a new school in a new state and needed something solid to stand on: a place to feel grounded. I also needed to do laundry, so I walked to a nearby self-service laundry and stuffed a machine with my clothes. As I struggled to close the washer door, the woman working behind the counter told me to give it a good hit with my hand. The washer did its job, yet even after an hour, the dryer seemed to have barely warmed my clothes. I left, having decided to air-dry them on my car in the August heat.
A month later, I learned her name was Sandy, which she told me after I’d helped her stop a washing machine from moving across the floor. I was grading poems at a table when one of the washers broke loose and skipped an inch into the air. I jumped to the machine and held on while she unplugged it. The next week, Sandy told me dryer No. 8 was the fastest.
It went on like this. I’d do laundry once a week, usually Thursday or Friday. Sandy worked Tuesday through Saturday and we’d talk small while I folded clothes. She told me about her son and his grades, as well as the new dog they’d just adopted. She was fascinated that I was studying poetry. She teased (开玩笑) that it was harder making a living as a poet than as a laundry attendant. Even then I knew she was probably right.
I began to recognize others there: workers taking breaks by the door, a mother and her baby, and even some delivery drivers. But Sandy was the center of my community. For nearly three years and almost every week, I’d do laundry and talk with her. We checked on each other, expecting the other to be there. We asked where the other had gone when we missed a week. There was a note of concern for the other’s absence, a note of joy at their return.
I’d found a place to stand on solid ground.
4．Why did the author leave with his wet clothes
A．He liked the August heat better. B．He had to go back to the meeting.
C．He wanted to show off his new car. D．He didn’t think the dryer worked well.
5．Why did Sandy tell the author to use dryer No. 8
A．She was warm-hearted. B．She needed a volunteer.
C．She wanted to thank him. D．She was sorry for the mess.
6．What did Sandy think of a career in poetry
A．It was harder to fulfill. B．It was really fascinating.
C．It was badly-paid work. D．It needed a lot of effort.
7．What can be inferred about the author from the passage
A．He formed a close friendship with Sandy.
B．He made a lot of friends in college.
C．He expected Sandy to do laundry for him.
D．He often wrote to Sandy after graduation.
Passage 8
（2024·湖南长沙·二模）Scientists have found a new way to break down a group of harmful chemicals very hard to get rid of. The discovery could help solve a dangerous and growing problem — how to clean up the pollution of “forever chemicals”.
The group of chemicals known as PFAS (全氟烷基物) are pretty amazing. They’re non-stick, waterproof, and oil proof. They don’t burn easily or dissolve (溶解) in water. So scientists got really excited when they were discovered. Businesses started putting PFAS in all sorts of products, from non-stick pans to waterproof clothes, and from fire-fighting spray to carpets that resist stains. Even things like food wrappers and floss for cleaning your teeth contain PFAS chemicals.
But after a while, scientists realized the same things that made the chemicals useful also caused a real problem — PFAS doesn’t break down in nature. It doesn’t dissolve in water or bum. Not even bacteria can break PFAS down. No wonder these chemicals are known as “forever chemicals”.
As a result, PFAS chemicals surge in the environment. The chemicals are found in air, water, and dirt around the world — and in animals and people. In the US, 97% of humans have PFAS in their blood.
Luckily, scientists in the US have now found a way to break down some PFAS chemicals. Their solution requires boiling PFAS with two other very common chemicals. These chemicals can be found in just about any laboratory.
Dr. Brittany Trang, one of the scientists involved, said she didn’t even want to test the idea at first. “I thought it was too simple,” she said. But the process worked.
The research involved 10 types of PFAS, including two of the most common kinds. That’s a big step. But there are over 12,000 different kinds of PFAS. It’s important to note that the new method can only break down PFAS chemicals that have already been collected. Figuring out how to remove PFAS chemicals from the
environment and collect them remains a huge challenge.
12．What can we infer about PFAS chemicals from paragraph 2
A．Scientists were so excited to invent them.
B．They were environmentally friendly at first.
C．They are really widely used in our daily life.
D．They have more advantages than disadvantages.
13．What does the underlined word “surge” in paragraph 4 refer to
A．Increase fast. B．Float everywhere. C．Extend fully. D．React quickly.
14．What does the author think of dealing with PFAS chemicals
A．It’s already too late to get rid of them.
B．There’s still a long way to go about it.
C．The new method is too simple to work well.
D．It’s impossible to get them removed from the environment.
15．Which is the best title for the text
A．Say Goodbye to Forever Chemicals
B．PFAS Chemicals Are a Two-edged Sword
C．PFAS Chemicals Will Remain a Challenge for Long
D．Scientists Find a Way to Break down Forever Chemicals
