Unit 1 Helping those in need 单元知识点自学案(4课时)

Unit 1 Helping those in need 单元知识点自学案
第一课时 初步认识
（1）Words
raise v. 筹募，增高，增加 permission n.准许，不可数名词 ask permission报请批准 disabled adj.丧失能力的 able adj. 有能力的 be able to = can
offer v.主动提出 offer to do sth.主动提出做某事， serious adj. 严重的 –ly adv.
organize v. 组织 organization n. lonely adj. 孤独的 alone
difficulty n.困难 difficult adj. 困难的
hurt v.伤害 hurt oneself 伤了自己 (hurt , hurt )
pay v. 付费 pay for 与 take cost spend 的区别
（2）Phrases
in need 需要帮助的 voluntary work 义务工作 ask permission 报请批准
suffer from 因…受苦 raise one’s spirits 使振奋 = cheer up in order to 目的在于
so that 为的是 与so …that的区别 make friends with …与…交朋友
look after = take care of = care for 照顾 because of 因为 与because 的区别
talk to / with / about 谈论 teach sb. to do sth. 交某人做某事
offer to do sth 主动提出做某事take photos of 照相 help sb. do / with sth. 帮助某人做某事 continue to do sth. 继续做某事 need to do sth. 需要做某事 in good health 身体健康
be afraid of + n. / pron / doing害怕… enjoy oneself / doing 玩的愉快/喜欢做某事
decide to do sth. 决定做某事
（3）Sentences
1 I met a girl called Cindy. 我遇见一个叫森迪的女孩。
过去分词作后置定语 called = named
2 We taught them to tell stories .我们教他们讲故事。
tell talk speak say 的区别
tell “告诉，讲述”，把某事/ 信息传达给别人 tell stories tell a lie
talk “交谈，讲话”，talk to / with sb. talk about sth.
speak “说，发言”，+ 语言
say “说”， 强调说话的内容。
3 We spent time with a girl called Vivien . 我们和一个叫薇薇安的女孩共度时光。
spend “花费” 主语（人）+ spend(s) + money / time + （in）doing sth. / on + n.
4 I taught them to sing because music can bring then joy and peace .
我教他们唱歌是因为音乐可以给他们带来快乐和宁静。
teach sb. to do sth.教某人做某事
bring take get carry 的区别
bring “带来”+ 双宾语 -》来 Remember to bring me the pictures.
take “带到，去” 去-》 I won’t take you here .
get 去某处将某人/ 物带到说话人处 Please get some paper for me .
carry 强调负重或搬运 Hecarried a baby on his back .
5 One of them had difficulty walking . 其中有一位病人行走困难。
One of + 可数名词复数/ 代词复数 谓语动词用单数
One of + the + 形容词最高级 + 复数名词 “最…之一”
6 He used to love sport until he hurt his legs in an accident .
他过去热爱运动，直到他在一起事故中双腿受伤。
until “直到…才”
a until 与延续性动词连用时，动词用肯定形式。
e.g.We walked until it got dark .
b until 与非延续性动词连用时，动词用否定形式。
e.g.The little girl didn’t stop crying until she saw her mother .
(4)Grammar 动词不定式
结构： to + 动词原形 （有时to可省略）
用法：
1 作宾语 （作及物动词的宾语，不作介词宾语） Remember to post the letter .
2 作宾补 放在宾语后，表示宾语是什么或怎么样。
ask , tell , like , love , hate , would like , teach , want , etc.
e.g.The doctor wanted him to have a good rest .
3 作目的状语 常用逗号与句子隔开，在末尾时，则不用。
e.g.To get there on time , we set out at five in the morning .
He goes there to enjoy the fresh air .
(5)Practice
millions of … 数百万的 be unable to…不能 be able to…能 = can
since then 从那时以来 close to … 靠近 in order to … 为了
in hospital生病住院 in the hospital在医院
(6)Exercise
用括号中所给单词的适当形式填空。
1 I plan ____________ (go) to Canada this summer .
2 Did they enjoy __________ (them) in the park
3 He decided _________ (live) in another city .
4 It took us two hours _________ (get) to Beijing by train .
5 A restaurant needs lots of water for _________ (wash) the dishes .
6 What do we use ___________ (clean) toilets
7 My father is too tired . He needs __________ (rest) .
8 Thank you for ___________ (look) after my sister .
9 Don’t forget ___________ (close) the window when you leave .
10 It is very bad ___________ (pollute) the groundwater .
11 They offered to __________ (help) those in need .
12 He is ___________ (disabled) to swim in the river .
13 Jack was __________ (serious) hurt in the accident .
14 Tom didn’t come to school today because he was ___________ (illness) .
15 I like _____________ (organize) parties .It is very interesting .
16 She fell onto the ground and felt very __________ (pain) .
17 Last night , my parents went out . So I watched TV ___________ (lonely) .
18 Miss White has no friends , so she often feels ___________ (lonely) .
19 The new neighbour is very ____________ (friendship) .
20 This book is very _____________ (difficulty) for me .
第二课时 深层探究
一．重点词汇详解：
★1. Helping those in need.
in need:意为“有困难的”常位于名词后作后置定语
in need of … 需要什么
例：A friend in need is a friend indeed. 患难见真情！
The buildings is in need of painting. 这座建筑需要粉涮。
★2. Could you give me a hand Here you are!
give sb a hand: = 帮助某人
★3. to ask permission to raise money
（1）permission n. = agreement 准许；批准 ask permission (to do sth) 报请批准
permit v. --- 过去式： --- 过去分词：
permit sb. to do sth. = . 允许某人做某事
（2）raise v. 筹集；提升；增加=move it higher
第三人称单数： 过去式： 过去分词： 现在分词：
搭配：raise one’s voice 提高嗓门；raise a family 养家糊口；raise money 筹款；
raise price 提高价格；raise one’s spirits 打起精神
raise = keep 有“饲养，抚养”的意思，如： raise children（抚养孩子）
▲辨析：raise, rise(rise--rose--risen)的区别
这两个词都有“提高，上升，增加”的意思，但其用法不同。raise是及物动词，其主语通常是人；而rise是不及物动词，其主语通常是物。
例如：The sun rises and bathes the earth. 太阳升起，普照大地。
If you want to ask question, please raise your hand. 如果你想问问题，请举手！
★4. Three teenagers offered to do some voluntary work during the school holidays.
（1）teenagers：n 青少年 在口语中常用 teen 来表示“青少年”
（2）offer：v. =be willing to do something 主动提出
offer to do sth. 主动提出 Peter offered to teach them water-skiing. 彼得主动提出教他们滑水。
▲辨析：provide, offer, give的区别：
1). provide仅仅是出于某种责任，强调提供必须用的东西，尤其是生活用品。
常用于provide sb. with sth. = provide sth. for sb. 的固定搭配中。
2). offer表示主动提供服务、工作等。常用于offer sb. sth.或offer sth. to sb. 固定搭配中。
例如：offer sb.主动提出帮助某人；offer sb. a good salary 给某人一个好工资。
3). give 意为“给”常用于 give sb sth=give sth to sb 给某人某物
（3）voluntary：adj. 自愿的，自发的；无偿的；
adv： 自愿地 自愿者
练习：1. Schools need __________ to help children to read. 学校需要义务工作者帮助儿童阅读。
2. In her spare time she does _________work.她在业余时间做义工。
★5. The children there all suffer from serious illnesses.
（1） suffer：v （因疾病等） 受苦，受折磨
She suffered greatly as a child. 她童年深受苦难。
suffer from因……而痛苦, 指长期的或习惯性的痛苦或困难。
1). suffer from+疾病名词（或者他人闲言碎语、劳累、记忆力减退等），表示患病、为…受苦。
She suffers from headache. 她患头痛病。
2). suffer from+自然灾害
China suffered from bad floods in 2013. 2013年中国遭受严重的水灾
（2） serious：adj 严重的 = bad and dangerous adv.
serious还有以下意思：
1). 认真的： He is a serious student and works very hard. 他是一个认真的学生，学习非常努力。
2). 严肃的： Be serious! Don’t make fun of me. 严肃点！别拿我开玩笑！
（3） illness n. （某种）病= in bad health ill (adj.) 生病的; 坏的
注意：当illness表示某种具体的疾病时，是可数名词，但当表示“疾病，生病期间”是不可数名词。
fall ill 病倒了 feel ill 感觉不舒服、生病 speak ill of sb. 说某人的短处
例：The children there all suffer from serious illness. 那里的孩子都遭受疾病的折磨。
同根词：ill adj. 有病的 （比较级：worse, 最高级：worst）
▲辨析：ill, sick的区别：
1). ill和sick都有“生病的；有病的”之意，但用法并不完全相同。ill表示“生病的；有病的”这一意思时，一般用作表语，不能作定语；而sick既可以作表语又可以作定语，如“病人”可以说a sick man或the sick, 但不能说an ill man或the ill。
例如：She is ill/sick in bed. 她卧病在床。
She is looking after her sick father. 她在照顾她生病的父亲。
2). sick 有“恶心的；厌倦的”之意。例如：The smell makes me sick. 这气味使我感到恶心。
ill作定语修饰名词时是“坏的；邪恶的”之意。
例如：He is an ill child. 他是一个坏孩子。
★6. We organized a painting competition for them.
（1）organize v. 组织策划 (n.) 组织者 (n.) 组织
（2）competition n. 竞赛 (v.) 竞赛 (n.) 竞赛者
(adj.) 有竞争力的
★7. I met a girl called Cindy.
Called 被叫做 =named 名为
The girl called Lucy is one of the best students in our school. 那个被叫做Lucy的女孩是我们学校最好的学生之一
★8. We taught them to tell stories.
Taught -----(一般现在时)： 教师：
用法：teach sb to do sth 教某人做某事 teach sb how to do sth 教某人怎样做某事
Teach us English 教某人英语 teach oneself 自学
★9. This helps them express their feelings.
（1）help v/n 意为“帮助”
用法：help sb to do sth/do sth 帮助某人做某事 help sb with sth 帮助某人某事
With the help of sb = with one’s help 在…的帮助下
（2）express v. 表达；表露 (n.) 表达;表情; 习惯用语(常用复数)
当express 表示“表达，表示”之意是后不加双宾语
1). He expressed his thanks to her. √
2). He expresses her his thanks. X
练习：
1). Words cannot ______ how pleased I am. 言语无法表达我的愉快心情。
2). Teenagers often have difficulty ________ themselves. 青少年在表达思想方面常常有困难。
★10. My friends don’t understand my pain.
pain n (身体上的)疼痛 adj 痛苦的，烦恼的
★11. She is unhappy and very lonely.
lonely adj 孤独的，寂寞的
▲辨析：lonely，alone的区别：
1). alone 既可以用作形容词，又可以用作副词，意为“独自的（地），单独的（地）”，侧重于说明独自一人，没有同伴或助手，指的是客观情况，alone用作形容词时，一般与be动词连用，在句子中作表语
She is alone at home.
I like to work alone.
2). Lonely 只作形容词，在句子中既可以作定语，又可以作表语，其比较级和最高级形式：lonelier-loneliest
Lonely用作定语时，意为“无人烟的，荒凉的，偏僻的”等，用作表语时，可以表示“孤独的，寂寞的”之意，带有浓厚的感彩，具有“渴望得到同伴”的含义。
That is a lonely island.
I was alone but I didn’t feel lonely.
★11. She needs friendship.
friendship n. 友情；友谊
同根词：friend n. 朋友 复数：friends. friendly adj. 友好的 friendliness n. 友善
★12. I will continue to visit Vivien.
continue to do sth = go on doing sth 意为“继续做某事”
★13. I wanted to help disabled children.
disabled adj. 有伤残的；丧失能力的；不中用
I taught disabled children to sing. 我教残疾的孩子唱歌。
同根词：disable v. = make (sb.) unable to do sth. 使无能力；使残废，使伤残
the disable 表示残疾这一类人。 enable v. = make (sb.) able to do sth. 使（某人）能够做某事
搭配：mentally disabled 有智力缺陷 learning disabilities 学习障碍
★14. They have difficulty walking and moving.
have difficulty (in) doing sth 表示“做某事有困难”= have trouble (in) doing sth
若后接名词：则常用have difficulty with sth 的结构
★15. Because music can bring them joy and peace.
joy (n.) = happiness / pleasure高兴，喜悦，快乐
(adj.)高兴的 (adv.)高兴地 to one’s joy 使某人高兴的是….
练习：
1. Looking after the baby is both painful and .
2. They greeted him _____ __.
3. We should study with ____ ____.
peace n. 平静；宁静 adj. 和平的；爱好和平的；安静的；平静的
t he Nobel Peace Prize 诺贝尔和平奖
Evening in the country is a very peaceful time. 乡村里的今晚是平静安谧的时刻。
★16. He hurt his legs in an accident, but he has lots of courage.
courage n. 勇气；勇敢
He showed great courage and determination. 他表现得十分勇敢和果断。
同根词：encourage v. 鼓励，鼓舞；支持；促进； encourage sb to sth 鼓励某人做某事
My English teacher often encourages us to read English aloud.
按要求写单词。
permission（动词）： volunteer（形容词）： ill（名词）：
lonely（比较级）： difficult（名词）： pain（形容词）：
expression（动词）： joy（形容词）： pay（过去式）：
organize（名词）： peaceful（名词）： raise（现在分词）：
二. 从方框中选择适当的短语并用其正确形式填空。
ask permission raise money in need voluntary work offer to suffer from spend time with continue to have difficulty raise one’s spirits
1. My grandfather has a serious heart disease for a long time.
2. My friend drive me to the airport last week because it was raining hard and I couldn’t find a taxi.
3. The students completing the project without any help from adults. So most of them asked their parents for help.
4. I think you need to before you use Wendy’s computer.
5. We should use the money to help those people .
6. I don’t want to go to Paris for such a short holiday. I’d rather stay at home and my kids.
7. Cheer up. Simon! Drink a cup of coffee now and it may .
8. The students at Guangzhou Middle School will for the children in poor areas.
9. Nowadays, more and more teenagers take part in to help people they don’t know at all.
10. After Judy completed her Maths homework, she do more Physics exercises.
三. 根据划线部分在句中的意思，找出意思最接近的选项。
1. The ole man is ill in these days.
A. worried B. in good health C. in bad health D. nervous
2. If you know the answer, please raise your hand.
A. get up B. put up C. use up D. stand up
3. Do you have trouble learning English.
A. difficulty B. decisions C. memory D. ideas
4. The fans were very happy when the team won the final match.
A. in trouble B. in low spirits C. in high spirits D. in danger
5. Jack got up early to catch the school bus.
A. because of B. instead of C. so that D.in order to
6. After his wife died, he lived alone.
A. unhappily B. by himself C. lonely D. badly
7. Tony didn’t go to school because he was sick yesterday.
A. lonely B. ill C. glad D. fit
8. They offered to help those in need.
A. refused to B. provided C. were willing to give D. helped
9. They have permission to build 500 new schools.
A. are made B. have decision C. have direction D. are allowed
10. Tim fell off the bike and hurt his legs.
A. injured B. made C. expressed D. stayed
四．用括号内所给单词的适当形式完成句子。
1. They have (difficult) walking or moving.
2. Why do you think it is very important to ask your parents’ . (permit)
3. Mother (pay) ten dollars for the English dictionary.
4. In her spare time she does _________ (volunteer) work.
5. Looking after the baby is both painful and (joy).
6. I am really hungry. Can I stop (eat) something.
7. Mr. Liu often teaches us how (speak) English well.
8. I asked him (lend) me ten Yuan, but he didn’t.
9. Let’s (go) shopping today if it doesn’t rain.
10. It took me two days (finish) the job.
11. Please tell the boys (not make) any noise, my baby is sleeping.
12. The girl (name) Lucy is one of the best students in our school.
13. If you know the answer, you can (raise) your hand.
14. You should (expression) your feeling clearly.
15. I didn’t decide when (go) yesterday.
第三课时语法自学与自练
语法：动词不定式
动词不定式是一种非谓语动词，可以在句子中作主语、宾语、定语、状语和宾语补足语等。动词不定式的基本形式是“to+动词原形”，但to有时可以省略。动词不定式在句子中不做谓语，所以没有人称、数和时态的变化。
一．动词不定式作宾语：基本结构：动词+动词不定式
动词不定式可以在agree, choose, decide, learn, plan, hope, promise, want, seem, would, like等后面做宾语。
如：I want to play basketball. 我想玩篮球。
I agree to meet Susan outside the cinema. 我同意在电影院外跟苏珊见面。
▲ 有些动词后面可以跟“疑问词+动词不定式”这种结构，这些动词包advise，ask，decide，discuss，forget，know，learn，remember，show，teach，tell等
如：We teach him how to walk. 我们教他走路。
I forgot what to do. 我忘记要做什么了。
二．动词不定式作宾语补足语：基本结构：动词+宾语（名词/代词）+动词不定式
动词不定式作宾语补足语时，有带to和省略to 的两种情况。
常跟带to的动词不定式作宾语补足语的动词有advise，ask，tell，order，invite，allow，wish，get，want，encourage等。如: My teacher often encourages us to study hard. 我的老师经常鼓励我们要努力学习。
Tom asked me not to sleep in class. Tom叫我不要在课堂上睡觉。
常跟省略to的动词不定式作宾语补足语的动词有：使役动词let, make, have等，感官动词see, feel, notice等。 如：You can let the girl go first. 你可以让那个女孩子先走。
I saw him open the door. 我看见他开门。
三．动词不定式表目的：
动词不定式还可以用来表示某一动作或状态的目的。动词不定式也可以位于句首。
如：She went to the department store to buy a new book. 她去百货商店是为了买本新书。
To learn English well, you should speak English as much as possible. 想学好英语，应该尽可能多的说英语。
动词不定式专题练习
一．用括号内“动词+动词不定式”的结构完成下列句子。
It is spring now. Our monitor___________ (want, organize) a class trip.
What would you ____________ (like, drink), tea or coffee
I ___________ (hope, travel) around the world when I grow up.
At last, her parents ___________ (agree, live) in the city with her.
Sandy ___________ (prepare, make) a speech at the evening party now.
The two boys will___________ (learn, swim) in the Swimming Club.
You have poor eyesight, so you can ___________ (choose, sit) in the front of the classroom.
Please___________ (remember, close) the door when you leave the room.
Don't ___________ (forget, take) an umbrella with you because it is going to rain.
Look! The little girl___________ (try, wake) her mum up.
The police ___________ (make) everyone ___________ (leave) the building at once.
The driver___________ (let) the old. ___________ (travel) on the bus without a ticket.
Jack ___________ (have) his brother ___________ (wash) the dishes yesterday.
I don't___________ (let) people ___________ (smoke) in my car!
二．连词成句。注意使用正确的时态：
(Tomorrow/l/encourage/Janet/enter/the competition.)
__________________________________________________
(I was already tired, but I/force/myself go on working.)
__________________________________________________
(Ann/teach/Mary/drive/last year.)
__________________________________________________
(Don't worry! Tomorrow I/persuade/my father/see/a doctor.)
__________________________________________________
(Last Sunday, John/invite/Sheila/come/for lunch.)
__________________________________________________
(Next year the teachers/allow/the students /use/ calculators in exams.)
__________________________________________________
三.根据括号中的内容提示,用动词不定式完成句子:
(Policewoman: Can everyone please stay indoors )
The policewoman asked everyone ___________________________________
(Jane: Remember to come home early, Tim.)
Jane reminded Tim__________________________________________
(Manager: You must work more quickly.)
The manager wants us___________________________________
(Captain: Let's do our best in the game.)
The captain encouraged us ___________________________________
(Joe: Can you come to my party next Saturday )
Joe invited me __________________________________________
第四课时 课堂教学综合案
一、重点词汇讲解
1. raise v. 筹集；提升；增加
第三人称单数：raises 过去式：raised 过去分词：raised 现在分词：raising
搭配：raise money 筹款；raise money for … 为……筹款 raise one’s voice 提高嗓门； 例如：They raised money for homeless people.
raise price 提高价格；raise one’s spirits 打起精神
raise = keep 有“饲养，抚养”的意思，如：
raise cattle = keep cattle（饲养牲口）和raise children（抚养孩子）
辨析：raise, rise(rise--rose--risen)的区别
(1) 这两个词都有“提高，上升，增加”的意思，但其用法不同。
raise是及物动词，其主语通常是人；而rise是不及物动词，其主语通常是物。例如：The sun rises and bathes the earth. 太阳升起，普照大地。
Bath n. 沐浴，浴室 bathe v. 沐浴，洗，（光线）充满
(2) raise和rise用于同一事物时含义不同。例如：
The price of TV sets has been raised recently. 最近电视机提价了。（政府或厂家主动行动）
The price of TV sets has risen recently. 最近电视机提价了。（市场调节）
2. permission n. = agreement 准许；批准
搭配：Ask permission 报请批准
Write a letter to the head teacher to to raise money. 给校长写一封信请求允许筹钱。
同根词：permit v. = allow you to do it 许可，准许；默许
The guards permitted me to bring my camera and tape recorder.
知识拓展：
表示请求某人允许自己做某事，通常与动词ask, ask for, request连用。
She asked for permission to leave work early.她请求许可早点下班。
表示允许某人做某事，通常与动词give连用。
Who gave you permission to come here 谁准许你到这里来的
(3)表示不允许某人做某事，通常与动词refuse/ deny 连用。
The school has been refused permission to expand.学校扩充未得到允许
3. disabled adj. 丧失能力的；有残疾的
I taught disabled children to sing. 我教残疾的孩子唱歌。
同根词：disable v. = make (sb.) unable to do sth. 使残废，使伤残
He is disabled from voting. 他失去了选举资格。
enable v. [ n'e b( )l] = make (sb.) able to do sth. 使（某人）能够做某事
The new test should enable doctors to detect the disease early.
新的检测手段应该能够使医生们尽早查出这种疾病。
搭配：mentally disabled 有智力缺陷 learning disabilities 学习障碍
4. offer v. = be willing to do something 主动提出
搭配： offer to do sth. 主动提出去做某事，愿意做某事
Peter offered to teach them water-skiing. 彼得主动提出教他们滑水。
搭配：offer one’s hand 伸出友好的手 offer sb. sth. 为某人提供某物
They have offered me a large sum of money to go away. 他们曾为我提供一大笔搬迁费
辨析：provide, offer的区别：
provide用于表示无主动慷慨之意地为人或物提供需要或有用的东西，仅仅是出于某种责任，强调提供必须用的东西，尤其是生活用品,多数情况是免费的。常用于provide sb. with sth. 或provide sth. for sb. 的固定搭配中。
offer表示主动提供服务、工作等，对方可以接受，也可以不接受。常用于offer sb. sth.或offer sth. to sb. 固定搭配中。
例如：offer sb.主动提出帮助某人；offer sb. a good salary 给某人一个好工资。
Somehow she managed to provide her children with food and clothing.
她总算设法使她的孩子有饭吃，有衣穿。
He offered me a glass of wine. = He offered a glass of wine to me. 他端给我一杯酒。
5. illness n. （某种）病
The children there all suffer from serious illness. 那里的孩子都遭受疾病的折磨。
同根词：ill adj. 有病的 （比较级：worse, 最高级：worst）
辨析：ill, illness, sick的区别：
illness是ill的名词形式，是可数名词。
ill和sick都有“生病的；有病的”之意，但用法并不完全相同。
ill表示“生病的；有病的”这一意思时，一般用作表语，不能作定语；
sick既可以作表语又可以作定语，如“病人”可以说a sick man或the sick, 但不能说an ill man或the ill。例如：
She is ill/sick in bed. 她卧病在床。
She is looking after her sick father. 她在照顾她生病的父亲。
sick 有“恶心的；厌倦的”之意。例如：The smell makes me sick. 这气味使我感到恶心。
ill作定语修饰名词时是“坏的；邪恶的”之意。例如：
He is an ill man. 他是一个邪恶的人。
一言辨异：Although I am ill, I have to look after my sick sister at home today. Because of illness, she can’t go to school.尽管我病了，但是今天我必须在家照看我生病的妹妹。因为疾病，她没有去上学。
6. organize v. 组织
In the end, we all decided to organize a concert for Easter. 最终，我们一致决定组织一场复活节音乐会。
同根词：organization n. 组织；机构 organizer n. 组织者organized adj. 有组织的
What do you know about our organization 关于我们的组织你知道些什么？
Students need organized activities. 学生们需要有组织的活动。
Who is the organizer of the exhibition 谁是这次展览会的组织者？
7. express v. 表达；表露
This helps them express their feelings. 这有助于他们表达他们的情感。
同根词：expression n. 表现，表示，表达；表情
She gave expression to her sadness. 她流露出了悲伤之情。
8. lonely adj. 孤独的；寂寞的；荒凉的 （比较级：lonelier最高级：loneliest）
It felt like the loneliest place in the world. 感觉这就像是天底下最荒凉的地方。
辨析：lonely, alone的区别：
alone为形容词，意为“单独的”，只作表语，不能作定语。侧重说明独自一人，没有助手或同伴，没有感彩的只表示客观的状态。
lonely意为“孤独的”，表示主观上感到孤独、寂寞，有较浓的感彩，指因缺少朋友、同情、友谊等产生的一种悲伤和忧郁的感情。它为形容词，在句中作表语或定语。作定语时，意为“荒凉；偏僻”，多修饰表示地点的名词。
alone还可以作副词。
alone adv. 单独；独自
She went home alone.= She went home by herself. 她独自回家去了。
The old man lives in a lonely town, he lives alone but he does’t feel lonely.
这位老人住在偏僻的镇上，他独自一人住着，但他并不感到孤独。
一言辩异: I didn’t feel lonely though I was alone. 我虽孤身一人，但并不感到寂寞。
9. friendship n. 友情；友谊
同根词：friend n. 朋友 复数：friends.
True friendship is worth more than money. 真正的友谊比金钱更有价值。
friendly adj. 友好的
Robert has a friendly relationship with his customers. 罗伯特和他的客户之间关系处得很好。
friendliness n. 友善
She also loves the friendliness of the people. 她也喜欢人们的友善。
10. difficulty n. = be not able to do something easily 困难；费劲
The country is facing great economic difficulties. 该国正面临巨大的经济困难。
同根词：difficult adj. = hard to do 困难的
The child is going through a difficult phase. 那孩子正经历困难的阶段。
It’s difficult for me. 对我来说这很难。
搭配：have difficulty (in) doing something 做……有困难
I had no difficulty (in) making myself understood. 我毫不费力地表达了自己的意思。
in difficulty/difficulties 处境困难
The bank is in difficulty/difficulties. 这家银行处境困难。
11. joy n. = a feeling of great happiness 愉快；喜悦
I taught them to sing because music can bring them joy and peace.
我教他们唱歌，因为音乐能带给他们喜悦与宁静。
同根词：joyful n. 快乐的，高兴的；令人开心的，使人喜悦的
He was excited and joyful at the success. 他因成功而激动欣喜。
搭配：to one’s joy 令人高兴的是，使某人高兴的是
To her joy her son was permitted to a key university.
12. peace n. 平静；宁静
the Nobel Peace Prize 诺贝尔和平奖
One more question and I’ll leave you in peace. 再问一个问题，我就不打扰你了。
同根词：peaceful adj. 和平的；爱好和平的；安静的；平静的
Evening in the country is a very peaceful time. 乡村里的今晚是平静安谧的时刻。
13. hurt v. = injure [' nd ] 使疼痛；受伤
Tim hurt his legs in an accident, but he has lots of courage.
提姆在一次事故中伤了腿，但他很勇敢。
同根词：hurt adj. 受伤的；痛苦的；（受）损坏的
They did not seem to be badly hurt. 他们看起来没有受重伤。
搭配：hurt oneself 自己受伤
Have you hurt yourself 你伤着自己了吗？
注意：身体伤害重用badly修饰。精神、感情受到创伤用 very much/ rather/ deeply修饰
The driver hurt himself badly in the accident. 那位司机在事故中伤得很重。
Your words deeply hurt her. 你的话深深地伤害了她。
14. courage n. 勇气；勇敢
同根词：encourage v. 鼓励，鼓舞；支持；促进；鼓动
My English teacher often encourages us to read English aloud.
我的英语老师常常鼓励我们大声读英语。
搭配：take one’s courage in both hands 鼓起勇气去做；敢作敢为
gather courage鼓足勇气 lose courage 失去勇气
gather ['g ] vt. 收集；收割
Taking her courage in both hands, she opened the door and walked in.
她壮着胆打开门，走了进去。
Failure is the mother of success. Keep up your courage.失败是成功之母。鼓起你的勇气来。
15. Spirits n. 情绪，心境
他回到家里是情绪非常好。He felt in excellent spirits when he arrived home.
Spirit n. 精神，勇气，意志。
尽管他已经不再人世，但他的精神却至今还在。Even though he is no longer living, his spirit lives on today.
固定搭配：in spirit 在心里， 在精神上
16. pay v. 付款；偿还
We paid 35 pounds for each ticket. 我们每张票付了35英镑。
同根词：pay n. 工资；薪水；报答
They complained about their pay and conditions. 他们抱怨他们的薪水和工作条件。
搭配：pay off 偿清（债务）；支付（债务）的全部数额
pay attention to 注意 pay a visit to 去参观，拜访 pay for 为……付款
辨析：take, spend, cost和pay的用法区别：
总结：
take一般用it作主语，例如：it takes sb. sometime to do sth.
spend一般是人作主语，例如：I spend an hour finishing my homework.
cost表示某物值什么的（价值或钱），例如：The book cost 200 yuan.
pay一般是人作主语，例如：I pay lots of money for books.
spend的主语必须是人，常用于以下结构：
(1)spend time/money on sth. 在……上花费时间（金钱）。例如：
I spent two hours on this math problem. 这道数学题花了我两个小时。
(2)spend time/money (in) doing sth. 花费时间（金钱）做某事。例如：
They spent two years (in) building this bridge. 造这座桥花了他们两年时间。
(3)spend money for sth. 花钱买…… 例如：
His money was spent for books. 他的钱用来买书了。
cost的主语是物或某种活动，还可以表示“值”，常见用法如下：
(1)sth. costs (sb.) + 金钱，某物花了（某人）多少钱。例如：
A new computer costs a lot of money.
(2)(doing) sth. costs (sb.) + 时间，某物（做某事）花了（某人）多少时间。例如：
Remembering these new words cost him a lot of time.他花了大量时间才记住了这些单词。
注意：cost的过去式及过去分词都是cost，并且不能用于被动句。
take后面常跟双宾语，常见用法有以下几种：
(1)It takes sb. + 时间 + to do sth. 做某事花了某人多少时间。例如：
It took them three years to build this road. 他们用三年时间修完了这条路。
(2)doing sth. takes sb. + 时间，做某事花了某人多少时间。例如：
Repairing this car took him the whole afternoon. 他花了一下午修车。
pay的基本用法是：
(1)pay (sb.) money for sth.付钱（给某人）买…… 例如：
I have to pay them 20 pounds for this room each month. 我每个月要付20英镑的房租。
(2)pay for sth. 付……的钱 例如：
I have to pay for the book lost. 我不得不赔丢失的书款。
(3)pay for sb. 替某人付钱 例如：
Don’t worry! I’ll pay for you. 别担心，我会给你付钱的。
(4)pay sb. 付钱给某人 例如：
They pay us every month. 他们每月给我们报酬。
(5)pay money back 还钱 例如：
May I borrow 12 yuan from you I’ll pay it back next week.
(6)pay off one’s money 还清钱。
17. voluntary adj.自愿的；志愿的
He made a voluntary statement to the police.
他自愿为警方作供。
18. be used for doing 被用来做（某事）
be used to do 被用来去做``````
be used as 把······用作，被用来当作······
be used by (某物)被某人使用，by后接动词的执行者
**be used to (doing) sth. 习惯于（做某事）
**used to do sth. 过去常常做某事
This medicine is used for curing cancer. 这种药物是用于治疗癌症的。
Clothes are used to keep warm. 衣服是用来保暖的。
The box is used as a table. 这个箱子被当作桌子用。
This car is used by Mr. Li.这是李先生的专用轿车。
My father is used to getting up early. 我爸爸习惯于早起。
I used to dance after school. 我过去常常放学后跳舞。
In the past, people used to use horses as their transport. 过去人们常常使用马匹作为他们的交通工具。
18. since then 自从那时起
since I was born 自从我出生时
since+ 时间点（用于完成时）
自从5点开始他就在等了。
He has waited since 5 o’clock.
陈先生自从2岁起就住在这儿。
Mr. Chen has lived here since 2 years old.
我们自从七年前开始就学习英语了。
We have learned English since 7 years ago.
新词强化训练：
They will give a concert to (筹款) for charity.
You must (报请批准) if you want to leave early.
---Excuse me, would you (帮我个忙)？
---Sure, What would you like me to do
He is (因……受苦) nervous tension(神经紧张).
Will you go to the park to (拍照) with me this afternoon
Who knows what will happen （将来）？
He is (不健康). He is often sick.
You must (照顾) yourself and keep healthy.
My grandma is ill （住院）now. My aunt is taking care of her.
We have a golf course in the _________(社区)。
---How much did you p_______ for the sweater
---Eight dollars.
用所给词的适当形式填空。
People don’t allow (teenager) to drive a car.
He didn’t go to the meeting because of his (ill).
We had no (difficult) in finding the house.
Tom, don’t be afraid of (speak) in front of people. You are the best one.
Some boys of Class One enjoy (listen) to music.
He used to (play) football.
According to(根据) the passage, which of the following (follow) is true
Though it was raining, they continued working (work) in the fields.
Tom, don’t be afraid of speaking (speak) in front of people. You are the best one.
Some boys of Class One enjoy listening (listen) to music.
He used to play (play) football.
单项填空。
The young man offered his seat an old lady on the crowded bus.
with B.to C. for D. at
Though his grandmother lives , she never feels .
A.alone, alone B.lonely, lonely, C. alone, lonely D. lonely, alone
3. We have activities after class. You can take part in them.
A. kind of B. a kind C. many kinds of D. a kind of
Tomorrow is ________. The students want to buy some flowers for their teachers.
Teacher Day B. Teacher’s Day C. Teachers’ Day D. the Teachers
Old Henry is so lonely that he hopes to know about _________ every day.
special something B. special anything
C. something special (肯定句用sth.) D. anything special
I don’t know how to begin a talk with Betty. She can sit all day long _____a word.
by B. with C. in D. without
Scientists are trying their best to come up with ways to treat(治疗) the terrible disease(疾病) ______ H7N9.
called B. call C. name D. was call
He was born in 1956 and _______ in 2012.
death B. dead C. died D. die
---How is your English study
---Not bad. But I _____ learning English grammar.
am interested in B. am good at C. have difficulty D. have no trouble
---Sam, my mobile phone is in my bedroom. Could you _____ if for me
---No problem.
bring B. get C. take D. carry
重点句子：
1. Cindy is in hospital because she suffered from serious illnesses.
2. She wanted to paint a picture of the park near her home.
3. .I went there and took some photos of it
4. Her parents died in a car accident, and she is unhappy and very lonely.
5. He hurt his legs in an accident, but he has lots of courage.
6. We need to help children like Tim and raise their spirits.
Grammar 动词不定式
（1）基本形式：
to+动词原形 （在某些情况下可以不带 to）
（2）特点 ：
A .没有人称和数的变化
B .可以有自己的宾语和状语
C .有时态和语态的变化（被动语态的形式为 to be + 动词过去分词）
D.动词不定式的否定式直接在不定式的前面加not.
（3）动词不定式用法
作主语
动词不定式作主语时，句子的谓语动词常用单数，其位置有以下两种： 　　
把不定式置于句首。
如：To get there by bike will take us half an hour.
To learn a foreign language is not easy. = It’s not easy to learn a foreign language.
(2)用it作形式主语，把真正的主语不定式置于句后，常用于下列句式中。
It is good to help others. 帮助他人是件好事。　
It is exciting to surf the Internet. 上网是件令人兴奋的事。
B、作表语 （表语是用来说明主语的身份、性质、品性、特征和状态的，表语常由名词、形容词、副词、介词短语、不定式、动词的-ing、从句来充当，它常位于系动词（be, become, appear, seem,look,sound,feel,get,smell等词）之后。如果句子的表语也是由一个句子充当的，那么这个充当表语的句子就叫做表语从句）
The important thing is to finish the work on time. (完成工作)
What you have to do now is to clean the classroom. (打扫教室).
C 作宾语
动词 + to do 常见动词有 agree, choose, decide, forget, fail, go on, learn, hope, mean (意味；想要) need, offer, plan, regret, require, remember, seem, stop, try, wish, want等
[注意]：部分动词后接不定式与接动名词的含义不同。如stop, forget, remember
1. He decided to buy (buy) the camera.
2. I want to listen to (listen to) some music after class.
3. I hope to travel (travel) all over the world one day.
2) 动词+疑问代（副）词 + to do
I don’t know what to do. （做什么）
how to do it / that. （怎么做）
where to go (去哪里)
when to leave (什么时候出发)
Which one to choose (选择哪个)
例：I haven’t decided when to take a holiday yet.
took B. taking C. to take D.take
3) 动词 + it(形式宾语）+宾补 +to do
I find it important to learn English
我发现很难和他好好相处. I find it hard to get on well with him.
我发现在炎热的夏天很容易入睡. I find it easy to fall asleep in hot summer.
动词不定式做宾补
1) 动词 + 宾语 +to do
Li Mei asked me to show her the new dictionary.
注：有以上结构的常用动词有 tell. wish, ask, want，like, beg(请求), invite（邀请）, warn（警告，提醒）, allow, encourage, advise 等。
2) 动词 + 宾语 + do (不带 to 的不定式)
注：常用的动词是:感官动词see, hear, feel, watch, notice； 使役动词 have ,make, let.（如果将其改成被动语态，必须将不定式符号to还原。）
例：Colors can change our moods(情绪) and make us feel happy or sad.
Feel B. to feel C. felt D. feeling
固定搭配：make sb. do sth.
E、作状语（可以表目的、表结果、表原因）。为了强调目的， 有时可以把不定式放在句首，或在不定式前面加in order to…或so as not to…
I came here to tell you good news. ( 告诉你一个好消息)
She stydied hard to pass the exam.她刻苦学习，以便通过考试。
F、作定语 （必须后置）
我们每天有很多作业要做. We have a lot of homework to do every day.
我有个好消息要告诉你. I have good news to tell you.
不带to的不定式结构
以下几种情况使用不带to的动词不定式:
1.在固定词组had better之后。注意:had better的否定形式是had better not do sth.。例如:
　　You had better go home now.你最好现在回家。
It's cold outside. You'd better not go out.外面很冷,你最好不要出去。
2.will (would) you please之后动词不定式不带to.
Would you please say it again more slowly 请你再慢慢说它一下好吗？
2.在感官动词see, watch, feel, hear, look at, listen to和使役动词have, make,let后要跟不带to的动词不定式作宾语补足语。例如:
　　I made them give me the money back.我迫使他们把钱还给我。
　　I didn't see you come in.我没看见你进来。
3.在引导疑问句的why not之后。
"Why not+不带to的不定式"是Why don't you do…的省略,可以用来提出建议或劝告。例如:
Why not take a holiday。=Why don't you take a holiday。为什么不休个假呢。
Why not go there with him 为什么不和他一起去那儿？
在动词help之后做宾语或宾语补足语的不定式，to可省略也可保留。
Will you help me (to) move the table 请帮我搬一下桌子好吗？
当but, except, besides之前有一个实义动词时，这个介词之后的动词不定式不带to.
What do you like to do besides swim 除了游泳，你还爱好什么？
Quiz
1. The workers want us ______ together with them.
A. work B. working C. to work D. worked
2. There isn’t any difference between the two.
I really don’t know _________.
A. where to choose B. which to choose
C. to choose what D. to choose which
3. The teacher told them ____make so much noise.
A. don’t B. not C. will not D. not to
4.He gave us some advice on how____ English.
A. learning B . learned C. to learn D . learn
5.I’m thirsty. Would you please give me something
________.
A .drunk B .to drink
C .to be drunk D .for drinking
6.Tom is the first _____ to school.
A . get B . to get C. getting D . Got
7. The boy wanted to ride his bicycle in the street,
but his mother told him ______.
A. not to B. not to do C. not do it D. do not to
8. I saw him _______ out of the room.
A. go B. had gone C. has gone D. goes
9.---_______ more about tomorrow’s weather, call 121.
---OK, I will. Thank you.
A. Know B. Knowing C. To know D. Known
10.We must do everything we can ____ waste water from
running into rivers.
A. keep B. kept C. to keep D. keeping
11.Let’s ____ play in the street. Father tells me __ do so.
A. not to；not to B. not；not to
C. don’t；to not D. not to；don’t
12.When I came into the room, he pretended ____ his homework. A. to do B. be doing C. doing D. to be doing CBDC BBAA CCBA