Unit2 Body language 单元知识点自学案

Unit2 Body language 单元知识点自学案
重点短语：
1:part-time job 兼职工作 2:travel agency 旅行社
3:be at work在工作
4:look up抬头看；查阅
5:glance at扫一眼
6:stare at盯着看
7:walk over to走到…
8:prefer…to宁愿…而不愿
9:body language肢体语言
10:get a chance to do sth. 得到机会做某事
11:make a good impression on留下好的印象
12:hold up抬头；耽误
13:decide to do sth. 决定做某事
14:smile at sb. 对某人微笑
15:at once=right away 立刻，马上
16:remind sb about/of sth提醒某人某事
17. Think it over. 考虑
18:agree with sb同意某人的意见
19:work as+职业：做什么职业
20:one another互相（三者以上）
21:during the summer holidays
22:instead of代替，而不是
23:look down往下看，蔑视
24. be angery with sb.
【注意区别】
what does she look like
用来询问一个人的外貌长相是怎么样的，表达外貌时，描述特征时用主系表结构，人体部分描述的谓语用have/has连句子。
如---What does Jim look like 吉姆长得怎么样？
　----He is very thin and tall. He has short hair.
拓展---what is Lucy like 露西性格怎么样？ （what’s …like 人怎么样）
----She's very friendly. 她很友好。
That lady told him how to send it in the fastest and cheapest way.
tell sb to do sth告诉某人去做某事。与tell 用法相似的词有：
　want /ask/advise/allow+sb. +to do sth.
send 为动词，送给。 send sb sth=send sth to sb 送给某人某物。
I'm looking forward to going to Sandy's birthday party.
looking forward to doing sth 表示“期望做某事”to 为介词。
Eg: I’m looking forward to meeting you.
考点必记
1:look up：“抬头，查询”；类似单元：
look like看起来像 look after照看，照顾 look for寻找
1ook over检查身体 look out当心，小心 look out of向外看
1ook forward to doing渴望，盼望 look at看…
2:enter=come/go into进入 【特别注意：enter是及物动词，后面不加介词】
　3:What’s up =What’s wrong =What’s the matter 怎么了；出…毛病了
4.decide to do sth=make a decision to do sth=decide on doing sth
=make up one’s mind to do sth决定做…
Eg: I decide to improve my English.
5:She came to remind me that tomorrow is her birthday and she wanted to…
remind作动词是“使想起” ，常用搭配有：
remind sb to do sth提醒某人做某事：Please remind me to wake her up.
remind sb of sth使某人想起某事：
The old photos remind me of those painful days.
6.excited 感到兴奋的，多指人对事物的感受，主语一般是人。
exciting 令人兴奋的，多指事物对人的影响，一般修饰事物。
7.happy开心的, unhappy不开心的, happily (adv. ), happiness (n.) 不可数名词
8.be surprised to do sth. 吃惊地做某事， be surprised at sth. 对某事感到惊讶
be surprised+ that 从句;to ones’s surprise令某人惊奇的是;in surprise惊讶地。　
9.take place “发生，举行”；没有被动语态。指事先安排好地、有计划地发生。
happen “发生”。指事情的发生往往带有“偶然性”或“未能预见的”。
10.show sb sth=show sth to sb 给某人看某物
on show在展出 show sb around 带领某人参观
for show为了炫耀 show off 炫耀 show up显露
11.look down 俯视 look up 仰视 look down on/upon sb 轻视，看不起
12.person 可数名词，“人”。personal形容词“个人的，私人的”。personality名词，“人品，人格”。people 作“人”讲时，是集合名词，表复数概念。作“民族”时，是可数名词单数。a people一个民族， peoples 多个民族。
13.be friendly to sb.对某人友好；be friendly with sb. 与某人很友好。
municate with sb.和某人交流；communicate sth to sb 传达某事给某人。
15.too,also,either 都有“也”的意思，too只能用于肯定句，一般用于句末；若作为插入语放在句中，其前后都有逗号。also常用于句中，用于肯定句。either 用于否定句中，放在句末。
16.make sb do sth 使某人做某事
Th moving story made us cry.
be made to do sth 被迫去做某事
I was made to stay at home yesterday.
make sth to do sth 制作某物去做某事
They made a fire to keep warm.
make it +adj.+to do sth 使做某事……
The Internet makes it easy ot look up information.
make sb./sth.+adj. 使某人/某物……
Our teacher tries to make us interested in learning English.
Our teacher tries to make her class interesting.
17.try doing sth 尝试去做 try to do sth 尽力去做
18.leave 剩下;遗忘某物在某地;离开。
leave for＝go to 前往某地
19.wear/dress/put on/in的区别
1）put on，着重于“穿”这一动作，即由没穿到穿这一动作的完成，意为“穿上、戴上””后接衣服、鞋帽等。
I want you to put on this coat and this hat.
2）wear “穿着；戴着”，表示状态，宾语可以是衣帽，也可以是饰物、奖章等。
He seldom wears a watch. 他很少戴表。
3）dress 可表示动作，常用人作宾语，不接“衣”作宾语，意为“给……穿衣服”。在表示“自己穿衣”时可说get dressed（= dress oneself）。
当dress表示状态时，一般要用be dressed in形式。dress up强调着意打扮，意为“穿上盛装、乔装打扮”。例如：
My son is now able to dress himself. 我儿子现在自己会穿衣服了。
It’s time to wake up and get dressed! 该起床穿衣服了。
She is dressed in a fur coat. 她穿着毛皮大衣。
She always dresses well. 她总是打扮得很漂亮.
4）in是介词，表示“穿着、戴着”之意，后接表示衣服或颜色的词，着重于服装的款式或颜色。
它所构成的短语只能作表语或定语。
He was in a new black coat. 他穿着黑色的新外套。
The girl in red is my sister. 那个穿红衣服的女孩是我妹妹。
20. keep+adj. 保持…… ；keep (sb./sth.) doing sth. 使（某人、某物）一直做某事
keep on doing反复做某事； keep...form doing sth. 阻止……做某事
21.other,the other,others, the others,another的区别
1)the other指两者中的另一个，系特指，常与one连用。
2)another指三个以上的人或物中除去以知部分后“余下部分中的某一个”，非特指。
3)others所指的是三个以上的人或物中除去以知部分后“余下部分中的某一些”，非特指。
4)the others指三个以上的人或物中除去以知部分以后“余下部分中的全部”，系特指。
22.end with 以……结束 start with 以……开始
at the end of 在……结尾、尽头； in the end 最后； by the end of 到……末为止
23.happen to sb某人发生……
What happened to you
happen to do sth碰巧做某事
I happened to see my friend in the shop.
It happens that+从句　“碰巧……”
It happened that I had no money yesterday.
【考点精讲】
1:You look very happy.
　look在句中是系动词，意为“看起来”，后跟形容词作表语：
类似用法的形容词还有：
sound 听起来； smell闻起来； feel摸起来； taste尝起来
例如：The flowers smell sweet. That sounds interesting. It feels cold.
2: 交通工具前冠词的用法：
1)by ship/sea/water; by plane/air; by like; by bus;by train; by underground
2)但下面短语需要加冠词：take a bus坐公车,in a boat在船里, on the bike.
3:地点前面的冠词用法：
原文：He will leave school next year.
【特别注意】go to school上学 go to the school到这所学校（办事）
be in hospital住院 be in the hospital在这家医院里
4:三餐前冠词的用法：
一日三餐前面不加冠词： have breakfast/lunch/supper(dinner)
当三餐前有形容词修饰时，要加不定冠词a/an:
She always has a wonderful supper.
3）特指某顿饭时，要加定冠词the：The breakfast here costs $ 10.
5:关于“花费”单词的区别：
主语 过去式 常用结构
cost 物 cost Sth costs sb money.
take 物 took It takes sb some time to do sth.
spend 人 spent Sb spends money/time on sth/doing sth
pay 人 paid Sb pays money for sth
The coat cost me 50 yuan.=I spent 50 yuan on the coat=I spent 50 yuan buying the coat.=I paid 50 yuan for the coat.
It takes me half an hour to go to school every day.
6: 如何描写一个人：
问年龄：How old is he 问长相：What does he look like
问穿着：What does he wear 问地址：Where does he live
问职业：What does he do
【考点精练】
1:Is this photo of your daughter She looks ______in the pink dress!
A: lovely B:quietly C:politely D:happily
2: Action movies _______me of Jackie Chan
A:remind B:think C:hear D:miss
3:-------Lin Tao , why are you so_______
-----Because Wang Meng got three gold medals at the Winter Olymics.
A: excited B:angry C:disappointed
4:------Lily is coming by ______plane tomorrow.
-----Let’s go to ______airport to meet her.
A: a; a B:/; a C:the; the D:/; the
5:There’s ________800-metre long road behind ______hospital.
A: an; an B; a; a C:an; the D:a; the
6:They often take _____walk after dinner
A: a B:/ C; the D; an
7:How much does the ticket _______from Shanghai to Beijing
A: cost B:took C:spend D:pay
8:---What do you think of your English teacher
----I love her. She is really____, She always has a smile on her face.
A: outgoing B:funny C:friendly D:serious
9:----________does Clark look like -------He is tall and has brown hair.
A: What B: How C:Who
10:We are all looking forward to _____more than HK 6,500 for the Oxfam.
A; raise B: raising C:be raised D:being raised
11:Taking buses in Beijing is ____than taking a taxi.
A; more cheap B:much cheaper C: a little cheap D; less cheaper
12:Tian’anmen Square is one of _______squares in the world.
A; large B:larger C:largest D; the largest
13:-----Did you have a wonderful time at the party
----Yes, it’s ______one I’ve ever been to before.
A; a more excited B; a more exciting C; the most excited D:the most exciting
14:Certainly he apologized. _______,I wouldn’t forgive him.
A: But B:So C:However D:And
15:------What is your mother going to do this Saturday
-------I’m not sure. She _____go to see my grandmother.
A:can B; must C:may
▲短词归纳
body language 肢体语言
go forward 向前走
shake hands 握手
hi, there 你好
wave at 向……挥手
point at 指向
look like 看起来像
go over 复习；过去
■重点难点全讲
1．shake hands 握手
shake hands with sb.= shake sb. by the hand = shake one’s hand
e.g. In China, when people meet together, they like shaking hands. 在中国，当人们见面时，他们喜欢握手。
2．wave
(1) n. 可数名词：波，波浪，挥手
e.g. ①The waves were beating on the shore. 浪涛拍岸。
②She gave a wave as she left the house. 她离开家的时候挥手告别。
(2) v. 摇，挥动，挥手告别 wave at/ to sb. 向某人挥手
e.g. ①Martin waved us goodbye. 马丁向我们挥手告别。
②She waved at him. 她向他挥手。
3．point
(1) n. 可数名词：尖，尖端，特别，分数，意义，目的
e.g. Do you have a pencil with a sharper point 你有更尖一点的铅笔吗？
(2) v. 指，指向，point at 在近距离的情况下使用，除去明确的位置外，通常有不礼貌的含义；point to / toward指由于距离比较远而指出方向，明确位置；point out 指出要点或错误
e.g. ①He pointed at the book he wanted. 他指着他想要的那本书。
②He pointed to the house on the other side of the river and said:“That’s my home.”他指着河对面的房子说：“那是我的家。”
③The teacher pointed out many mistakes in my homework. 老师指出我作业里的
许多错误。
4．forward adv. 向前
e.g. We go on walking forward. 我们继续向前走。
5．just adv. 正好，恰巧，仅仅只是，刚才
e.g. ①That is just what I want to know. 那正是我想知道的。
②He is just a child. 他只是个孩子。
③He is just out of hospital. 他刚刚出院。
just now 刚才
e.g. He left his room just now. 刚才他离开了他的房间。
■单词释义
1．wave v. (of a person) move one’s hand to and fro or up and down, in order to attract sb’s attention 挥手，招手
2．point v. direct people’s attention at sb./ sth. By extending one’s finger towards him/it, or by using any similar sign or indicator, show the position or direction of sb./ sht.
指向，指出
3．forward adv. Towards the front or end, into a prominent position 向前
4．just adv. exactly 正好
■词语辩析
1．point at / point to / point out 的区别
point at 习惯上指向离说话人较近的事情，意为“指着”，at是介词着重指的对象；point to多用于表示指向离说话人较远的事物，意为“指向”，to也是介词，着重于指的方向；point out表示的是给某人指示方向，要点或错误意为“指出”，out是副词。
e.g. ①Don’t point at the words while you are reading. 读书时不要用手指着字。
②He pointed to a tower on the distant horizon. 他指向远处地平线上的一座塔。
③If have made a mistake, please point it out for me. 如果我犯了错误，请为我指出来。
2．stop doing sth./ stop to do sth. 的区别
stop doing sth. 停止做某事（停止正在做的事情）；stop to do sth. 停下来做某事（停下正在做的事情，然后去做另一件事。）
e.g. ①Please stop talking. 请停止讲话。
②You’d better stop to have a rest. 你最好停下来休息一会儿。
■疑难解析
1．Stop! Don’t go forward. 停，不要向前走了。
（1）go forward 向前走
（2）stop! n. 可数名词：停车站
e.g. They are waiting at the bus stop. 他们正在公共汽车站等着。
v. 停止，阻止，stop doing sth. 停止做某事；stop to do sht. 停下来去做某事；stop sb./ sth. (from) doing sth. 阻止……做……
e.g. ①You must stop singing this song. It’s too noisy. 你必须停止唱这首歌，太吵了。
②He stopped to listen to her talking. 他停下来听她讲话。
③The heavy snow stopped them(from) coming to the party. 那场大雪阻止他们前来参加聚会。
2．Hi, there 嗨，你瞧
there interj 用以表示胜利、沮丧、鼓励等
e.g. There! What did I tell you 瞧！我想我说什么了？
3．He looks just like Andy Lan. 他看起来就像安迪·刘。
look just like…看起来就像……
e.g. The cat looks just like his daughter. 这只猫看起来就像他的女儿一样。
4．He’s shaking his head. 他正在摇头。
shake：shake—shakes—shaking—shook—shaken.
(1) v. 动摇，摇动，震动，抖动
e.g. Shake the bottle before taking the medicine. 服药之前把瓶子摇一摇。
(2) 握（手）
e.g. He is shaking hands with his friends. 他正在和他的朋友们握手。
5．How do you say“Look”using body language 你如何用肢体语言说“看”？
say v. 意为“说”，后接说话的内容常与“speak, tell, talk”等词进行比较，speak后接语言，表示说话，讲某种语言；tell指“告诉，讲述，叙述”等，常用短语有tell sb. sth.或tell sth. to sb.; talk为交谈，不及物动词，talk to / with sb. “与……交谈”，后接与之交谈的对象，talk about sth. “谈论……”，后接谈论的内容。
e.g. ①Please say hello to him. 请向他问好。
②I can speak a little English. 我能说一点英语。
③My grandma often tells stories to me. 我的奶奶经常给我讲故事。
④What are they talking about 他们正在谈论什么？
⑤The teacher likes talking with her students. 这个老师喜欢和她的学生交谈。
■短词归纳
make mistakes with sth. 在某方面出错
show sb. sth. 向某人展示某物
can’t help doing sth. 情不自禁地做某事
need to do sth. 需要做某事
have to do sth. 不得不做某事
be rude 很粗鲁
go away 离开
stop doing sth. 停止做某事
stop doing sth. 停止做某事
do sth. by oneself 由某人自己做
sth. Very common 很平常的事
be different 不同
for example 例如
■重点难点全讲
1．rude adj. 粗鲁的，无理的；rudeness n. 粗鲁；反义词polite adj. 有礼貌的
e.g. ①It is rude to make noise in public. 在公共场所制造噪音是很粗鲁的。
②What a rude reply! 多么粗鲁的回答啊！
2．mistake
(1) n. 错误，可数名词，make a mistake / mistakes 犯错误；by mistake错误的
e.g. ①Be careful, don’t make mistakes in your exam. 仔细些，考试中不要犯错误。
②My twin sister put on my coat by mistake. 我的双胞胎妹妹错穿了我的外套。
(2) v. 弄错，误解 mistake sth. for sth. 错把……当作……
e.g. They mistook him for his brother. 他们错把他当作他的哥哥。
3．common adj. 常见的，普通的；反义词uncommon, special
common knowledge 常识，in common 共同的，共有的，
a common mistake 一个常见错误
e.g. This kind of fruit is common in North China. 这种水果在中国北方很常见。
4．everywhere adv. 到处，处处
e.g. I’ve looked everywhere. 我各处都看过了。
有时可用everywhere与here and there进行同义句转换
e.g. We can see beautiful flowers everywhere=We can see beautiful flowers here and there. 我们在各处都能看到美丽的花。
5．mean v. 意指，意味着；n. meaning意思
What does sth. mean = What’s the meaning of sth. = What do you mean by sth.
某物是什么意思？
6．strange adj. 奇怪的，奇妙的，陌生的，不熟悉的
e.g. ①She was startled by a strange voice. 她被一个奇怪的声音吓了一跳。
②The place is strange to me. 这个地方我不熟悉。
■词语辨析
1．surprise / surprising / surprised的区别
surprise n. 与不同介词构成介词短语，in surprise“惊讶的，吃惊的”，to one's surprise“使某人惊讶的是……”，两个短语都是介词短语作状语；v.使（人）感到惊讶，后面可以直接加宾语；surprising adj. 令人惊讶的，作定语后接名词，也可以作表语，指物；surprised多作表语，后面可接不定式和从句，指人。
e.g. ①Tom looked at me in surprise. 汤姆惊讶地望着我。
②He gave me some surprising news. 他给我带来一些令人惊讶的消息。
③His progress surprised me. 他的进步使我感到惊讶。
④I was surprised to see him there. 我万万没想到会在那见到他。
2．can’t help doing sth. / can’t help do sth. 的区别
can’t help doing sth. 意为“情不自禁做某事”；
can’t help do sth.意为“不能帮助做某事”
e.g. ①When he saw his friend, he couldn’t help crying.
当他看到他的朋友，他忍不住大哭起来。
②Tom is too busy, he can’t help mend the bike.
汤姆太忙了，他不能帮助修理自行车。
■疑难解析
1．I want to show you my new backpack. 我想给你看看我的新背包。
show sb. sth. = show sth. to sb. 给某人看某物
e.g. Please show me your book. = Please show your book to me. 请给我看看你的书。
2．Go away! Don’t look at your birthday surprise. 走开！不要看你的生日惊喜。
（1）go away 走开, go away from…从……离开（走开）
e.g. He went away from his friend. 他从他的朋友身边走开。
（2）surprise n. 不可数名词，惊奇，诧异，to one’s surprise 使……感到惊讶的是……，do sth. in surprise惊讶地做某事
e.g. ①To my surprise, the plan succeed. 令我惊讶的是，计划竞争成功了。
②He is looking at his father in surprise. 他正惊讶地看着他的父亲。
v. 使吃惊，使感到惊讶
e.g. The news surprised us all. 这消息使我们大家都吃了一惊。
3．I can’t help breathing, my body does it by itself. 我情不自禁地呼吸，我的身体本身就会呼吸。
（1）can’t help doing“忍不住做……”，“help”愿意是“帮助”，我们常用help sb.(to) do来表示帮助某人做某事，在这里“help”后接动名词doing形式，意思也发生改变。
（2）by oneself = alone = on one’s own单独，独自
e.g. We can finish the work by ourselves. = We can finish the work alone. = We can finish the work on our own. 我们能自己完成这项工作。
4．Everywhere means every place. 到处意思是说每个地方。
mean v. 有时可以和它的名词meaning所构成的句子进行同义句转换
e.g. The sign means“No Smoking”.= The meaning of the sign is“No Smoking”.这个标志的意思是“禁止吸烟”。
5．She is a great student. For example, she always does her homework. 她是一个好学生。例如，她总是写作业。
for example “例如”，一般指以同类事物或人中的一个为例作插入语，用逗号隔开，可置于句首、句中或句尾；such as 也作“例如”讲，用来列举同类事物或人中的几个例子。
e.g. ①I have many hobbies. For example, I like swimming very much.
我有许多爱好。例如，我非常喜欢游泳。
②Boys such as John and James are very friendly.
像约翰和詹姆斯这样的男孩都很友好。
6．Do you need to use body language here 在这里你需要使用肢体语言吗？
need v. 需要，有……必要，need to do sth. 需要做某事（表示主动）
e.g. I don’t think you need to worry about this. 我认为你不必担心这件事。
7．I will say something very common. 我将说一些常见的事情。
something 是不定代词，common是形容词，当形容词修饰不定代词时要放在不定代词的后面，常见的不定代词有someone, somebody, something, anybody, anything, nobody, nothing等等，另外不定代词作主语时，谓语动词为单数。
e.g. ①I have something important to tell you. 我有一些重要的事告诉你。
②There isn’t anything interesting in the book. 在这本书里没有有趣的东西。
③I would like something to eat. 我想要一些吃的东西。
④Do you have anything else to tell me 你还有一些别的事情要告诉我吗？
■短词归纳
can’t help doing sth. 情不自禁做某事
correct answers 正确的答案
dance to music 随音乐跳舞
stop doing sth. 停止做某事
no place 没地方
fall down 倒下
point to 指出
in fact 事实上
■重点难点全讲
1．go away 走开，离开
My brother went away on holiday yesterday. 我哥哥昨天度假去了。
He always goes away with a umbrella. 他总是带着雨伞离开。
2．Surprise n. 惊奇，诧异，惊人之事
surprise用作名词时，其含义是“使人一愣”。这种吃惊可能包含着高兴也可能包含害怕或忧虑。
*1）通常用作抽象名词，不可数。意为“惊奇；惊异”。
Her face showed surprise at the news.
听到这个消息她脸上露出了惊讶之情。
*2）也可以具体化而变为可数名词。意为“惊奇，惊讶；意外的事；吃惊的事”。
He gave me a surprise by arriving early.
他的早到使我大吃一惊。
3．I can’t help breathing. 我忍不住呼吸（我不得不呼吸）。
can’t help doing sth. 忍不住做某事
*注意 can’t help后要接动名词 doing形式。
When he heard the news, he couldn’t help crying.
当他听到这个消息时，禁不住哭了起来。
Have a lot of doubt, he can not help asking them question.
have to / must 的区别
have to 意思是“不得不”，是客观上的要求，有人称、时态和数的变化；must意思是“必须，一定”，是主观的一种需要，没有人称、时态和数的变化。
e.g. ①We had to walk home that day. 那天我们不得不走着回家。
②You must go and see that new movie, you’ll really enjoy in.
你一定要去看那部新电影，你一定会喜欢它的。
■疑难解析
1．I like to dance to music. 我喜欢随着音乐跳舞
Dance v. 跳舞，n. 舞蹈，舞会
e.g. ①I danced with her all night. 我整晚都跟她共舞。
②We went to a dance last night. 我们昨天去参加舞会。
2．I enjoy using it. 我十分喜欢使用它。
enjoy v. 欣赏，享受，喜欢，enjoy doing sth. = like doing sth. very much十分喜欢做……
enjoy oneself = have a good time玩得开心，过得愉快
e.g. ①I enjoyed reading these books. = I liked reading these books very much.
我喜欢读这些书。
②We enjoyed ourselves at the party. = We had a good time at the party.
我们在聚会中玩得很开心。
3．But they said this was rude. 但理他们说这很粗鲁。
这是一个宾语从句，主句是they said，从句是this was rude，由于主句的时态是过去时，从句受到主句的影响，也要用与过去时有关的时态。
■语法拾零
动词不定式
动词不定式做主语用法小结
动词不定式的基本形式为“to+动词原形”，其否定形式是“not to + 动词原形”。它能起名词的作用，在句子中充当主语、表语、宾语和宾语补足语。动词不定式在作主语时，用法主要有以下两种：
1．动词不定式作主语时常用it作形式主语，而往往将动词不定式放在谓语或表语之后。如：
It’s not easy to learn a foreign language well. (=To learn a foreign language well is not easy.) 学好一门外语不容易。
在此句型中，如果要说明动词不定式的动作是谁做的，可在不定式前加一个for引起的短语，作不定式的逻辑主语。如：
It’s difficult for us to finish the work. 对我们来说，完成这项工作很困难。
It’s hard for me to answer your question. 要我回答你的问题很难。
但是，如果表语是kind，nice，right，wrong，clever，polite等描述行为者的性格、品质的形容词，则应在不定式前加一个of引起的短语。如：
这个例子属于上面的换一个of引起的。
It’s very kind of you to help me. 你能帮我，真好。
1）of sb.和for sb.这两种结构还有一个区别，在of sb.结构中，可用sb.直接作句子的主语来改写成“It’s + 形容词 + of sb. + 动词不定式”结构。试比较：
It’s foolish of him to go alone. (=He was foolish to go alone.)他单独出去太傻了。
It’s kind of you to give me the book. (=You are kind to give me the book.)你给我这本书，真是太好了。
for sb.结构则不能这样转换。例如，不可以说：We are difficult to finish the work.
2）动词不定式作主语，同时有另一个不定式作表语时，不能转换成“It’s…to do sth.”的句型。如：
[正]To see is to believe. 百闻不如一见。
[误]It’s to believe to see.
3）“疑问代（副）词+动词不定式”也可以在句中作主语。如：
How to control the water pollution is a big problem. 如何控制水污染是一个大问题。
When to start the project remains undecided. 什么时候开始这项工程仍然没有决定。
动词不定式做宾语
1）动词+不定式
afford aim appear agree arrange ask be decide care choose come dare demand desire determine expect elect endeavor hope fail happen help hesitate learn long mean manage offer ought plan prepare pretend promise refuse seem tend wait wish undertake
举例：
The driver failed to see the other car in time. 司机没能及时看见另一辆车。
I happen to know the answer to your question. 我碰巧知道你那道问题的答案。
2）动词+不定式；动词+宾语+不定式
ask, beg, choose, expect, hate, help, intend like, love, need, prefer, prepare, promise, want, with…
I like to keep everything tidy. 我喜欢每件东西都保持整洁。
I like you to keep everything tidy. 我喜欢你年使每件东西都保持整洁。
I want to speak to Tom. 我想和汤姆谈话。
I want you to speak to Tom. 我想让你和汤姆谈话
■短词归纳
see sb. doing sth. 看见某人做某事
used sth. to do 用某物做某事
write down 写下，记下
good job 做得好
the other group 另一组
different kinds of 不同种类的
■单词用法
1．congratulations n. 贺词，祝贺
congratulations to sb. 向某人表示祝贺
congratulations on sth. 祝贺某事
congratulations to sb. on sth. 向某人就某事表示祝贺
e.g. ①I heard that you are the winner of the race. Congratulations!
我听说你成为了比赛的胜利者。祝贺你！
②Congratulations to your excellent performance. 为你出色的表现而祝贺你。
③Congratulations to you on your good results. 祝贺你取得好成绩。
■词语辨析
1．see sb. doing sth. / see sb. do sth. 的区别
see sb. doing sth. 看到某人正在做某事（强调现在的动作）；
see sb. do sth. 看见某人做某事
e.g. ①I often see him watch TV. 我经常看见他看电视。
②I saw him reading a book just now. 刚才我看见他正在读一本书。
■疑难解析
1．How do you use body language to say“Nice to meet you” 你怎样使用肢体语言说“见到你很高兴”？
Use sth. to do sth. 用……做……
e.g. I use a chalk to write it down. 我用一支粉笔把它写下来。
2．What does this mean 这意味着什么？
这句话可以转化为What’s the meaning of this = What do you mean by this
3．need
(1) n. 需要，需求，不可数名词，There’s no need for sth. 不需要……；There’s no need to do sth. 不必要做某事
e.g. ①We have no need to be afraid of them. 我们不必害怕他们。
②There’s no need for the book. 不需要这本书。
(2) v. 需要，有……必要，need to do sth. 需要做某事（表示主动）；need doing sth. 需要被……（表示被动）
e.g. ①I need to ask my mother about that. 我需要问问我妈妈关于 件事。
②My pen needs mending. 我的钢笔需要被修理。
(3)model v. （多用于疑问句和否定句）需要，必须
e.g. ①Need you go so soon 你需要这么快走吗？
②You needn’t finish that work today. 你今天不必把那项工作做完。
2．have to 不得不，必须，表示客观条件只能如此，有人称，时态和数的变化。
e.g. ①I have to go now. 我现在得走了。
②He has to use body language. 他不得不使用肢体语言。
3．can’t help doing sth. = can’t help stop doing sth. 忍不住做某事
e.g. I can’t help laughing because of his joke. 由于他的笑话我忍不住笑了。
4．keep v.
（1）keep doing sth. 总是……，一直……，反复……
e.g. Keep trying, and you will make it. 反复尝试，你将会成功的。
（2）keep on doing sth. 意为“继续反复地做某事”，on用来强调持之以恒、反复地进行，有时可以与keep doing互换
e.g. In the following years, Marx kept on studying English and using it. 在此后的几年里，马克思继续学习和使用英语。
（3）keep sb./ sth. doing sth. 让……一直做某事
e.g. I am sorry to keep you waiting. 对不起让你一直等
（4）keep sb. / sth. from doing sth.=stop / prevent sb. / sth. from doing sth.阻止……做某事
e.g. I hope I’m not keeping you from your work. 希望我没有妨碍你的工作。
（5）keep + adj. 保持……
e.g. I like to keep busy. 我喜欢保持忙碌。
（6）keep sb. / sth. + adj. 使……保持……
e.g. We should keep the food cool, or it will go bad. 我们应该使食物保持凉爽，否则就会变坏。
（7）keep up 继续保持……
e.g. You’re all doing a splendid job, keep up the good work! 我们都干得很出色，要坚持下去！
■语法拾零
动名词作主语、宾语和表语
1．作主语
Fighting broke out between the South and the North. 南方与北方开战了。
2．作宾语
a. 动词后加动名词doing作宾语V. + doing sth
admit承认 appreciate感激，赞赏 avoid避免
complete完成 consider认为 delay耽误
deny否认 detest讨厌 endure忍受
enjoy喜欢 escape逃脱 prevent阻止
fancy想象 finish完成 imagine想象
mind介意 miss想念 postpone推迟
practise训练 recall回忆 resent讨厌
resist抵抗 resume继续 risk冒险
suggest建议 face面对 include包括
stand忍受 understand理想 forgive宽恕
keep继续
举例：
1）Would you mind turning down your radio a little, please
2）The squirrel was lucky that it just missed being caught.
b. 词组后接doing
admit to prefer…to be used to lead to devote oneself to
object to stick to busy look forward to ( to为介词)
no good, no use, It’s worth… as well as,
can’t help, It’s no use / good be tired of be fond of
be capable of be afraid of be proud of think of / about
hold off put off keep on insist on
count on / upon set about be successful in
good at take up give up burst out prevent…from…
3．作表语
Her job is washing, cleaning and taking care of the children.
情景对话 36-40 DAFEB
词汇 41. to finish ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )42. sure 43. Nodding 44. watching 45. meeting 46. to work
e 48. stay 49. expression 50. going
书面表达
I like to use body language because I think it is very useful.
Firstly, using body ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )language can make me express myself well so that people can understand me better. Secondly, body language is very interesting and it can make our conversation become more lively. Thirdly, using body language correctly is very important in life. It can help me make a good impression on others.
So I think we should learn body language better and let it serve us.