2024人教版中考语法专题突破
专题九 谓语动词的时态和语态
谓语动词的时态和语态思维导图;
考点1:谓语动词的时态
1.初中常考的七种时态的构成及用法
1)一般现在时
①用法:1.表示现阶段经常性、习惯性的动作或现在的状态;2.表示客观真理、科学事实3.按计划或安排好的将要发生的动作
②谓语动词:动词原形或者动词第三人称单数形式
③标志词:usually,never,once a week,every day,on Sundays等
例句:This story is very interesting.这个故事很有趣。
2)一般过去时时:
①用法:1.表示过去某个时间发生的动作或存在的状态;2.表示过去经常或反复发生的动作
②谓语形式:动词过去式
③标志词:yesterday,last night,two days ago,in 2010等
例如:Bert was always late,which made his mother very angry.伯特总是迟到,这令他的妈妈非常生气。
3)一般将来时:
①用法:1.表示将要发生的动作或存在的状态;2.计划、打算在最近或将来做的事
②谓语形式:will/shall+动词原形或者am/is/are going to +动词原形
③标志词:tomorrow,next week,next year,in the future等
例如:I am going to visit my grandpa tomorrow.我打算明天拜访我的祖父。
4)现在进行时
①用法:1.表示此时此刻正在进行的动作;2.表示现阶段正在进行的动作或持续的状态
②谓语形式:am/is/are+动词现在分词
③标志词:now,at the moment,look,listen等
例如:Mom is cooking now.妈妈正在做饭。
5)过去进行时:
①用法:表示过去某个时间点或某阶段正在进行的动作
②谓语形式;was/were+动词现在分词
③标志词:at that time,at ten last night等
例如:They were playing football at this time yesterday.昨天的这个时候他们在踢足球。
6)现在完成时:
①用法:1.强调过去发生或已经完成的动作对现在造成的影响;2.从过去开始延续到现在的动作或状态
②谓语形式:have/has+动词过去分词
③标志词:already,just,yet,so far,in the past ten years,for+时间段,since+时间点/从句等
例如:I have finished my homework.我已经完成了我的家庭作业。
7)过去完成时:
①用法:1.表示过去某一时刻或某动作之前已经完成的动作或状态(即动作发生在“过去的过去”);2.宾语从句中,主句动词know,realize,think)为一般过去时,且从句中的动作先于主句动作
②谓语形式:had+动词过去分词
③标志词:by the end of/when/before/after/as soon as+过去时态的句子或过去的时间点等
例如:I realized I had missed the train.我意识到我已经错过了火车。
2.谓语动词时态的特殊用法
1)“be about to +动词原形”和“be to+动词原形”结构表示即将发生的动作。如:
The train is about to start.火车马上就要发车了。
2)“be +v. ing”表示将来。常用于这种结构的动词有come,go,leave,arrive,start,begin等,表示即将发生或安排好要做的事情。如:
The bus is leaving in twenty minutes.大巴将于二十分钟后离开。
3.非延续性动词和延续性动词的转换
在完成时态中,表示持续的动作或状态,谓语动词多为延续性动词。如果动词是非延续性动词,要将非延续性动词转化为延续性动词。
非延续性动词(短语) 延续性动词(短语) 非延续性动词(短语) 延续性动词(短语)
die be dead marry be married
begin/start be on buy have
leave be away from open be open
borrow/lend keep join be in/be a member of
arrive in/at/reach/get to be in catch a cold have a cold
come back be back fall/become asleep/ill be asleep/ill
4.一般过去时和现在完成时的区别
两者都表示过去发生的事情:一般过去时只强调事情发生在过去,不表示与现在的关系;现在完成时强调过去的动作与现在的关系,即对现在产生的影响或结果。如:
I lost my wallet yesterday.我昨天丢了钱包。(指丢钱包了,现在是否找到并未说明)
I have lost my wallet.我已经丢了钱包。(指钱包丢了,到现在还未找到)
5.动词的基本形式
动词有五种基本形式:动词原形、第三人称单数形式、过去式、过去分词和现在分词。
1)原形→第三人称单数形式
①一般在词尾加 s:work→works;learn→learns
②以s,o,x,sh,ch结尾的动词,后加 es:wash→washes;teach→teaches
③以辅音字母加y结尾的动词,变y为i再加 es:fly→flies;study→studies
④特殊情况:have→has
2)原形→过去式/过去分词(规则变化)
①一般在词尾加 ed:work→worked;stay→ stayed
②在以e结尾的动词后,只加 d:close→closed;live→lived
③以辅音字母加y结尾的动词,变y为i再加 ed:study→studied;worry→worried
④以重读闭音节结尾且末尾只有一个辅音字母的动词,双写此辅音字母再加 ed:stop→stopped;plan→planned
3)原形→现在分词
①一般在词尾直接加 ing:wait→waiting;sleep→sleeping
②以不发音的e结尾的动词,去e再加 ing:hike→hikingmove→moving
③以重读闭音节结尾且末尾只有一个辅音字母的动词,双写此辅音字母再加 ing:sit→sitting;cut→cutting;plan→planning
④少数以ie结尾的动词,变ie 为y再加 ing:lie→lying;die→dying
考点2:谓语动词的语态
1.谓语动词语态的分类
英语中有两种语态:主动语态和被动语态。
1)主动语态:主语为动作的执行者 如:
People read these great books all over the world today.如今全世界的人都在读这些伟大的书。
2)被动语态:主语为动作的承受者 如:
These great books are read by people all over the world today.如今这些伟大的书被全世界的人阅读。
2.被动语态的构成
被动语态由“be +及物动词的过去分词(用done表示)”构成。常见的五种主动语态和被动语态结构如下:
类型 主动语态 被动语态 示例
一般现在时 do/does am/is/are+done The song is often sung by the boys.这首歌经常被男孩子们唱。
一般过去时 did was/were+done The school was built in 1974.这个学校是1974年建的。
一般将来时 will/shall +do;am/is/are going to +do will/shall be+done; am/is/are going to be+done A big factory will be built in our village next year.明年我们村庄要建一座大工厂。
现在完成时 have/has +done have/has been+done More and more trees have been planted on the hill.越来越多的树已经被种在小上了。
情态动词 情态动词+do 情态动词+be+done Lots of stars can be seen in the sky at night.晚上在天空中能看到很多星星。
3.主动语态变被动语态的方法
1)示例及方法说明
主动句:He repaired two old bikes last week.
①主语 谓语 宾语 其他
被动句:Two old bikes were repaired by him last week.
②宾语变主语 ③be+done ④by+原主语宾格 ⑤其他不变
变化方法:
①找主动句主谓宾
②主动句宾语变被动句主语 注意:若主动句宾语是人称代词,则宾格变主格
③主动句谓语变为be+done 注意:be的人称和数与新主语保持一致,时态不变
④主动句主语变宾语,即by+原主语宾格 注意:若主动句宾语是人称代词,则主格变宾格
⑤主动句中其他成分不变
2)常见主动语态变被动语态的特殊情况
①含有双宾语(即直接宾语和间接宾语)的句子,多把间接宾语变为主语,直接宾语不变。如:
Jack told us the truth.杰克告诉了我们真相。→We were told the truth by Jack.
②主动语态中有些感官动词(hear,see,watch等)后接不带to的不定式作宾语补足语,变为被动语态时,要把不定式符号to还原,即hear/see sb.do sth.→sb.be heard/seen to do sth.如:
I heard a girl sing in the next room.我听到一个女孩在隔壁房间唱歌。→A girl was heard to sing by me in the next room.
③主动语态中有些使役动词(make,let等)后接不带to的不定式作宾语补足语,变为被动语态时,同样要把不定式符号to还原。即make/let sb.do sth.→sb.be made/let to do sth.如:
My mom makes me do the dishes every day.我妈妈让我每天洗碗。→I am made to do the dishes every day by my mom.
3)主动结构表被动意义的情况
①look,sound,taste,smell等感官动词用主动结构表被动意义。如:
Mooncakes taste very delicious.月饼尝起来很好吃。
②be worth doing用主动形式表被动意义。如:
This book is worth reading.这本书值得一读。
③want/need/require+doing相当于want/need/require+to be done。to be done为不定式的被动
结构。如:Your car needs washing.=Your car needs to be washed.你的汽车需要清洗了。
一、根据语境,用所给词的适当形式填空。
1.Listening to music is good for your mind and your body also (relax).
2.Mrs.Wang (support)that student with her effort since 2022.
3.As long as he (choose)as the team leader,our team will have the chance to win.
4.Most of the rubbish in this town (recycle)every day through a rainbow recycling system.
5.China (succeed)in sending three taikonauts to Tiangong space station on May 30,2023.
二、根据中文意思,补全英语译文。(每空一词)
1.淡水非常重要。地球上的生命依赖于它。
Fresh water is important.Life on Earth ________ __________ it.
2.我过去常常和朋友们在放学后踢足球。
I________ __________play football with my friends after school.
3.这辆蓝色的自行车我已经买了三年了。
I ________ __________the blue bike for three years.
4.1958年,汉语拼音由周有光和他的团队创造了出来。
In 1958,Chinese pinyin________ __________ by Zhou Youguang and his team.
5.在过去的几年里,我的老师教我要尊重老年人。
My teacher________ __________ me to treat old people with respect in the past few years.
三、短文填空。
What are your most memorable moments?The most memorable moments I have had as a middle schooler are the ones when I was 1.__________(perform) on stage.As a musician,my journey 2.__________(start) seven years ago.I still remember my first time to play the piano in front of 100 people.As nervous as it was,the experience made me realize that I was really interested in performing.
I 3.__________(be) now a Grade 9 student.Performing is an important part of my school life.Every year,I perform at school parties,concerts and social events.In my most recent performance this year,I often played the piano and once joined a band to perform songs which were 4._______(write)by my classmates.
To me,one of the greatest things about performing is how encouraging the thought of sharing your talents with the audience(观众) is,as well as the reward(奖励)that comes when you bow to a round of applause(掌声).These are the memories that will 5.__________(stay) with me even after I graduate and carry on my crazy love of music.For the past seven years,performing has 6.__________ (challenge)me to improve.That’s why I love performing.