押北京卷第35-39题
信息还原（七选五 ）
2019-2023年北京卷七选五考情统计
年份 体裁 类别 主题 段首 段中 段尾
2023年 说明文 人与社会 如何选择大学的建议 1 3 1
2022年 说明文 人与自我 健身与健康的关系 1 4 0
2021年 说明文 人与自我 音乐对身体诸多好处 1 3 1
2020年 说明文 人与自我 积极思维带来诸多益处 1 3 1
2019年 议论文 人与社会 一流球队需要平衡球员 2 2 1
1.从上表可以看出信息还原(七选五)所选文章多为说明文,文章结构通常为“总—分(—总)”,内容通常是教人如何学习、如何做事、如何生活等,符合中学生的特点,贴近中学生的日常生活。
2.信息还原(七选五)试题根据所在段落位置可分为:段首句、段中句和段尾句。每个位置的试题各有其特点:
A.段首句。通常是段落主题句,或与后文形成并列、转折、因果等关系,又或是段落间的过渡句。
B.段中句。通常与前后句形成并列、递进、因果、转折等关系。
C.段尾句。通常是结论、概括性语句,又或者是引出下一段的内容。
从上表还可以看出试题设置在段中的数量较多,段首句和段尾句较少。在做题过程中,段中试题由于有段落内上下文的提示,比较容易得到答案。段尾试题往往是段落的总结,难度也不大。通常情况下,段首的试题难度也比较小,因为在英语写作中,段首句多为段落主旨句,考生可以根据段落后面的文本快速推测答案。但是当段首句是对上下段的过渡时,难度陡增。
(2023北京)
It's a joyful and stressful time of year in the United States for students and their families as they make decisions about where to attend college. Families often turn to rankings systems to help make a decision. 1 .
When I talk to families as a scholar of higher education, they're often surprised that teaching excellence is not counted in rankings. 2 .
Emerging research suggests that courses in lower-ranked universities, on average, scored higher on teaching than courses in higher-ranked universities. 3 .The absence of teaching excellence from the rankings is surprising given the link between high-quality teaching and student success. Quality teaching is one of the most important predictors of a wide range of college outcomes.
Rankings, however, are only one reason why a low value is placed on teaching in higher education. Administrators often don't view teaching excellence as a way to increase enrolment(注册) or funding. 4 . Research shows that the more time instructors spend on teaching, the lower their salary. What is the result Many instructors continue to teach using traditional lectures, which lead to lower success rates.
5 . Nevertheless, not much will change until schools with high-quality teaching are rewarded with more resources, higher rankings and increased enrolments. In the long term, universities, organisations that rank schools, and others should work to make teaching a valued, core part of the mission.
What should students and their families do They should give strong consideration to universities where high-quality teaching is valued, even though the schools may be ranked lower.
A. Higher education has achieved its true potential.
B. Therefore, it's not highly valued in hiring or promotion.
C. Quality teaching has been an important reputation-building factor.
D. However, the rankings ignore a critical factor:the quality of teaching.
E. Efforts to improve teaching at the university level have recently emerged.
F. They're even more surprised at how teaching is undervalued by universities.
G. In fact, universities often shift emphasis from teaching to other ranking factors.
[语篇解读] 本文是议论文，主要针对当下教学水平较高的学校排名却并不靠前这一现象展开讨论。作者希望学生和家长在选择大学时，应该重点关注教学质量高的学校。
1. D前文指出排名系统（rankings systems）对于美国学生选择大学有重要的参考价值。第二段指出，优秀的教学水平并没有被纳入排名考虑。浏览选项可以发现，D选项（然而，排名忽略了一个关键因素：教学质
量）与前文构成转折关系，并起到引出下文的作用。
2. F设空处前一句话指出，一些家庭常常惊讶于优秀的教学水平并没有被纳入排名考虑。F选项（更让他们惊讶的是，大学竟然如此轻视教学）中的even more surprised与前文中的surprised构成递进关系。F项中的They指代families，且大学轻视教学这一现象在第四段中也有所体现。
3. G设空处前一句指出，最新的研究表明，排名较低的大学的课程在教学方面的平均得分高于排名较高的大学的课程。G选项（事实上，大学经常把重点从教学转移到其他排名因素上）是对前文进行解释说明。
4. B设空处前一句指出，管理人员通常不把优秀的教学视为增加入学率或增加资金的途径。B选项（因此，它在招聘和晋升中不受重视）与之构成因果关系，B选项中的it指代前文提到的teaching excellence。
5. E设空处后一句话说的是，然而，只有拥有高质量教学的学校获得更多的资源、更高的排名和更多的入学人数，情况才会发生较大变化。基于对这句话的理解，答案应满足以下两个条件：首先，设空处需要与后句构成转折关系；其次，该句想表达的核心意思是情况并不会发生太大的变化，因此设空处也应体现一种情况。E选项（最近出现了大学努力提高教学水平这一现象）满足上述条件。
一
(2024届北京门市头沟区高三一模)
More than a quarter have to enlarge the font size on their mobile phone so they can read it clearly. ____35____ Meanwhile, 28% regularly squint (眯眼看) at the screen. And all of them are signs of eye disorder.
“The research has shown our eyes are not designed to be fixed on a single object for a long time, especially smaller laptops or smart devices. ____36____ Even worse, staring at the screen constantly can lead to dry eye syndrome,” says Giles Edmonds, a clinical service director.
Dry eye syndrome is a condition where the eyes do not make enough tears, or the tears evaporate too quickly. Here are some simple solutions to prevent eye strain and irritation, and preserve your eye health overall.
Rest your eyes.
Follow the 20:20:20 rule, looking up from your screen every 20 minutes and look at something 20 feet away for at least 20 seconds. ____37____ It in turn reduces eye tiredness.
Adjust your workstation.
Change your screen settings to ensure that the brightness and contrast are balanced correctly, as well as making fonts larger. Also, be mindful of how your workstation is positioned. Adjust your screen ensuring it is 15—20 degrees below eye level and around 50—70 cm away from the eyes. ___38___
Reduce glare (眩光).
____39____. Try reducing this by attaching an anti-glare screen to your monitor or laptop to avoid external light shining onto the screen. Glasses wearers can also have lenses treated with an anti-glare coating.
A. People should try to reduce the time spent on the screen.
B. One can read his favorite paper books instead of e-books.
C. Half confess they’re forced to enlarge images to see them clearly.
D. Another thing to focus on is to make sure your room is properly lit.
E. Looking into the distance helps relax the focusing muscles of your eyes.
F. Reflections on your computer screen can cause glare and lead to eye fatigue.
G. They may feel uncomfortable, painful, tired and even start to itch (发痒) or burn.
【答案】35. C 36. G 37. E 38. D 39. F
【解析】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要讲述了长时间使用小屏幕设备对眼睛造成的危害，并提供了一些预防眼睛疲劳和刺激、保护眼睛健康的简单方法。
35.根据空前“More than a quarter have to enlarge the font size on their mobile phone so they can read it clearly. (超过四分之一的人不得不把手机上的字体放大，这样才能看得清楚)”以及空后“Meanwhile, 28% regularly squint(眯眼看) at the screen. (与此同时，28%的人经常眯着眼睛看屏幕)”可知，空前空后都是“And all of them are signs of eye disorder. (这些都是眼部疾病的征兆。)”。选项C“Half confess they’re forced to enlarge images to see them clearly. (一半的人承认他们被迫放大图像才能看得清楚)”与空前空后内容相一致，指的都是眼部疾病的征兆。故选C。
36.根据空后内容“Even worse, staring at the screen constantly can lead to dry eye syndrome (更糟糕的是，一直盯着屏幕会导致干眼症)”可推测，空处指的应该是盯着屏幕会给眼睛带来损伤。选项G“They may feel uncomfortable, painful, tired and even start to itch (发痒) or burn. (他们可能会感到不舒服、疼痛、疲倦，甚至开始发痒或灼烧)”与下文内容一致，指的都是长时间盯着屏幕会让眼睛受损。故选G。
37.根据空前内容“Follow the 20:20:20 rule, looking up from your screen every 20 minutes and look at something 20 feet away for at least 20 seconds. (遵循20:20:20规则，每20分钟从屏幕上抬起头，看向20英尺以外的地方至少20秒)”可知，此处具体介绍可以遵循的用眼规则。选项E“Looking into the distance helps relax the focusing muscles of your eyes. (看远处有助于放松眼睛的聚焦肌肉)”是上文内容的自然延续，指的是看远处可以放松眼睛的聚焦肌肉，同时引出下文“It in turn reduces eye tiredness. (从而减少眼睛疲劳)”。故选E。
38.根据上文内容“Change your screen settings to ensure that the brightness and contrast are balanced correctly, as well as making fonts larger. Also, be mindful of how your workstation is positioned. Adjust your screen ensuring it is 15-20 degrees below eye level and around 50-70 cm away from the eyes. (更改屏幕设置以确保亮度和对比度正确平衡，并使字体更大。此外，要注意工作站的位置。调整你的屏幕，确保它比眼睛低15—20度，离眼睛大约50—70厘米)”可知，上文提到了调整工作站，包括调整屏幕的位置和亮度等，而合适的照明环境也是保护眼睛的重要因素之一。选项D“Another thing to focus on is to make sure your room is properly lit. (另一件需要注意的事情是确保你的房间光线充足)”提醒读者还要注意照明环境，以全面保护眼睛健康，与本段内容相符。故选D。
39.根据小标题“Reduce glare(眩光) (减少炫光)”可知，本段建议我们要减少炫光。选项F“Reflections on your computer screen can cause glare and lead to eye fatigue. (电脑屏幕上的反光会引起眩光，导致眼睛疲劳)”提到了电脑屏幕引起的眩光问题，从而自然引出下文“Try reducing this by attaching an anti-glare screen to your monitor
or laptop to avoid external light shining onto the screen.(试着在你的显示器或笔记本电脑上安装一个防眩光屏幕，以避免外部光线照射到屏幕上。)”，以与本段内容相一致。故选F。
二
(2024届北京市东城区等5区高三下学期一模)
“Find your passion!” When discussing future career options or selecting a major in college, your parents often say this. The very expression is meant to inspire. But is it good advice
“Finding” a passion implies that it already exists and is simply waiting to be discovered. Unfortunately, this idea is not what science tells us. ___35___
To study this, researchers use a framework of “fixed” and “growth” mindsets.They argue that encouraging people to “find” their passion may cause them to eventually believe that interests and passions are inborn and relatively unchangeable. ___36___ In contrast, people who view interests and passions as developed have a growth mindset of interest.
Researchers have revealed that a fixed mindset of interest can decrease creativity. If people believe they are limited to only a few inborn interests and, in consequence, do not explore other areas, they may miss seeing important connections across domains. ___37___
Evidently, people can do a lot to embrace a growth mindset of interest. First, realize that your interests and passions aren’t pre-existing. Take an active role in developing your passions. Second, practise positive self-talk. When you lack interest in a new task, pay attention to your inner dialogue. ___38___For example, change “I’m not interested in this” to “I’m not interested in this yet, but I know that interest can develop with time and engagement.”
___39___But a growth mindset of interest will help you remain open and curious. The science tells us we should work toward loving what we do. We might become more creative and resilient as a result.
A. So can a growth mindset of interest be taught
B. Instead passions, like interests, are developed.
C. People who think this have a fixed mindset of interest.
D. Of course, not every activity will become a burning passion.
E. As such,seeing interests as fixed limits their creative potential.
F. Don’t expect that pursuing new interests will always be easy or exciting.
G. Replace self-critical thoughts with positive ones that encourage growth and learning.
【答案】35. B 36. C 37. E 38. G 39. D
【解析】这是一篇说明文。文章批判了“找到你的激情”这个观点，认为激情是培养出来的，要秉持兴趣成长型心态，这会帮助你保持开放和好奇，有助于培养激情。
35.根据上文““Finding” a passion implies that it already exists and is simply waiting to be discovered. Unfortunately, this idea is not what science tells us.(“找到”激情意味着它已经存在，只是在等待被发现。不幸的是，科学并没有告诉我们这个想法)”可知，科学表明“激情”并非存在某个地方，等待被发现；由此可知，激情是需要培养的。B项“Instead passions, like interests, are developed.(相反，激情和兴趣一样，是需要培养的)”符合题意。故选B。
36.根据上文“They argue that encouraging people to “find” their passion may cause them to eventually believe that interests and passions are inborn and relatively unchangeable.(他们认为，鼓励人们“找到”自己的激情可能会使他们最终相信兴趣和激情是天生的，相对来说是不可改变的)”推知，相信激情和兴趣是可以找到的人，大有可能认为激情和兴趣是不可改变的，即他们有一种固定的兴趣心态。C项“People who think this have a fixed mindset of interest.(这么想的人有一种固定的兴趣心态)”符合题意，this指代上文“believe that interests and passions are inborn and relatively unchangeable”。故选C。
37.根据上文“If people believe they are limited to only a few inborn interests and, in consequence, do not explore other areas, they may miss seeing important connections across domains.(如果人们认为他们只局限于一些天生的兴趣，因此不去探索其他领域，他们可能会错过跨领域的重要联系)”可知，如果人们认为他们只局限于一些天生的兴趣，他们可能会错过跨领域的重要联系；空处位于段末，应对上文进行总结。E项“As such, seeing interests as fixed limits their creative potential.(因此，将兴趣视为固定的限制了他们的创造潜力)”符合题意，creative potential呼应上文explore other area。故选E。
38.根据下文“For example, change “I’m not interested in this” to “I’m not interested in this yet, but I know that interest can develop with time and engagement.”(例如，将“我对这个不感兴趣”改为“我对这个还不感兴趣，但我知道兴趣会随着时间和投入而发展。”)”可知，当我们对某个东西不感兴趣时，要用积极的想法代替消极的想法。G项“Replace self-critical thoughts with positive ones that encourage growth and learning.(用鼓励成长和学习的积极想法取代自我批评的想法)”符合题意，下文是对选项的举例说明。故选G。
39.根据下文“But a growth mindset of interest will help you remain open and curious. The science tells us we should work toward loving what we do. We might become more creative and resilient as a result.(但兴趣的成长型心态会帮助你保持开放和好奇。科学告诉我们，我们应该努力去热爱我们所做的事情。因此，我们可能会变得更有创造力和耐力)”中的But可知，空处内容与下文为转折关系。D项“Of course, not every activity will become a burning passion.(当然，并不是每一项活动都会成为一种燃烧的激情)”符合语境，虽然并非每项活动都会成
为激情，但保持兴趣成长型心态有助于让人们保持开放和好奇。故选D。
三
(2024届北京市西城区高三下学期一模)
Most of us are actually terrible at giving gifts. About $70 billion worth of presents are returned every year in the U. S. ____35____ Here are three ways to improve your gift-giving game around the holidays.
Stop trying to make your gifts so delightful. ____36____ We want something from giving: those looks of delight. Those exclamations. This is why items like hyper-specific kitchen gadgets and fancy vintage clocks all seem like fantastic gifts. But it turns out, recipients often want things that are far more practical — things they can actually use.
____37____ Just give people what they ask for. A study looked at Amazon wish lists to determine if people were more appreciative of gifts from the list versus gifts that were total surprises. It turned out that people who got gifts that weren’t on their list considered them as less thoughtful and less personal. ____38____
How can we create a gift-giving plan that is as emotional as we desire Humans love to feel connected. And one way we do that is by sharing interests with others. So if you want to learn how to give better gifts, put yourself in the recipient’s shoes and try to think of something you both share. Maybe it’s the love for a sport, drinking wine, or some other hobby. ____39____ And because you picked something you share, they will feel more connected to you and appreciate your gift more.
A. So how do we get less terrible
B. Surprise is overrated — we’re happier to get what we ask for.
C. So what's the most practical gift you can give that people might actually be grateful for
D. The long-term pleasure of the receiver may not be observed and therefore is discounted.
E. Once you’ve found a shared interest, go and find a useful gift related to this interest.
F. What recipients care about is how much value they’re going to get from the gift over a longer time period.
G. Research has shown that givers are consumed by the moment of unwrapping a gift even more than the gift itself.
【答案】35. A 36. G 37. C 38. B 39. E
【解析】这是一篇说明文，文章主要介绍了三种提高送礼技巧的方法。
35.上文“About $70 billion worth of presents are returned every year in the U. S.(在美国，每年大约有价值700亿美元的礼物被退回)”提到，在美国，每年大约有价值700亿美元的礼物被退回，下文“Here are three ways to improve your gift-giving game around the holidays.(这里有三种方法可以提高你在节日期间送礼物的技巧)”提
到有三种方法可以改善上述问题，故A项“那么，我们如何才能不那么糟糕呢？”承上启下，符合语境，故选A。
36.根据下文“We want something from giving: those looks of delight. Those exclamations.(我们想从给予中获得某些东西：那些快乐的表情。那些惊呼)”可知，此处是描述送礼者的心理，G项“研究表明，送礼者更喜欢拆开礼物那一刻的感觉，而不是礼物本身”符合语境，故选G。
37.根据下文“Just give people what they ask for.(送人们他们想要的东西就好)”以及“It turned out that people who got gifts that weren’t on their list considered them as less thoughtful and less personal.(结果发现，那些收到不在清单上的礼物的人会认为这些礼物不够体贴、不够有个性)”可知，送给人们他们想要的东西就好，收到意外的礼物会让人觉得不够体贴，不够有个性，所以本段是说如何送最适合的礼物，C项“那么，你能给别人的最实用的礼物是什么呢？”符合语境，故选C。
38.根据上文“A study looked at Amazon wish lists to determine if people were more appreciative of gifts from the list versus gifts that were total surprises. It turned out that people who got gifts that weren’t on their list considered them as less thoughtful and less personal.(一项研究调查了亚马逊的愿望清单，以确定人们是更喜欢清单上的礼物，还是那些完全出乎意料的礼物。结果发现，那些收到不在清单上的礼物的人会认为这些礼物不够体贴、不够私人)”可知，人们收到不在清单上的礼物时会认为这些礼物不够体贴，即人们喜欢收到清单上的礼物，而不是惊喜，B项“‘惊喜’这个因素被高估了——我们更乐于得到我们相要的东西”符合语境，故选B。
39.上文“put yourself in the recipient’s shoes and try to think of something you both share. Maybe it’s the love for a sport, drinking wine, or some other hobby.(设身处地为收礼者着想，试着想一些你们共同拥有的东西。也许是对一项运动、喝酒或对其他爱好的热爱)”提到，站在收礼物的人的角度去想一些共同的爱好，结合下文“And because you picked something you share(因为你选择了你们共有的东西)”可知，空处是说找到共同的爱好后选择与之相关的礼物，E项“一旦你们找到了共同的兴趣，就去找一份与这个兴趣相关的有用的礼物”符合语境，故选E。
四
All the feels
You can make your picture book memorable by concentrating on emotional connection. This works across every principle of writing, regardless of age range or genre (文体), because it is universally recognized. 1
The reason why emotional connection works is that emotion is a fundamental human experience. 2 It also brings us together and reminds us that although we have differences, people are fundamentally the same. By bringing emotion into your story, you tap into that consciousness. The story feels more real to us. It is consistent
with us, and as a result, we have a richer reading experience.
3 This is useful for your picture book writing, such as choosing vocabulary to use or adopting a suitable linguistic style. Once you know the genre of a book, you can think about the kind of emotional storytelling a reader would expect from this genre.
For example, if it’s a funny picture book, your reader is clearly expecting to laugh. Make sure they laugh. If it’s an adventure story, your reader will be expecting to feel excitement, anticipation and probably a little mild fear. If it’s a heartwarming story, your reader expects to feel warm, comforted and overflowing with love. 4
Another reason for including emotion in your picture book is to really get your reader inside your character’s head. Firstly, it helps build on the young reader’s emotional development and understanding of self and others. 5 As well as caring about character, an emotion-filled picture book therefore keeps us on our toes.
If you want your story to stand out amongst other stories, give your reader something to remember — a strong emotional connection.
A．Secondly, it creates interest in the character.
B．It helps us make sense of the world around us.
C．An emotional ending in a picture book works well.
D．When we feel something, we will have sharp minds.
E．This is obviously not a complete list, but it is a starting point.
F．Here is why it works and how you can use it in your picture book writing.
G．Picture books have many different genres and your job is to know which genre your story sits in.
【答案】1．F 2．B 3．G 4．E 5．A
【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章讲述了情感联系让绘本令人难忘的原因以及如何在你的绘本写作中使用它。
1．根据下文“The reason why emotional connection works is that emotion is a fundamental human experience.(情感联系之所以有效，是因为情感是一种基本的人类体验。)”可知，空处总起全文，提出要解释情感联系在绘本中起作用的原因，F项的“Here is why”和下文的“The reason why”对应。F项：Here is why it works and how you can use it in your picture book writing.(下面是为什么它会起作用，以及如何在你的绘本写作中使用它。)符合语境。故选F。
2．根据下文“It also brings us together and reminds us that although we have differences, people are fundamentally the same.(它也让我们走到一起，提醒我们，虽然我们有差异，但人们从根本上是相同的。)”中的“also”可知，空处和下文一起说明在绘本中运用情感联系的好处。B项：It helps us make sense of the world around us.(它帮
助我们理解周围的世界。)符合语境。故选B。
3．根据下文“This is useful for your picture book writing, such as choosing vocabulary to use or adopting a suitable linguistic style. Once you know the genre of a book, you can think about the kind of emotional storytelling a reader would expect from this genre.(这对你的绘本写作很有用，比如选择要使用的词汇或采用合适的语言风格。一旦你知道了一本书的文体，你就可以考虑读者希望从这种文体中看到什么样的情感故事。)”可知，本段主要讲述要首先确定绘本的文体，G项中的“genre”是本段的关键词。G项：Picture books have many different genres and your job is to know which genre your story sits in.(绘本有许多不同的类型，你的工作就是知道你的故事属于哪一种类型。)符合语境。故选G。
4．根据上文“For example, if it’s a funny picture book, your reader is clearly expecting to laugh. Make sure they laugh. If it’s an adventure story, your reader will be expecting to feel excitement, anticipation and probably a little mild fear. If it’s a heartwarming story, your reader expects to feel warm, comforted and overflowing with love.(例如，如果这是一本有趣的图画书，你的读者显然期待着笑。确保他们笑。如果这是一个冒险故事，你的读者会感到兴奋，期待，可能还有一点轻微的恐惧。如果这是一个暖心的故事，你的读者希望感受到温暖，安慰和充满爱。)”可知，上文列举了一些常见的情感类型，显然，这不是完整的清单。E项：This is obviously not a complete list, but it is a starting point.(这显然不是一个完整的清单，但它是一个起点。)符合语境。故选E。
5．根据上文“Firstly, it helps build on the young reader’s emotional development and understanding of self and others.(首先，它有助于建立年轻读者的情感发展和对自我和他人的理解。)”可知，A项中的“Secondly”与上文的“Firstly”对应，一起说明了在绘本中加入情感对于读者理解角色的好处。A项：Secondly, it creates interest in the character.(其次，它创造了角色的兴趣。)符合语境。故选A。
五
Which is healthier: a bag of crisps or a vegetable salad That is easy. Now which is healthier: a pizza made from scratch or one made from the same basic ingredients, with the same number of calories, pulled out of a box in the freezer Many people would instinctively(本能地) say the former, perhaps showing a vague concern with processed food. Such food can often be delicious. And there is much to cheer about calories being cheap and abundant. 1
What’s the distinction between “ultra-processed food(upf)” and “processed food” Almost everything people consume is processed in some form. Rice is harvested; animals are butchered. Upf is usually described as “formulations of ingredients, made by a series of industrial processes, many requiring advanced equipment and
technology”. 2 The one in the freezer, with its extra, modified ingredients, is upf.
Upf harms people in ways both known and unknown. It seems to affect the trillions of bacteria that contribute to health in a range of ways. Calorie-rich but usually nutrient-poor, upf contributes to obesity(肥胖症).
Upf displaces healthier alternatives, particularly for poor people. 3 Extra weight was once a sign of wealth, but among British and American women today, obesity rates are higher at lower-income levels.
4 Additives that may be safe in small quantities may be harmful in combination with other chemicals or when consumed regularly. If we are what we eat, considering the impact of upf is essential.
5 People who live in so-called “food swamps”, where upf is everywhere but real food is harder to reach, could spend large amounts of time and money seeking out fresh food, but that is not how most people live. There is nothing wrong with the odd fast-food trip, but anyone who can afford to eat less upf probably should.
A．Environment matters, too.
B．It’s cheap to produce and buy.
C．But that cheapness and abundance come at a cost.
D．Even foods labeled “natural” or “organic” can be processed.
E．A pizza made from scratch contains minimally processed food.
F．Some people have a particular weakness for salty potato crisps.
G．The reasons why upf can be harmful are not always clear, even to scientists.
【答案】1．C 2．E 3．B 4．G 5．A
【导语】本文是一篇议论文，主要讲述了要警惕超加工食品的危害。
1．前文“Many people would instinctively(本能地) say the former, perhaps showing a vague concern with processed food. Such food can often be delicious. And there is much to cheer about calories being cheap and abundant.(许多人本能地会说前者更健康，也许是出于对加工食品的隐约担忧。加工食品往往很美味。而且含有让人欢呼雀跃的又多又便宜的卡路里。)”讲述了许多人对加工食品表示担忧，并先肯定了加工食品的优点，所以空处应讲述加油食品让人担忧的方面，C项“但那种多和便宜是要付出代价的。”与上文形成转折，且选项中的“cheapness and abundance”对应前句中的“cheap and abundant”。故选C。
2．后文“The one in the freezer, with its extra, modified ingredients, is upf.(冰箱里的披萨是超加工食品，里面含有额外的、经过改良的成分。)”中的The one in the freezer与第一段中的“one made from the same basic ingredients, with the same number of calories, pulled out of a box in the freezer”对应，所以空处应是讲述从头开始制作的披萨的情况，E项“从零开始制作的披萨含有最低限度的加工食品。”符合题意，选项中的“A pizza
made from scratch”与第一段中的“a pizza made from scratch”对应。故选E。
3．前文“Upf displaces healthier alternatives, particularly for poor people.(超加工食品替代了更健康的食品，对穷人来说尤其如此。)”讲述了穷人用超加工食品替代了更健康的食品，空处应承接上文，陈述这么做的原因，B项“它的生产和购买成本低廉。”符合题意。故选B。
4．后文“Additives that may be safe in small quantities may be harmful in combination with other chemicals or when consumed regularly.(在少量使用时可能无害的添加剂，在与其他化学物质混合或经常摄入时可能会有害。)”讲述了有些添加剂在少量食用时无害，但在与其他化学成分混合或者经常使用时却有害，所以空处应是说超加工食品有害的原因并不总是很清晰。G项“超加工食品为何有害的原因并不总是清晰明了，甚至连科学家也不清楚。”符合题意。故选G。
5．后文“People who live in so-called ‘food swamps’, where upf is everywhere but real food is harder to reach, could spend large amounts of time and money seeking out fresh food, but that is not how most people live.(生活在所谓的‘食物沼泽’中的人们，那里的超加工食品无处不在，但真正的健康食物却很难获得，人们可能要花费大量的时间和金钱去寻找新鲜食物，但这并不是大多数人的生活方式。)”讲述了有些人生活在超加工食品泛滥的环境中，他们很难获得健康的食物，由此可知，人们所处的环境对健康也很重要。A项“环境也很重要。”符合题意。故选A。
六
It’s a joyful and stressful time of year in the United States for students and their families as they make decisions about where to attend college. Families often turn to rankings systems to help make a decision. 1
When I talk to families as a scholar of higher education, they’re often surprised that teaching excellence is not counted in rankings. 2
Emerging research suggests that courses in lower-ranked universities, on average, scored higher on teaching than courses in higher-ranked universities. 3 The absence of teaching excellence from the rankings is surprising given the link between high-quality teaching and student success. Quality teaching is one of the most important predictors of a wide range of college outcomes.
Rankings, however, are only one reason why a low value is placed on teaching in higher education. Administrators often don’t view teaching excellence as a way to increase enrolment (注册) or funding. 4 Research shows that the more time instructors spend on teaching, the lower their salary. What is the result Many instructors continue to teach using traditional lectures, which lead to lower success rates.
5 Nevertheless, not much will change until schools with high-quality teaching are rewarded with
more resources, higher rankings and increased enrolments. In the long term, universities, organisations that rank schools, and others should work to make teaching a valued, core part of the mission.
What should students and their families do They should give strong consideration to universities where high-quality teaching is valued, even though the schools may be ranked lower.
A．Higher education has achieved its true potential.
B．Therefore, it’s not highly valued in hiring or promotion.
C．Quality teaching has been an important reputation-building factor.
D．However, the rankings ignore a critical factor: the quality of teaching.
E．Efforts to improve teaching at the university level have recently emerged.
F．They’re even more surprised at how teaching is undervalued by universities.
G．In fact, universities often shift emphasis from teaching to other ranking factors.
【答案】1．D 2．F 3．G 4．B 5．E
【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要就如何选择高校提供了一些建议。
1．根据空前内容“It’s a joyful and stressful time of year in the United States for students and their families as they make decisions about where to attend college. Families often turn to rankings systems to help make a decision.(对于美国的学生和他们的家人来说，这是一年中既快乐又紧张的时刻，因为他们要决定去哪里上大学。家庭经常求助于排名系统来帮助做决定。)”可知，美国的学生和家人们在决定去哪儿上大学时，经常求助于排名系统。而根据下文第三段“Emerging research suggests that courses in lower-ranked universities, on average, scored higher on teaching than courses in higher-ranked universities. (最新的研究表明，排名较低的大学的课程在教学方面的平均得分高于排名较高的大学的课程。)”可推断出，本文主要讲述的是排名方面出现的问题。选项D“However, the rankings ignore a critical factor: the quality of teaching.(然而，排名忽略了一个关键因素：教学质量。)”延续上文内容，指出大学排名存在的问题；而根据下文内容也可以推断，排名中存在的问题是教学质量被忽略。故选D。
2．根据空前内容“When I talk to families as a scholar of higher education, they’re often surprised that teaching excellence is not counted in rankings.(作为一名研究高等教育的学者，当我与一些家庭交谈时，他们常常惊讶地发现，优秀的教学水平并没有被纳入排名。)”可知，大学排名中优秀的教学水平并没有被纳入排名让人们觉得很惊讶。选项F“They’re even more surprised at how teaching is undervalued by universities.(更让他们惊讶的是，大学竟然低估了教学的价值。)”延续上文内容，指的都是大学排名忽略教学质量。其中“more surprised”和上文的“surprised”保持一致。故选F。
3．空前内容“Emerging research suggests that courses in lower-ranked universities, on average, scored higher on teaching than courses in higher-ranked universities.(最新的研究表明，排名较低的大学的课程在教学方面的平均得分高于排名较高的大学的课程。)”以及空后内容“The absence of teaching excellence from the rankings is surprising given the link between high-quality teaching and student success. Quality teaching is one of the most important predictors of a wide range of college outcomes.(考虑到高质量教学与学生成功之间的联系，排名中没有优秀教学令人惊讶。优质教学是衡量大学成绩的最重要因素之一。)”讲述的都是大学排名中没有考虑到教学。选项G“In fact, universities often shift emphasis from teaching to other ranking factors.(事实上，大学经常把重点从教学转移到其他排名因素上。)”与上下文内容相一致，故选G。
4．根据空前内容“Rankings, however, are only one reason why a low value is placed on teaching in higher education. Administrators often don’t view teaching excellence as a way to increase enrolment (注册) or funding.(然而，排名只是高等教育中对教学重视程度较低的一个原因。管理者通常不会将卓越的教学视为增加入学率或资金的一种方式。)”可知，上文分析了教学不被纳入排名的原因，该空应该讲其后果。选项B“Therefore, it’s not highly valued in hiring or promotion.(因此，它在招聘或晋升中不受重视。)”是上文内容的延续，正因为管理人员通常不把卓越的教学视为增加入学率或增加资金的一种方式，所以教学在招聘和晋升中不受重视。故选B。
5．根据下文内容“Nevertheless, not much will change until schools with high-quality teaching are rewarded with more resources, higher rankings and increased enrolments. In the long term, universities, organisations that rank schools, and others should work to make teaching a valued, core part of the mission.(尽管如此，在拥有高质量教学的学校获得更多资源、更高排名和增加入学人数之前，不会有太大变化。从长远来看，大学、学校排名组织和其他机构应该努力使教学成为使命的一个有价值的核心部分。)”可知，此处算是站在大学的角度，提出如何把教学当成他们的首要核心任务。根据“Nevertheless”可知，空处内容和下文内容存在转折关系。选项E“Efforts to improve teaching at the university level have recently emerged.(在最近，努力改进教学水平的现象已经出现了。)”与下文形成转折，旨在说明，促使教学成为核心任务的艰巨性和重要性。故选E。
七
Children love getting dirty. 1 But getting muddy could have a powerful effect on their wellbeing, too.
“Don’t get dirty!” was once a constant family warning, as parents despairingly watched their children spoil their best clothes. Whether they were running through farmers’ fields, climbing trees or catching tadpoles, it was inevitable that children’s whites would turn brown before the day was over.
Today, many parents may secretly wish their children had the chance to pick up a bit of dirt. With the rise of
urbanism, and the temptation of video games and social media, contact with nature is much rarer than in the past. 2
What is gained in laundry bills may be lost in the child’s wellbeing. According to recent research, the dirt outside is teaming with friendly microorganisms. 3
Many of the psychological benefits of outdoor play are already well established. Natural scenes provide the perfect level of stimulation, which is thought to help recharge the brain when it is tired and easily distractible. Supporting this theory, one study from 2009 found that children with ADHD (多动症) were better able to concentrate following a 20-minute walk in the park, compared to a 20-minute walk on the streets of a well-kept urban area. 4 The authors recommended using such “doses of nature” as a safe and accessible way of supporting children with ADHD, alongside other tools.
5 For example, the act of mudding and kneading materials like mud or sand can help children develop the way their senses and movement interact, known as sensorimotor development. This allows the child to gradually understand his or her bodily signals.
A．For many, there is simply no opportunity to get muddy.
B．Being close to grass and trees seemed to have had a beneficial effect on their minds.
C．Besides these restorative effects, outdoor play can offer valuable learning experiences.
D．They are drawn to puddles like muddy magnets, with no regard for footwear or the color of their clothing.
E．As for the child’s physical health, the most obvious advantage of outdoor play may be the exercise.
F．People who grow up on farms are less likely to develop asthma, allergies, or auto-immune disorders.
G．They can train the immune system and build resilience to a range of illnesses, including allergies and asthma.
【答案】1．D 2．A 3．G 4．B 5．C
【导语】这是一篇说明文。主要讲述了孩子们在户外玩耍、接触大自然的重要性，并且指出这样做对孩子们的身心健康及成长有着积极的影响，特别是在现代城市化的生活和环境背景下，更应该注意让孩子们参与户外活动，乐享大自然。
1．根据前文“Children love getting dirty.(孩子们喜欢弄脏。)”结合下文“But”可知与空处转折，D项“They are drawn to puddles like muddy magnets, with no regard for footwear or the color of their clothing.(他们像泥泞的磁铁一样被水坑吸引，而不考虑鞋子或衣服的颜色。)”与上下文一致，表明小孩们非常喜欢玩泥巴，不会顾及自己的衣服和鞋子会被弄脏，这突显出小孩们对于在室外玩耍的渴望，D项“他们被像泥泞的磁铁一样的水坑吸引，完全不考虑鞋子和衣服的颜色。”符合，故选D项。
2．根据前文“Today, many parents may secretly wish their children had the chance to pick up a bit of dirt. With the rise of urbanism, and the temptation of video games and social media, contact with nature is much rarer than in the past. (今天，许多父母可能暗暗希望他们的孩子有机会捡起一点泥土。随着城市化的兴起，以及电子游戏和社交媒体的诱惑，与大自然的接触比过去少得多。)”可知现代的城市生活方式和娱乐活动可能与大自然的接触缺乏，导致了小孩们越来越难以有机会和时间去在户外玩耍，与A项“For many, there is simply no opportunity to get muddy. (对于许多人来说，根本没有机会变得泥泞。)”与上下文一致，故选A项。
3．根据前文“According to recent research, the dirt outside is teaming with friendly microorganisms. (根据最近的研究，外面的污垢正在与友好的微生物合作。)”可知，空处会提到微生物的作用，与G项“They can train the immune system and build resilience to a range of illnesses, including allergies and asthma. (它们可以训练免疫系统并建立对一系列疾病的适应力，包括过敏和哮喘。)”上下文一致，在泥土或者大自然里面玩耍也会帮助小孩的免疫系统去建立对很多疾病的的抵抗能力和适应性，包括过敏和哮喘等疾病。故选G项。
4．根据上文“Supporting this theory, one study from 2009 found that children with ADHD (多动症) were better able to concentrate following a 20-minute walk in the park, compared to a 20-minute walk on the streets of a well-kept urban area.(支持这一理论，2009年的一项研究发现，与在保存完好的城市地区的街道上步行20分钟相比，患有多动症的儿童在公园散步20分钟后能够更好地集中注意力。)”可知，大自然场景对小孩的精神和认知发展会有很好的刺激和帮助，与B项“Being close to grass and trees seemed to have had a beneficial effect on their minds. (靠近草木似乎对他们的思想产生了有益的影响。)”与上下文一致，故选B项。
5．根据下文“For example, the act of mudding and kneading materials like mud or sand can help children develop the way their senses and movement interact, known as sensorimotor development. This allows the child to gradually understand his or her bodily signals. (例如，泥浆和揉捏泥或沙子等材料的行为可以帮助儿童发展他们的感官和运动相互作用的方式，称为感觉运动发展。这使孩子逐渐理解他或她的身体信号。)”可知本段主要讲述了户外玩耍可以帮助孩子们感觉运动发展，使他们理解他或她的身体信号，这是一种学习经验，与C项“Besides these restorative effects, outdoor play can offer valuable learning experiences.(除了这些恢复效果外，户外游戏还可以提供宝贵的学习经验。)”上下文一致，故选C项。
八
In some ways, it is surprising that languages change. After all, they are passed down through the generations reliably enough for parents and children to communicate with each other. 1 For example, while Japanese has changed relatively little over a thousand years, English evolved rapidly in just a few centuries. Many present day speakers find Shakespear’s sixteenth-century plays difficult and Chaucer’s fourteenth-century The Canterbury
Tales nearly impossible to read.
Languages change for a variety of reasons. Large-scale shifts often occur in response to social, economic, and political pressures, as there are many examples of language change fueled by invasions, colonization, and migration. 2 Frequently, the needs of speakers drive language change. New technologies industries, products and experiences simply require new words. By using new and emerging terms, we all drive language change. But the unique way that individuals speak also fuels language change because no two individuals use a language in exactly the same way. 3 Through our day-to-day interactions, we pick up words and savings from other people and integrate them into our speech. Teens and young adults, for example, often use different words and phrases from their parents. Some of them spread through the population and slowly change the language.
4 Vocabulary can change quickly as new words are borrowed from other languages, or as words get coined, combined, or shortened. Some words are even created through misinterpretation of form. As noted in the Linguistic Society of America’s publication Is English Changing , the word pea is one such example. Up until about four hundred years ago, pease could refer to either a single pea or many peas. At some point, people assumed that pease was the plural form of a new word, pea, based on the way pease sounded. While vocabulary can change quickly, sentence structure — the order of words in a sentence changes more slowly. 5 For example, during the Great Vowel Shift five hundred years ago, the pronunciation of vowels in English changed dramatically. This shift represents the biggest difference between the pronunciation of Middle English and Modern English.
A．Changes in sound are somewhat harder to document but just as interesting.
B．Yet linguists find that all living languages change over time — at different rates though.
C．As long as people are using a language, that language will undergo some change.
D．All natural languages change, and language change affects all areas of language use.
E．The three main areas of language that change over time are vocabulary, sentence structure, and pronunciation.
F．Even without these kinds of influences, a language can change dramatically if enough users adopt a new way of speaking.
G．The vocabulary and phrases people use depend on where they live, their age, education level, social status and other factors.
【答案】1．B 2．F 3．G 4．E 5．A
【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍了语言会随着时间而变化，其原因很多样，变化主要体现在词汇、句子结构和发音三个方面。
1．前文“In some ways, it is surprising that languages change. After all, they are passed down through the generations reliably enough for parents and children to communicate with each other.（在某些方面，语言的变化是令人惊讶的。毕竟，它们代代相传，足以让父母和孩子相互交流。）”引入文章的话题语言的变化，后文“For example, while Japanese has changed relatively little over a thousand years, English evolved rapidly in just a few centuries.（例如，在一千多年的时间里，日语的变化相对较小，而英语在短短几个世纪内就迅速演化。）”用日语和英语的变化情况作为例子，B项“Yet linguists find that all living languages change over time — at different rates though.（然而，语言学家发现，所有现存的语言都会随着时间的推移而变化——尽管变化的速度不同。）”符合语境，和前文对语言变化的惊讶构成转折，是后文的例证支持的观点，后文的“changed relatively little over a thousand years”“evolved rapidly in just a few centuries”解释了其中的“at different rates”。故选B。
2．前文“Languages change for a variety of reasons. Large-scale shifts often occur in response to social, economic, and political pressures, as there are many examples of language change fueled by invasions, colonization, and migration.（语言的变化有很多原因。由于社会、经济和政治压力的影响，语言往往会发生大规模变化，因为有很多入侵、殖民和移民推动语言变化的例子。）”点明了本段的主旨语言变化的原因，介绍了外部宏观环境的原因，F项“Even without these kinds of influences, a language can change dramatically if enough users adopt a new way of speaking.（即使没有这些影响，如果有足够多的使用者采用一种新的说话方式，一门语言也会发生巨大的变化。）”符合语境，承接前文，其中的“these kinds of influences”指前文的“social, economic, and political pressures”，介绍了使用者方面的原因作为补充。故选F。
3．前文“But the unique way that individuals speak also fuels language change because no two individuals use a language in exactly the same way.（但是个体说话的独特方式也会促进语言的变化，因为没有两个人使用一种语言的方式完全相同。）”提到了个体使用的语言存在差异，G项“The vocabulary and phrases people use depend on where they live, their age, education level, social status and other factors.（人们使用的词汇和短语取决于他们居住的地方、年龄、教育程度、社会地位和其他因素。）”符合语境，具体解释了个体语言差异的原因。故选G。
4．空处位于段首，是段落的主旨句，需概括段落内容。后文“Vocabulary can change quickly as new words are borrowed from other languages, or as words get coined, combined, or shortened.（词汇变化很快，比如从其他语言中借用新词，或者新词被创造、组合或缩略。）”、“While vocabulary can change quickly, sentence structure — the order of words in a sentence changes more slowly.（虽然词汇变化很快，但句子结构——句子中单词的顺序变化得比较慢。）”和“For example, during the Great Vowel Shift five hundred years ago, the pronunciation of vowels in English changed dramatically.（例如，在500年前的元音大推移期间，英语元音的发音发生了巨大
变化。）”涉及语言变化中的词汇、句子结构和发音，E项“The three main areas of language that change over time are vocabulary, sentence structure, and pronunciation.（语言随着时间的推移发生变化的三个主要方面是词汇、句子结构和发音。）”符合语境，概括了这三个方面的内容。故选E。
5．后文“For example, during the Great Vowel Shift five hundred years ago, the pronunciation of vowels in English changed dramatically. This shift represents the biggest difference between the pronunciation of Middle English and Modern English.（例如，在500年前的元音大推移期间，英语元音的发音发生了巨大变化。这种转变体现了中世纪英语和现代英语发音的最大区别。）”介绍的是语言变化的发音方面，A项“Changes in sound are somewhat harder to document but just as interesting.（声音的变化很难记录，但同样有趣。）”符合语境，引起后文内容。故选A。
九
How does it feel when you solve your problem by yourself Things may not always go as planned. 1
Being resourceful means finding smart and creative ways to solve a problem, using whatever resources you have at the time. 2 They can also be anything else that’s useful, such as information, advice or your own experience. It also means trusting your instincts, the ability you’re born with, rather than through training and being confident about your ability to face challenges. A resourceful person is not the one getting cross or panicking when something goes wrong. They’re thinking about how to solve the problem.
3 When we learn to solve problems for ourselves rather than immediately going to others for help, it can help to build our confidence, help us feel more independent, and feel better about making decisions. Being resourceful may not help you avoid problems, but thinking creatively about how you can deal with them will make you feel less stressed and more prepared next time. 4 This can boost self-esteem, that is, how you feel about yourself.
When you’re facing a challenge, try to focus on the actual problem rather than how you feel about it. Think about where and when it happened and what the causes are. Next, think up as many solutions to the problem as you can. 5 Finally, review what has and hasn’t worked, so you’re equipped to deal with a situation next time.
And remember, no one is expected to solve all problems by themselves. If you have a tricky problem that you’re unable to solve, then ask a trusted adult for help.
A．You also learn what you’re good at.
B．Here is how you can be more resourceful.
C．They can be practical things like pens and paper.
D．Resourcefulness is a skill that’s good for you in lots of ways.
E．These may be famous mottos that always inspire us to move on.
F．Weigh up what’s good and bad about each one and choose the best.
G．But being resourceful can help you stay calm and deal with tricky situations.
【答案】1．G 2．E 3．D 4．A 5．F
【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍了遇到棘手的问题时的应对方法，要足智多谋，随机应变。
1．根据前文“How does it feel when you solve your problem by yourself Things may not always go as planned.(当你自己解决问题的时候是什么感觉 事情可能并不总是按计划进行。)”及下文“Being resourceful means finding smart and creative ways to solve a problem, using whatever resources you have at the time. (足智多谋意味着找到聪明和创造性的方法来解决问题，利用你当时拥有的任何资源。)”可知，遇到棘手的问题时要足智多谋，随机应变。所以选择项G“But being resourceful can help you stay calm and deal with tricky situations.(但是足智多谋可以帮助你保持冷静，处理棘手的情况。)”符合上下文语境。故选G。
2．根据前句“Being resourceful means finding smart and creative ways to solve a problem, using whatever resources you have at the time. (足智多谋意味着找到聪明和创造性的方法来解决问题，利用你当时拥有的任何资源。)”和后句“They can also be anything else that’s useful, such as information, advice or your own experience. (它们也可以是任何有用的东西，比如信息、建议或你自己的经历。)”中的also可知，空处和下文为并列关系，也是在列举可以利用的资源可能是什么。所以选择项E“These may be famous mottos that always inspire us to move on. (这些可能是著名的座右铭，总是激励我们继续前进。)”符合上下文语境。故选E。
3．根据后文“When we learn to solve problems for ourselves rather than immediately going to others for help, it can help to build our confidence, help us feel more independent, and feel better about making decisions. Being resourceful may not help you avoid problems, but thinking creatively about how you can deal with them will make you feel less stressed and more prepared next time. (当我们学会自己解决问题而不是立即向别人寻求帮助时，它可以帮助我们建立信心，帮助我们感觉更独立，在做决定时感觉更好。足智多谋可能不能帮助你避免问题，但创造性地思考如何处理它们会让你感觉压力更小，下次更有准备。)”可知，本段主要介绍足智多谋所带来的好处。所以选择项D“Resourcefulness is a skill that’s good for you in lots of ways.(足智多谋是一种在很多方面对你都有好处的技能。)”符合上下文语境。故选D。
4．前文“ Being resourceful may not help you avoid problems, but thinking creatively about how you can deal with them will make you feel less stressed and more prepared next time. (足智多谋可能不能帮助你避免问题，但创造性地思考如何处理它们会让你感觉压力更小，下次更有准备。)”指出创造性地思考的好处之一是让自己更有
准备，空处应也在介绍好处，选项A“You also learn what you’re good at. (你也会知道你擅长什么。)”符合，即好处是对自己更加了解。故选A。
5．根据前句“Next, think up as many solutions to the problem as you can. (接下来，为这个问题想出尽可能多的解决方案。)”和后句“Finally, review what has and hasn’t worked, so you’re equipped to deal with a situation next time. (最后，回顾一下哪些是有效的，哪些是无效的，这样你就能在下次处理这种情况时做好准备。)”可知，想出尽可能多的解决方案后要权衡和筛选，选出最佳的一个。所以选择项F“Weigh up what’s good and bad about each one and choose the best. (权衡一下每个方案的优点和缺点，选择最好的。)”符合上下文语境。故选F。
十
Every day, thousands of rangers patrol national parks and other protected areas in Africa. Their job is fraught with danger, both from hostile humans armed with automatic weapons and from the unappreciative and potentially aggressive wildlife, armed with tusks, teeth and claws, which they are helping to preserve. 1
That is particularly true of data on poaching (偷猎), which remains, in both senses of the word, an elephantine problem. Since 2006 African elephant populations have declined by around 30%. In 2021, according to Monitoring the Illegal Killing of Elephants (MIKE), a conservation programme, around 40% of elephant deaths were a result of poaching.
2 The MIKE data show a welcome fall in rates throughout the 2010s, but according to research published in 2020 by Scott Schlossberg of Elephants Without Borders, a charity, this can be attributed entirely to a decline in eastern Africa.
Elsewhere, there is great variation in the pressure on animals like elephants. Some parks, like Garamba in the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC), are badly hit — with more than 90% of the bodies found by rangers being victims of poachers. 3 To untangle the factors influencing poaching, Timothy Kuiper of the University of Cape Town, Eleanor Milner-Gulland at Oxford, and a team of collaborators have analysed data collected for MIKE by rangers from 64 sites in 30 African countries over the course of 19 years. They correlated these with potentially relevant factors, both natural and human, and have published their findings in the Proceedings of the Royal Society.
Natural variables such as habitat type, they discovered, make little difference. 4 Unsurprisingly, low household wealth, poor health, poor law enforcement and poor national governance all contributed to higher rates of poaching. So did the price of ivory.
5 For there did not seem to be much. The impact was a consequence of a few special cases in DRC,
the Central African Republic and Ethiopia, rather than a general rule about young men with guns behaving badly.
One factor that was unquantifiable, and therefore untestable, according to Dr Kuiper, was local political will to preserve wildlife. But this study does nevertheless confirm observations made elsewhere, that the best form of conservation is a prosperous population.
A．Human ones predominate.
B．The severity of elephant poaching varies from place to place.
C．Humans are the biggest factor defining elephant ranges across Africa.
D．There was one unexpected result, though — the impact of armed conflict.
E．But their work is important, not least because the data they collect are crucial to conservation planning.
F．In others, like Chobe, in Botswana, less than 10% of dead elephants discovered have been killed illegally.
G．Current discussion of how to reduce poaching focuses on two areas: reducing demand and reducing supply.
【答案】1．E 2．B 3．F 4．A 5．D
【导语】本文为一篇说明文。文章主要讲述了大象受到非法猎杀，导致其数量减少，且分析了其偷猎的相关原因。
1．根据空前“Every day, thousands of rangers patrol national parks and other protected areas in Africa. Their job is fraught with danger, both from hostile humans armed with automatic weapons and from the unappreciative and potentially aggressive wildlife, armed with tusks, teeth and claws, which they are helping to preserve.(每天，成千上万的护林员在非洲的国家公园和其他保护区巡逻。他们的工作充满了危险，危险既来自携带武器的地对人类，也来自于携带象牙、牙齿和爪子的不受欢迎的且可能具有公共及恶性的野生动物)”可知，空前提到护林员的工作是很危险的，故此处E项“但是他们的工作却是很重要的，不仅仅是因为他们收集的数据对保护计划至关重要。”符合语境，空前说明他们的工作很危险，此空转折说明他们的工作很重要，故选E项。
2．根据空后“The MIKE data show a welcome fall in rates throughout the 2010s, but according to research published in 2020 by Scott Schlossberg of Elephants Without Borders, a charity, this can be attributed entirely to a decline in eastern Africa.( MIKE数据显示，在这个2010年代，大象猎杀率是呈下降趋势的，但是根据慈善结构大象无国界组织的Scott Schlossberg在2020年发表的研究表明，这完全归因于东非的下降)”可知，空后提出猎杀大象的现象有所下降，但是这完全是因为东非的下降，故B项“猎杀大象的严重性地区间存在差异。”符合语境，每个地方猎杀大象的现象存在不同，即使有下降，也是东非地区的下降，故选B项。
3．根据空前“Some parks, like Garamba in the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC), are badly hit—with more than 90% of the bodies found by rangers being victims of poachers.(一些公园，如刚果民主共和国的Garamba，受到
了严重的打击——护林员发现大象的尸体中90%以上都是偷猎者的受害者)”可知，F项“在其他公园，比如说博茨瓦纳的Chobe，在发现的大象尸体中，只有不到10%是非法猎杀的。”是前文的顺义承接，空前的“some parks”与F项中的“In others”相对应，故选F项。
4．根据空后“Unsurprisingly, low household wealth, poor health, poor law enforcement and poor national governance all contributed to higher rates of poaching. (不出所料，家庭财富低，健康状况差、执法不力和国家治理不善都导致了偷猎率的上升)”可知，空后提出了一些导致偷猎率上升的人为因素，故A项“人为因素占主导地位。”符合语境，本空说明人为因素占主导地位，空后具体说明那些因素，故选A。
5．根据空后“For there did not seem to be much. The impact was a consequence of a few special cases in DRC, the Central African Republic and Ethiopia, rather than a general rule about young men with guns behaving badly.(因为似乎没有太多。这种影响是刚果民主共和国、中非共和国和埃塞俄比亚发生的一些特殊案件的结果，而不是关于持枪年轻人行为不端的一般规则)”可知，空后的“the impact”指代D项中“但是却出现了意料之外的影响——武装冲突的影响。”，本空提出出现了武装冲突的影响，空后解释这种影响是什么导致的，故选D项。押北京卷第35-39题
信息还原（七选五 ）
2019-2023年北京卷七选五考情统计
年份 体裁 类别 主题 段首 段中 段尾
2023年 说明文 人与社会 如何选择大学的建议 1 3 1
2022年 说明文 人与自我 健身与健康的关系 1 4 0
2021年 说明文 人与自我 音乐对身体诸多好处 1 3 1
2020年 说明文 人与自我 积极思维带来诸多益处 1 3 1
2019年 议论文 人与社会 一流球队需要平衡球员 2 2 1
1.从上表可以看出信息还原(七选五)所选文章多为说明文,文章结构通常为“总—分(—总)”,内容通常是教人如何学习、如何做事、如何生活等,符合中学生的特点,贴近中学生的日常生活。
2.信息还原(七选五)试题根据所在段落位置可分为:段首句、段中句和段尾句。每个位置的试题各有其特点:
A.段首句。通常是段落主题句,或与后文形成并列、转折、因果等关系,又或是段落间的过渡句。
B.段中句。通常与前后句形成并列、递进、因果、转折等关系。
C.段尾句。通常是结论、概括性语句,又或者是引出下一段的内容。
从上表还可以看出试题设置在段中的数量较多,段首句和段尾句较少。在做题过程中,段中试题由于有段落内上下文的提示,比较容易得到答案。段尾试题往往是段落的总结,难度也不大。通常情况下,段首的试题难度也比较小,因为在英语写作中,段首句多为段落主旨句,考生可以根据段落后面的文本快速推测答案。但是当段首句是对上下段的过渡时,难度陡增。
(2023北京)
It's a joyful and stressful time of year in the United States for students and their families as they make decisions about where to attend college. Families often turn to rankings systems to help make a decision. 1 .
When I talk to families as a scholar of higher education, they're often surprised that teaching excellence is not counted in rankings. 2 .
Emerging research suggests that courses in lower-ranked universities, on average, scored higher on teaching than courses in higher-ranked universities. 3 .The absence of teaching excellence from the rankings is surprising given the link between high-quality teaching and student success. Quality teaching is one of the most important predictors of a wide range of college outcomes.
Rankings, however, are only one reason why a low value is placed on teaching in higher education. Administrators often don't view teaching excellence as a way to increase enrolment(注册) or funding. 4 . Research shows that the more time instructors spend on teaching, the lower their salary. What is the result Many instructors continue to teach using traditional lectures, which lead to lower success rates.
5 . Nevertheless, not much will change until schools with high-quality teaching are rewarded with more resources, higher rankings and increased enrolments. In the long term, universities, organisations that rank schools, and others should work to make teaching a valued, core part of the mission.
What should students and their families do They should give strong consideration to universities where high-quality teaching is valued, even though the schools may be ranked lower.
A. Higher education has achieved its true potential.
B. Therefore, it's not highly valued in hiring or promotion.
C. Quality teaching has been an important reputation-building factor.
D. However, the rankings ignore a critical factor:the quality of teaching.
E. Efforts to improve teaching at the university level have recently emerged.
F. They're even more surprised at how teaching is undervalued by universities.
G. In fact, universities often shift emphasis from teaching to other ranking factors.
一
(2024届北京门市头沟区高三一模)
More than a quarter have to enlarge the font size on their mobile phone so they can read it clearly. ____35____ Meanwhile, 28% regularly squint (眯眼看) at the screen. And all of them are signs of eye disorder.
“The research has shown our eyes are not designed to be fixed on a single object for a long time, especially smaller laptops or smart devices. ____36____ Even worse, staring at the screen constantly can lead to dry eye syndrome,” says Giles Edmonds, a clinical service director.
Dry eye syndrome is a condition where the eyes do not make enough tears, or the tears evaporate too quickly. Here are some simple solutions to prevent eye strain and irritation, and preserve your eye health overall.
Rest your eyes.
Follow the 20:20:20 rule, looking up from your screen every 20 minutes and look at something 20 feet away for at least 20 seconds. ____37____ It in turn reduces eye tiredness.
Adjust your workstation.
Change your screen settings to ensure that the brightness and contrast are balanced correctly, as well as making fonts larger. Also, be mindful of how your workstation is positioned. Adjust your screen ensuring it is 15—20 degrees below eye level and around 50—70 cm away from the eyes. ___38___
Reduce glare (眩光).
____39____. Try reducing this by attaching an anti-glare screen to your monitor or laptop to avoid external light shining onto the screen. Glasses wearers can also have lenses treated with an anti-glare coating.
A. People should try to reduce the time spent on the screen.
B. One can read his favorite paper books instead of e-books.
C. Half confess they’re forced to enlarge images to see them clearly.
D. Another thing to focus on is to make sure your room is properly lit.
E. Looking into the distance helps relax the focusing muscles of your eyes.
F. Reflections on your computer screen can cause glare and lead to eye fatigue.
G. They may feel uncomfortable, painful, tired and even start to itch (发痒) or burn.
二
(2024届北京市东城区等5区高三下学期一模)
“Find your passion!” When discussing future career options or selecting a major in college, your parents often say this. The very expression is meant to inspire. But is it good advice
“Finding” a passion implies that it already exists and is simply waiting to be discovered. Unfortunately, this idea is not what science tells us. ___35___
To study this, researchers use a framework of “fixed” and “growth” mindsets.They argue that encouraging people to “find” their passion may cause them to eventually believe that interests and passions are inborn and relatively unchangeable. ___36___ In contrast, people who view interests and passions as developed have a growth mindset of interest.
Researchers have revealed that a fixed mindset of interest can decrease creativity. If people believe they are limited to only a few inborn interests and, in consequence, do not explore other areas, they may miss seeing important connections across domains. ___37___
Evidently, people can do a lot to embrace a growth mindset of interest. First, realize that your interests and passions aren’t pre-existing. Take an active role in developing your passions. Second, practise positive self-talk. When you lack interest in a new task, pay attention to your inner dialogue. ___38___For example, change “I’m not
interested in this” to “I’m not interested in this yet, but I know that interest can develop with time and engagement.”
___39___But a growth mindset of interest will help you remain open and curious. The science tells us we should work toward loving what we do. We might become more creative and resilient as a result.
A. So can a growth mindset of interest be taught
B. Instead passions, like interests, are developed.
C. People who think this have a fixed mindset of interest.
D. Of course, not every activity will become a burning passion.
E. As such,seeing interests as fixed limits their creative potential.
F. Don’t expect that pursuing new interests will always be easy or exciting.
G. Replace self-critical thoughts with positive ones that encourage growth and learning.
三
(2024届北京市西城区高三下学期一模)
Most of us are actually terrible at giving gifts. About $70 billion worth of presents are returned every year in the U. S. ____35____ Here are three ways to improve your gift-giving game around the holidays.
Stop trying to make your gifts so delightful. ____36____ We want something from giving: those looks of delight. Those exclamations. This is why items like hyper-specific kitchen gadgets and fancy vintage clocks all seem like fantastic gifts. But it turns out, recipients often want things that are far more practical — things they can actually use.
____37____ Just give people what they ask for. A study looked at Amazon wish lists to determine if people were more appreciative of gifts from the list versus gifts that were total surprises. It turned out that people who got gifts that weren’t on their list considered them as less thoughtful and less personal. ____38____
How can we create a gift-giving plan that is as emotional as we desire Humans love to feel connected. And one way we do that is by sharing interests with others. So if you want to learn how to give better gifts, put yourself in the recipient’s shoes and try to think of something you both share. Maybe it’s the love for a sport, drinking wine, or some other hobby. ____39____ And because you picked something you share, they will feel more connected to you and appreciate your gift more.
A. So how do we get less terrible
B. Surprise is overrated — we’re happier to get what we ask for.
C. So what's the most practical gift you can give that people might actually be grateful for
D. The long-term pleasure of the receiver may not be observed and therefore is discounted.
E. Once you’ve found a shared interest, go and find a useful gift related to this interest.
F. What recipients care about is how much value they’re going to get from the gift over a longer time period.
G. Research has shown that givers are consumed by the moment of unwrapping a gift even more than the gift itself.
四
All the feels
You can make your picture book memorable by concentrating on emotional connection. This works across every principle of writing, regardless of age range or genre (文体), because it is universally recognized. 1
The reason why emotional connection works is that emotion is a fundamental human experience. 2 It also brings us together and reminds us that although we have differences, people are fundamentally the same. By bringing emotion into your story, you tap into that consciousness. The story feels more real to us. It is consistent with us, and as a result, we have a richer reading experience.
3 This is useful for your picture book writing, such as choosing vocabulary to use or adopting a suitable linguistic style. Once you know the genre of a book, you can think about the kind of emotional storytelling a reader would expect from this genre.
For example, if it’s a funny picture book, your reader is clearly expecting to laugh. Make sure they laugh. If it’s an adventure story, your reader will be expecting to feel excitement, anticipation and probably a little mild fear. If it’s a heartwarming story, your reader expects to feel warm, comforted and overflowing with love. 4
Another reason for including emotion in your picture book is to really get your reader inside your character’s head. Firstly, it helps build on the young reader’s emotional development and understanding of self and others. 5 As well as caring about character, an emotion-filled picture book therefore keeps us on our toes.
If you want your story to stand out amongst other stories, give your reader something to remember — a strong emotional connection.
A．Secondly, it creates interest in the character.
B．It helps us make sense of the world around us.
C．An emotional ending in a picture book works well.
D．When we feel something, we will have sharp minds.
E．This is obviously not a complete list, but it is a starting point.
F．Here is why it works and how you can use it in your picture book writing.
G．Picture books have many different genres and your job is to know which genre your story sits in.
五
Which is healthier: a bag of crisps or a vegetable salad That is easy. Now which is healthier: a pizza made from scratch or one made from the same basic ingredients, with the same number of calories, pulled out of a box in the freezer Many people would instinctively(本能地) say the former, perhaps showing a vague concern with processed food. Such food can often be delicious. And there is much to cheer about calories being cheap and abundant. 1
What’s the distinction between “ultra-processed food(upf)” and “processed food” Almost everything people consume is processed in some form. Rice is harvested; animals are butchered. Upf is usually described as “formulations of ingredients, made by a series of industrial processes, many requiring advanced equipment and technology”. 2 The one in the freezer, with its extra, modified ingredients, is upf.
Upf harms people in ways both known and unknown. It seems to affect the trillions of bacteria that contribute to health in a range of ways. Calorie-rich but usually nutrient-poor, upf contributes to obesity(肥胖症).
Upf displaces healthier alternatives, particularly for poor people. 3 Extra weight was once a sign of wealth, but among British and American women today, obesity rates are higher at lower-income levels.
4 Additives that may be safe in small quantities may be harmful in combination with other chemicals or when consumed regularly. If we are what we eat, considering the impact of upf is essential.
5 People who live in so-called “food swamps”, where upf is everywhere but real food is harder to reach, could spend large amounts of time and money seeking out fresh food, but that is not how most people live. There is nothing wrong with the odd fast-food trip, but anyone who can afford to eat less upf probably should.
A．Environment matters, too.
B．It’s cheap to produce and buy.
C．But that cheapness and abundance come at a cost.
D．Even foods labeled “natural” or “organic” can be processed.
E．A pizza made from scratch contains minimally processed food.
F．Some people have a particular weakness for salty potato crisps.
G．The reasons why upf can be harmful are not always clear, even to scientists.
六
It’s a joyful and stressful time of year in the United States for students and their families as they make
decisions about where to attend college. Families often turn to rankings systems to help make a decision. 1
When I talk to families as a scholar of higher education, they’re often surprised that teaching excellence is not counted in rankings. 2
Emerging research suggests that courses in lower-ranked universities, on average, scored higher on teaching than courses in higher-ranked universities. 3 The absence of teaching excellence from the rankings is surprising given the link between high-quality teaching and student success. Quality teaching is one of the most important predictors of a wide range of college outcomes.
Rankings, however, are only one reason why a low value is placed on teaching in higher education. Administrators often don’t view teaching excellence as a way to increase enrolment (注册) or funding. 4 Research shows that the more time instructors spend on teaching, the lower their salary. What is the result Many instructors continue to teach using traditional lectures, which lead to lower success rates.
5 Nevertheless, not much will change until schools with high-quality teaching are rewarded with more resources, higher rankings and increased enrolments. In the long term, universities, organisations that rank schools, and others should work to make teaching a valued, core part of the mission.
What should students and their families do They should give strong consideration to universities where high-quality teaching is valued, even though the schools may be ranked lower.
A．Higher education has achieved its true potential.
B．Therefore, it’s not highly valued in hiring or promotion.
C．Quality teaching has been an important reputation-building factor.
D．However, the rankings ignore a critical factor: the quality of teaching.
E．Efforts to improve teaching at the university level have recently emerged.
F．They’re even more surprised at how teaching is undervalued by universities.
G．In fact, universities often shift emphasis from teaching to other ranking factors.
七
Children love getting dirty. 1 But getting muddy could have a powerful effect on their wellbeing, too.
“Don’t get dirty!” was once a constant family warning, as parents despairingly watched their children spoil their best clothes. Whether they were running through farmers’ fields, climbing trees or catching tadpoles, it was inevitable that children’s whites would turn brown before the day was over.
Today, many parents may secretly wish their children had the chance to pick up a bit of dirt. With the rise of urbanism, and the temptation of video games and social media, contact with nature is much rarer than in the past. 2
What is gained in laundry bills may be lost in the child’s wellbeing. According to recent research, the dirt outside is teaming with friendly microorganisms. 3
Many of the psychological benefits of outdoor play are already well established. Natural scenes provide the perfect level of stimulation, which is thought to help recharge the brain when it is tired and easily distractible. Supporting this theory, one study from 2009 found that children with ADHD (多动症) were better able to concentrate following a 20-minute walk in the park, compared to a 20-minute walk on the streets of a well-kept urban area. 4 The authors recommended using such “doses of nature” as a safe and accessible way of supporting children with ADHD, alongside other tools.
5 For example, the act of mudding and kneading materials like mud or sand can help children develop the way their senses and movement interact, known as sensorimotor development. This allows the child to gradually understand his or her bodily signals.
A．For many, there is simply no opportunity to get muddy.
B．Being close to grass and trees seemed to have had a beneficial effect on their minds.
C．Besides these restorative effects, outdoor play can offer valuable learning experiences.
D．They are drawn to puddles like muddy magnets, with no regard for footwear or the color of their clothing.
E．As for the child’s physical health, the most obvious advantage of outdoor play may be the exercise.
F．People who grow up on farms are less likely to develop asthma, allergies, or auto-immune disorders.
G．They can train the immune system and build resilience to a range of illnesses, including allergies and asthma.
八
In some ways, it is surprising that languages change. After all, they are passed down through the generations reliably enough for parents and children to communicate with each other. 1 For example, while Japanese has changed relatively little over a thousand years, English evolved rapidly in just a few centuries. Many present day speakers find Shakespear’s sixteenth-century plays difficult and Chaucer’s fourteenth-century The Canterbury Tales nearly impossible to read.
Languages change for a variety of reasons. Large-scale shifts often occur in response to social, economic, and political pressures, as there are many examples of language change fueled by invasions, colonization, and
migration. 2 Frequently, the needs of speakers drive language change. New technologies industries, products and experiences simply require new words. By using new and emerging terms, we all drive language change. But the unique way that individuals speak also fuels language change because no two individuals use a language in exactly the same way. 3 Through our day-to-day interactions, we pick up words and savings from other people and integrate them into our speech. Teens and young adults, for example, often use different words and phrases from their parents. Some of them spread through the population and slowly change the language.
4 Vocabulary can change quickly as new words are borrowed from other languages, or as words get coined, combined, or shortened. Some words are even created through misinterpretation of form. As noted in the Linguistic Society of America’s publication Is English Changing , the word pea is one such example. Up until about four hundred years ago, pease could refer to either a single pea or many peas. At some point, people assumed that pease was the plural form of a new word, pea, based on the way pease sounded. While vocabulary can change quickly, sentence structure — the order of words in a sentence changes more slowly. 5 For example, during the Great Vowel Shift five hundred years ago, the pronunciation of vowels in English changed dramatically. This shift represents the biggest difference between the pronunciation of Middle English and Modern English.
A．Changes in sound are somewhat harder to document but just as interesting.
B．Yet linguists find that all living languages change over time — at different rates though.
C．As long as people are using a language, that language will undergo some change.
D．All natural languages change, and language change affects all areas of language use.
E．The three main areas of language that change over time are vocabulary, sentence structure, and pronunciation.
F．Even without these kinds of influences, a language can change dramatically if enough users adopt a new way of speaking.
G．The vocabulary and phrases people use depend on where they live, their age, education level, social status and other factors.
九
How does it feel when you solve your problem by yourself Things may not always go as planned. 1
Being resourceful means finding smart and creative ways to solve a problem, using whatever resources you have at the time. 2 They can also be anything else that’s useful, such as information, advice or your own experience. It also means trusting your instincts, the ability you’re born with, rather than through training and being confident about your ability to face challenges. A resourceful person is not the one getting cross or panicking when
something goes wrong. They’re thinking about how to solve the problem.
3 When we learn to solve problems for ourselves rather than immediately going to others for help, it can help to build our confidence, help us feel more independent, and feel better about making decisions. Being resourceful may not help you avoid problems, but thinking creatively about how you can deal with them will make you feel less stressed and more prepared next time. 4 This can boost self-esteem, that is, how you feel about yourself.
When you’re facing a challenge, try to focus on the actual problem rather than how you feel about it. Think about where and when it happened and what the causes are. Next, think up as many solutions to the problem as you can. 5 Finally, review what has and hasn’t worked, so you’re equipped to deal with a situation next time.
And remember, no one is expected to solve all problems by themselves. If you have a tricky problem that you’re unable to solve, then ask a trusted adult for help.
A．You also learn what you’re good at.
B．Here is how you can be more resourceful.
C．They can be practical things like pens and paper.
D．Resourcefulness is a skill that’s good for you in lots of ways.
E．These may be famous mottos that always inspire us to move on.
F．Weigh up what’s good and bad about each one and choose the best.
G．But being resourceful can help you stay calm and deal with tricky situations.
十
Every day, thousands of rangers patrol national parks and other protected areas in Africa. Their job is fraught with danger, both from hostile humans armed with automatic weapons and from the unappreciative and potentially aggressive wildlife, armed with tusks, teeth and claws, which they are helping to preserve. 1
That is particularly true of data on poaching (偷猎), which remains, in both senses of the word, an elephantine problem. Since 2006 African elephant populations have declined by around 30%. In 2021, according to Monitoring the Illegal Killing of Elephants (MIKE), a conservation programme, around 40% of elephant deaths were a result of poaching.
2 The MIKE data show a welcome fall in rates throughout the 2010s, but according to research published in 2020 by Scott Schlossberg of Elephants Without Borders, a charity, this can be attributed entirely to a decline in eastern Africa.
Elsewhere, there is great variation in the pressure on animals like elephants. Some parks, like Garamba in the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC), are badly hit — with more than 90% of the bodies found by rangers being victims of poachers. 3 To untangle the factors influencing poaching, Timothy Kuiper of the University of Cape Town, Eleanor Milner-Gulland at Oxford, and a team of collaborators have analysed data collected for MIKE by rangers from 64 sites in 30 African countries over the course of 19 years. They correlated these with potentially relevant factors, both natural and human, and have published their findings in the Proceedings of the Royal Society.
Natural variables such as habitat type, they discovered, make little difference. 4 Unsurprisingly, low household wealth, poor health, poor law enforcement and poor national governance all contributed to higher rates of poaching. So did the price of ivory.
5 For there did not seem to be much. The impact was a consequence of a few special cases in DRC, the Central African Republic and Ethiopia, rather than a general rule about young men with guns behaving badly.
One factor that was unquantifiable, and therefore untestable, according to Dr Kuiper, was local political will to preserve wildlife. But this study does nevertheless confirm observations made elsewhere, that the best form of conservation is a prosperous population.
A．Human ones predominate.
B．The severity of elephant poaching varies from place to place.
C．Humans are the biggest factor defining elephant ranges across Africa.
D．There was one unexpected result, though — the impact of armed conflict.
E．But their work is important, not least because the data they collect are crucial to conservation planning.
F．In others, like Chobe, in Botswana, less than 10% of dead elephants discovered have been killed illegally.
G．Current discussion of how to reduce poaching focuses on two areas: reducing demand and reducing supply.
