Unit 8 Section Ⅱ Learning About Language
【学习目标】
1.通过对教材的理解,了解重要词汇的基本用法。(语言能力)
2.通过导学案的套用,以练促学,巩固内化重要语言点,并学以致用。(学习能力)
3.通过对教材的理解,学会运用动词-ing和动词-ed形式的用法。(语言能力)
【自主预习】
Step 1 单词认读
1. adj. 全球的;全世界的→ n.地球仪;地球
2. adj.工业的→ n.工业
3. n.灭绝→ adj.不再存在的;已灭绝的
4. n.解决;解决办法→ vt.解决
5. adj.担心的;烦恼的→ vt.花费时间精力(做某事);使(某人)烦恼(或担忧、不安)
6. adj.坚实的;稳固的→ adv.坚定地;坚固地
7. n.基础;地基→ vt. 创建;创办(组织或机构,尤指提供资金);建立
8. vt.参与;包含→ adj.有关的;复杂难解的
答案 1.global;globe 2.industrial;industry 3.extinction;extinct 4.solution;solve 5.bothered;bother 6.firm;firmly 7.foundation;found 8.involve;involved
构词规律
名词后缀: -tion 形容词后缀:-ed, -ful
found v.→foundation n.基础 imagine v.→imagination n.想象 involve v.→involved adj.有关的 bother v.→bothered adj.烦恼的 harm v.→harmful adj.有害的 doubt v.→ doubtful adj.怀疑的
Step 2 短语记诵
1.do my part sth 尽自己所能做某事
2.all the world 全世界
3. addition 此外
4.pick 捡起来
5.environmental protection
6.take action
答案 1.for 2.around 3.in 4.up 5.环境保护
6.采取行动
Step 3 佳句赏析
1.Most people suffer from what is known as “Just-me-ism”.(what引导宾语从句)
翻译 大多数人都患有所谓的“唯我主义”。
仿写 They've done to help her.
他们已经做了他们能做的一切去帮助她。
2.Well, say you leave the tap running while you brush your teeth...(while引导时间状语从句)
翻译 比如说你刷牙的时候让水哗哗地流……
仿写 , she fell asleep.
她听着收音机睡着了。
3.Hundreds and thousands of roots and shoots can solve the problems, change the world and make it a better place to live in.(make +it +名词)
翻译 成百上千的根和芽可以解决问题,改变世界,使之成为一个更适合居住的地方。
仿写 We want to .
我们想让李华当我们的班长。
答案 1.what they can 2.While (she was) listening to the radio 3.make Li Hua our monitor
【合作探究】
新知探究
核心素养
国际NGO环保组织“根和芽”
“根和芽”是一个专为年轻人设计的全球性的环境与人道主义教育拓展项目,它是一个以活动而不是以研究为基础的指导性项目。“根和芽”一开始是由16名中学生组成的小组,并由珍·古道尔研究会指导支持。
1993年,“根和芽”发展到欧洲和美国。近十多年中,美国、英国、法国、加拿大、日本等90多个国家和地区共有7500多个“根和芽”小组活跃在世界各地的学校、社区和企业中,小组的规模从几个人到几千个人不等,他们通过各种各样的方法开展自己的项目。
随后“根和芽”开始成长和壮大,其目的是帮助小组的成员理解现今世界所面临的问题,并找到解决的方案。该项目的成员每年必须完成一件与本项目三大主题相关的活动,即关心环境、关爱动物和关怀社区。
解析教材
ROOTS & SHOOTS
Most people suffer from what is known as “Just-me-ism”. What is that Well, say you leave the tap running while you brush your teeth, leave a light on when you go out (1)or you drop a piece of litter and can't be bothered to pick it up. You know that all those things are wrong, but so what “What difference can it possibly make ” you say to yourself. “There are millions of people in the world and I'm just me. How can it matter if I leave one little tap running, one little light on or leave a little piece of litter on the road(2) And anyway, no one will know.” Of course, it wouldn't matter if there were just a few people in the world. But just think of all the millions of people saying to themselves: “It doesn't matter. It's just me. And, anyway, no one knows.” Millions of gallons of water would be wasted; millions of lights would be left on; millions of pieces of litter would be dropped. And all of this would be very harmful.
根 和 芽
大多数人都患有所谓的“唯我主义”。那是什么 比如说你刷牙的时候让水哗哗地流,外出的时候不关灯,或者掉了一块垃圾却懒得捡起来。你知道所有这些都是错的,但那又怎样 “这可能会有什么影响吗 ”你对自己说,“世界上有数百万人,我只是我。如果我让一个小水龙头开着,让一盏小灯点着,或把一小块垃圾留在路上,那又有什么关系呢 不管怎样,没人会知道的。”当然,如果世界上只有几个人这样做,那也没关系。但想想数百万人都对自己说:“没关系。只有我。而且,不管怎样,没人知道。”数百万加仑的水会被浪费掉,数百万盏灯会一直亮着,数百万块垃圾会被丢弃。而这一切将是非常有害的。
【助读点拨】
(1)when you go out...是时间状语从句。
(2)if引导条件状语从句。
_______________________________________________________________________________
To inspire young people to take action for the environment(3), animals and their community, Roots & Shoots was established. This institute was set up in the early 1990s by Dr Jane Goodall, a scientist who's the world's best-known expert on wild chimpanzees. In addition to her research, she has been whole-heartedly committed to environmental protection. The whole purpose of Roots & Shoots is to educate young people(4), from pre-schoolers to university students, so they can help to build a future that is secure (5)and live together in peace with nature.
为鼓励年轻人为了环境、动物和他们的社区采取行动,“根和芽”成立了。这个机构是由世界上最著名的野生黑猩猩专家、科学家珍·古道尔博士在20世纪90年代初建立的。除了自己的科研,她还全身心地投入环保事业。“根和芽”的全部目的是教育年轻人,从学龄前儿童到大学生,使他们能够帮助建设一个安全的未来,并与大自然和平共处。
【助读点拨】
(3)To inspire young people...是不定式短语作目的状语。
(4)to educate young people是不定式短语作表语。
(5)so 引导结果状语从句,that引导定语从句,修饰先行词future。
_______________________________________________________________________________
The organisation is called Roots & Shoots because roots move slowly under the ground to make a firm foundation(6), and shoots seem small and weak, but they can break open brick walls to reach the light. The roots and shoots are you, your friends and young people all around the world. Hundreds and thousands of roots and shoots can solve the problems, change the world and make it a better place to live in.
这个组织被命名为“根和芽”,因为树根在地下缓慢移动以形成坚实的基础,而嫩芽看起来又小又弱,但它们却可以向着光明冲破砖墙的阻挡。根和芽就是你、你的朋友以及全世界的年轻人。成百上千的根和芽可以解决问题,改变世界,使之更宜居。
【助读点拨】
(6)because引导原因状语从句。
_______________________________________________________________________________
Do you think you help to make the world a better place when you make a sad person smile, when you make a dog wag its tail, and when you water a thirsty plant(7) One cheered-up person, one happy dog, one flowering plant, and you. That's what Roots & Shoots is all about(8): the value and importance of each individual—human, animal or plant. Dr Jane Goodall believes that the most important thing is that: “Every individual matters. Every individual has a role to play. Every individual makes a difference.” You get to choose: Do you want to use your life to make the world a better place for people, animals and the environment Do you want to make Roots & Shoots rooted in everyone's heart Do you want to be a part of a community for a shared future You cannot be absent.
当你让一个悲伤的人微笑时,你认为你有助于使世界变得更美好吗 当你让狗摇尾巴的时候呢 当你给一株干渴的植物浇水时呢 一个振作起来的人,一只快乐的狗,一株开花的植物,还有你。这就是“根和芽”这个组织的全部意义:重视每一个个体的价值和重要性,不管是人、动物还是植物。珍·古道尔博士认为,最重要的是:“每一个个体都很重要。每一个个体都有自己的角色。每一个个体都能有所作为。”你可以选择:你想通过自己的生活,为了人类、动物和环境而让世界变得更美好吗 你想让“根与芽”植根于每个人的心中吗 您想成为命运共同体的一员吗 你不能缺席。
【助读点拨】
(7)and连接三个时间状语从句:when you make a sad person smile、when you make a dog wag its tail和when you water a thirsty plant。
(8)what引导表语从句。
核 心 单 词
知识点1 desert n.沙漠;荒原 vt.遗弃;抛弃 *deserted adj.荒芜的;被遗弃的;无人居住的
(牛津词典)The remote desert area is accessible only by helicopter.
只有乘直升机才能进入那遥远的荒漠地区。
知识拓展
desert sb/sth 抛弃/遗弃某人/物
desert climate 沙漠气候
cultural desert 文化沙漠
图解释义
Somalia is mostly desert.
索马里大部分地区都是荒漠。
融会应用 单句填空
(1)When he reached the old temple, he found it (desert) and in ruins.
(2)The man (desert) by his parents when he was only a child.
答案 (1)deserted (2)was deserted
知识点2 global adj.全球的;全世界的;全面的;总体的 *globe n.地球;世界 *globally adv.全球地;全局地;世界上 *globalize v.使……全球化
(柯林斯英汉双解大词典)Global warming is a real problem.
全球变暖的确是个问题。
知识拓展
global warming 全球变暖
global village 地球村
经典佳句
We need to take a more global approach to the problem.
我们需要采取更全面的方法解决这个问题。
The more we globalize, the more we localize.
全球化程度越高, 我们就越本土化。
融会应用 单句填空
(1)China ranked first in (globe) art sales last year.
(2) (global), economic growth is at its weakest since the recovery began almost two years ago.
(3)As the world becomes more complex, some things do, of course, standardize and (global).
答案 (1)global (2)Globally (3)globalize
知识点3 solution n.解决;解决方法 *solve vt.解决;解答
(牛津词典)There's no simple solution to this problem.
这个问题没有简单的解决办法。
知识拓展
a solution to sth 解决某事的方法
经典佳句
I had already taken steps to speed up a solution to the problem.
我已经采取措施加快解决这个问题。
Attempts are being made to solve the problem of waste disposal.
正在努力想办法解决废物处理的问题。
融会应用 单句填空
(1)Do you have a better (solve)
(2)The solution these problems is an easy one.
答案 (1)solution (2)to
知识点4 balance n.平衡;天平;余额 v.平衡;权衡 *balanced adj. 保持平衡的
(P28)To me, green living is about maintaining the balance between human and nature.
对我来说,绿色生活就是保持人与自然的平衡。
知识拓展
keep one's balance 保持平衡
lose one's balance 失去平衡
out of balance 不平衡
keep the balance of nature 保持生态平衡
balance sth against sth 权衡;斟酌;比较
keep a balanced diet 保持饮食均衡
图解释义
Good health depends on a balanced diet, proper exercise and enough sleep.
健康取决于均衡的饮食、适当的运动和充足的睡眠。
融会应用
Ⅰ.单句填空
(1)You have to balance the advantages of living in a big city the disadvantages.
(2)To keep fit, you'd better keep a (balance) diet.
Ⅱ.单句写作
(3)Suddenly a girl and fell down in front of him.
一个女孩突然失去平衡,摔倒在他面前。
(4)The child couldn't on his new bicycle.
这个孩子骑自己的新自行车时无法保持平衡。
答案 (1)against (2)balanced (3)lost her balance
(4)keep his balance
知识点5 shoot n. 嫩芽;幼苗;新枝;拍摄 v.射击;射中;拍摄;飞驰
(P31)ROOTS & SHOOTS
根和芽
知识拓展
shoot sb/sth down 射倒;击毙;击落
shoot at 朝……射击;向……开枪
图解释义
Two weeks after we'd planted the seeds, little green shoots started to appear.
我们播下种子两周后,绿色的小嫩芽就开始长出来了。
融会应用 写出下列句中shoot的含义
(1)He shot an arrow from the bow(弓).
(2)The movie was shot in black and white.
(3)A plane shot across the sky.
答案 (1)射 (2)拍摄 (3)飞驰
知识点6 matter v.关系重大;要紧 n.事情;问题;物质;材料;物品
(P31)Every individual matters.
每一个个体都很重要。
知识拓展
What matters is...要紧的是……
as a matter of fact 实际上;事实上
to make matters worse 使情况更糟的是
What's the matter with... (口语)……怎么了/有什么麻烦
It doesn't matter.(口语)没关系。
经典佳句
The car had broken down,and to make matters worse,it was beginning to rain.
车坏了,更糟糕的是,天开始下起雨来。
The universe is composed of matter.
宇宙是由物质构成的。
名师点拨
“It doesn't matter (to sb)+从句”表示“……(对某人来说)没有关系/不要紧”。
融会应用 单句写作
(1)I don't with my colleagues.
我不和同事谈私事。
(2) whether he comes or goes
他来也好去也罢,那有什么关系呢
(3) you haven't made any progress yet.
如果你还没有什么进展,那也没关系。
答案 (1)discuss private matters (2)What does it matter (3)It doesn't matter if
知识点7 absent adj. 缺席;不在 v.使缺席 *absence n. 缺乏;没有
(P31)You cannot be absent.
你不能缺席。
知识拓展
absent oneself from.../be absent from... 不参加……;缺席……
in the absence of sb/in one's absence 某人不在时
absence of mind 心不在焉
经典佳句
His absence of mind led to a lot of mistakes.
他的心不在焉造成了很多错误。
He had absented himself from the office for the day.
这一天他没有去办公室上班。
融会应用
Ⅰ.单句填空
(1)It was his (absent) of mind during driving that resulted in a terrible accident.
(2)However,learning English as a foreign language is very difficult in absence of a native language environment.
(3)He was absent the conference yesterday because of his sudden heart disease.
Ⅱ.单句写作
(4) , coyote populations also grew quickly.
在没有灰狼的情况下,丛林狼的数量也在快速增长。
答案 (1)absence (2)the (3)from (4)In the absence of gray wolves
知识点8 involve vt. 参与;包含;牵涉 *involved adj.有关的;卷入的 *involvement n. 参与; 加入; 插手
(P31)It is by acting together, in this exciting way, that we can involve thousands—millions—of people, and this is what is going to change the world.
正是通过共同行动,以这种令人兴奋的方式,我们可以让成千上万的人参与进来,这将改变世界。
知识拓展
involve sb in sth 把某人卷入某事中
be involved in doing sth 专心做某事
be involved with sb 涉及;与……有关联
经典佳句
It involves doing very slow physical exercises to relax your mind and calm your body.
它包含做一些非常缓慢的体育锻炼来放松你的思想和平静你的身体。
The teacher tried to involve every child in the game.
这个老师设法使每个孩子都参与游戏。
名师点拨
involved作前置定语时,意为“复杂的”;作后置定语时,意为“涉及的”。an involved sentence “一个复杂的句子”;the people involved “所涉及的人”。
融会应用 单句填空
(1)He was involved working out a plan.
(2)So why do you continue to be involved these people
(3)Don't involve me in (solve) your problem.
答案 (1)in (2)with (3)solving
知识点9 view n. 风景;美景;意见 v.观看;看待
(P106) For example, I plant some flowers and vegetables outside my window and I have a great view, too.
例如,我在窗外种了一些花和蔬菜,我也可以欣赏很好的景致。
知识拓展
in one's view 在某人看来
come into view 看得见;进入视野
in view of 考虑到;鉴于
view...as... 把……看作……
经典佳句
A group of riders came into view on the dirt road.
一群骑手出现在那条土路上。
His view was that art should shock the viewers and challenge their perception of reality.
他认为艺术应该震撼观众,挑战他们对现实的认知。
融会应用
Ⅰ.单句填空
(1)When the car goes around the corner, our house will come view.
(2) my view, no matter what situation we are in, good or bad, we should not waste food.
(3)We view every customer a partner.
(4)In view the facts, it seems useless to continue.
Ⅱ.一句多译
在我看来,通过这些活动,你可以更好地了解春节。
(5) , you can have a better understanding of the Spring Festival through these activities.
(6) , you can have a better understanding of the Spring Festival through these activities.
(7) , you can have a better understanding of the Spring Festival through these activities.
答案 (1)into (2)In (3)as (4)of (5)From my point of view (6)In my view/opinion (7)As far as I'm concerned
短 语 句 式
知识点10 do my part for sth尽自己所能做某事
(P28)To me, green living is about doing my part for the environment.
对我来说,绿色生活就是为环境尽自己的一份力。
知识拓展
take part in 参加
play a part in 在……起作用;在……扮演角色
for one's part 就某人而言
经典佳句
I am just trying to do my part as a young player.
作为一个年轻球员,我只是在尽力做好自己的事情。
融会应用 单句写作
(1)My family and my job both my life.
我的家庭和工作都是我生活中重要的组成部分。
(2)I some associations, where I made friends with students who shared the same hobbies.
我参加了一些社团,在那里我结识了有共同爱好的同学。
(3) , I find the report less than convincing.
就我而言,我觉得这个报道缺乏说服力。
答案 (1)play an important part in (2)joined/took part in
(3)For my part
知识点11 not be bothered to do sth懒得做某事
(P31)Drop a piece of litter and can't be bothered to pick it up.
掉了一块垃圾却懒得捡起来。
知识拓展
be bothered to do费心做某事
bother sb with/about sth 为某事打扰或麻烦某人
bother about sth 为某事烦恼
bother to do sth 费心做某事
have much bother (in) doing sth 做某事有麻烦/费劲
经典佳句
If you can't be bothered to move, I'll have to fetch it myself.
如果你懒得动,我只好自己去拿了。
The grass needs cutting but I can't be bothered to do it today.
草得剪一剪了,但我今天却懒得去做。
名师点拨
bother作“麻烦; 困难”讲时, 是不可数名词; 作“令人烦恼的事物; 讨厌的人”讲时, 是可数名词。
融会应用 单句填空
(1)He didn't even bother (say) thank you.
(2)Don't bother your father it now; he is very tired.
(3)Sometimes I act as a listening ear for fellow students to talk over what (bother) them.
答案 (1)to say (2)with/ about
(3)is bothering
知识点12 take action采取行动
(P31)To inspire young people to take action for the environment, animals and their community, Roots & Shoots was established.
为鼓励年轻人为了环境、动物和他们的社区采取行动,“根和芽”成立了。
知识拓展
take steps/measures 采取措施
take a risk 冒风险
take a chance 碰运气
take effect 生效;起作用
take advantage of 利用
经典佳句
Don't hesitate! Don't lose heart! All you have to do is just take action!
不要犹豫!不要灰心!你要做的就是行动起来!
We need more time to see how things develop before we take action!
我们采取行动前需要更多时间来观察事态的发展!
融会应用 单句写作
(1)I usually to practise my spoken English.
我经常会利用一切机会练习英语口语。
(2)Shall we or play it safe
我们是该冒险还是稳妥行事
(3)The ban is to in six months.
该禁令将在六个月后生效。
(4)We should keep air and water clean.
我们应该采取措施保持空气和水的清洁。
答案 (1)take advantage of every opportunity (2)take a risk (3)take effect (4)take steps/measures to
知识点13 be committed to投入;承担;致力于
(P31)In addition to her research, she has been whole-heartedly committed to environmental protection.
除了自己的科研,她还全身心地投入环保事业。
知识拓展
commit sb/oneself to (doing) sth 承诺某人/自己(做)某事
commit to... 忠于……;全身心地投入……
经典佳句
Be totally committed to what you do, as excellence is only possible with commitment.
完全致力于你所做的事,因为只有完全付出才可能达到卓越。
名师点拨
commit oneself to (doing) sth 表示“专心致志于……”,to是介词,后接名词、代词或动名词。
融会应用 单句填空
(1)The President is committed to (reform) health care.
(2)He committed (him) to the study of plants.
答案 (1)reforming (2)himself
知识点14 make a difference 区别对待;有影响;起重要作用
(P31)Every individual makes a difference.
每一个个体都能有所作为。
知识拓展
make no/little difference to 对……没有/几乎没有影响
make much difference to对……有很大影响
tell the difference between...and... 区分……和……的不同
经典佳句
It won't make a difference whether you go today or tomorrow.
你今天或明天去没有多大区别。
Only when we match our words with actions can we make a difference in whatever we hope to accomplish.
只有言行一致的时候,我们才能把我们想做的任何事情做得不同凡响。
融会应用 单句写作
(1) whether he comes here or not.
他来与不来这里对我来说没有区别。
(2)Can you the two words
你能区分这两个单词吗
(3)Your age shouldn't whether you get the job or not.
你能否得到这份工作应该与你的年龄无关。
答案 (1)It makes no difference to me (2)tell the difference between (3)make any difference to
知识点15 what引导宾语从句
(P31)Most people suffer from what is known as “Just-me-ism”.
大多数人都患有所谓的“唯我主义”。
知识拓展
句中的what is known as “Just-me-ism”为what引导的宾语从句。
(1)what常用来引导名词性从句, 即主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句和同位语从句, 从句用陈述语序。
(2)what在引导名词性从句时有两个重要的特点:一是它在相应的名词性从句中一定有含义,常表示“……的东西/样子/事情等”;二是它在相应的名词性从句中一定充当某个成分。
What he said at the meeting astonished everybody present.(主语从句)
他在会上说的话使在场的每个人都很惊讶。
Will you show me what you bought (宾语从句)
可以把你买的东西给我看一下吗
Mary is no longer what she was ten years ago.(表语从句)
玛丽已经不是十年前的她了。
I have no idea what we should do next.(同位语从句)
我不知道下一步我们该干什么。
名师点拨
that引导名词性从句时,在从句中不充当任何成分,也无实际意义,仅起连接句子的作用,一般不可省略(宾语从句除外)。
That our team won the game made us very happy.(主语从句)
我们队赢得了比赛,这使我们很开心。
融会应用 单句填空
(1)Before the sales start, I make a list of my kids will need for the coming season.
(2) parents say and do has a life-long effect on their children.
(3)There is no evidence there is life on any other planet in the solar system.
(4)The young girl was too frightened to speak, standing there for seemed like hours.
(5)The boy believes he will travel through space to other planets.
答案 (1)what (2)What (3)that (4)what (5)that
知识点16 while引导时间状语从句
(P31)Well, say you leave the tap running while you brush your teeth...
比如说你刷牙的时候让水哗哗地流……
知识拓展
句中while引导时间状语从句,意为“当……的时候”。
while的用法:
(1)意为“当……的时候”,表示时间,引导时间状语从句,从句谓语用延续性动词。
She was cooking while keeping an eye on her baby sleeping in the cradle.
她一边做饭,一边留意睡在摇篮里的婴儿。
(2)意为“然而”,表示对比,连接两个并列句。
The boy is good at maths while his sister is good at Chinese.
那个男孩擅长数学而他妹妹擅长语文。
(3)意为“虽然;尽管”,表示转折,引导让步状语从句。
While he loves his students,he is very strict with them.
虽然他爱他的学生,但是他对他们很严格。
融会应用 单句写作
(1) , I do not know them well.
尽管他们是我的邻居,我对他们了解得并不多。
(2)You like sports .
你喜欢运动而我喜欢阅读。
(3) ,the boy fell asleep in the chair.
当他妈妈在厨房做饭时,男孩在椅子上睡着了。
答案 (1)While they are my neighbours (2)while I like reading (3)While his mother was cooking in the kitchen
语法探究
动词-ing和动词-ed形式
自主探究
阅读下列句子,注意黑体部分的用法。
1.The experiment was an amazing success.
2.Li Ming's hobby is collecting stamps.
3.When I walked into the office, I saw a girl using my computer.
4.He comes home late every evening, making his wife very angry.
5.What's the language spoken in that area
6.We were surprised at what he said at the meeting.
7.She found her necklace gone on her way home.
我的发现
第1、2、3、4句中加黑部分分别在句中作
。第5、6、7句中加黑部分分别在句中作 。
答案 定语、表语、宾语补足语和状语;定语、表语和宾语补足语
探究点1 动词-ing形式
动词-ing形式是非谓语动词的一种形式,包括现在分词和动名词两种。现在分词在句中作定语、状语、宾语补足语和表语;动名词在句中作主语、宾语、表语和定语。
1.作定语
(1)动名词作定语表示被修饰词的某种性能或用途,相当于for引导的介词短语。
(2)现在分词作定语时,它和被修饰的词之间是逻辑上的主谓关系,表示所修饰词进行的动作,相当于一个定语从句。
No one is allowed to speak aloud in the reading room.
阅览室里不准大声说话。
A little child learning(=who is learning) to walk often falls.
学走路的小孩常常摔跤。
There are many students waiting(=who are waiting) to get examined.
有许多学生在等待检查。
2.作状语
现在分词作状语时可以表示时间、原因、条件、结果、让步、方式和伴随状态;作结果状语、方式状语和伴随状语时,可以变为并列分句;作其他状语时,可以变为相应的状语从句。
Hearing the noise, I turned around.
=When I heard the noise, I turned around.
听到响声时我转过身去。
Being poor, he couldn't afford a TV set.
=Because he was poor, he couldn't afford a TV set.
由于贫穷,他买不起电视机。
Working hard, you'll certainly succeed.
=If you work hard, you'll certainly succeed.
只要努力学习,你肯定会成功的。
The fire lasted a whole night, causing great damage.
=The fire lasted a whole night and it caused great damage.
大火持续了一整夜,造成了巨大损失。
Mary sat by the window of the classroom,reading a book.
=Mary sat by the window of the classroom and was reading a book.
玛丽坐在教室的窗边读书。
注意:
现在分词作结果状语表示随着谓语动词的发生而产生的自然结果;而不定式作结果状语常表示出乎意料的结果,常用only to do结构。
He was caught in the rain, making himself catch a cold.
被雨淋后他感冒了。
I hurried to school, only to find it was Sunday.
我匆忙赶到学校,结果发现今天是星期天。
3.作宾语补足语
(1)现在分词在句子中可用作宾语补足语,句子中的宾语和宾语补足语是逻辑上的主谓关系。
(2)谓语为feel、find、hear、notice、observe、see、watch等感官动词时,既可以用现在分词也可以用不带to的不定式作宾语补足语。现在分词作宾语补足语时,表示动作正在进行;不带to的不定式作宾语补足语时,表示动作的完成。
I saw a little girl standing in front of a fishbowl.
我看到一个小女孩站在鱼缸前。
I saw that thief getting on the train.
我看见那个贼正在上火车。
I saw that thief get on the train and disappear.
我看见那个贼上了火车,消失不见了。
I couldn't do my homework with the noise going on.
在持续的噪声下我无法做作业。
4.作表语
作表语的动词-ing形式包括现在分词和动名词。现在分词作表语,往往具有形容词的性质,说明主语的性质、特征等;动名词作表语多表示抽象性的或习惯性的动作,一般说明主语的内容。
The result of the game was disappointing.
比赛结果令人失望。
His life story sounds very moving.
他的人生故事听起来很感人。
What I am tired of is waiting here alone.
我厌烦独自在这里等。
My hobby is listening to music.
我的爱好就是听音乐。
融会应用 单句填空
(1)We often provide our children with toys, footballs or basketballs, (think) that all children like these things.
(2) (hear) the news, everyone was too excited to fall asleep.
(3)The people (work) with me treat me like their friend.
(4)Do you know the teacher (talk) with the students
答案 (1)thinking (2)Hearing (3)working (4)talking
探究点2 动词-ed形式
动词-ed形式是非谓语动词的一种形式,表示被动和完成,在句中作定语、表语、宾语补足语和状语。
1.作定语
单个的过去分词作定语一般放在被修饰的名词之前;过去分词短语作定语要放在被修饰的名词后面作后置定语,其作用相当于一个定语从句。
The broken vase has been thrown outside.
那个碎了的花瓶已被扔到外面去了。
I borrowed a book written (=that/which was written) by Mark Twain from the library.
我从图书馆借了一本马克·吐温写的书。
注意:
不及物动词的过去分词作定语不表示被动,而表示完成。
boiled water=water that has boiled开水
the fallen leaves=the leaves that have fallen 落叶
2.作宾语补足语
(1)及物动词(短语)的过去分词用作宾语补足语时,宾语即是过去分词的逻辑宾语,宾语和过去分词之间存在逻辑上的动宾关系。
(2)少数不及物动词(如 go、 change、 fall等)的过去分词作宾语补足语时,仅表示动作完成。
When I came in, I found a strange girl seated in the corner.
我进来时,发现一个陌生的女孩坐在角落里。
I want the letter posted.
我想把这封信寄出去。
3.作表语
(1)过去分词作表语时,多表示主语所处的状态或所具备的特征,多位于系动词之后,这些系动词有be、remain、feel、seem、look、become等。
(2)有些过去分词作表语时,已经具备了形容词的性质。
The door remained locked.
门仍然锁着。
Later they found that they were lost.
后来他们发现自己迷路了。
We were amazed at the beauty of the lake.
我们被湖泊的美景惊呆了。
4.作状语
(1)过去分词作状语时,过去分词所表示的动作与句子的主语之间是逻辑上的动宾关系。
(2)过去分词作条件、原因及时间状语时,通常放在句首;作伴随状语时通常放在句末;作方式状语时,一般放在句末,有时也放在句首。
Caught in a heavy rain,he was all wet.
因为淋了一场大雨,他全身湿透了。(原因状语)
Grown in rich soil,these seeds can grow fast.
如果种在肥沃的土壤里,这些种子能长得很快。(条件状语)
Asked about the matter, she kept silent.
当被问及那个问题时,她默不作声。(时间状语)
The old man walked into the room,supported by his son.
这位老人在儿子的搀扶下走进了房间。(方式状语)
He walked slowly in the forest,followed by a dog.
他在森林里慢慢地走着,身后跟着一条狗。(伴随状语)
融会应用 单句填空
(1)We can see the part of the moon (light) by sunlight.
(2)Most of the people (invite) to the party did not come.
(3) (accompany) by his friend,he went to the railway station.
(4) (give) better attention,the plants could grow better.
答案 (1)lighted (2)invited (3)Accompanied (4)Given
【随堂检测】
Ⅰ.单句填空
1.The question is why he bothered (make) the speech at all.
2.Polluted air and water are harmful people's health.
3.Thank you for being firm me while I went through my rebellion(叛逆) stage.
4.All the people (involve) in this case must be present.
5.I patted the dog and it (wag) its tail.
6.It sells flowers all around the world.
7.He drinks is left in his glass as if it were water.
8.The strange noise made the little girl (frighten).
9.I volunteer because I want to not just see the world, but make difference in it.
答案 1.to make 2.to 3.with 4.involved 5.wagged 6.from 7.what 8.frightened 9.a
Ⅱ.选词填空
not be bothered to do;take action;all around the world; make a difference; be committed to
1.The sea air has to her health recently.
2.I am making new friends with beautiful souls .
3.The group achieving its aims through peaceful means.
4.The firemen immediately to stop the forest fire spreading.
5.The grass needs cutting but I it today.
答案 1.made a difference 2.all around the world
3.was committed to 4.took action 5.am not bothered to do
Ⅲ.单句写作
1.One of his weaknesses is .
他的缺点之一就是说谎。
2.The boy is our monitor.
在教室里学习的那个男孩是我们的班长。
3.Don't all day.
不要让学生整天学习。
4. , he couldn't help laughing.
一听到那个消息,他忍不住大笑起来。
5.Although , tourists can't help taking photos near the river.
尽管被警告有危险,游客还是忍不住在河边拍照。
6.When I came in, I saw him sitting on the sofa .
当我进来时,我看到他坐在沙发上陷入了深思。
7.The children going to the zoo.
要去动物园了,孩子们非常兴奋。
8.In autumn there are many on the ground.
秋天地上有许多落叶。
答案 1.telling lies 2.studying in the classroom 3.have the students studying 4.Hearing the news 5.warned of danger 6.lost in thought 7.are really excited about 8.fallen leaves
2(共82张PPT)
UNIT 8 GREEN LIVING
Section Ⅱ Learning About Language
1.通过对教材的理解，了解重要词汇的基本用法。（语言能力）
2.通过导学案的套用，以练促学，巩固内化重要语言点，并学以致用。（学习能力）
3.通过对教材的理解，学会运用动词-ing和动词-ed形式的用法。（语言能力）
1._______ adj. 全球的；全世界的→______ n.地球仪；地球
global
globe
2._________ adj.工业的→________ n.工业
industrial
industry
3.__________ n.灭绝→_______ adj.不再存在的；已灭绝的
extinction
extinct
4.________ n.解决；解决办法→______ vt.解决
solution
solve
5._________ adj.担心的；烦恼的→_______ vt.花费时间精力（做某事）；使（某人）
烦恼（或担忧、不安）
bothered
bother
6._____ adj.坚实的；稳固的→_______ adv.坚定地；坚固地
firm
firmly
7.__________ n.基础；地基→______ vt. 创建；创办（组织或机构，尤指提供资金）；
建立
foundation
found
8.________ vt.参与；包含→_________ adj.有关的；复杂难解的
involve
involved
&1& 构词规律
名词后缀: -tion 形容词后缀:-ed， -ful
found v.→foundation n.基础 imagine v.→imagination n.想象 involve v.→involved adj.有关的
bother v.→bothered adj.烦恼的
harm v.→harmful adj.有害的
doubt v.→ doubtful adj.怀疑的
1.do my part ____ sth 尽自己所能做某事
for
2.all _______ the world 全世界
around
3.___ addition 此外
in
4.pick ____ 捡起来
up
5.environmental protection __________
环境保护
6.take action __________
采取行动
1.Most people suffer from what is known as “Just-me-ism”.（what引导宾语从句）
翻译 大多数人都患有所谓的“唯我主义”。
仿写 They've done ______________ to help her.
他们已经做了他们能做的一切去帮助她。
what they can
2.Well， say you leave the tap running while you brush your teeth...（while引导时间
状语从句）
翻译 比如说你刷牙的时候让水哗哗地流……
仿写 _____________________________________， she fell asleep.
她听着收音机睡着了。
While （she was） listening to the radio
3.Hundreds and thousands of roots and shoots can solve the problems， change the
world and make it a better place to live in.（make +it +名词）
翻译 成百上千的根和芽可以解决问题，改变世界，使之成为一个更适合居住的地方。
仿写 We want to ________________________.
我们想让李华当我们的班长。
make Li Hua our monitor
核心单词
知识点1 desert n.沙漠；荒原 vt.遗弃；抛弃 ＊deserted adj.荒芜的；被遗弃的；无人居住的
（牛津词典）The remote desert area is accessible only by helicopter.
只有乘直升机才能进入那遥远的荒漠地区。
知识拓展
desert sb/sth 抛弃/遗弃某人/物
desert climate 沙漠气候
cultural desert 文化沙漠
图解释义
Somalia is mostly desert.
索马里大部分地区都是荒漠。
融会应用 单句填空
（1）When he reached the old temple， he found it ________（desert） and in ruins.
deserted
（2）The man ____________（desert） by his parents when he was only a child.
was deserted
知识点2 global adj.全球的；全世界的；全面的；总体的 ＊globe n.地球；世界 ＊globally adv.全球地；全局地；世界上 ＊globalize v.使……全球化
（柯林斯英汉双解大词典）Global warming is a real problem.
全球变暖的确是个问题。
知识拓展
global warming 全球变暖
global village 地球村
经典佳句
We need to take a more global approach to the problem.
我们需要采取更全面的方法解决这个问题。
The more we globalize， the more we localize.
全球化程度越高， 我们就越本土化。
融会应用 单句填空
（1）China ranked first in _______（globe） art sales last year.
global
（2）_________（global）， economic growth is at its weakest since the recovery
began almost two years ago.
Globally
（3）As the world becomes more complex， some things do， of course，
standardize and _________（global）.
globalize
知识点3 solution n.解决；解决方法 ＊solve vt.解决；解答
（牛津词典）There's no simple solution to this problem.
这个问题没有简单的解决办法。
知识拓展
a solution to sth 解决某事的方法
经典佳句
I had already taken steps to speed up a solution to the problem.
我已经采取措施加快解决这个问题。
Attempts are being made to solve the problem of waste disposal.
正在努力想办法解决废物处理的问题。
融会应用 单句填空
（1）Do you have a better ________（solve）
solution
（2）The solution ___ these problems is an easy one.
to
知识点4 balance n.平衡；天平；余额 v.平衡；权衡 ＊balanced adj.保持平衡的
（P28）To me， green living is about maintaining the balance between human and nature.
对我来说，绿色生活就是保持人与自然的平衡。
知识拓展
keep one's balance 保持平衡
lose one's balance 失去平衡
out of balance 不平衡
keep the balance of nature 保持生态平衡
balance sth against sth 权衡；斟酌；比较
keep a balanced diet 保持饮食均衡
图解释义
Good health depends on a balanced diet， proper exercise and enough sleep.
健康取决于均衡的饮食、适当的运动和充足的睡眠。
融会应用
Ⅰ.单句填空
（1）You have to balance the advantages of living in a big city _______ the
disadvantages.
against
（2）To keep fit， you'd better keep a _________ （balance） diet.
balanced
Ⅱ.单句写作
（3）Suddenly a girl _______________and fell down in front of him.
一个女孩突然失去平衡，摔倒在他面前。
lost her balance
（4）The child couldn't ________________ on his new bicycle.
这个孩子骑自己的新自行车时无法保持平衡。
keep his balance
知识点5 shoot n.嫩芽；幼苗；新枝；拍摄 v.射击；射中；拍摄；飞驰
（P31）ROOTS & SHOOTS
根和芽
知识拓展
shoot sb/sth down 射倒；击毙；击落
shoot at 朝……射击；向……开枪
图解释义
Two weeks after we'd planted the seeds， little green shoots started to appear.
我们播下种子两周后，绿色的小嫩芽就开始长出来了。
融会应用 写出下列句中shoot的含义
（1）He shot an arrow from the bow（弓）.____
射
（2）The movie was shot in black and white.______
拍摄
（3）A plane shot across the sky.______
飞驰
知识点6 matter v.关系重大；要紧 n.事情；问题；物质；材料；物品
（P31）Every individual matters.
每一个个体都很重要。
知识拓展
What matters is... 要紧的是……
as a matter of fact 实际上；事实上
to make matters worse 使情况更糟的是
What's the matter with... （口语）……怎么了/有什么麻烦？
It doesn't matter. （口语）没关系。
经典佳句
The car had broken down，and to make matters worse，it was beginning to rain.
车坏了，更糟糕的是，天开始下起雨来。
The universe is composed of matter
宇宙是由物质构成的。
名师点拨
“It doesn't matter （to sb）+从句”表示“……（对某人来说）没有关系/不要紧”。
融会应用 单句写作
（1）I don't _____________________ with my colleagues.
我不和同事谈私事。
discuss private matters
（2）___________________ whether he comes or goes
他来也好去也罢，那有什么关系呢
What does it matter
（3）__________________ you haven't made any progress yet.
如果你还没有什么进展，那也没关系。
It doesn't matter if
知识点7 absent adj.缺席；不在 v.使缺席 ＊absence n.缺乏；没有
（P31）You cannot be absent.
你不能缺席。
知识拓展
absent oneself from.../be absent from... 不参加……；缺席……
in the absence of sb/in one's absence 某人不在时
absence of mind 心不在焉
经典佳句
His absence of mind led to a lot of mistakes.
他的心不在焉造成了很多错误。
He had absented himself from the office for the day.
这一天他没有去办公室上班。
融会应用
Ⅰ.单句填空
（1）It was his ________ （absent） of mind during driving that resulted in a
terrible accident.
absence
（2）However，learning English as a foreign language is very difficult in ____
absence of a native language environment.
the
（3）He was absent ______ the conference yesterday because of his sudden heart
disease.
from
Ⅱ.单句写作
（4）____________________________， coyote populations also grew quickly.
在没有灰狼的情况下，丛林狼的数量也在快速增长。
In the absence of gray wolves
知识点8 involve vt.参与；包含；牵涉 ＊involved adj.有关的；卷入的 ＊involvement n.参与； 加入； 插手
（P31）It is by acting together， in this exciting way， that we can involve thousands—millions—of people， and this is what is going to change the world.
正是通过共同行动，以这种令人兴奋的方式，我们可以让成千上万的人参与进来，这将改变世界。
知识拓展
involve sb in sth 把某人卷入某事中
be involved in doing sth 专心做某事
be involved with sb 涉及；与……有关联
经典佳句
It involves doing very slow physical exercises to relax your mind and calm your body.
它包含做一些非常缓慢的体育锻炼来放松你的思想和平静你的身体。
The teacher tried to involve every child in the game.
这个老师设法使每个孩子都参与游戏。
名师点拨
involved作前置定语时，意为“复杂的”；作后置定语时，意为“涉及的”。an involved sentence “一个复杂的句子”；the people involved “所涉及的人”。
融会应用 单句填空
（1）He was involved ___ working out a plan.
in
（2）So why do you continue to be involved _____ these people
with
（3）Don't involve me in ________ （solve） your problem.
solving
知识点9 view n.风景；美景；意见 v.观看；看待
（P106） For example， I plant some flowers and vegetables outside my window and I have a great view， too.
例如，我在窗外种了一些花和蔬菜，我也可以欣赏很好的景致。
知识拓展
in one's view 在某人看来
come into view 看得见；进入视野
in view of 考虑到；鉴于
view...as... 把……看作……
经典佳句
A group of riders came into view on the dirt road.
一群骑手出现在那条土路上。
His view was that art should shock the viewers and challenge their perception of reality.
他认为艺术应该震撼观众，挑战他们对现实的认知。
融会应用
Ⅰ.单句填空
（1）When the car goes around the corner， our house will come _____ view.
into
（2）___ my view， no matter what situation we are in， good or bad， we should
not waste food.
In
（3）We view every customer ___ a partner.
as
（4）In view ___ the facts， it seems useless to continue.
of
Ⅱ.一句多译
在我看来，通过这些活动，你可以更好地了解春节。
（5）______________________， you can have a better understanding of the Spring
Festival through these activities.
From my point of view
（6）__________________， you can have a better understanding of the Spring
Festival through these activities.
In my view/opinion
（7）_______________________， you can have a better understanding of the Spring
Festival through these activities.
As far as I'm concerned
短语句式
知识点10 do my part for sth 尽自己所能做某事
（P28）To me， green living is about doing my part for the environment.
对我来说，绿色生活就是为环境尽自己的一份力。
知识拓展
take part in 参加
play a part in 在……起作用；在……扮演角色
for one's part 就某人而言
经典佳句
I am just trying to do my part as a young player.
作为一个年轻球员，我只是在尽力做好自己的事情。
融会应用 单句写作
（1）My family and my job both _______________________ my life.
我的家庭和工作都是我生活中重要的组成部分。
play an important part in
（2）I _________________ some associations， where I made friends with students
who shared the same hobbies.
我参加了一些社团，在那里我结识了有共同爱好的同学。
joined/took part in
（3）____________， I find the report less than convincing.
就我而言，我觉得这个报道缺乏说服力。
For my part
知识点11 not be bothered to do sth 懒得做某事
（P31）Drop a piece of litter and can't be bothered to pick it up.
掉了一块垃圾却懒得捡起来。
知识拓展
be bothered to do 费心做某事
bother sb with/about sth 为某事打扰或麻烦某人
bother about sth 为某事烦恼
bother to do sth 费心做某事
have much bother （in） doing sth 做某事有麻烦/费劲
经典佳句
If you can't be bothered to move， I'll have to fetch it myself.
如果你懒得动，我只好自己去拿了。
The grass needs cutting but I can't be bothered to do it today.
草得剪一剪了，但我今天却懒得去做。
名师点拨
bother作“麻烦； 困难”讲时， 是不可数名词； 作“令人烦恼的事物； 讨厌的人”讲时， 是可数名词。
融会应用 单句填空
（1）He didn't even bother _______ （say） thank you.
to say
（2）Don't bother your father ___________ it now； he is very tired.
with/ about
（3）Sometimes I act as a listening ear for fellow students to talk over what
____________ （bother） them.
is bothering
知识点12 take action 采取行动
（P31）To inspire young people to take action for the environment， animals and their community， Roots & Shoots was established.
为鼓励年轻人为了环境、动物和他们的社区采取行动，“根和芽”成立了。
知识拓展
take steps/measures 采取措施
take a risk 冒风险
take a chance 碰运气
take effect 生效；起作用
take advantage of 利用
经典佳句
Don't hesitate! Don't lose heart! All you have to do is just take action!
不要犹豫！不要灰心！你要做的就是行动起来！
We need more time to see how things develop before we take action!
我们采取行动前需要更多时间来观察事态的发展！
融会应用 单句写作
（1）I usually _________________________________ to practise my spoken English.
我经常会利用一切机会练习英语口语。
take advantage of every opportunity
（2）Shall we ___________ or play it safe
我们是该冒险还是稳妥行事
take a risk
（3）The ban is to ___________ in six months.
该禁令将在六个月后生效。
take effect
（4）We should _____________________ keep air and water clean.
我们应该采取措施保持空气和水的清洁。
take steps/measures to
知识点13 be committed to 投入；承担；致力于
（P31）In addition to her research， she has been whole-heartedly committed to environmental protection.
除了自己的科研，她还全身心地投入环保事业。
知识拓展
commit sb/oneself to （doing） sth 承诺某人/自己（做）某事
commit to... 忠于……；全身心地投入……
经典佳句
Be totally committed to what you do， as excellence is only possible with commitment.
完全致力于你所做的事，因为只有完全付出才可能达到卓越。
名师点拨
commit oneself to （doing） sth 表示“专心致志于……”，to是介词，后接名词、代词或动名词。
融会应用 单句填空
（1）The President is committed to __________（reform） health care.
reforming
（2）He committed ________ （him） to the study of plants.
himself
知识点14 make a difference 区别对待；有影响；起重要作用
（P31）Every individual makes a difference.
每一个个体都能有所作为。
知识拓展
make no/little difference to 对……没有/几乎没有影响
make much difference to 对……有很大影响
tell the difference between...and... 区分……和……的不同
经典佳句
It won't make a difference whether you go today or tomorrow.
你今天或明天去没有多大区别。
Only when we match our words with actions can we make a difference in whatever we hope to accomplish.
只有言行一致的时候，我们才能把我们想做的任何事情做得不同凡响。
融会应用 单句写作
（1）___________________________ whether he comes here or not.
他来与不来这里对我来说没有区别。
It makes no difference to me
（2）Can you ________________________ the two words
你能区分这两个单词吗
tell the difference between
（3）Your age shouldn't ______________________ whether you get the job or not.
你能否得到这份工作应该与你的年龄无关。
make any difference to
知识点15 what引导宾语从句
（P31）Most people suffer from what is known as “Just-me-ism”.
大多数人都患有所谓的“唯我主义”。
知识拓展
句中的what is known as “Just-me-ism”为what引导的宾语从句。
（1）what常用来引导名词性从句， 即主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句和同位语从句， 从句用陈述语序。
（2）what在引导名词性从句时有两个重要的特点:一是它在相应的名词性从句中一定有含义，常表示“……的东西/样子/事情等”；二是它在相应的名词性从句中一定充当某个成分。
What he said at the meeting astonished everybody present.（主语从句）
他在会上说的话使在场的每个人都很惊讶。
Will you show me what you bought （宾语从句）
可以把你买的东西给我看一下吗
Mary is no longer what she was ten years ago.（表语从句）
玛丽已经不是十年前的她了。
I have no idea what we should do next.（同位语从句）
我不知道下一步我们该干什么。
名师点拨
that引导名词性从句时，在从句中不充当任何成分，也无实际意义，仅起连接句子的作用，一般不可省略（宾语从句除外）。
That our team won the game made us very happy.（主语从句）
我们队赢得了比赛，这使我们很开心。
融会应用 单句填空
（1）Before the sales start， I make a list of ______ my kids will need for the
coming season.
what
（2）______ parents say and do has a life-long effect on their children.
What
（3）There is no evidence _____ there is life on any other planet in the solar
system.
that
（4）The young girl was too frightened to speak， standing there for ______ seemed
like hours.
what
（5）The boy believes _____ he will travel through space to other planets.
that
知识点16 while引导时间状语从句
（P31）Well， say you leave the tap running while you brush your teeth...
比如说你刷牙的时候让水哗哗地流……
知识拓展
句中while引导时间状语从句，意为“当……的时候”。
while的用法:
（1）意为“当……的时候”，表示时间，引导时间状语从句，从句谓语用延续性动词。
She was cooking while keeping an eye on her baby sleeping in the cradle.
她一边做饭，一边留意睡在摇篮里的婴儿。
（2）意为“然而”，表示对比，连接两个并列句。
The boy is good at maths while his sister is good at Chinese.
那个男孩擅长数学而他妹妹擅长语文。
（3）意为“虽然；尽管”，表示转折，引导让步状语从句。
While he loves his students，he is very strict with them.
虽然他爱他的学生，但是他对他们很严格。
融会应用 单句写作
（1）____________________________， I do not know them well.
尽管他们是我的邻居，我对他们了解得并不多。
While they are my neighbours
（2）You like sports ___________________.
你喜欢运动而我喜欢阅读。
while I like reading
（3）_________________________________________，the boy fell asleep in the chair.
当他妈妈在厨房做饭时，男孩在椅子上睡着了。
While his mother was cooking in the kitchen
动词-ing和动词-ed形式
自主探究
阅读下列句子，注意黑体部分的用法。
1.The experiment was an amazing success.
2.Li Ming's hobby is collecting stamps.
3.When I walked into the office， I saw a girl using my computer.
4.He comes home late every evening， making his wife very angry.
5.What's the language spoken in that area
6.We were surprised at what he said at the meeting.
7.She found her necklace gone on her way home.
我的发现 第1、2、3、4句中加黑部分分别在句中作
______________________________。第5、6、7句中加黑部分分别在句中作
________________________。
定语、表语、宾语补足语和状语
定语、表语和宾语补足语
探究点1 动词-ing形式
动词-ing形式是非谓语动词的一种形式，包括现在分词和动名词两种。现在分词在句中作定语、状语、宾语补足语和表语；动名词在句中作主语、宾语、表语和定语。
1.作定语
（1）动名词作定语表示被修饰词的某种性能或用途，相当于for引导的介词短语。
（2）现在分词作定语时，它和被修饰的词之间是逻辑上的主谓关系，表示所修饰词进行的动作，相当于一个定语从句。
No one is allowed to speak aloud in the reading room.
阅览室里不准大声说话。
A little child learning（=who is learning） to walk often falls.
学走路的小孩常常摔跤。
There are many students waiting（=who are waiting） to get examined.
有许多学生在等待检查。
2.作状语
现在分词作状语时可以表示时间、原因、条件、结果、让步、方式和伴随状态；作结果状语、方式状语和伴随状语时，可以变为并列分句；作其他状语时，可以变为相应的状语从句。
Hearing the noise， I turned around.
=When I heard the noise， I turned around.
听到响声时我转过身去。
Being poor， he couldn't afford a TV set.
=Because he was poor， he couldn't afford a TV set.
由于贫穷，他买不起电视机。
Working hard， you'll certainly succeed.
=If you work hard， you'll certainly succeed.
只要努力学习，你肯定会成功的。
The fire lasted a whole night， causing great damage.
=The fire lasted a whole night and it caused great damage.
大火持续了一整夜，造成了巨大损失。
Mary sat by the window of the classroom，reading a book.
=Mary sat by the window of the classroom and was reading a book.
玛丽坐在教室的窗边读书。
注意:
现在分词作结果状语表示随着谓语动词的发生而产生的自然结果；而不定式作结果状语常表示出乎意料的结果，常用only to do结构。
He was caught in the rain， making himself catch a cold.
被雨淋后他感冒了。
I hurried to school， only to find it was Sunday.
我匆忙赶到学校，结果发现今天是星期天。
3.作宾语补足语
（1）现在分词在句子中可用作宾语补足语，句子中的宾语和宾语补足语是逻辑上的主谓关系。
（2）谓语为feel、find、hear、notice、observe、see、watch等感官动词时，既可以用现在分词也可以用不带to的不定式作宾语补足语。现在分词作宾语补足语时，表示动作正在进行；不带to的不定式作宾语补足语时，表示动作的完成。
I saw a little girl standing in front of a fishbowl.
我看到一个小女孩站在鱼缸前。
I saw that thief getting on the train.
我看见那个贼正在上火车。
I saw that thief get on the train and disappear.
我看见那个贼上了火车，消失不见了。
I couldn't do my homework with the noise going on.
在持续的噪声下我无法做作业。
4.作表语
作表语的动词-ing形式包括现在分词和动名词。现在分词作表语，往往具有形容词的性质，说明主语的性质、特征等；动名词作表语多表示抽象性的或习惯性的动作，一般说明主语的内容。
The result of the game was disappointing.
比赛结果令人失望。
His life story sounds very moving.
他的人生故事听起来很感人。
What I am tired of is waiting here alone.
我厌烦独自在这里等。
My hobby is listening to music.
我的爱好就是听音乐。
融会应用 单句填空
（1）We often provide our children with toys， footballs or basketballs， ________
（think） that all children like these things.
thinking
（2）________（hear） the news， everyone was too excited to fall asleep.
Hearing
（3）The people ________（work） with me treat me like their friend.
working
（4）Do you know the teacher _______（talk） with the students
talking
探究点2 动词-ed形式
动词-ed形式是非谓语动词的一种形式，表示被动和完成，在句中作定语、表语、宾语补足语和状语。
1.作定语
单个的过去分词作定语一般放在被修饰的名词之前；过去分词短语作定语要放在被修饰的名词后面作后置定语，其作用相当于一个定语从句。
The broken vase has been thrown outside.
那个碎了的花瓶已被扔到外面去了。
I borrowed a book written （=that/which was written） by Mark Twain from the library.
我从图书馆借了一本马克·吐温写的书。
注意:
不及物动词的过去分词作定语不表示被动，而表示完成。
boiled water=water that has boiled开水
the fallen leaves=the leaves that have fallen 落叶
2.作宾语补足语
（1）及物动词（短语）的过去分词用作宾语补足语时，宾语即是过去分词的逻辑宾语，宾语和过去分词之间存在逻辑上的动宾关系。
（2）少数不及物动词（如 go、 change、 fall等）的过去分词作宾语补足语时，仅表示动作完成。
When I came in， I found a strange girl seated in the corner.
我进来时，发现一个陌生的女孩坐在角落里。
I want the letter posted.
我想把这封信寄出去。
3.作表语
（1）过去分词作表语时，多表示主语所处的状态或所具备的特征，多位于系动词之后，这些系动词有be、remain、feel、seem、look、become等。
（2）有些过去分词作表语时，已经具备了形容词的性质。
The door remained locked.
门仍然锁着。
Later they found that they were lost.
后来他们发现自己迷路了。
We were amazed at the beauty of the lake.
我们被湖泊的美景惊呆了。
4.作状语
（1）过去分词作状语时，过去分词所表示的动作与句子的主语之间是逻辑上的动宾关系。
（2）过去分词作条件、原因及时间状语时，通常放在句首；作伴随状语时通常放在句末；作方式状语时，一般放在句末，有时也放在句首。
Caught in a heavy rain，he was all wet.
因为淋了一场大雨，他全身湿透了。（原因状语）
Grown in rich soil，these seeds can grow fast.
如果种在肥沃的土壤里，这些种子能长得很快。（条件状语）
Asked about the matter， she kept silent.
当被问及那个问题时，她默不作声。（时间状语）
The old man walked into the room，supported by his son.
这位老人在儿子的搀扶下走进了房间。（方式状语）
He walked slowly in the forest，followed by a dog.
他在森林里慢慢地走着，身后跟着一条狗。（伴随状语）
融会应用 单句填空
（1）We can see the part of the moon _______（light） by sunlight.
lighted
（2）Most of the people _______（invite） to the party did not come.
invited
（3）_____________（accompany） by his friend，he went to the railway station.
Accompanied
（4）_______（give） better attention，the plants could grow better.
Given
Ⅰ.单句填空
1.The question is why he bothered _________（make） the speech at all.
to make
2.Polluted air and water are harmful ___ people's health.
to
3.Thank you for being firm _____ me while I went through my rebellion（叛逆）
stage.
with
4.All the people _________（involve） in this case must be present.
involved
5.I patted the dog and it ________（wag） its tail.
wagged
6.It sells flowers ______ all around the world.
from
7.He drinks ______ is left in his glass as if it were water.
8.The strange noise made the little girl __________（frighten）.
9.I volunteer because I want to not just see the world， but make ___ difference in
it.
what
frightened
a
Ⅱ.选词填空
not be bothered to do；take action；all around the world； make a difference； be committed to
1.The sea air has _________________ to her health recently.
made a difference
2.I am making new friends with beautiful souls ___________________.
all around the world
3.The group _________________ achieving its aims through peaceful means.
was committed to
4.The firemen ___________ immediately to stop the forest fire spreading.
took action
5.The grass needs cutting but I _____________________ it today.
am not bothered to do
Ⅲ.单句写作
1.One of his weaknesses is ___________.
他的缺点之一就是说谎。
telling lies
2.The boy ________________________ is our monitor.
在教室里学习的那个男孩是我们的班长。
studying in the classroom
3.Don't ________________________ all day.
不要让学生整天学习。
have the students studying
4._________________， he couldn't help laughing.
一听到那个消息，他忍不住大笑起来。
Hearing the news
5.Although _________________， tourists can't help taking photos near the river.
尽管被警告有危险，游客还是忍不住在河边拍照。
warned of danger
6.When I came in， I saw him sitting on the sofa ______________.
当我进来时，我看到他坐在沙发上陷入了深思。
lost in thought
7.The children ______________________ going to the zoo.
要去动物园了，孩子们非常兴奋。
are really excited about
8.In autumn there are many ____________ on the ground.
秋天地上有许多落叶。
fallen leaves
