(共81张PPT)
UNIT 3 CONSERVATION
Section Ⅱ Learning About Language
1.通过对教材的理解,了解重要词汇的基本用法。(语言能力)
2.通过导学案的套用,以练促学,巩固内化重点单词、短语和句式,并学以致用。(学习能力)
3.通过对教材的理解,学会运用定语从句。(语言能力)
拓展单词
1. vt.破坏;毁掉→ n.破坏;毁坏
2. n.保护→ v.节省;节约;保护
3. vi. & vt.再利用;回收利用→ adj.不可回收的
4. adj.有教育意义的;知识性强的→ n.消息;资料
destroy destruction
conservation conserve
recycle unrecyclable
informative information
5. n.威胁;(灾难等坏事)发生的可能 → v.威胁
6. adv.非法地;违法地→ adj.非法的
7. vi. & vt.猎取;猎杀→ n.猎取;猎杀
8. adj.灭绝的;绝种的→ n.灭绝;绝种
9. adj.异常的;不平常的→ adj.平常的
threat threaten
illegally illegal
hunt hunting
extinct extinction
unusual usual
否定形容词前缀: un-、il-、ir- 名词后缀:-ing、-ation、-ion
recyclable→unrecyclable legal→illegal regular→irregular hunt→hunting
conserve→conservation
extinct→extinction
1.have a role
2.do one's part
3.die 消失;绝迹;灭绝
4.wipe 彻底毁灭
5.be 把……归咎于
6.be risk处境危险;受到威胁
起某种作用
尽自己的职责
out
out
to blame
at
1.These include the third mass extinction, known as the “Great Dying”, which killed 90% to 96% of all species.(动词-ed形式作定语)
翻译 其中包括第三次物种大灭绝,即所谓的“大灭绝”,这导致90%到96%的物种灭亡。
仿写 Half of the guests were foreign ambassadors.
被邀请参加招待会的客人中有一半是外国大使。
invited to the reception
2.There is a long list of reasons why so many species are dying out: air and water pollution, forests being destroyed, factory farming and overfishing.(why引导定语从句)
翻译 这么多物种正在消亡的原因有很多:空气和水污染,森林被破坏,工厂化畜牧和过度捕捞。
仿写 The reason the life is more convenient and colorful.
人们选择生活在城市的原因是城市的生活更方便、更多彩。
why people choose to live in the city is that
核 心 单 词
(牛津词典)Denmark recycles nearly 85% of its paper.
丹麦的纸张回收率接近 85%。
知识点1 recycle vi. & vt.再利用;回收利用 *recyclable adj.可回收利用的;可再循环的 *cycle n.自行车;摩托车;循环 vi.骑自行车
recycled paper 再生纸
cycle along 沿着……骑自行车(或摩托车)
A series of water-conserving and recycling designs have been put into place to optimize water usage for snowmaking, human consumption and other purposes, according to the Beijing Organising Committee for the 2022 Olympic and Paralympic Winter Games.
北京2022年冬奥会和冬残奥会组委会介绍说,已建成多种节水和循环利用设施,以充分利用造雪用水、生活用水和其他用途的用水。
单句填空
(1)If we (recycle) more waste,we wouldn't need to produce so much and there wouldn't be so much pollution.
(2)The children preferred (cycle) to the countryside rather than stay indoors all day.
(3)To decrease the amount of rubbish and to protect the environment,more governments are requiring people (recycle) materials.
recycled
to cycle
to recycle
(牛津词典)She is prepared to carry out her threat to resign.
她以辞职作为要挟,已准备好付诸行动。
知识点2 threat n.威胁;不祥之兆;(灾难等坏事)发生的可能 *threaten vt.威胁;恐吓
carry out/make a threat (against sb) (对某人)进行恐吓/威胁
under threat of 在……的威胁下
a threat against sb's life 对某人生命的威胁
a threat to world peace 对世界和平的威胁
threaten with 用……来威胁
We are struggling to change human behaviour in ways that protect health and reduce risks and threats.
我们正在努力以保护健康并减少风险和威胁的方式来改变人类的行为。
单句填空
(1)Making a fist and shaking it always means that someone is angry and____________
(threaten) another person.
(2)He (threaten) the intruders with a plastic gun and frightened them away.
(3)I learned that shouting and (threat) of punishment would result in a disaster.
threatening
threatened
threats
(P52)About what percent of all species on Earth became extinct during the mass extinction known as the “Great Dying”
在被称为“大灭绝”的大规模灭绝期间,地球上的所有物种中,有大约百分之几的物种灭绝了
知识点3 mass adj.大批的;数量极多的;大量的 n.堆;团;块;质量;群众
Wherever the band went,masses of fans would welcome them at the airport.
这支乐队无论去哪儿,都会有大量的歌迷在机场欢迎他们。
the masses [pl.]群众
mass production 批量生产
a mass of 一堆……;大量的……
masses of 成堆的……;大量的……
a land mass 陆块;地块
写出下列句子中mass的词性及含义
(1)Recent development has made possible machines that print, cook, and serve foods on a mass scale.
(2)Pluto (冥王星) and Triton (海卫一) have nearly the same size, mass, and density (密度).
(3)The government cares much about the interests and well-being of the masses.
adj.大批的
a mass of/masses of后可接可数名词复数或不可数名词,谓语动词的单复数由mass的单复数决定。
n.质量
n.群众
(P52)And the fifth event, which occurred 66 million years ago, caused the death of the dinosaurs.
6600万年前发生的第五次灭绝事件导致了恐龙的灭亡。
知识点4 occur vi.发生;出现;存在于;被想起 *occurrence n.出现;发生
It occurs to sb to do sth. 某人突然想起要做某事。
It occurs to sb that... 某人突然想起……
It occurred to me that I could have the book sent to me.
我突然想到可以让人把书寄给我。
表示“某人想到……”还可以用下列句式:
It strikes/hits sb that...
sth strike(s) sb
sth come(s) to sb
sb hit(s) on/upon sth
Ⅰ.单句填空
(1)When my grandpa saw the air ticket, it (occur) to him that he would fly to New York to see his grandchildren that afternoon.
(2)It occurs me to clean my room.
Ⅱ.一句多译
他忽然想起他把钥匙忘在办公室里了。
(3) he had left his keys in the office.(occur)
(4) he had left his keys in the office.(hit)
(5) he had left his keys in the office.(strike)
occurred
to
It occurred to him that
It hit him that
It struck him that
知识点5 varied adj.各种各样的;形形色色的 *vary v.变化;不同 *various adj.各种各样的;不同种类的 *variety n.品种;种类;多样化
(P52)The reasons for extinctions are varied.
灭绝的原因多种多样。
vary with... 随……而变化
vary from...to... 从……到……不等
various views 各种各样的观点
for various reasons 因种种原因
a variety of/varieties of 多种多样的
The result showed that for a same cotton variety,its various growing stages and whole growing period vary in different year with different temperature.
There are also a variety of reasons that affect its growth.
结果表明,同一棉花品种在不同年份里,各个生长阶段和整个生长期均随着温度而变化。影响其生长的原因也多种多样。
单句填空
(1)They were late for the meeting for a (vary) of reasons.
(2)There are (vary) plants and flowers in the park.
(3)The weather here (vary) with seasons.
variety
varied/various
varies
(P52)According to scientists,they include volcanic eruptions,asteroids hitting the Earth from space,changes in sea levels,the decrease of the oxygen content of the sea and global warming.
科学家们认为,造成物种灭绝的原因包括火山喷发、小行星从太空撞击地球、海平面发生变化、海水含氧量下降和全球变暖。
知识点6 decrease vi.&vt.减少n.减少;减少的量
on the decrease 在减少中
a decrease in... 在……方面减少
decrease to... 减少到……
decrease by... 减少了……
decrease from...to... 从……减少到……
People should decrease the amount of fat they eat.
人们应减少脂肪的摄入量。
decrease的反义词increase的用法:
increase to 增加/增长到……increase by 增加/增长了……
on the increase 在增加中
Ⅰ.单句填空
(1)There is a decrease of nearly 7% the number of visitors to the museum.
(2)The number of independent firms decreased from 198 96.
(3)Because of human activity,the number of some rare animals is the decrease.
Ⅱ.单句写作
(4)(2023·河南驻马店模拟)For people who smoke, quitting can help
.
对于吸烟的人来说,戒烟有助于降低患心脏病的风险。
in
to
on
decrease the risk of heart disease
(P52)This time, human activity will be to blame.
这一次,人类活动将是罪魁祸首。
知识点7 blame v.把……归咎于;责怪;指责 n.过失;责任
blame sb for sth 因某事责备某人
blame sth on sb 把责任归咎于某人
sb be to blame (for sth) 某人(对某事)应负责任;某人理应(因某事)受到责备
take the blame 承担责任
They all blamed the car accident on him. In fact,he was really to blame for his careless driving. So he got the blame for it without any complaint.
他们把车祸归咎于他。实际上,他确实应该因粗心驾驶受到责备。于是,他毫无怨言地担负起了车祸的责任。
当表示“某人因某事受到指责”时,通常用sb be blamed for sth;但是在表示“某人因某事应该受到指责”时,则用sb be to blame for sth。
Ⅰ.用blame、charge、accuse的适当形式填空
(1)It is obvious that you are to for the accident.
(2)She was said to have been with drunk driving.
(3)I was told that he was of murder.
blame
charged
accused
Ⅱ.单句写作
(4)We were ready to for what had happened.
我们准备对所发生的事承担责任。
(5)The bank manager was really , but he tried to pin it on a clerk.
真正受责备的应该是银行经理,可是他却想把责任推到一个职员身上。
(6)He his failure his teacher.
他把自己的失败归咎于他的老师。
take the blame
to blame
blamed on
(P108)We definitely need to switch to different forms of power as soon as possible.
我们确实需要尽快转换到不同形式的能源。
知识点8 switch vi.&vt.转换;改变;交换 n.(电路的)开关;(尤指彻底的)改变;转变
switch off 切断;关掉(电源、机器等)
switch on 打开(开关);接通(电源等)
switch over 转换;转接;切换
switch (from...) to... (从……)转变成……;(从……)转换到……
switch sth with sb 和某人交换某物
Lucy returned home from work early.After changing clothes,she switched off the light and came downstairs.Then she switched on the TV and switched over with boredom.
露西早早下班回到家。换完衣服后,她关掉灯来到楼下。然后她打开电视机,无聊地切换着频道。
Ⅰ.单句填空
(1)Switch the TV before you go out.
(2)She switched the lamp because it was dark.
(3)We asked them if they would switch places us.
Ⅱ.单句写作
(4) in the country's major lakes and reservoirs and made drinking water safer for people.
这一转变减少了该国主要湖泊和水库的污染, 使人们的饮用水更安全。
off
on
with
This switch has decreased pollution
(P109)That's an incredibly urgent matter...
这是一件非常紧急的事……
知识点9 urgent adj.紧急的;急迫的 *urge v.催促;力劝;强烈要求 *urgency n.紧迫性;紧急的事
urge sb to do sth 敦促某人做某事
urge that sb (should) do... 敦促某人做……
urge sth on sb 向某人竭力主张某事
Mr Lee urged that his daughter (should) study abroad.Whenever he talked to her on the phone,he would urge her to make preparations.To his great joy,his daughter went to study in Britain at last.
李先生催促女儿出国留学。每当和女儿通话时,李先生都催促她做好准备。令他非常高兴的是,女儿终于去英国留学了。
单句填空
(1)The report urged that all children (teach) to swim.
(2)He denounces(指责) people who urge him (change) his ways.
(3)I need not press on you the (urgent) of the matter.
(should) be taught
to change
urgency
(P52)Extinctions,where entire species are wiped out,are not unusual in our Earth's history.
物种灭绝,即某个物种的完全消失,在地球的历史上并不罕见。
短 语 句 式
知识点10 wipe out 彻底毁灭
wipe away 擦去;消除
wipe off 擦掉;除掉
wipe up 擦干净
wipe sth from/off sth 从某物上擦去某物
wipe...with... 用……擦……
The whole village was wiped out by the earthquake.
地震把整个村庄夷为平地。
单句填空
(1)When you've finished with it,simply wipe it clean a damp cloth.
(2)He wiped the marks the wall.
with
from/off
(P52)Although it is not unusual for species to die out naturally, the rate at which this is now happening is cause for concern.
虽然物种的自然灭绝并不罕见,但现在灭绝的速度让人担忧。
知识点11 die out消失;绝迹;灭绝
die away (尤指声音、光、风)逐渐消失或停止
die down 变弱;逐渐消失
die for 为……而献身;急需(某物)
die of/from 死于
be dying for 渴望;极想
How did the dinosaurs die out
恐龙是如何灭绝的
选词填空
(1)According to statistics,a man is more than twice as likely to skin cancer as a woman.
(2)I something to eat now.
(3)The excitement as time went by.
(4)The habitat of this kind of bird is being destroyed and it has nearly .
die of
die down; die out; be dying for; die of
am dying for
died down
died out
(P53)Of course, as we humans depend on so many species for our survival, we would also be at risk of dying out.
当然,由于我们人类依赖如此多的物种生存,我们也将面临灭绝的风险。
知识点12 be at risk处境危险;受到威胁
risk doing sth 冒险做某事
at the risk of... 冒着……的危险
at all risks 无论冒什么危险
run/take the/a risk=run/take risks 冒险
If we are afraid of taking the risk of having a try,we'll lose the chance of success.
如果我们害怕冒险去尝试,我们就会失去成功的机会。
单句写作
(1)He saved the child to himself.
他冒着极大的生命危险救了那个孩子。
(2)He was determined to do the thing even at the risk of .
他决心做这件事,即使冒着被嘲笑的风险。
(3)You are taking a big risk .
你开车这样快是在冒很大的风险。
at considerable risk
being laughed at
driving so fast
(P53)Thanks to their efforts, there are now more than 250 black robins, and the population is spreading.
多亏了他们的努力,现在有250多只黑知更鸟,而且数量还在增加。
知识点13 thanks to 幸亏;由于
thanks for 就……表示感谢
be thankful for sth 因……而心存感激
be thankful to do sth 因做……而感到欣慰
Thanks to your help, we accomplished the task ahead of schedule.
幸亏你们帮忙,我们才提前完成了任务。
表示“因为;由于”的介词短语还有because of、on account of、as a result of、owing to、due to等。
单句填空
(1)Thanks the advanced technology,we live in an age of better communication.
(2) (thank) to her kindness and consideration, Jack got there just in time.
(3)If we can get your help, we will be very (thank).
to
Thanks
thankful
(P52)These include the third mass extinction, known as the “Great Dying”, which killed 90% to 96% of all species.
其中包括第三次物种大灭绝,即所谓的“大灭绝”,这导致90%到96%的物种灭亡。
知识点14 动词-ed形式作定语
该句使用了动词-ed形式作后置定语。
(1)动词-ed形式是非谓语动词的一种重要形式,在句子中可以作定语、表语、状语和宾语补足语等成分。
(2)及物动词的动词-ed形式作定语,被修饰词和分词之间是动宾关系,如fried eggs。不及物动词的动词-ed形式作定语,表示动作已经完成,如fallen leaves。
(3)有些表示情感或心理状态的动词-ed形式作定语,如disappointed、 moved、 interested、 surprised、 frightened等,已经完全形容词化,相当于一个形容词。
动词-ed形式作定语、动词-ing形式作定语和动词不定式作定语的区别:
动词-ed形式作定语 表示被动或完成
动词-ing形式作定语 表示主动或进行
动词不定式作定语 表示将要发生的动作
The meeting held yesterday was important.(动词-ed形式作定语,被修饰词和动词-ed形式之间是动宾关系,且动作已经完成)
The sleeping boy is my little brother.(动词-ing形式作定语,被修饰词和动词-ing形式之间是主谓关系,且动作正在发生)
Nobody knows the topic to be discussed tomorrow.(动词不定式作定语,动作还没有发生)
单句写作
(1)The government decided to rebuild the .
政府决定重新修建那座被损毁的大桥。
(2)Your letter has been received.
你3月10日的来信已收到。
(3)What's the language
在德国,人们讲什么语言
damaged bridge
dated March 10
spoken in Germany
(4)That report about the village is the best of its kind .
那篇关于这个村庄的报道是同类中迄今为止写得最好的一篇。
(5)He is fond of by your mother.
他很喜欢你妈妈做的食物。
(6)What do you think of the meeting
你觉得昨天召开的会议怎么样
ever written
the food cooked
held yesterday
(P53)There is a long list of reasons why so many species are dying out: air and water pollution, forests being destroyed, factory farming and overfishing.
这么多物种正在消亡的原因有很多:空气和水污染,森林被破坏,工厂化畜牧和过度捕捞。
知识点15 why引导定语从句
句中why so many species are dying out 为why引导的定语从句,修饰先行词reasons。
(1)含reason的常见句式:
the reason for sth/doing sth is/was that ...
the reason why/for which ...is/was that ...
the reason+that/which引导的定语从句+ is/was that ...
(2)That/This is because...“那/这是因为……”,because 引导的表语从句表示原因。
That/This is why...“那/这就是……的原因”,why引导的表语从句表示结果。
单句填空
(1)The reason he failed the English exam was he didn't learn it well.
(2)Is this the reason he explained at the meeting for his carelessness in his work
(3)When asked about the reason winning the competition, he owed his success to his mother.
(4)Sorry,we are late.That's we were held up in the traffic jam.
(5)We were held up in the traffic jam and that's we are late.
why that
that/which
for
because
why
(P53)Without forests, we would have no air to breathe, and without clean water we would be unable to survive.
没有森林,我们就没有可以呼吸的空气;没有干净的水,我们就无法生存。
知识点16 without 引导含蓄虚拟条件句
用法归纳 (1)在without引导的含蓄虚拟条件句中,若表示与过去事实相反的假设,则句子谓语动词用would/could/mighthavedone;若表示与现在事实相反的假设,则句子谓语动词用would/could/mightdo(2)含蓄虚拟条件句还可以用butfor、 otherwise、 or、 but等来引导
注意事项 otherwise、 or构成的含蓄虚拟语气模式为“真实情况+otherwise/or+虚拟情况”;而but构成的含蓄虚拟语气模式为“虚拟情况+but+真实情况”
Without his support, we wouldn't have achieved such achievement.
假如没有他的支持,我们就不会取得这样的成就。
It is lucky we booked a room, or we would have nowhere to stay now.
很幸运,我们订了个房间,否则我们现在就无处安身了。
Many of the things we now benefit from would not be around but for Thomas Edison.
要不是托马斯·爱迪生,我们现在从中受益的很多东西就不会存在。
单句填空
(1)Without dustmen's work, the streets (fill) with rubbish and the city would be out of order.
(2)I would have gone to my cousin's birthday party last night, but I (be) not available.
(3)They must have liked the apartment,otherwise they wouldn't (stay) so long.
would be filled
was
have stayed
阅读下列例句,注意黑体部分的用法。
①She is the girl who lives next door.
②She is the student whose handwriting is the best in my class.
③Often working at night,the poachers shoot whole herds of antelopes at a time,leaving only the babies,whose wool is not worth so much.
④I bought many books, where I spent all my money.
⑤Sometimes there were gunfights,like the one in which Jiesang Suonandajie was killed.
定 语 从 句
(1)句①、句②和句⑤为 性定语从句,关系词分别在句中作
、 和 。
(2)句③和句④为 性定语从句,关系词分别在句中作 和
。
(3)句④中的关系词为where,如果用“介词+which”代替可用 。
限制
主语 定语 宾语
非限制 定语
状语
on which
根据定语从句与先行词之间关系的紧密程度,我们将定语从句分为限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句两种。
1.限制性定语从句是先行词在意义上不可缺少的定语,用于修饰和限定先行词。如果去掉,主句的意思就不完整。这种从句和主句的关系十分密切,两者之间不用逗号分开;关系代词在从句中作宾语时可以省略。引导限制性定语从句的关系代词有who、whom、whose、that、which、as;关系副词有where、when、why。
This is the computer (that/which) he bought for his son yesterday.
这是他昨天为儿子买的电脑。
探究点1 定语从句的种类
I will show you to the supermarket where you can find everything you want.
我会带你去超市,在那里你能找到你想要的一切东西。
2.非限制性定语从句和主句的关系不是十分密切,只是对先行词或主句做些附加说明,如果去掉,主句的意思仍然完整。这种从句和主句之间往往用逗号分开。引导非限制性定语从句的关系词与引导限制性定语从句的关系词略有不同。除that和why不能引导非限制性定语从句外,其他都可以。
He is English, which I know from his accent.
他是英国人,那是我通过他的口音知道的。
This is our headmaster, who I think has something important to tell you.
这是我们的校长,我认为他有一些重要的事情要告诉你。
1.形式不同
限制性定语从句和主句之间没有逗号,而非限制性定语从句必须用逗号与主句隔开。
Here is the man who has been punished by the boss.(限制性定语从句)
这就是那个被老板惩罚的人。
Guangdong will build another super large international airport, which will cost up to 35 billion yuan.(非限制性定语从句)
广东又将新建一座超大的国际机场,这个机场将耗资多达350亿元。
探究点2 限制性定语从句与非限制性定语从句的区别
2.先行词不同
限制性定语从句的先行词只能是一个名词或代词,而非限制性定语从句的先行词可以是一个词,也可以是整个主句。
This is the best novel that I have ever read.(限制性定语从句,先行词是novel)
这是我曾经读过的最好的小说。
The novel, which I read last night, is very interesting.(非限制性定语从句,先行词为novel)
我昨天晚上读过那本小说,它非常有意思。
The novel is very interesting, which makes me very excited.(非限制性定语从句,which指代整个主句的内容)
这本小说很有意思,这让我很兴奋。
3.关系词的使用情况不同
(1)that、why不可以引导非限制性定语从句
指物时要用which代替that; for which代替why。
Most people didn't vote for him, which disappointed him.
大多数人没有投票支持他,这使他失望。
I have told them the reason, for which I changed my mind.
我已经告诉了他们我改变主意的原因。
(2)关系代词替代情况不同
①关系代词whom在限制性定语从句中作宾语时可用who代替,但在非限制性定语从句中作宾语时不可用who代替。
②在限制性定语从句中,先行词指人时可以用that引导,但在非限制性定语从句中先行词指人时,关系代词只能用who或whom。
This is the man (whom/who/that) we are talking about.(限制性定语从句)
这就是我们正在谈论的那个人。
The young man had a new girlfriend, whom he wanted to impress.(非限制性定语从句)
这个年轻人新交了一个女朋友,他想给她留下印象。
She has a handsome father, who is an English teacher.(非限制性定语从句)
她有一位帅气的父亲,他是一名英语老师。
(3)关系代词省略情况不同
关系代词在限制性定语从句中作宾语时可省略,而非限制性定语从句的所有关系代词均不可省略。
This is a good film (which/that) I saw a few days ago.(限制性定语从句)
这是我几天前看过的一部好影片。
The summer holiday, which we're looking forward to, is drawing near.(非限制性定语从句)
我们正盼望的暑假就要来了。
1.as引导非限制性定语从句时,先行词一般为整个主句,而which引导非限制性定语从句时,先行词既可以是整个主句,又可以是主句的一部分。
2.as引导的从句位置比较灵活,可位于先行词之前、之中或之后,而which引导的从句仅能位于先行词之后。
探究点3 as和which引导非限制性定语从句时的区别
3.as引导从句时常译为“正如”,而which引导从句时常译为“这;那”。常用句型有as we all know、as is known to all、as everybody can see、as is expected等。
As we all know, she is an excellent snowboarder.
众所周知,她是一位优秀的滑雪运动员。
He failed in the experiment, which was unexpected.
他实验失败了,这是没有预料到的。
He is a cheat, as everyone can see.
每个人都看得出来,他是个骗子。
Ⅰ.单句填空
1.As a result of (destroy) the forests, large quantities of desert have covered the land.
2.I never expected those few (item) to come to so much.
3.It's everyone's responsibility to make good use of water, such as (recycle) and saving water in our daily life.
4.This is a collective responsibility; all of us have role to play.
destroying
items
recycling
a
5. (incredible), she had no idea what was going on.
6.Would the common cold die if we all stayed at home
7.Joe is proud and stubborn,never admitting he is wrong and always looking for someone else (blame).
8.It is said that the rhythm of tides (affect) by the moon.
9.I sincerely hope that WWF can play an important role in protecting this
(endanger) species.
10.Lack of sleep could put the birds' health risk.
Incredibly
out
to blame
is affected
endangered
at
1.The patient was still because after the operation, his body rejected the new heart.
2.In fact, women are less likely to have high blood pressure or heart attacks.
Ⅱ.选词填空(有一项为多余选项)
at risk
at risk;wipe out;die of;be to blame;take steps;die out
die of
3.There are still many people suffering a lot, and we are to do something to__________poverty.
4.It is you as well as your wife that for your son's bad performance at school.
5.We should to keep all these rare animals and plants under good protection.
wipe out
are to blame
take steps
单句填空
1.(2022·全国甲)Some of these cultural dining etiquette rules may seem random and strange, but they are important in (vary) countries.
2.(2021·全国甲)It's the seaside birds that deserve at least part of the blame_____________
getting Nick Burchill blacklisted at the Fairmont Empress Hotel in Victoria, Canada.
3.(2023·浙江1月)Thanks Beijing's long history as capital of China, almost every hutong has its stories, and some are even associated with historic events.
various
for
to
4.(2022·全国乙)They could do precisely the same thing to inspect railway lines and other vital aspects of rail infrastructure such as the correct position of railway tracks and
(switch)points.
5.(2020·北京)The Neanderthals lived alongside human ancestors in Europe for tens of thousands of years,before (die) out about 40,000 years ago.
6.(2022·浙江1月)It's also thought that these places could help reduce the risk___________
flooding, remove carbon from the atmosphere and fight climate change, as well as improving the mental health of those living locally.
7.(2020·全国Ⅲ)We are the products of evolution, and not just evolution that____________
(occur) billions of years ago.
switching
dying
of
occurredUnit 3 Section Ⅱ Learning About Language
【学习目标】
1.通过对教材的理解,了解重要词汇的基本用法。(语言能力)
2.通过导学案的套用,以练促学,巩固内化重点单词、短语和句式,并学以致用。(学习能力)
3.通过对教材的理解,学会运用定语从句。(语言能力)
【自主预习】
Step 1 单词认读
拓展单词
1. vt.破坏;毁掉→ n.破坏;毁坏
2. n.保护→ v.节省;节约;保护
3. vi. & vt.再利用;回收利用→ adj.不可回收的
4. adj.有教育意义的;知识性强的→ n.消息;资料
5. n.威胁;(灾难等坏事)发生的可能 → v.威胁
6. adv.非法地;违法地→ adj.非法的
7. vi. & vt.猎取;猎杀→ n.猎取;猎杀
8. adj.灭绝的;绝种的→ n.灭绝;绝种
9. adj.异常的;不平常的→ adj.平常的
答案 1.destroy;destruction 2.conservation;conserve 3.recycle;unrecyclable 4.informative;information 5.threat;threaten 6.illegally;illegal
7.hunt;hunting 8.extinct;extinction 9.unusual;usual
构词规律
否定形容词前缀: un-、il-、ir- 名词后缀:-ing、-ation、-ion
recyclable→unrecyclable legal→illegal regular→irregular hunt→hunting conserve→conservation extinct→extinction
Step 2 短语记诵
1.have a role
2.do one's part
3.die 消失;绝迹;灭绝
4.wipe 彻底毁灭
5.be 把……归咎于
6.be risk处境危险;受到威胁
答案 1.起某种作用 2.尽自己的职责 3.out 4.out 5.to blame 6.at
Step 3 佳句赏析
1.These include the third mass extinction, known as the “Great Dying”, which killed 90% to 96% of all species.(动词-ed形式作定语)
翻译 其中包括第三次物种大灭绝,即所谓的“大灭绝”,这导致90%到96%的物种灭亡。
仿写 Half of the guests were foreign ambassadors.
被邀请参加招待会的客人中有一半是外国大使。
2.There is a long list of reasons why so many species are dying out: air and water pollution, forests being destroyed, factory farming and overfishing.(why引导定语从句)
翻译 这么多物种正在消亡的原因有很多:空气和水污染,森林被破坏,工厂化畜牧和过度捕捞。
仿写 The reason the life is more convenient and colorful.
人们选择生活在城市的原因是城市的生活更方便、更多彩。
答案 1.invited to the reception 2.why people choose to live in the city is that
【合作探究】
新知探究
核心素养 (仅供教师参考)
第三次物种大灭绝
距今约2.5亿年前的二叠纪末期,发生了生物史上最严重的大灭绝事件,估计地球上有90%到96%的物种灭绝,其中包括96%的海洋生物和70%的陆地脊椎动物。三叶虫、海蝎以及重要珊瑚类群全部消失。陆栖的单弓类群动物和许多爬行类群动物也灭绝了。这次大灭绝使得占领海洋近3亿年的主要生物从此衰败并消失,生态系统获得了一次最彻底的更新。其他各次大灭绝所引起的海洋生物种类的下降幅度都不及其1/6,也没有使生物演化进程产生如此重大的转折。若不是其中二齿兽类的一个属——水龙兽得以幸存,那么就不可能有后来的哺乳动物,自然也就不会有今天人类的存在了。
(仅供教师参考)
THE SIXTH EXTINCTION
Extinctions, where entire species are wiped out(1), are not unusual in our Earth's history. In fact, over 90 percent of all species that ever lived(2) are now extinct. In the last 500 million years, there have been five times when life on Earth has almost ended(3). These include the third mass extinction, known as the “Great Dying”, which killed 90% to 96% of all species. And the fifth event, which occurred 66 million years ago, caused the death of the dinosaurs. The reasons for extinctions are varied. According to scientists, they include volcanic eruptions, asteroids hitting the Earth from space, changes in sea levels, the decrease of the oxygen content of the sea and global warming. Many scientists say we are now entering the Earth's sixth mass extinction. This time, human activity will be to blame.
第六次物种大灭绝
物种灭绝,即某个物种的完全消失,在地球的历史上并不罕见。事实上,曾经存在的物种中90%以上现在已经灭绝。在过去的5亿年里,地球上的生命有5次几乎灭绝。其中包括第三次物种大灭绝,即所谓的“大灭绝”,这导致90%到96%的物种灭亡。6600万年前发生的第五次灭绝事件导致了恐龙的灭亡。灭绝的原因多种多样。科学家们认为,造成物种灭绝的原因包括火山喷发、小行星从太空撞击地球、海平面发生变化、海水含氧量下降和全球变暖。许多科学家说,我们现在正在进入地球的第六次大灭绝。这一次,人类活动将是罪魁祸首。
【助读点拨】
(1)where引导非限制性定语从句,修饰先行词Extinctions。
(2)that引导限制性定语从句,修饰先行词species。
(3)when引导限制性定语从句,修饰先行词five times。
Although it is not unusual for species to die out naturally, the rate at which this is now happening is cause for concern.(4) A 2015 study by scientists who were based at Brown University and Duke University in the US, looked at how quickly species die out due to natural causes(5), that is, the “background extinction rate”. They found that human activity is causing species to die out 1,000 times faster than normal. There is a long list of reasons why so many species are dying out: air and water pollution, forests being destroyed, factory farming and overfishing. It is clear that human activity has negatively affected all other species on Earth, including animals and plants.(6)
虽然物种的自然灭绝并不罕见,但现在灭绝的速度让人担忧。美国布朗大学和杜克大学的科学家们于2015年进行了一项研究,调查了自然原因导致物种灭绝的速度,即“背景灭绝率”。他们发现,人类活动导致物种灭绝的速度比正常情况快1000倍。这么多物种正在消亡的原因有很多:空气和水污染,森林被破坏,工厂化畜牧和过度捕捞。很明显,人类活动已经对地球上所有其他物种产生了负面影响,包括动物和植物。
【助读点拨】
(4)Although引导让步状语从句;at which...happening为限制性定语从句,修饰先行词rate。
(5)who...the US为限制性定语从句,修饰先行词scientists;how...natural causes为宾语从句。
(6)It为形式主语,真正的主语为后面的that从句。
If a sixth mass extinction occurs, scientists who have studied the issue believe that up to three quarters of all species on Earth could die out.(7) Of course, as we humans depend on so many species for our survival, we would also be at risk of dying out. Our world and our lives depend on the balance in nature between animals and plants. Without forests, we would have no air to breathe, and without clean water we would be unable to survive.
研究这个问题的科学家们认为,如果第六次大灭绝发生,地球上多达四分之三的物种可能会灭绝。当然,由于我们人类依赖如此多的物种生存,我们也将面临灭绝的风险。我们的世界和我们的生命依赖于动物和植物之间的生态平衡。没有森林,我们就没有可以呼吸的空气;没有干净的水,我们就无法生存。
【助读点拨】
(7)If引导条件状语从句;who...the issue为限制性定语从句,修饰先行词scientists;that...die out为宾语从句。
Can a sixth extinction be avoided Experts say that it is not yet too late, if we take action now. This would mean we have to significantly change the way we live(8). For example, we need to take steps to save endangered species, including setting up special areas where plants and animals can be protected(9). We need to change how we work and travel by using cleaner, more natural sources of energy, such as wind and solar energy. We also need to improve our farming methods to reduce water, air and land pollution. In short, if we want to survive, we need to stop destroying the planet that we live on(10) and start to protect it.
第六次物种灭绝可以避免吗 专家们说,如果我们现在就采取行动,还为时不晚。这意味着我们必须极大地改变我们的生活方式。例如,我们需要采取措施拯救濒危物种,包括建立特别保护区,在这里动植物可以得到保护。我们需要通过使用更清洁、更自然的能源来改变我们的工作和出行的方式,例如风能和太阳能。我们还需要改进我们的耕作方法,以减少水、空气和土地污染。简而言之,如果我们想要生存,我们需要停止破坏我们赖以生存的星球并开始保护它。
【助读点拨】
(8)we live为省略了that或in which的限制性定语从句,修饰先行词the way。
(9)where引导限制性定语从句,修饰先行词special areas。
(10)if引导条件状语从句;that we live on为限制性定语从句,修饰先行词planet。
The Black Robin
Black robins are the birds that humans saved from extinction(11). In 1980, there were only five black robins left in the world. They all lived on a small island off the coast of New Zealand. Only one of those birds, a female called Old Blue, was able to lay eggs. Wildlife workers began a programme for raising black robin chicks. They protected Old Blue's eggs, helped them to hatch, and took care of the chicks. Thanks to their efforts, there are now more than 250 black robins, and the population is spreading. To help them survive, people are restoring their habitats and removing small animals that hunt them, such as mice and cats from the islands where they live(12).
黑知更鸟
黑知更鸟是人类从灭绝中拯救出来的鸟类。1980年,世界上只剩下五只黑知更鸟。它们都生活在离新西兰海岸不远的一个小岛上。其中只有一只名叫“老布鲁”的雌鸟能下蛋。野生动物工作者开始了一项饲养黑知更鸟幼鸟的计划。他们保护老布鲁的蛋,帮助它们孵化并照顾幼鸟。多亏了他们的努力,现在有250多只黑知更鸟,而且数量还在增加。为了帮助它们生存,人们正在恢复它们的栖息地,并将捕食它们的小动物从它们生活的岛屿上赶走,如老鼠和猫。
【助读点拨】
(11)that引导限制性定语从句,修饰先行词the birds。
(12)此处that hunt them为限制性定语从句,修饰先行词small animals;where they live也是限制性定语从句,修饰先行词the islands。
核 心 单 词
知识点1 recycle vi. & vt.再利用;回收利用 *recyclable adj.可回收利用的;可再循环的 *cycle n.自行车;摩托车;循环 vi.骑自行车
(牛津词典)Denmark recycles nearly 85% of its paper.
丹麦的纸张回收率接近 85%。
知识拓展
recycled paper 再生纸
cycle along 沿着……骑自行车(或摩托车)
经典佳句
A series of water-conserving and recycling designs have been put into place to optimize water usage for snowmaking, human consumption and other purposes, according to the Beijing Organising Committee for the 2022 Olympic and Paralympic Winter Games.
北京2022年冬奥会和冬残奥会组委会介绍说,已建成多种节水和循环利用设施,以充分利用造雪用水、生活用水和其他用途的用水。
融会应用
单句填空
(1)If we (recycle) more waste,we wouldn't need to produce so much and there wouldn't be so much pollution.
(2)The children preferred (cycle) to the countryside rather than stay indoors all day.
(3)To decrease the amount of rubbish and to protect the environment,more governments are requiring people (recycle) materials.
答案 (1)recycled (2)to cycle (3)to recycle
知识点2 threat n.威胁;不祥之兆;(灾难等坏事)发生的可能 *threaten vt.威胁;恐吓
(牛津词典)She is prepared to carry out her threat to resign.
她以辞职作为要挟,已准备好付诸行动。
知识拓展
carry out/make a threat (against sb) (对某人)进行恐吓/威胁
under threat of 在……的威胁下
a threat against sb's life 对某人生命的威胁
a threat to world peace 对世界和平的威胁
threaten with 用……来威胁
经典佳句
We are struggling to change human behaviour in ways that protect health and reduce risks and
threats.
我们正在努力以保护健康并减少风险和威胁的方式来改变人类的行为。
融会应用
单句填空
(1)Making a fist and shaking it always means that someone is angry and (threaten) another person.
(2)He (threaten) the intruders with a plastic gun and frightened them away.
(3)I learned that shouting and (threat) of punishment would result in a disaster.
答案 (1)threatening (2)threatened (3)threats
知识点3 mass adj.大批的;数量极多的;大量的 n.堆;团;块;质量;群众
(P52)About what percent of all species on Earth became extinct during the mass extinction known as the “Great Dying”
在被称为“大灭绝”的大规模灭绝期间,地球上的所有物种中,有大约百分之几的物种灭绝了
知识拓展
the masses [pl.]群众
mass production 批量生产
a mass of 一堆……;大量的……
masses of 成堆的……;大量的……
a land mass 陆块;地块
经典佳句
Wherever the band went,masses of fans would welcome them at the airport.
这支乐队无论去哪儿,都会有大量的歌迷在机场欢迎他们。
知识拓展
a mass of/masses of后可接可数名词复数或不可数名词,谓语动词的单复数由mass的单复数决定。
融会应用
写出下列句子中mass的词性及含义
(1)Recent development has made possible machines that print, cook, and serve foods on a mass scale.
(2)Pluto (冥王星) and Triton (海卫一) have nearly the same size, mass, and density (密度).
(3)The government cares much about the interests and well-being of the masses.
答案 (1)adj.大批的 (2)n.质量 (3)n.群众
知识点4 occur vi.发生;出现;存在于;被想起 *occurrence n.出现;发生
(P52)And the fifth event, which occurred 66 million years ago, caused the death of the dinosaurs.
6600万年前发生的第五次灭绝事件导致了恐龙的灭亡。
知识拓展
It occurs to sb to do sth. 某人突然想起要做某事。
It occurs to sb that... 某人突然想起……
经典佳句
It occurred to me that I could have the book sent to me.
我突然想到可以让人把书寄给我。
名师点拨
表示“某人想到……”还可以用下列句式:
It strikes/hits sb that...
sth strike(s) sb
sth come(s) to sb
sb hit(s) on/upon sth
融会应用
Ⅰ.单句填空
(1)When my grandpa saw the air ticket, it (occur) to him that he would fly to New York to see his grandchildren that afternoon.
(2)It occurs me to clean my room.
Ⅱ.一句多译
他忽然想起他把钥匙忘在办公室里了。
(3) he had left his keys in the office.(occur)
(4) he had left his keys in the office.(hit)
(5) he had left his keys in the office.(strike)
答案 (1)occurred (2)to (3)It occurred to him that (4)It hit him that (5)It struck him that
知识点5 varied adj.各种各样的;形形色色的 *vary v.变化;不同 *various adj.各种各样的;不同种类的 *variety n.品种;种类;多样化
(P52)The reasons for extinctions are varied.
灭绝的原因多种多样。
知识拓展
vary with... 随……而变化
vary from...to... 从……到……不等
various views 各种各样的观点
for various reasons 因种种原因
a variety of/varieties of 多种多样的
经典佳句
The result showed that for a same cotton variety,its various growing stages and whole growing period vary in different year with different temperature.
There are also a variety of reasons that affect its growth.
结果表明,同一棉花品种在不同年份里,各个生长阶段和整个生长期均随着温度而变化。影响其生长的原因也多种多样。
融会应用
单句填空
(1)They were late for the meeting for a (vary) of reasons.
(2)There are (vary) plants and flowers in the park.
(3)The weather here (vary) with seasons.
答案 (1)variety (2)varied/various (3)varies
知识点6 decrease vi.&vt.减少n.减少;减少的量
(P52)According to scientists,they include volcanic eruptions,asteroids hitting the Earth from space,changes in sea levels,the decrease of the oxygen content of the sea and global warming.
科学家们认为,造成物种灭绝的原因包括火山喷发、小行星从太空撞击地球、海平面发生变化、海水含氧量下降和全球变暖。
知识拓展
on the decrease 在减少中
a decrease in... 在……方面减少
decrease to... 减少到……
decrease by... 减少了……
decrease from...to... 从……减少到……
经典佳句
People should decrease the amount of fat they eat.
人们应减少脂肪的摄入量。
名师点拨
decrease的反义词increase的用法:
increase to 增加/增长到……
increase by 增加/增长了……
on the increase 在增加中
融会应用
Ⅰ.单句填空
(1)There is a decrease of nearly 7% the number of visitors to the museum.
(2)The number of independent firms decreased from 198 96.
(3)Because of human activity,the number of some rare animals is the decrease.
Ⅱ.单句写作
(4)(2023·河南驻马店模拟)For people who smoke, quitting can help .
对于吸烟的人来说,戒烟有助于降低患心脏病的风险。
答案 (1)in (2)to (3)on (4)decrease the risk of heart disease
知识点7 blame v.把……归咎于;责怪;指责 n.过失;责任
(P52)This time, human activity will be to blame.
这一次,人类活动将是罪魁祸首。
知识拓展
blame sb for sth 因某事责备某人
blame sth on sb 把责任归咎于某人
sb be to blame (for sth) 某人(对某事)应负责任;某人理应(因某事)受到责备
take the blame 承担责任
经典佳句
They all blamed the car accident on him. In fact,he was really to blame for his careless driving. So he got the blame for it without any complaint.
他们把车祸归咎于他。实际上,他确实应该因粗心驾驶受到责备。于是,他毫无怨言地担负起了车祸的责任。
名师点拨
当表示“某人因某事受到指责”时,通常用sb be blamed for sth;但是在表示“某人因某事应该受到指责”时,则用sb be to blame for sth。
融会应用
Ⅰ.用blame、charge、accuse的适当形式填空
(1)It is obvious that you are to for the accident.
(2)She was said to have been with drunk driving.
(3)I was told that he was of murder.
Ⅱ.单句写作
(4)We were ready to for what had happened.
我们准备对所发生的事承担责任。
(5)The bank manager was really , but he tried to pin it on a clerk.
真正受责备的应该是银行经理,可是他却想把责任推到一个职员身上。
(6)He his failure his teacher.
他把自己的失败归咎于他的老师。
答案 (1)blame (2)charged (3)accused (4)take the blame (5)to blame (6)blamed; on
知识点8 switch vi.&vt.转换;改变;交换 n.(电路的)开关;(尤指彻底的)改变;转变
(P108)We definitely need to switch to different forms of power as soon as possible.
我们确实需要尽快转换到不同形式的能源。
知识拓展
switch off 切断;关掉(电源、机器等)
switch on 打开(开关);接通(电源等)
switch over 转换;转接;切换
switch (from...) to... (从……)转变成……;(从……)转换到……
switch sth with sb 和某人交换某物
经典佳句
Lucy returned home from work early.After changing clothes,she switched off the light and came downstairs.Then she switched on the TV and switched over with boredom.
露西早早下班回到家。换完衣服后,她关掉灯来到楼下。然后她打开电视机,无聊地切换着频道。
融会应用
Ⅰ.单句填空
(1)Switch the TV before you go out.
(2)She switched the lamp because it was dark.
(3)We asked them if they would switch places us.
Ⅱ.单句写作
(4) in the country's major lakes and reservoirs and made drinking water safer for people.
这一转变减少了该国主要湖泊和水库的污染, 使人们的饮用水更安全。
答案 (1)off (2)on (3)with (4)This switch has decreased pollution
知识点9 urgent adj.紧急的;急迫的 *urge v.催促;力劝;强烈要求 *urgency n.紧迫性;紧急的事
(P109)That's an incredibly urgent matter...
这是一件非常紧急的事……
知识拓展
urge sb to do sth 敦促某人做某事
urge that sb (should) do... 敦促某人做……
urge sth on sb 向某人竭力主张某事
经典佳句
Mr Lee urged that his daughter (should) study abroad.Whenever he talked to her on the phone,he would urge her to make preparations.To his great joy,his daughter went to study in Britain at last.
李先生催促女儿出国留学。每当和女儿通话时,李先生都催促她做好准备。令他非常高兴的是,女儿终于去英国留学了。
融会应用
单句填空
(1)The report urged that all children (teach) to swim.
(2)He denounces(指责) people who urge him (change) his ways.
(3)I need not press on you the (urgent) of the matter.
答案 (1)(should) be taught (2)to change (3)urgency
短 语 句 式
知识点10 wipe out 彻底毁灭
(P52)Extinctions,where entire species are wiped out,are not unusual in our Earth's history.
物种灭绝,即某个物种的完全消失,在地球的历史上并不罕见。
知识拓展
wipe away 擦去;消除
wipe off 擦掉;除掉
wipe up 擦干净
wipe sth from/off sth 从某物上擦去某物
wipe...with... 用……擦……
经典佳句
The whole village was wiped out by the earthquake.
地震把整个村庄夷为平地。
融会应用
单句填空
(1)When you've finished with it,simply wipe it clean a damp cloth.
(2)He wiped the marks the wall.
答案 (1)with (2)from/off
知识点11 die out消失;绝迹;灭绝
(P52)Although it is not unusual for species to die out naturally, the rate at which this is now happening is cause for concern.
虽然物种的自然灭绝并不罕见,但现在灭绝的速度让人担忧。
知识拓展
die away (尤指声音、光、风)逐渐消失或停止
die down 变弱;逐渐消失
die for 为……而献身;急需(某物)
die of/from 死于
be dying for 渴望;极想
图解释义
How did the dinosaurs die out
恐龙是如何灭绝的
融会应用
选词填空
die down; die out; be dying for; die of
(1)According to statistics,a man is more than twice as likely to skin cancer as a woman.
(2)I something to eat now.
(3)The excitement as time went by.
(4)The habitat of this kind of bird is being destroyed and it has nearly .
答案 (1)die of (2)am dying for (3)died down (4)died out
知识点12 be at risk处境危险;受到威胁
(P53)Of course, as we humans depend on so many species for our survival, we would also be at risk of dying out.
当然,由于我们人类依赖如此多的物种生存,我们也将面临灭绝的风险。
知识拓展
risk doing sth 冒险做某事
at the risk of... 冒着……的危险
at all risks 无论冒什么危险
run/take the/a risk=run/take risks 冒险
图解释义
If we are afraid of taking the risk of having a try,we'll lose the chance of success.
如果我们害怕冒险去尝试,我们就会失去成功的机会。
融会应用
单句写作
(1)He saved the child to himself.
他冒着极大的生命危险救了那个孩子。
(2)He was determined to do the thing even at the risk of .
他决心做这件事,即使冒着被嘲笑的风险。
(3)You are taking a big risk .
你开车这样快是在冒很大的风险。
答案 (1)at considerable risk (2)being laughed at (3)driving so fast
知识点13 thanks to 幸亏;由于
(P53)Thanks to their efforts, there are now more than 250 black robins, and the population is spreading.
多亏了他们的努力,现在有250多只黑知更鸟,而且数量还在增加。
知识拓展
thanks for 就……表示感谢
be thankful for sth 因……而心存感激
be thankful to do sth 因做……而感到欣慰
经典佳句
Thanks to your help, we accomplished the task ahead of schedule.
幸亏你们帮忙,我们才提前完成了任务。
名师点拨
表示“因为;由于”的介词短语还有because of、on account of、as a result of、owing to、due to等。
融会应用
单句填空
(1)Thanks the advanced technology,we live in an age of better communication.
(2) (thank) to her kindness and consideration, Jack got there just in time.
(3)If we can get your help, we will be very (thank).
答案 (1)to (2)Thanks (3)thankful
知识点14 动词-ed形式作定语
(P52)These include the third mass extinction, known as the “Great Dying”, which killed 90% to 96% of all species.
其中包括第三次物种大灭绝,即所谓的“大灭绝”,这导致90%到96%的物种灭亡。
知识拓展
该句使用了动词-ed形式作后置定语。
(1)动词-ed形式是非谓语动词的一种重要形式,在句子中可以作定语、表语、状语和宾语补足语等成分。
(2)及物动词的动词-ed形式作定语,被修饰词和分词之间是动宾关系,如fried eggs。不及物动词的动词-ed形式作定语,表示动作已经完成,如fallen leaves。
(3)有些表示情感或心理状态的动词-ed形式作定语,如disappointed、 moved、 interested、 surprised、 frightened等,已经完全形容词化,相当于一个形容词。
动词-ed形式作定语、动词-ing形式作定语和动词不定式作定语的区别:
动词-ed形式作定语 表示被动或完成
动词-ing形式作定语 表示主动或进行
动词不定式作定语 表示将要发生的动作
The meeting held yesterday was important.(动词-ed形式作定语,被修饰词和动词-ed形式之间是动宾关系,且动作已经完成)
The sleeping boy is my little brother.(动词-ing形式作定语,被修饰词和动词-ing形式之间是主谓关系,且动作正在发生)
Nobody knows the topic to be discussed tomorrow.(动词不定式作定语,动作还没有发生)
融会应用
单句写作
(1)The government decided to rebuild the .
政府决定重新修建那座被损毁的大桥。
(2)Your letter has been received.
你3月10日的来信已收到。
(3)What's the language
在德国,人们讲什么语言
(4)That report about the village is the best of its kind .
那篇关于这个村庄的报道是同类中迄今为止写得最好的一篇。
(5)He is fond of by your mother.
他很喜欢你妈妈做的食物。
(6)What do you think of the meeting
你觉得昨天召开的会议怎么样
答案 (1)damaged bridge (2)dated March 10
(3)spoken in Germany (4)ever written (5)the food cooked (6)held yesterday
知识点15 why引导定语从句
(P53)There is a long list of reasons why so many species are dying out: air and water pollution, forests being destroyed, factory farming and overfishing.
这么多物种正在消亡的原因有很多:空气和水污染,森林被破坏,工厂化畜牧和过度捕捞。
知识拓展
句中why so many species are dying out 为why引导的定语从句,修饰先行词reasons。
(1)含reason的常见句式:
the reason for sth/doing sth is/was that ...
the reason why/for which ...is/was that ...
the reason+that/which引导的定语从句+ is/was that ...
(2)That/This is because...“那/这是因为……”,because引导的表语从句表示原因。
That/This is why...“那/这就是……的原因”,why引导的表语从句表示结果。
融会应用 单句填空
(1)The reason he failed the English exam was he didn't learn it well.
(2)Is this the reason he explained at the meeting for his carelessness in his work
(3)When asked about the reason winning the competition, he owed his success to his mother.
(4)Sorry,we are late.That's we were held up in the traffic jam.
(5)We were held up in the traffic jam and that's we are late.
答案 (1)why;that (2)that/which (3)for (4)because (5)why
知识点16 without 引导含蓄虚拟条件句
(P53)Without forests, we would have no air to breathe, and without clean water we would be unable to survive.
没有森林,我们就没有可以呼吸的空气;没有干净的水,我们就无法生存。
知识拓展 用法 归纳 (1)在without引导的含蓄虚拟条件句中,若表示与过去事实相反的假设,则句子谓语动词用would/could/might have done;若表示与现在事实相反的假设,则句子谓语动词用would/could/might do (2)含蓄虚拟条件句还可以用but for、 otherwise、 or、 but等来引导
注意 事项 otherwise、 or构成的含蓄虚拟语气模式为“真实情况+otherwise/or+虚拟情况”;而but构成的含蓄虚拟语气模式为“虚拟情况+but+真实情况”
Without his support, we wouldn't have achieved such achievement.
假如没有他的支持,我们就不会取得这样的成就。
It is lucky we booked a room, or we would have nowhere to stay now.
很幸运,我们订了个房间,否则我们现在就无处安身了。
Many of the things we now benefit from would not be around but for Thomas Edison.
要不是托马斯·爱迪生,我们现在从中受益的很多东西就不会存在。
融会应用
单句填空
(1)Without dustmen's work, the streets (fill) with rubbish and the city would be out of order.
(2)I would have gone to my cousin's birthday party last night, but I (be) not available.
(3)They must have liked the apartment,otherwise they wouldn't (stay) so long.
答案 (1)would be filled (2)was (3)have stayed
语法探究
定 语 从 句
自主探究
阅读下列例句,注意黑体部分的用法。
①She is the girl who lives next door.
②She is the student whose handwriting is the best in my class.
③Often working at night,the poachers shoot whole herds of antelopes at a time,leaving only the babies,whose wool is not worth so much.
④I bought many books, where I spent all my money.
⑤Sometimes there were gunfights,like the one in which Jiesang Suonandajie was killed.
我的发现
(1)句①、句②和句⑤为 性定语从句,关系词分别在句中作 、 和 。
(2)句③和句④为 性定语从句,关系词分别在句中作 和 。
(3)句④中的关系词为where,如果用“介词+which”代替可用 。
答案 (1)限制;主语;定语;宾语 (2)非限制;定语;状语 (3)on which
探究点1 定语从句的种类
根据定语从句与先行词之间关系的紧密程度,我们将定语从句分为限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句两种。
1.限制性定语从句是先行词在意义上不可缺少的定语,用于修饰和限定先行词。如果去掉,主句的意思就不完整。这种从句和主句的关系十分密切,两者之间不用逗号分开;关系代词在从句中作宾语时可以省略。引导限制性定语从句的关系代词有who、whom、whose、that、which、as;关系副词有where、when、why。
This is the computer (that/which) he bought for his son yesterday.
这是他昨天为儿子买的电脑。
I will show you to the supermarket where you can find everything you want.
我会带你去超市,在那里你能找到你想要的一切东西。
2.非限制性定语从句和主句的关系不是十分密切,只是对先行词或主句做些附加说明,如果去掉,主句的意思仍然完整。这种从句和主句之间往往用逗号分开。引导非限制性定语从句的关系词与引导限制性定语从句的关系词略有不同。除that和why不能引导非限制性定语从句外,其他都可以。
He is English, which I know from his accent.
他是英国人,那是我通过他的口音知道的。
This is our headmaster, who I think has something important to tell you.
这是我们的校长,我认为他有一些重要的事情要告诉你。
探究点2 限制性定语从句与非限制性定语从句的区别
1.形式不同
限制性定语从句和主句之间没有逗号,而非限制性定语从句必须用逗号与主句隔开。
Here is the man who has been punished by the boss.(限制性定语从句)
这就是那个被老板惩罚的人。
Guangdong will build another super large international airport, which will cost up to 35 billion yuan.(非限制性定语从句)
广东又将新建一座超大的国际机场,这个机场将耗资多达350亿元。
2.先行词不同
限制性定语从句的先行词只能是一个名词或代词,而非限制性定语从句的先行词可以是一个词,也可以是整个主句。
This is the best novel that I have ever read.(限制性定语从句,先行词是novel)
这是我曾经读过的最好的小说。
The novel, which I read last night, is very interesting.(非限制性定语从句,先行词为novel)
我昨天晚上读过那本小说,它非常有意思。
The novel is very interesting, which makes me very excited.(非限制性定语从句,which指代整个主句的内容)
这本小说很有意思,这让我很兴奋。
3.关系词的使用情况不同
(1)that、why不可以引导非限制性定语从句
指物时要用which代替that; for which代替why。
Most people didn't vote for him, which disappointed him.
大多数人没有投票支持他,这使他失望。
I have told them the reason, for which I changed my mind.
我已经告诉了他们我改变主意的原因。
(2)关系代词替代情况不同
①关系代词whom在限制性定语从句中作宾语时可用who代替,但在非限制性定语从句中作宾语时不可用who代替。
②在限制性定语从句中,先行词指人时可以用that引导,但在非限制性定语从句中先行词指人时,关系代词只能用who或whom。
This is the man (whom/who/that) we are talking about.(限制性定语从句)
这就是我们正在谈论的那个人。
The young man had a new girlfriend, whom he wanted to impress.(非限制性定语从句)
这个年轻人新交了一个女朋友,他想给她留下印象。
She has a handsome father, who is an English teacher.(非限制性定语从句)
她有一位帅气的父亲,他是一名英语老师。
(3)关系代词省略情况不同
关系代词在限制性定语从句中作宾语时可省略,而非限制性定语从句的所有关系代词均不可省略。
This is a good film (which/that) I saw a few days ago.(限制性定语从句)
这是我几天前看过的一部好影片。
The summer holiday, which we're looking forward to, is drawing near.(非限制性定语从句)
我们正盼望的暑假就要来了。
探究点3 as和which引导非限制性定语从句时的区别
1.as引导非限制性定语从句时,先行词一般为整个主句,而which引导非限制性定语从句时,先行词既可以是整个主句,又可以是主句的一部分。
2.as引导的从句位置比较灵活,可位于先行词之前、之中或之后,而which引导的从句仅能位于先行词之后。
3.as引导从句时常译为“正如”,而which引导从句时常译为“这;那”。常用句型有as we all know、as is known to all、as everybody can see、as is expected等。
As we all know, she is an excellent snowboarder.
众所周知,她是一位优秀的滑雪运动员。
He failed in the experiment, which was unexpected.
他实验失败了,这是没有预料到的。
He is a cheat, as everyone can see.
每个人都看得出来,他是个骗子。
【随堂检测】
夯实基础
Ⅰ.单句填空
1.As a result of (destroy) the forests, large quantities of desert have covered the land.
2.I never expected those few (item) to come to so much.
3.It's everyone's responsibility to make good use of water, such as (recycle) and saving water in our daily life.
4.This is a collective responsibility; all of us have role to play.
5. (incredible), she had no idea what was going on.
6.Would the common cold die if we all stayed at home
7.Joe is proud and stubborn,never admitting he is wrong and always looking for someone else (blame).
8.It is said that the rhythm of tides (affect) by the moon.
9.I sincerely hope that WWF can play an important role in protecting this (endanger)species.
10.Lack of sleep could put the birds' health risk.
答案 1.destroying 2.items 3.recycling
4.a 5.Incredibly 6.out 7.to blame 8.is affected
9.endangered 10.at
Ⅱ.选词填空(有一项为多余选项)
at risk;wipe out;die of;be to blame;take steps;die out
1.The patient was still because after the operation, his body rejected the new heart.
2.In fact, women are less likely to have high blood pressure or heart attacks.
3.There are still many people suffering a lot, and we are to do something to poverty.
4.It is you as well as your wife that for your son's bad performance at school.
5.We should to keep all these rare animals and plants under good protection.
答案 1.at risk 2.die of 3.wipe out 4.are to blame 5.take steps
衔接高考
单句填空
1.(2022·全国甲)Some of these cultural dining etiquette rules may seem random and strange, but they are important in (vary) countries.
2.(2021·全国甲)It's the seaside birds that deserve at least part of the blame getting Nick Burchill blacklisted at the Fairmont Empress Hotel in Victoria, Canada.
3.(2023·浙江1月)Thanks Beijing's long history as capital of China, almost every hutong has its stories, and some are even associated with historic events.
4.(2022·全国乙)They could do precisely the same thing to inspect railway lines and other vital aspects of rail infrastructure such as the correct position of railway tracks and (switch)points.
5.(2020·北京)The Neanderthals lived alongside human ancestors in Europe for tens of thousands of years,before (die) out about 40,000 years ago.
6.(2022·浙江1月)It's also thought that these places could help reduce the risk flooding, remove carbon from the atmosphere and fight climate change, as well as improving the mental health of those living locally.
7.(2020·全国Ⅲ)We are the products of evolution, and not just evolution that (occur) billions of years ago.
答案 1.various 2.for 3.to 4.switching 5.dying 6.of 7.occurred
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