2024年中考（广州）英语总复习专项突破 专题一 名词 课件(共55张PPT)

(共55张PPT)
第二章　语法知识专项复习
专题一　 名　词
名词根据其意义，可以分为专有名词和普通名词。
名词的分类
分析广州近10年中考真题可知，在完形填空中，名词词义辨析是必考考点。对于此类试题，掌握名词的含义是基础，分析句子的语境是关键。
名词词义辨析
常考名词归纳
(根据2014—2023年中考完形填空总结；*表示2022年新课标新增词汇)
A
agreement 同意；应允
advice 建议
army 陆军部队
anger 怒火
address 地址
action 行动
B
breakfast早餐
C
chance 机会
condition 条件；状况
competition 比赛；竞赛
call 电话
conversation 谈话
*character 文字；角色
*company 公司
culture 文化
cheer 欢呼声
D
dream 梦想
E
experience 经历；体验
exam 考试
email 电子邮件
*event 公开活动
environment 环境
excuse 借口
F
fighter 战士
feeling 感觉；情绪
family 家庭(10年2考)
fear 害怕，惧怕
friend 朋友(10年2考)
fruit 水果
failure 失败
fish 鱼
food 食物
G
guide 手册；指南
government 政府
H
hobby 爱好
hope 希望(10年2考)
help 帮助
house 房子(10年2考)
happiness 幸福
I
idea 想法
J
job 工作
joke 玩笑
L
letter 字母；信
lesson 课；教训
laugh 笑(10年2考)
law 法律
lake 湖
look 外观；样子
M
message 信息；消息(10年2考)
meal 一顿饭
move 行动
mountain 山(脉)
N
name 名字
noise 噪声
need 需要
O
*opinion 意见；想法
P
paper 纸
problem 问题(10年3考)
player 运动员；选手
plan 计划
picture 图画
promise 承诺；诺言
party 晚会；聚会
project 项目；工程
place 地方(10年2考)
R
river 河；江
S
study 学习；研究
*soldier 士兵
spider 蜘蛛
song 歌曲
shout 喊叫；呼叫
success 成功
surprise 惊奇；惊讶
story 故事
T
test 测试
time 时间
thank 感谢
trouble 问题；苦恼
V
voice 声音
W
work 工作(10年2考)
warning 警告
wish 愿望
1. This is the place to go if you want to visit some _______(shop) and department stores. (NJ 7BU2)
2. The _________(build) tried to make the tower straight again when they built the upper floors, but failed. (NJ 7BU2)
——回归教材
shops
builders
( )3.Li Wei likes science and his dream is to be a ________ like Tu Youyou.(2023吉林)
A. scientist B. singer C. driver
( )4.—Kevin, could you pass me some ________？ It's so hot today. I'm really thirsty.
—OK. Here you are.(2023江西)
A. rice B. bread C. water D. chicken
A
——链接中考
C
分析广州近6年中考真题可知，在完形填空中，共考查了14次名词(每年必考1~3题)，其中6次对名词的考查是根据词汇复现来确定答案的，8次是根据语境推断来确定答案的。
1. 词汇复现法。
词汇复现是指文章中的某一词以原词、同义词、近义词、反义词、同源词、概括词等形式重复出现在语篇中，语篇中的句子通过词汇的复现互相衔接。
名词在完形填空中的运用
“We're going to paint __19__,” said Mr White, with a smile.
…
“Sure, you can,” replied Mr White patiently. “Think about it, Mike. What makes you happy ”
…
From that day on, Sam was never nervous about art class. He knew that he could paint happiness, no matter what he painted. (2022广州中考)
由下文提及Mr White问Mike什么让他感到幸福及Sam知道他能画出幸福可知，此处指Mr White笑着说：“我们要画幸福。”下文的“happy”和“happiness”皆为词汇复现，故选C。
(　)19. A. buildings B. houses C. happiness D. summer
建筑 　　 　房屋 　 幸福 　　 夏天
I was happy on Tuesday because I went to Chimelong Paradise with my classmates and teachers by bus. There were eight 1. ______ in my class and five people in each group.
( )1. A. groups B. students C. clubs D. teams
A
groups
When we got there, my group ran to the exciting zone first. We rode the motorcycle roller coaster(过山车). Then we watched an exciting 2. . The main character of the movie was my favourite star. Later, we were so hungry and we looked for a 3. to have lunch. The restaurant sold many kinds of food. We ordered four bowls of beef noodles and a bowl of chicken noodles. After that, we rode other roller coasters.
( )2. A. game B. race C. movie D. interview
( )3. A. cinema B. restaurant C. library D. station
C
B
movie
restaurant
At last, we went back to the bus stop. The bus took us back to school. We were tired that day, but we had a good time.
2. 语境推断法。
根据上下文的语境提示或暗示来推敲答案，切勿脱离文章以自己的主观判断选择答案。
It was Mila, a whale in the pool. She noticed Susan's __22__， held her leg in her mouth and pushed Susan up to the surface… The aquarium spokesperson said Susan was really lucky, because Mila had realized Susan needed help before any of the working group did, which saved valuable time. (2023广州中考)
由下文提及Mila在工作组中的其他人之前意识到Susan需要帮助可知，此处指她注意到了Susan的困境，故选B。
(　)22. A. look B. trouble C. move D. place
　 样子 　 困境 　　 行动 　　 地方
Mr Black was too fat. His wife was worried about his 1. _______ and took him to see a doctor. “Don't eat meat or cakes,” the doctor said to him. “I'm going to stop him from eating them, doctor,” his wife said.
( )1. A. work B. health C. money D. spirit
B
health
The next morning, Mr Black made a nice cake, and his wife ate half of it. After his wife went out, Mr Black cut a very small piece of the cake and ate it. Then he found that he couldn't stop eating it! Several minutes later, he finished the cake. “My wife will be angry,” he said to himself. “What should I do ” Then he had a good 2. ______. He made another cake quickly, ate half of it and left the 3. ______ on the table. When his wife came back at noon, she was happy to see the half of the cake.
( )2. A．dream B. experience C. idea D. mistake
( )3. A. rubbish B. message C. tool D. rest
C
D
idea
rest
1. 可数名词复数的规则变化。
名词的复数形式，一般在单数形式后面加-s或-es，现将其构成规则归纳如下：
名词的数
1　可数名词
2. 可数名词复数的不规则变化。
英语里有些名词的复数形式是不规则的，现归纳如下：
小贴士：
(1)表示某一特定含义时，只有复数形式，如clothes(衣服), glasses(眼镜)。
(2)形式上为复数，但意义为单数，如news, Maths。
The news was surprising. / Maths is my favourite subject.
(3)一些集体名词形式上为单数，但意义为复数，如people(人们), police(警察)。
(4)由man和woman构成的合成名词，其复数形式也是men和women，如：policeman—policemen。
(5)由两个名词组成的复合名词，最后一个名词变成复数，如：three apple trees。
(6)当第一个名词是woman或man时，两个名词都要变成复数，如：four women doctors。
(7)复合名词中起主导作用的主体名词变为复数形式，如：passer-by—passers-by(行人)；如没有主体名词，就把复数词尾加在最后一个词上，如：
grown-up—grown-ups(成人)。
3. 可数名词的量。
1. Some _______(place) are very hot, and some are very cold. (NJ 7AU3)
2. We were like little _________(child)—we made snowballs，and threw them at one another!(NJ 9BU5)
——回归教材
places
children
3. Lingling shows great interest in painting and she hopes to be an ______(艺术家). (2023广安)
( )4. —Can you give me some ________ on learning English well
—Sure. Watching English programs is a good way. (2023黄冈)
A. news B. advice
C. decisions D. messages
artist
——链接中考
B
1. 不可数名词的判定。
不可数名词通常无单复数变化，如物质名词和抽象名词，此类名词作主语时，谓语动词常用单数形式。
2　不可数名词
2. 不可数名词的量。
分类 规则 例子
具体的量 基数词/不定冠词＋量词＋of＋不可数名词 a piece of paper 一张纸
two pieces of paper 两张纸
分类 规则 例子
大概的量 肯定意义 a little(一点)(2022年), much(许多)(2023年), too much(太多), a large amount of/a great deal of(大量的)
如：a little time/money，too much water
否定意义 little(很少；几乎没有)(2023年)
如：There is little water in the bottle.
瓶子里几乎没有水。
小贴士：
(1)不可数名词不能与基数词或不定冠词(a/an)连用；
(2)常见的既可修饰可数名词，也可修饰不可数名词的限定词有：some(2020年、2018年、2017年), any, a lot of, lots of, plenty of, a large quantity of。
3. 常见的不可数名词。
物质名词 饮食 milk, oil, beef, pork, rice, bread, butter
材料 gold, silk, cotton, wool
自然 Earth, weather, sunshine, fire, air, ice, snow
抽象 名词 情感 fun, pleasure, happiness(2022年)
其他 money(2020年), news, housework, homework, information，advice, confidence, help, success, progress, treasure, humour
4. 有些名词既可作可数名词，又可作不可数名词，但意义不同。
1. Today, there is a lot of _________(pollute). (NJ 7AU3)
2. I'm here today to tell you about my __________ (experience) as an exchange student in the United States last year. (NJ 9BU2)
——回归教材
pollution
experience
( )3. —What's your secret of writing so well
—I read a lot, and the works of Lu Xun had a strong ________ on me as a child. (2023滨州)
A. difference B. attention
C. situation D. influence
4. Humor is a type of language art, which brings a lot of p________ and laughter to our daily life. (2023成都)
D
——链接中考
leasure
分析广州近3年中考真题可知，在语篇填词中，共考查了5次名词，其中3次对名词的考查是根据语境推断来确定答案的，2次是根据固定搭配来确定答案的。
名词在语篇填词中的运用
1. 语境推断法。
“I have two d 49 . One is to enjoy the cool under the tall rice, and the other is to grow hybrid rice across the world,” Yuan said. (2021广州中考)
由下文提及一个是在高高的水稻下乘凉，另一个是在全世界种植杂交水稻可推知，此处表示袁隆平的两个梦想，数词two后用可数名词的复数，故填dreams。
My dream is to be a teacher one day. Being a teacher is always believed to be one of the greatest 1.j______， because teachers have a great influence on students. And I got a chance to teach 2.s________ last week. Our school asked me to teach some kids in the countryside. I felt so proud of teaching them.
1. ______ 2. _________
obs
tudents
jobs
students
2. 固定搭配法。
People all over the world now have a c 50 to see Dunhuang's treasures online. (2022广州中考)
由语境及句义可知，此处指全世界的人现在都有机会在网上看到敦煌的宝藏。固定搭配：have a chance to do sth.意为“有机会做某事”，故填chance。
Diana is from Australia. She once worked in a big company. She travelled to many places, but she seldom took a 1.p______. She was afraid of flying.
One day, Diana saw a TV program about ORBIS. After she learned about the Flying Eye Hospital, she wanted to help poor people with eye 2.p________. She made up her mind to train as a nurse and attended courses after work.
lane
roblems
Diana is working for ORBIS now. She has to travel over 300 3.d______ a year. It means that she maybe has to fly for 10 months. She is getting used to travelling by air. She has also made many 4.f________ with the same interest.
Diana enjoys her 5.w______. She is glad to be able to help people see again. She does not have as much money as she did before, but she thinks her life is more meaningful than before.
1. _______ 2. __________ 3._______ 4.________ 5. ______
ays
riends
ork
plane
problems
days
friends
work
名词所有格是用来表示事物之间所属关系的一种用法，根据其使用规则可以将名词分为有生命的和没有生命的事物这两大类。
名词的所有格
小贴士：
①表示在“某人家”“店铺”的用法，如at my uncle's＝at my uncle's house
②表示各自拥有，每个名词后都加-'s，如Jane's and Mary's bikes
③表示共同拥有一个东西，最后一个名词后加-'s，如Jane and Mary's bike
1. 双重所有格。
构成方法 例子
(1)of＋名词所有格 Lucy is a friend of my sister's.
露西是我妹妹的一个朋友。
(2)of＋名词性物主代词 This is a picture of mine.
这是我的一张照片。
2. 特殊形式。
使用场合与构成方法 例子
(1) “数词＋名词” 构成的合成名词作定语，一般用名词的单数形式，注意中间有连字符 a two-day holiday
两天的假期
an eight-year-old boy
一个八岁的男孩
(2)少数名词使用固定搭配(to所有格) the key to the door，the answer to the question
1. One afternoon，the ______(girl) mother went to visit Einstein. She asked him why he spent so much time with her daughter.(NJ 9AU2)
2. She smiled and held out _____(Jim) present. (NJ 9AU8)
——回归教材
girl's
Jim's
( )3. My parents took me to the amusement park on ________ Day. There were so many exciting things to do there. (2023郴州)
A. Children's B. Children C. Child's
( )4. —You have a nice house! Whose room is this
—It's ________. (2023铜仁)
A. Jack and Peter's B. Jack's and Peter's
C. Jack's and Peter D. Jack and Peter
A
——链接中考
A
完形填空。
语篇类型：记叙文　主题：人与社会(人际沟通)　
难度： 　 词数：约250 用时：7分钟数：
There was an old man living in a small village. He seemed unhappy all the time. When people tried to cheer him up or offered to help, he would 1 turn them away. He didn’t like them at all.?
( )1. A. gently B. slowly C. rudely D. bravely
C
rudely
The longer he lived, the angrier he became. Day by day the villagers 2 talking to him because it seemed that everything was wrong when he was around. They were even afraid of 3 in front of him. At last, he didn’t have any 4 and all villagers tried to stay away from him. Then the situation was worse than he thought.
( ) 2. A. liked B. avoided C. forgot D. considered
( ) 3. A. laughing B. failing C. guessing D. explaining
( ) 4. A. classmates B. pets C. drivers D. friends
B
avoided
A
laughing
D
friends
But one day when he was 80 years old, a(n) 5 thing happened. The man was no longer rude and angry. Instead, he seemed calm and kind.?
All the villagers came together to 6 the old man. They couldn’t believe that he became happy and polite. One of the villagers asked him what happened to him.
( ) 5. A. silly B. amazing C. boring D. cruel
( ) 6. A. visit B. accept C. refuse D. trust
B
A
amazing
visit
“In fact, I met nothing 7 and I didn’t get what
I wanted,” the man said with a smile. “I have tried to find
8 for the last 80 years, but it ends up with nothing. I become angry. No one would like to play with me any more. So I decide to stop 9 it and just enjoy my life. That’s why I’m happy now.”
( ) 7. A. difficult B. tiring C. special D. necessary
( ) 8. A. money B. food C. service D. happiness
( ) 9. A. joining in B. looking for C. caring for D. putting on
C
D
B
special
happiness
looking for
It is import ant to remember that everyone has bad days sometimes. If someone tries to cheer you up, don’t be rude. Just be 10 and try to accept other’s help.
( ) 10. A. friendls B. shy
C. nervous D. funny
A
friendly