(共101张PPT)
UNIT 9 HUMAN BIOLOGY
Section Ⅱ Learning About Language
1.通过对教材的理解,了解重要词汇的基本用法。（语言能力）
2.通过导学案的套用,以练促学,巩固内化单词、短语和句式,并学以致用。（学习能力）
3.通过对教材的理解,学会运用完成时。（语言能力）
1.__________ n.（完成困难事情的）能力；才能→________ adj.有能力的；有才能的
capability
capable
2._________ vt.计算；核算→__________ n.计算；估计→__________ n.计算器
calculate
calculation
calculator
3._________ n.物理学家→________ n.物理学→________ adj.身体的；肉体的
physicist
physics
physical
4._________ vi.& vt.革新；创新；改革→ __________n.革新；创新 →__________ adj.
革新的；创新的
innovate
innovation
innovative
5.__________ adv.人为地；虚假地→________ adj.人造的；假的
artificially
artificial
6.___________n.比较→____________adj.比较的→_________v.比较；对比；与……类似
（或相似）
comparison
comparative
compare
7._______adv.完全地→_______ adj.全部的；整体的；完全的
wholly
whole
8.________ adj.准确的；正确的→_________n.精确；准确→__________ adj.不准确的
accurate
accuracy
inaccurate
9._________n.诊疗；治疗；疗法；对待方式→_____ v.对待；看待
treatment
treat
10.______adj.仅仅；只不过；极小的；极不重要的 →_______ adv.仅仅；只不过
mere
merely
11.________ n.福气；幸运 →______ v.祝福；祝圣→________adj.神圣的；有福的；愉
快安宁的
blessing
bless
blessed
构词规律
v.+-tion→n. v.+-ing→n.
calculation n.计算 innovation n.革新；创新 blessing n.福气；幸运
painting n.油画
1.be bound to ________________
一定会；一定要
2.a large number of ______
大量
3.take care of ______
照顾
4.be crucial for ____________________
对……来说至关重要
1.The first successfully cloned animal was a sheep named Dolly in 1996.（动词-ed形
式作后置定语）
翻译 第一只成功克隆的动物是1996年的克隆羊多莉。
仿写 The company___________________________ is facing a serious financial crisis.
这家由5个小工厂组成的公司正面临着严重的财务危机。
made up of 5 small factories
2.They were the first-ever primates （the order of mammals which include apes,
monkeys, and humans） to have been cloned!（动词不定式作后置定语）
翻译 它们是有史以来首次被克隆的灵长类动物（哺乳动物的一个类别,包括猿、猴子
和人类）!
仿写 My mother is the first woman in her village _______________________.
我母亲是她村里第一位接受高等教育的女性。
to receive high education
3.While some people believe it is crucial for scientific advancement, others raise moral
concerns.（while引导让步状语从句）
翻译 虽然有些人认为这对于科学的进步至关重要,但是也有人提出了道德方面的担忧。
仿写 ___________________________________________________________, they also
give us beneficial vitamin D.
虽然太阳光会老化和伤害我们的皮肤,但是它们也能给我们提供有益的维生素D。
While/Although/Though the sun's rays can age and harm our skin
核 心 单 词
知识点1 justify vt.证明……有道理；为……辩护；是……的正当理由 ＊justified adj.（做某事）有正当理由的 ＊just adj.公正的；合理的 adv.只是；仅仅；刚才
（牛津词典）How can they justify paying such huge salaries
他们怎能证明付这么大笔薪金是正当的呢？
justify （doing） sth 证明……（做）某事是正当的
justify...to... 向……证明……是合理的
be justified in doing... 有理由做某事
How could teachers justify spending so much time on outdoor activities
教师们该如何证明花费大量时间在户外运动上是合理的呢？
He tried to justify his absence with lame excuses.
他试图用站不住脚的借口为自己的缺席辩解。
融会应用 单句填空
（1）How will you justify this pay cut ___your employees
to
（2）The decision is________（justify） on the grounds that there is no realistic
alternative.
justified
（3）He is fully justified in ______（do） so.
doing
知识点2 calculate vt.计算；核算 ＊calculation n.计算；推测 ＊calculator n.计算器
（牛津词典）Use the formula to calculate the volume of the container.
用公式计算容器的容积。
calculate on （doing） sth 指望或依靠（做）某事
It is calculated that... 据估算……
be calculated to do sth 打算做某事；可能做某事
Mothers' devotion to children can hardly be calculated
母亲对孩子的奉献几乎无法计算。
融会应用
Ⅰ.单句填空
（1）We can't calculate ____ good weather for the barbecue.
on
（2）This advertisement is calculated _________（attract） the attention of
housewives.
to attract
（3）By his __________（calculate）, it could save airlines hundreds of millions of
dollars a year.
calculation
（4）It has been __________（calculate） that the loss from the earthquake is likely
to be more than a hundred million dollars.
calculated
Ⅱ.单句写作
（5）（2023·福建宁德期末）__________________ the population of China is more
than 1.4 billion.
据估算中国人口已超过14亿。
It is calculated that
知识点3 participant n.参加者；参与者 ＊participation n.参加；参与 ＊participate vi.参加；参与
（牛津词典）He has been an active participant in the discussion.
他一直积极参与这次讨论。
participate in （doing） sth with sb 与某人一起参加/参与（做）某事
participate with sb in sth 与某人分担某事
We encourage anyone to participate in the singing competition and the participant who wins will be given a gift as a reward for the participation．
我们鼓励任何人参加歌唱比赛，获胜者将获得一份礼品作为参赛奖励。
participate 是不及物动词，常与in构成搭配，同义短语有join in、take part in等。
融会应用
Ⅰ.单句填空
（1）Everyone in the class is expected to actively participate ___these discussions.
in
（2）She participated_____ her friends in their sufferings.
with
（3）We were very pleased with the high level of ____________（participate） in
the charity events.
participation
Ⅱ.单句写作
（4）（2023·河南信阳一中月考）Knowing that you have an appetite for Chinese
culture, I sincerely__________________________________________________________.
得知你喜欢中国文化, 我真诚邀请你参加这个演讲比赛。
invite you to participate in/join in/take part in the speech contest
知识点4 serve vi.& vt.（为……）工作；服务；履行义务；尽职责；（给某人）提供；端上 ＊service n.（对顾客的）接待；服务；公共服务系统；公共事业 ＊serving n.（供一个人吃的）一份食物
（P51）A person's life is limited but serving the people is limitless.
人的生命是有限的，但是为人民服务是无限的。
serve sb with sth 为某人提供某物
serve sth to sb=serve sb sth 给某人端上；用……招待某人
serve as 用作；当作；充当
If I am lucky enough to be elected, I will make every effort to serve the students and our club.
如果我有幸当选，我将尽最大努力为学生和社团服务。
There has been a recent trend in the food service industry toward lower fat content and less salt.
最近在食品服务行业出现了低脂肪和少盐的趋势。
融会应用
Ⅰ.单句填空
（1）This is often appreciated since at a housewarming （乔迁庆宴）there isn't a lot
of food _______ （serve）．
served
（2）She showed me into the front room, which served ___ her office.
as
（3）Don't eat something you don't want to eat, but don't offend the people who
served it ___ you.
to
Ⅱ.单句写作
（4）Theory is based on practice and_____________________.
理论以实践为基础，反过来又为实践服务。
in turn serves practice
知识点5 comparison n.比较；对比 ＊compare vt. 比较；将……比作
（P52）In comparison with other species, cloning primates has proved to be “much harder”, and doing so with non-reproductive cells was even more complicated.
与其他的物种相比,克隆灵长类动物被证明要“困难得多”,而使用非生殖细胞克隆则更为复杂。
by comparison 比较起来；相比之下
by/in comparison （with sb/sth） （与……）相比较
compare to/with ...和……相比
compare...to... 把……比作……
compare...with... 把……和……比较
这很难与她以前的书相比——两者是截然不同的。
They were living rather well, in comparison with people elsewhere in the world.
和世界上其他地方的人相比，他们生活得相当好。
It is difficult to make a comparison with her previous book—they are completely different.
融会应用 单句填空
（1）We also like to compare young people ___flowers, as they are full of vigor and
new ideas.
to
（2）Those places are modern ______comparison with the countryside.
by/in
（3）We carefully compared the first report _____the second.
with
知识点6 devote v.把……献（给） ；把……用于；专心于；奉献 ＊devoted adj.忠实的；深爱的 ＊devotion n.奉献；关爱
（P52）Dr Sun Qiang, director of the research team, said they had been wholly devoted to the research and had been taking care of more than 1,000 monkeys 24 hours a day, 7 days a week for more than 5 years.
研究小组的负责人孙强博士说，他们全身心地投入到研究中，5年多来每周7天，每天24小时照看1000多只猴子。
devote...to （doing） sth 把……献给/用于（做）某事
devote oneself to=be devoted to 献身于；专心致力于
Indeed, his slim but strong body is just like that of millions of Chinese farmers， to whom he has devoted his life.
事实上，他瘦削但结实的身躯看起来和他为之奉献了一生的千千万万的中国农民一样。
Your faithful devotion is one of your best qualities, but be careful not to become too dependent on others.
你的忠实奉献是你最美好的品质之一，但要注意不要过分依赖别人。
融会应用
Ⅰ.单句填空
（1）His _________（devote） to the cause of education is well-known.
devotion
（2）Zhong Nanshan has been devoted ___China's medical care all his life.
to
（3）Neighbors devoted their spare time to ________（help） others rebuild.
helping
Ⅱ.单句写作
（4）（2023·安徽蚌埠模拟）____________________________________ your spoken
English， the more fluent it will become.
你用来练习英语口语的时间越多，你的英语口语就会越流利。
The more time you devote to practicing
知识点7 suit v.适合 n.西服；套装 ＊suitable adj. 适合的；适宜的
（P53）With this technology, we have the potential to raise a large number of monkeys with identical genes in a short amount of time, and we can even change their genes to suit research needs.
有了这项技术,我们就有可能在短时间内培育大量基因相同的猴子,甚至可以改变它们的基因,以适应研究需要。
be suitable for 适合……
be suitable to do sth 适合做某事
It suits sb to do sth.对某人来说，最好做某事。
Please make a suit to my measure.
请按照我的尺寸做一套西服。
suit “适合；适宜”,指衣服颜色、样式适合某人,还可指合乎需要、口味、地
位、条件等。另外,用于比喻意义时多用suit
fit “适合；合身”,指大小、尺寸、形状等合适,引申为“吻合；协调”
match “适合；和……匹配”,多指色调、形状、性质等方面的搭配,含有“与之
相匹配”之意
融会应用
Ⅰ.用fit、suit、match的适当形式填空
（1）Though the style doesn't _____me, I want to take this jacket because it ____
me well and ________ my trousers.
suit
fits
matches
Ⅱ.单句填空
（2）I think ___suits me to start work at a later time.
it
（3）This book, written in simple English, is ________（suit） for beginners.
suitable
知识点8 treatment n.诊治；治疗；疗法；对待方式 ＊treat v.治疗；对待；款待 n.款待；招待
（P53）This could help save research time, reduce the number of animals required for testing, produce more accurate results, and lead to more effective treatments.
这有助于节省研究时间,减少实验所需动物的数量,使实验结果更准确、治疗方法更有效。
treat sb as... 把某人当……看待
treat sb with... 用……对待某人
treat sth seriously 认真对待某事物
treat sb/oneself to 用……款待某人/自己
It's my treat. 我请客。
Since the epidemic ended，scientists have been doing trials on treatments to prevent any future outbreaks.
自从疫情结束以来，科学家们就一直在进行治疗方面的试验以预防任何未来的（疫情）暴发。
Treat other people in the manner that you wish them to treat you.
你希望别人怎样对待你，你就怎样对待别人。
融会应用 单句写作
（1）—Did you enjoy the party
你喜欢这个聚会吗
—Yes. We ________________by our hosts.
是的,我们受到了主人的盛情款待。
were treated well
（2）I'll _________________at the restaurant in front of our school.
我将请你在我们学校前面的餐馆吃午饭。
treat you to lunch
（3）Let's go out for lunch after work—____________.
下班后咱们到外面去吃午餐吧——我请客。
it's my treat
知识点9 crucial adj.至关重要的；关键性的 ＊crucially adv.至关重要地；关键性地
（P53）While some people believe it is crucial for scientific advancement, others raise moral concerns.
虽然有些人认为这对于科学的进步至关重要，但是也有人提出了道德方面的担忧。
be crucial to/for sth 对某事而言是至关重要的
a crucial decision/issue/factor 关键性的决定/问题/因素
It is crucial that... ……是极其重要的
at the crucial moment 在紧要关头
crucially important 极其重要
The conservation of tropical forests is of crucial importance.
保护热带森林是至关重要的。
融会应用 单句填空
（1）It is crucial _____ the problem should be tackled immediately.
that
（2）This aid money is crucial ______ the government's economic policies.
to/for
知识点10 concern n.担心；关心；重要的事情 vt.使担忧；涉及；关系到 ＊concerned adj.担心的；关注的 ＊concerning prep. 关于；就……而言
（P53）While some people believe it is crucial for scientific advancement, others raise moral concerns.
虽然有些人认为这对于科学的进步至关重要，但是也有人提出了道德方面的担忧。
show concern for... 对……关切；关心
It concerns/concerned sb that... 令某人担忧的是……
as/so far as...be concerned 关于；至于；就……而言
be concerned about/for 关心；担忧；挂念
be concerned with 牵涉到；与……有关；关心
As far as I am concerned, the public are showing more and more concern for education. So the books concerning academics are popular with them. But it concerns me that the health of the young is in bad condition now, which is worrying.
在我看来，公众越来越关心教育。因此，有关学术的书籍受到他们的欢迎。但我担心的是，现在年轻人的健康状况很差，这是令人担忧的。
融会应用 单句填空
（1）As far as technology ____________（concern）,we believe we are among the
best in the world.
is concerned
（2）He asked several questions ___________（concern） the future of the company.
concerning
（3）More and more people show great concern ____road safety.
for
（4）What _________（concern） me is our lack of preparation for the change.
concerns
知识点11 abuse vt. 滥用；妄用；虐待 n. 滥用；虐待
（P53）Finally, they worry that some organisations may abuse the technology for unethical purposes.
最后,他们担心某些组织可能会出于不道德的目的滥用该技术。
abuse one's power/privilege/position 滥用某人的权力/特权/职权
alcohol abuse 酗酒
child abuse 虐待儿童
a stream of abuse一通大骂
What she did was an abuse of her position as manager.
她的所作所为是滥用经理职权。
融会应用 单句写作
（1）___________________________ will bring our offspring a terrible future.
滥用能源会给我们的子孙后代带来可怕的未来。
Abusing energy/Energy abuse
（2）According to the new law, parents are not allowed ________________ in the
family.
根据新的法律，家长不允许在家中虐待儿童。
to abuse children
短 语 句 式
知识点12 more than超过；不止；不仅仅；多于
（P52）After Dolly, scientists have cloned more than 20 mammal species, including camels, cattle, deer, dogs, goats and mice.
继多莉之后,科学家已经克隆了20多种哺乳动物,包括骆驼、牛、鹿、狗、山羊和老鼠。
more than+数词,表示“超过；多于”,相当于over
more than+形容词,表示“很；非常”
more...than... 比……更；与其说……不如说……
no more than+名词或基数词,表示“不过；仅仅；只有”（侧重数量少）
not more than+基数词,表示“至多；不超过”
less than 少于
other than 除了；不同于
rather than 而不是
The mother panda has taken care of the young panda for more than two years.
熊猫妈妈照顾这只小熊猫不止两年。
融会应用
Ⅰ.写出下列句中more than的含义
（1）There are more than 5 hospitals in the small town.____________
超过；多于
（2）We are more than glad to see you here. __________
很；非常
（3）George is more intelligent than aggressive.______________________
与其说……不如说……
（4）Tom is more than my brother； he is also my good friend.________
不仅仅
Ⅱ.单句写作
（5）____________________ was burnt in the fire.
不止一间房屋在火灾中被烧毁。
More than one house
（6）He is _____________ an ordinary policeman.
他只不过是一名普通的警察。
no more than
（7）The site now has _____________________________ worldwide.
现在这一网站在全球拥有一百多万名会员。
more than one million members
知识点13 lead to引起；导致；通向
（P52）This has led to questions such as, “Will this be a major issue for all cloned animals ” “Will it continue to happen forever ”.
这引发了一些疑问，例如：“这会是所有克隆动物的主要问题吗 ”“这个问题会永远持续下去吗 ”
lead sb to do sth 使某人做某事
lead sb to+地点 把某人领到某地
lead sb by the nose 牵着某人的鼻子走
lead a...life 过着……的生活
in the lead 领先
With a guide leading the way, we arrived at a village in Tibet, where we found the local people leading a happy life.
由向导带路，我们到达了西藏的一个村庄。在那里，我们发现当地人过着幸福的生活。
融会应用 单句填空
（1）What led you _________（select） your major
to select
（2）I'm not going to allow anyone to lead me ____the nose.
by
（3）The Democrats now appear to be ___the lead.
in
知识点14 a number of许多；大量的
（P52）There had been a number of failures before they eventually found a way to successfully clone a monkey.
历经多次失败,他们最终找到了成功克隆猴子的方法。
A large number of students will benefit from the new teaching method.
许多学生将从这个新的教学方法中获益。
Without doubt, the number of jobs in information technology will multiply.
毫无疑问，信息技术方面的工作数量会大大增加。
“a number of+名词复数”作主语时,谓语动词一般用复数形式。
“the number of+名词复数/具有复数意义的名词”作主语时,谓语一般用单数形式。
“a large amount of+不可数名词”作主语时，谓语动词一般用单数形式。
“large amounts of+不可数名词”作主语时，谓语动词根据amounts决定，用复数形式。
“a large quantity of+可数名词/不可数名词”作主语时，谓语动词用单数。
“large quantities of+可数名词/不可数名词”作主语时，谓语动词根据quantities决定，用复数形式。
融会应用
Ⅰ.单句填空
（1）In the past ten years, a number of high buildings ___________（arise） where
there was nothing but ruins.
have arisen
（2）Large amounts of money _________（spend） on advertisements every year.
are spent
（3）Large quantities of water ________________（pipe） to the dry area since last
year.
have been piped
（4）As you can see, the number of cars on our roads ______（keep） rising these
days.
keeps
Ⅱ.单句写作
（5）____________________________________________, it's not difficult for them to
understand these words in Chinese contexts.
随着学习英语的人越来越多, 对他们而言，在中文语境里理解这些英语单词并不是很困难。
As the number of English learners is on the rise
（6）__________________________________________ a university by an ordinary
worker, which aroused public attention.
一位普通的工人向一所大学捐赠了一大笔钱,这引起了公众的关注。
A great deal/amount of money was donated to
知识点15 动词-ed 形式作后置定语
（P52）The first successfully cloned animal was a sheep named Dolly in 1996.
第一只成功克隆的动物是1996年的克隆羊多莉。
（1）动词-ed形式作定语时通常与所修饰的名词构成逻辑上的动宾关系,或表示动作已完成。
（2）动词-ed形式还可以在句中作时间、原因、条件、让步、伴随、方式等状语。此时动词-ed形式通常与句子的主语构成逻辑上的动宾关系,或表示动作已完成。
The experience gained will give you more confidence to help your customers.
获得的经验会给你更多的信心去帮助你的客户。
There are many beautifully decorated houses in this rich zone.
这个富人区有许多装修精美的房子。
Exhausted, I slid into bed and fell fast asleep.
我感到累极了,爬上床很快就睡着了。
融会应用
Ⅰ.单句填空
（1）_______（give） a lot of money, he lived a better life.
Given
（2）______（use） with care, one tin will last for six weeks.
Used
（3）The teacher came in, _________（follow） by a group of students.
followed
Ⅱ.句型转换
（4）The meeting which was held yesterday is of great importance.
→The meeting ______________is of great importance.（动词-ed形式作后置定语）
held yesterday
知识点16 动词不定式作后置定语
（P52）They were the first-ever primates（the order of mammals which include apes, monkeys, and humans） to have been cloned!
它们是有史以来首次被克隆的灵长类动物（哺乳动物的一个类别，包括猿、猴子和人类）！
句中to have been cloned是动词不定式作后置定语。
（1）当中心词是序数词或被序数词、形容词最高级等修饰时或前有next、only、last 等时，常用动词不定式作后置定语。
（2）动词不定式作定语用来修饰的词是抽象名词，常见的有：ability、chance、ambition、offer、anxiety、answer、reply、attempt、belief 等。
如果作后置定语的动词不定式中的动词是不及物动词，动词不定式后要有相应的介词。
融会应用
Ⅰ.单句填空
（1）He is always the first _________（come） and the last ________（leave）.
to come
to leave
（2）She was the first woman _______（win） a gold medal in the Olympic Games.
to win
（3）Thank you for giving me the chance _________（make） the speech.
to make
Ⅱ.单句写作
（4）The ability _________________ is as important as the idea itself.
表达思想的能力和思想本身同等重要。
to express an idea
知识点17 while引导让步状语从句
（P53）While some people believe it is crucial for scientific advancement, others raise moral concerns.
虽然有些人认为这对于科学的进步至关重要，但是也有人提出了道德方面的担忧。
（1）while用作从属连词,引导让步状语从句,意为“虽然；尽管”,相当于though。
（2）while用作从属连词,引导时间状语从句,意为“在……期间；当……的时候”。从句中的谓语动词通常是延续性动词。
（3）while用作并列连词,表对比,意为“而”。
（4）while用作从属连词,引导条件状语从句,意为“只要”,相当于as long as。
（5）while用作名词,意为“一会儿；一段时间”,主要用于短语中。after a while “过了一会儿”；for a while “暂时；一会儿”；all the while “一直；始终”。
融会应用 单句写作
（1）__________________,there is hope.
有生命就有希望。
While there is life
（2）The boy is good at maths ________________________________.
那个男孩擅长数学，而他妹妹擅长语文。
while his sister is good at Chinese
（3）_______________________________,I can't agree with you.
虽然我明白你说的话,但是我还是不认同你的观点。
While I understand what you say
（4）They __________________and then went to work.
他们聊了一会儿，然后就去上班了。
chatted for a while
完 成 时
阅读下列句子,注意黑体部分的时态。
①Tom had to correct the mistakes in his composition that his teacher had pointed out.
②The hacker was accused of theft because he had stolen information from other people's databases.
③He has worked for us ever since he left school.
④I have been working with her for 20 years.
⑤When she arrived at the school gate, I had been waiting for 2 hours.
⑥I had been trying to call home but couldn't get through.
我的发现 以上句子均体现了完成时态。
（1）句______为过去完成时。
①②
（2）句____为现在完成时。
③
（3）句____为现在完成进行时。
④
（4）句______为过去完成进行时。
⑤⑥
探究点1 现在完成时和现在完成进行时
一、基本用法
1.现在完成时由“have/has+done”构成,表示过去所发生的动作或事情对现在造成的影响或结果。
2.现在完成进行时由“have/has been+doing”构成,表示某一动作在过去某一时间发生,一直延续到现在,有可能到此为止,也有可能继续下去。现在完成进行时是兼有现在完成时和现在进行时两者基本特点的时态。
二、现在完成时与现在完成进行时的区别
1.现在完成时所表示的动作到现在为止已经完成,或者在过去曾经发生过但对现在仍有影响；而现在完成进行时则表示动作在过去发生,但现在仍在继续,侧重未完成。
I've dialed four times； I don't think anyone is in the office.
我已经拨了四次电话了,我认为办公室里没人。
I've been dialling； I don't think anyone is in the office.
我一直在打电话,我认为办公室里没人。
2.现在完成进行时可以表示动作的重复,而现在完成时一般不表示重复性。
Have you been meeting him recently
你最近常和他见面吗
Have you met him recently
你最近见过他吗
3.现在完成进行时有时含有感彩,而现在完成时一般是平铺直叙。
I have been waiting for you for two hours.
我一直等了你两个小时。（可能表示不满）
I have waited for you for two hours.
我等了你两个小时。（说明一个事实）
4.有些动词不能用于现在完成进行时,但可用于现在完成时。如表示状态的动词be、have、exist等；表示感情的动词like、love等；表示感觉的动词see、hear、smell等；表示知道、相信、猜测的动词know、believe、suppose等。
He has had a cold for a week.
他已经感冒一周了。
I have liked jazz since I was a teenager.
从青少年时期起我就喜欢爵士乐了。
I have known her for a long time.
我认识她已经很长时间了。
5.有少数动词（如work、 study、 live、 teach、 stay、 wait、 lie、 sleep等）在表示持续一段时间时用这两种时态含义差不多,只是用现在完成进行时更强调动作延续时间的长久性。
How long have you worked/been working here
你在这儿工作多久了
I've lived/been living here since 1988.
自1988年以来我就一直住在这儿。
6.与一段时间连用时可以用现在完成时也可以用现在完成进行时；但与次数连用时只能用现在完成时,不能用现在完成进行时。
It hasn't rained for six weeks.
已经六个星期没下雨了。
It has been raining since yesterday and it is still raining.
从昨天起,雨就没停过,而且现在还在下。
He has rung me up five times since 12 o'clock.
从十二点后,他已经给我打了五次电话。
He has been ringing me up all morning.
他整个上午一直在给我打电话。
7.现在完成进行时不用于被动语态,若一定要用,可用现在完成时的被动语态代替。
The problem has been studied for five days.
这个问题已被研究了五天。
融会应用 单句填空
（1）It's hard to tell exactly how many people agree with him, but research indicates
that the number_______________ （rise） for some time.
has been rising
（2）—You are a great swimmer.
—Thanks. It's because I ___________________ （practise） a lot these days.
have been practicing
（3）Lily went to China last year and I _____________（hear） from her ever since.
haven't heard
探究点2 过去完成时和过去完成进行时
一、过去完成时
（一）过去完成时的构成
过去完成时由“had+done”构成。
（二）过去完成时的用法
1.过去完成时表示过去某一时刻或动作之前已完成的动作或存在的状态。过去的时间可以用by、before等介词短语或一个时间状语从句来表示,也可以用一个表示过去的动作来表示,还可通过上下文来表示。
When the explorer hurried to the destination,the others had already left.
当这名探险者匆忙赶到目的地的时候,其他人已经离开了。
By nine o'clock last night,we had got 200 pictures from the spaceship.
到昨晚9点钟,我们已经收到宇宙飞船发来的200张图片。
2.表示由过去的某一时刻开始,一直延续到过去另一时间的动作或状态,常和for、since构成的时间状语连用。
He told us that he had done the scientific research for five years.
他告诉我们他做科学研究已经五年了。
3.动词think、want、hope、mean、plan、intend等用过去完成时来表示过去未曾实现的想法、希望、打算或意图等。
I had never thought that you were content to help me.
我从未想过你愿意帮我。
We had hoped to be able to come and see you.
我们本来希望能来看看你。
4.过去完成时常常用在told、said、knew、heard、thought等动词后的宾语从句中,这时从句中的动作发生在主句表示的过去的动作之前。
He said that he had known her well.
他说他对她很熟悉。
5.当时间状语从句与主句的动作都发生在过去时,通常一个动作用一般过去时表示，另一个动作用过去完成时表示。如果从句动作发生在主句动作之前,从句用过去完成时；如果从句动作发生在主句动作之后,则从句用一般过去时。从句常由when、before、after、as soon as、till/until引导。
When I woke up,it had already stopped raining.
我醒来时,雨已停了。
注意:在before、after引导的时间状语从句中,由于before和after本身已表达了动作的先后关系,若主、从句表示的动作紧密相连,则主、从句多用一般过去时。
After he arrived in England,he worked hard to improve his English.
他到达英格兰之后努力提高他的英语水平。
6.过去完成时的常用固定句型
（1）主语+had hardly/scarcely/no sooner+done+when/than从句（从句用一般过去时）；当hardly、scarcely、no sooner等表示否定意义的词位于句首时,主句要倒装。
I had no sooner reached home than it began to rain.
=No sooner had I reached home than it began to rain.
我刚到家就下雨了。
（2）It was+一段时间+since从句（从句用过去完成时）
It was at least three months since I had left Beijing.
我离开北京至少有3个月了。
（3）It was the first/second/...time+（that）从句（从句用过去完成时）
It was the first time that I had chatted online in English.
那是我第一次用英语在网上聊天。
（4）主句（过去完成时）+by the time...（一般过去时）
We had got everything ready by the time they arrived.
在他们到达之前,我们已经做好一切准备了。
（5）句子（过去完成时）+by the end of...（表示过去的时间）
By the end of last term,we had learned English for at least four years.
到上个学期末,我们至少已经学了四年英语。
二、过去完成进行时
（一）过去完成进行时的构成
过去完成进行时由“had been+doing”构成
（二）过去完成进行时的用法
1.强调到过去为止，某一活动或动作一直在持续，可能仍然持续下去。
It had been snowing for 2 days when I arrived in Heilongjiang.
当我到黑龙江的时候，已经下了两天的雪了。（可能当时还在下雪）
2.表示重复发生的动作——就是表示过去某一活动或者时间之前一段时间内重复发生的动作。
I had been trying to call her on the phone. Finally she gave me a call.
我一直试图给她打电话，最后她给我打了电话。
注意：重复的动作不能说出具体次数。
3.过去完成时和过去完成进行时的区别
过去完成进行时强调动作的持续性,过去完成时表示在过去某一具体时间或动作之前已经发生或完成的动作,强调动作已结束这一事实。
They had been building the road by the end of last month.
到上个月月底为止,他们一直在修建这条路。
They had built the road by the end of last month.
上个月月底,他们已建好了这条路。
融会应用 单句写作
（1）I __________________, but something happened.
我本打算来，但发生了一些事。
had meant to come
（2）She______________________ a bad cold before she took the exam.
她在考试之前一直患重感冒。
had been suffering from
（3）I _________________________ for five months before I got this one.
我苦苦寻找了5个月才找到这份工作。
had been looking for a job
Ⅰ.单句填空
1.The problems of global warming cannot be solved without the ____________
（participate） of all countries.
participation
2.______（see）from the train window,the mountains and forests of Canada looked
massive.
Seen
3.It is believed that hard work can lead ___ success.
to
4.The students are looking forward to having an opportunity __________（explore）
society of real-life experience.
to explore
5.Compared _______ other European countries, the lifestyle in Italy is slower and
more relaxing.
with/to
6.Nelson Mandela devoted all his life to _________（realize） the dream that people
of different colors should be equal.
realizing
7.Though it was the first time that I ___________（visit） the small town,I fell in
love with it at once.
had visited
8.Although many measures ________________（take）, the world's economy is still
going down.
have been taken
9.She ____________________（telephone） her husband for the last thirty minutes,
but there has been no answer.
has been telephoning
Ⅱ.单句写作
1.Tom ________________the online games for more than twenty hours.
汤姆玩网络游戏已经超过二十个小时了。
has been playing
2.I _________________ the letter since then.
从那时起我一直在写这封信。
have been writing
3.George ______________________on several occasions.
乔治已经见过那位先生几次。
has met that gentleman
4.The friendly relations and cooperation between our two countries
___________________ in the past few years.
我们两国之间的友好合作关系在近几年得到了增强。
have been enhanced
5.Jack __________________very well recently； I think he'd better go to see a doctor.
杰克最近一直感觉不太舒服,我认为他最好去看看医生。
hasn't been feeling
6.We ____________________and see you the day before yesterday, but we were too
busy.
我们前天本打算来看你的,但我们太忙了。
had intended to come
7.I found the lecture hard to follow because it ___________ when I arrived.
我觉得这个讲座很难听懂,因为我到的时候它已经开始了。
had started
8.When asked why he was late again, he said that he _____________ the regular bus.
当问到他为什么再次迟到时,他说他没有赶上班车。
hadn't caught
9.Hardly/Scarcely ____________________when the bell rang.
她刚刚睡下门铃就响了。
had she gone to bed
单句填空
1.（2023·浙江1月）____________ （calculate） your speed as you do, divide 3,600
（the number of seconds in an hour）by the number of seconds it takes you to
travel one mile（the distance between two mileposts）.
To calculate
2.（2022·新高考Ⅱ）____________ （participate） in a post-visit survey is required.
Participation
3.（2023·四省适应性考试）By September 2016, more _____ 130,000 acacia trees had
been planted on 20 pilot farms, with farmers recording a 60 per cent survival rate.
than
4.（2020·全国Ⅱ）Studies show that friendlier communication leads ___ a happier
workplace.
to
5.（2022·浙江1月）Five percent of the highly fit women developed dementia,
__________ （compare） to 25 percent of the women with medium fitness and 32
percent of the women with low fitness.
compared
6.（2021·浙江）Leslie Nielsen's devotion to _______ （act） is wonderfully inspiring.
acting
7.（2020·新高考Ⅰ）A flood had hit the area earlier that year and the damage it
caused had driven away___ number of birds.
a
8.（2021·北京）Please let me know what time _____（suit） you best.
suits
9.（2022·浙江1月）I felt he _______（treat） me as though I would hold him back
and probably make him fail to get an A in the course.
treatedUnit 9 Section Ⅱ Learning About Language
【学习目标】
1.通过对教材的理解,了解重要词汇的基本用法。(语言能力)
2.通过导学案的套用,以练促学,巩固内化单词、短语和句式,并学以致用。(学习能力)
3.通过对教材的理解,学会运用完成时。(语言能力)
【自主预习】
Step 1 单词认读
1. n.(完成困难事情的)能力;才能→ adj.有能力的;有才能的
2. vt.计算;核算→ n.计算;估计→ n.计算器
3. n.物理学家→ n.物理学→ adj.身体的;肉体的
4. vi.& vt.革新;创新;改革→ n.革新;创新 → adj.革新的;创新的
5. adv.人为地;虚假地→ adj.人造的;假的
6.n.比较→ adj.比较的→ v.比较;对比;与……类似(或相似)
7. adv.完全地→ adj.全部的;整体的;完全的
8. adj.准确的;正确的→ n.精确;准确→ adj.不准确的
9. n.诊疗;治疗;疗法;对待方式→ v.对待;看待
10. adj.仅仅;只不过;极小的;极不重要的 → adv.仅仅;只不过
11. n.福气;幸运 → v.祝福;祝圣→ adj.神圣的;有福的;愉快安宁的
答案 1.capability;capable 2.calculate;calculation;calculator 3.physicist;physics;physical 4.innovate;innovation;innovative 5.artificially;artificial 6.comparison;comparative;compare 7.wholly;whole 8.accurate;accuracy;inaccurate 9.treatment;treat 10.mere;merely 11.blessing;bless;blessed
构词规律
v.+-tion→n. v.+-ing→n.
calculation n.计算 innovation n.革新;创新 blessing n.福气;幸运 painting n.油画
Step 2 短语记诵
1.be bound to
2.a large number of
3.take care of
4.be crucial for
答案 1.一定会;一定要 2.大量 3.照顾 4.对……来说至关重要
Step 3 佳句赏析
1.The first successfully cloned animal was a sheep named Dolly in 1996.(动词-ed形式作后置定语)
翻译 第一只成功克隆的动物是1996年的克隆羊多莉。
仿写 The company is facing a serious financial crisis.
这家由5个小工厂组成的公司正面临着严重的财务危机。
2.They were the first-ever primates (the order of mammals which include apes, monkeys, and humans) to have been cloned!(动词不定式作后置定语)
翻译 它们是有史以来首次被克隆的灵长类动物(哺乳动物的一个类别,包括猿、猴子和人类)!
仿写 My mother is the first woman in her village .
我母亲是她村里第一位接受高等教育的女性。
3.While some people believe it is crucial for scientific advancement, others raise moral concerns.(while引导让步状语从句)
翻译 虽然有些人认为这对于科学的进步至关重要,但是也有人提出了道德方面的担忧。
仿写 , they also give us beneficial vitamin D.
虽然太阳光会老化和伤害我们的皮肤,但是它们也能给我们提供有益的维生素D。
答案 1.made up of 5 small factories 2.to receive high education 3.While/Although/Though the sun's rays can age and harm our skin
【合作探究】
新知探究
解析教材
TO CLONE OR NOT TO CLONE
Cloning is the process of making an exact copy of a plant or animal and developing it either naturally or artificially. Natural cloning has been going on for generations. For example, gardeners have been using a form of cloning when they take a cutting from a plant and place it in a suitable medium, such as soil. Another example of natural cloning is identical twins, who are produced from the same egg(1).
克隆还是不克隆
克隆是通过自然或人为的方式,对植物或动物进行精确复制、培育的过程。自然克隆由来已久。例如,园丁们从植物上截取一段,放在合适的培养基中(例如土壤),就是一种克隆。自然克隆的另一个例子是同卵双胞胎,它们是由同一个卵子(受精)产生的。
【助读点拨】
(1)who引导定语从句,修饰先行词identical twins。
For years, there had been attempts to clone animals artificially. The first successfully cloned animal was a sheep named Dolly in 1996. At first, Dolly grew normally, but later she developed an illness that is more normally found in much older animals. She lived for six and a half years, only half the life of the sheep from which she was cloned. After Dolly, scientists have cloned more than 20 mammal species, including camels, cattle, deer, dogs, goats and mice. However, they have found a similar pattern of health problems with these other species as well. This has led to questions such as, “Will this be a major issue for all cloned animals ” “Will it continue to happen forever ”.
In January 2018, the cloning of two long-tailed monkeys, Zhong Zhong and Hua Hua, was announced by Chinese scientists. They were the first-ever primates(the order of mammals which include apes, monkeys, and humans) to have been cloned! In comparison with other species, cloning primates has proved to be “much harder”, and doing so with non-reproductive cells was even more complicated. Dr Sun Qiang, director of the research team, said they had been wholly devoted to the research and had been taking care of more than 1,000 monkeys 24 hours a day,7 days a week for more than 5 years. There had been a number of failures before they eventually found a way to successfully clone a monkey. The reason they worked so hard to break this technical barrier was to get animals with edited genes and produce animal models that are helpful for medical research and human health.(2)
多年来,人们一直在尝试人工克隆动物。第一只成功克隆的动物是1996年的克隆羊多莉。起初,多莉发育正常,但后来患上了一种疾病,这种疾病更常见于衰老的动物。多莉活了6年半,寿命只有母体绵羊的一半。继多莉之后,科学家已经克隆了20多种哺乳动物,包括骆驼、牛、鹿、狗、山羊和老鼠。然而,在这些物种的克隆动物身上科学家们也发现了(与多莉羊)相似的健康问题。这引发了一些疑问,例如:“这会是所有克隆动物的主要问题吗 ”“这个问题会永远持续下去吗 ”
2018年1月,中国科学家宣布成功克隆两只长尾猴,中中和华华。它们是有史以来首次被克隆的灵长类动物(哺乳动物的一个类别,包括猿、猴子和人类)!与其他的物种相比,克隆灵长类动物被证明要“困难得多”,而使用非生殖细胞克隆则更为复杂。研究小组的负责人孙强博士说,他们全身心地投入到研究中,5年多来每周7天,每天24小时照看1000多只猴子。历经多次失败,他们最终找到了成功克隆猴子的方法。他们之所以如此努力地要突破这一技术壁垒,是为了获得经过基因编辑的动物,研制动物模型,为医学研究和人类健康发展做贡献。
【助读点拨】
(2)they worked so hard to break this technical barrier是省略了关系副词why的定语从句,修饰先行词The reason;that are helpful for medical research and human health是that引导的定语从句,修饰先行词animal models。
The successful cloning of primates has led to worldwide praise as a huge breakthrough that might lead to cures for various diseases and may also offer clues on how to prevent the aging process. With this technology, we have the potential to raise a large number of monkeys with identical genes in a short amount of time, and we can even change their genes to suit research needs. This could help save research time, reduce the number of animals required for testing, produce more accurate results, and lead to more effective treatments.
灵长类动物的成功克隆获得了全世界的赞誉,被认为是一项巨大的突破,从而为治愈多种疾病、延缓衰老提供线索。有了这项技术,我们就有可能在短时间内培育大量基因相同的猴子,甚至可以改变它们的基因,以适应研究需要。这有助于节省研究时间,减少实验所需动物的数量,使实验结果更准确、治疗方法更有效。
Cloning, however, continues to be an issue that causes a great deal of disagreement and provokes strong emotions. While some people believe it is crucial for scientific advancement, others raise moral concerns. They believe it is bound to lead to cloning of other species, and they worry about the ethical questions this raises. For example, they wonder if clones should be treated as objects or as individuals with their own identity(3).Furthermore, clones may be viewed as mere copies of originals thus being seen as inferior. Finally, they worry that some organisations may abuse the technology for unethical purposes.
但是,克隆仍是一个会引起很多争议、激起强烈情绪的问题。虽然有些人认为这对于科学的进步至关重要,但是也有人提出了道德方面的担忧。他们认为这项技术必将导致其他物种的克隆,担心由此引起的伦理问题。比如,他们提出克隆体是被当作物体还是具有独特个性的个体。而且,克隆体可能仅仅被看作母体的复制品,因此被认为更低等。最后,他们担心某些组织可能会出于不道德的目的滥用该技术。
【助读点拨】
(3)if引导宾语从句,作wonder的宾语。
So far,it is still unknown what will happen to Zhong Zhong and Hua Hua as they grow up(4). Researchers insist that the science of cloning should be further explored and advanced. As Einstein said, “Science is a powerful instrument. How it is used, whether it is a blessing or a curse to mankind,depends on mankind and not on the instrument(5). A knife is useful, but it can also kill.”
到目前为止,我们仍不清楚中中和华华长大后会发生什么。研究人员认为,克隆科学应进一步得到探索与发展。正如爱因斯坦所言:“科学是一种强有力的工具。怎样使用它,究竟是给人类带来幸福还是带来灾难,完全取决于人类自己,而不取决于工具。刀子是有用的,但刀子也能杀人。”
【助读点拨】
(4)what引导主语从句,it作形式主语代替真正的主语,as引导时间状语从句。
(5)How it is used作主语从句,depends on 作谓语动词,whether引导让步状语从句。
核 心 单 词
知识点1 justify vt.证明……有道理;为……辩护;是……的正当理由 *justified adj.(做某事)有正当理由的 *just adj.公正的;合理的adv.只是;仅仅;刚才
(牛津词典)How can they justify paying such huge salaries
他们怎能证明付这么大笔薪金是正当的呢
知识拓展
justify (doing) sth 证明……(做)某事是正当的
justify...to... 向……证明……是合理的
be justified in doing... 有理由做某事
经典佳句
How could teachers justify spending so much time on outdoor activities
教师们该如何证明花费大量时间在户外运动上是合理的呢
He tried to justify his absence with lame excuses.
他试图用站不住脚的借口为自己的缺席辩解。
融会应用 单句填空
(1)How will you justify this pay cut your employees
(2)The decision is (justify) on the grounds that there is no realistic alternative.
(3)He is fully justified in (do) so.
答案 (1)to (2)justified (3)doing
知识点2 calculate vt.计算;核算 *calculation n.计算;推测 *calculator n.计算器
(牛津词典)Use the formula to calculate the volume of the container.
用公式计算容器的容积。
知识拓展
calculate on (doing) sth 指望或依靠(做)某事
It is calculated that... 据估算……
be calculated to do sth 打算做某事;可能做某事
图解释义
Mothers' devotion to children can hardly be calculated.
母亲对孩子的奉献几乎无法计算。
融会应用
Ⅰ.单句填空
(1)We can't calculate good weather for the barbecue.
(2)This advertisement is calculated (attract) the attention of housewives.
(3)By his (calculate), it could save airlines hundreds of millions of dollars a year.
(4)It has been (calculate) that the loss from the earthquake is likely to be more than a hundred million dollars.
Ⅱ.单句写作
(5)(2023·福建宁德期末) the population of China is more than 1.4 billion.
据估算中国人口已超过14亿。
答案 (1)on (2)to attract (3)calculation
(4)calculated (5)It is calculated that
知识点3 participant n.参加者;参与者 *participation n.参加;参与 *participate vi.参加;参与
(牛津词典)He has been an active participant in the discussion.
他一直积极参与这次讨论。
知识拓展
participate in (doing) sth with sb 与某人一起参加/参与(做)某事
participate with sb in sth 与某人分担某事
经典佳句
We encourage anyone to participate in the singing competition and the participant who wins will be given a gift as a reward for the participation.
我们鼓励任何人参加歌唱比赛,获胜者将获得一份礼品作为参赛奖励。
名师点拨
participate 是不及物动词,常与in构成搭配,同义短语有join in、take part in等。
融会应用
Ⅰ.单句填空
(1)Everyone in the class is expected to actively participate these discussions.
(2)She participated her friends in their sufferings.
(3)We were very pleased with the high level of (participate) in the charity events.
Ⅱ.单句写作
(4)(2023·河南信阳一中月考)Knowing that you have an appetite for Chinese culture, I sincerely .
得知你喜欢中国文化, 我真诚邀请你参加这个演讲比赛。
答案 (1)in (2)with (3)participation (4)invite you to participate in/join in/take part in the speech contest
知识点4 serve vi.& vt.(为……)工作;服务;履行义务;尽职责;(给某人)提供;端上 *service n.(对顾客的)接待;服务;公共服务系统;公共事业 *serving n.(供一个人吃的)一份食物
(P51)A person's life is limited but serving the people is limitless.
人的生命是有限的,但是为人民服务是无限的。
知识拓展
serve sb with sth 为某人提供某物
serve sth to sb=serve sb sth 给某人端上;用……招待某人
serve as 用作;当作;充当
经典佳句
If I am lucky enough to be elected, I will make every effort to serve the students and our club.
如果我有幸当选,我将尽最大努力为学生和社团服务。
There has been a recent trend in the food service industry toward lower fat content and less salt.
最近在食品服务行业出现了低脂肪和少盐的趋势。
融会应用
Ⅰ.单句填空
(1)This is often appreciated since at a housewarming (乔迁庆宴)there isn't a lot of food (serve).
(2)She showed me into the front room, which served her office.
(3)Don't eat something you don't want to eat, but don't offend the people who served it you.
Ⅱ.单句写作
(4)Theory is based on practice and .
理论以实践为基础,反过来又为实践服务。
答案 (1)served (2)as (3)to (4)in turn serves practice
知识点5 comparison n.比较;对比 *compare vt. 比较;将……比作
(P52)In comparison with other species, cloning primates has proved to be “much harder”, and doing so with non-reproductive cells was even more complicated.
与其他的物种相比,克隆灵长类动物被证明要“困难得多”,而使用非生殖细胞克隆则更为复杂。
知识拓展
by comparison 比较起来;相比之下
by/in comparison (with sb/sth) (与……)相比较
compare to/with ...和……相比
compare...to... 把……比作……
compare...with... 把……和……比较
经典佳句
It is difficult to make a comparison with her previous book—they are completely different.
这很难与她以前的书相比——两者是截然不同的。
They were living rather well, in comparison with people elsewhere in the world.
和世界上其他地方的人相比,他们生活得相当好。
融会应用 单句填空
(1)We also like to compare young people flowers, as they are full of vigor and new ideas.
(2)Those places are modern comparison with the countryside.
(3)We carefully compared the first report the second.
答案 (1)to (2)by/in (3)with
知识点6 devote v.把……献(给) ;把……用于;专心于;奉献 *devoted adj.忠实的;深爱的 *devotion n.奉献;关爱
(P52)Dr Sun Qiang, director of the research team, said they had been wholly devoted to the research and had been taking care of more than 1,000 monkeys 24 hours a day, 7 days a week for more than 5 years.
研究小组的负责人孙强博士说,他们全身心地投入到研究中,5年多来每周7天,每天24小时照看1000多只猴子。
知识拓展
devote...to (doing) sth 把……献给/用于(做)某事
devote oneself to=be devoted to 献身于;专心致力于
经典佳句
Indeed, his slim but strong body is just like that of millions of Chinese farmers, to whom he has devoted his life.
事实上,他瘦削但结实的身躯看起来和他为之奉献了一生的千千万万的中国农民一样。
Your faithful devotion is one of your best qualities, but be careful not to become too dependent on others.
你的忠实奉献是你最美好的品质之一,但要注意不要过分依赖别人。
融会应用
Ⅰ.单句填空
(1)His (devote) to the cause of education is well-known.
(2)Zhong Nanshan has been devoted China's medical care all his life.
(3)Neighbors devoted their spare time to (help) others rebuild.
Ⅱ.单句写作
(4)(2023·安徽蚌埠模拟) your spoken English, the more fluent it will become.
你用来练习英语口语的时间越多,你的英语口语就会越流利。
答案 (1)devotion (2)to (3)helping (4)The more time you devote to practicing
知识点7 suit v.适合 n.西服;套装 *suitable adj. 适合的;适宜的
(P53)With this technology, we have the potential to raise a large number of monkeys with identical genes in a short amount of time, and we can even change their genes to suit research needs.
有了这项技术,我们就有可能在短时间内培育大量基因相同的猴子,甚至可以改变它们的基因,以适应研究需要。
知识拓展
be suitable for 适合……
be suitable to do sth 适合做某事
It suits sb to do sth.对某人来说,最好做某事。
图解释义
Please make a suit to my measure.
请按照我的尺寸做一套西服。
易混辨析
suit “适合;适宜”,指衣服颜色、样式适合某人,还可指合乎需要、口味、地位、条件等。另外,用于比喻意义时多用suit
fit “适合;合身”,指大小、尺寸、形状等合适,引申为“吻合;协调”
match “适合;和……匹配”,多指色调、形状、性质等方面的搭配,含有“与之相匹配”之意
融会应用
Ⅰ.用fit、suit、match的适当形式填空
(1)Though the style doesn't me, I want to take this jacket because it me well and my trousers.
Ⅱ.单句填空
(2)I think suits me to start work at a later time.
(3)This book, written in simple English, is (suit) for beginners.
答案 (1)suit;fits;matches (2)it (3)suitable
知识点8 treatment n.诊治;治疗;疗法;对待方式 *treat v.治疗;对待;款待 n.款待;招待
(P53)This could help save research time, reduce the number of animals required for testing, produce more accurate results, and lead to more effective treatments.
这有助于节省研究时间,减少实验所需动物的数量,使实验结果更准确、治疗方法更有效。
知识拓展
treat sb as... 把某人当……看待
treat sb with... 用……对待某人
treat sth seriously 认真对待某事物
treat sb/oneself to 用……款待某人/自己
It's my treat. 我请客。
经典佳句
Since the epidemic ended,scientists have been doing trials on treatments to prevent any future outbreaks.
自从疫情结束以来,科学家们就一直在进行治疗方面的试验以预防任何未来的(疫情)暴发。
Treat other people in the manner that you wish them to treat you.
你希望别人怎样对待你,你就怎样对待别人。
融会应用 单句写作
(1)—Did you enjoy the party
你喜欢这个聚会吗
—Yes. We by our hosts.
是的,我们受到了主人的盛情款待。
(2)I'll at the restaurant in front of our school.
我将请你在我们学校前面的餐馆吃午饭。
(3)Let's go out for lunch after work— .
下班后咱们到外面去吃午餐吧——我请客。
答案 (1)were treated well (2)treat you to lunch (3)it's my treat
知识点9 crucial adj.至关重要的;关键性的 *crucially adv.至关重要地;关键性地
(P53)While some people believe it is crucial for scientific advancement, others raise moral concerns.
虽然有些人认为这对于科学的进步至关重要,但是也有人提出了道德方面的担忧。
知识拓展
be crucial to/for sth 对某事而言是至关重要的
a crucial decision/issue/factor 关键性的决定/问题/因素
It is crucial that... ……是极其重要的
at the crucial moment 在紧要关头
crucially important 极其重要
经典佳句
The conservation of tropical forests is of crucial importance.
保护热带森林是至关重要的。
融会应用 单句填空
(1)It is crucial the problem should be tackled immediately.
(2)This aid money is crucial the government's economic policies.
答案 (1)that (2)to/for
知识点10 concern n.担心;关心;重要的事情 vt.使担忧;涉及;关系到 *concerned adj.担心的;关注的 *concerning prep. 关于;就……而言
(P53)While some people believe it is crucial for scientific advancement, others raise moral concerns.
虽然有些人认为这对于科学的进步至关重要,但是也有人提出了道德方面的担忧。
知识拓展
show concern for... 对……关切;关心
It concerns/concerned sb that... 令某人担忧的是……
as/so far as...be concerned 关于;至于;就……而言
be concerned about/for 关心;担忧;挂念
be concerned with 牵涉到;与……有关;关心
经典佳句
As far as I am concerned, the public are showing more and more concern for education. So the books concerning academics are popular with them. But it concerns me that the health of the young is in bad condition now, which is worrying.
在我看来,公众越来越关心教育。因此,有关学术的书籍受到他们的欢迎。但我担心的是,现在年轻人的健康状况很差,这是令人担忧的。
融会应用 单句填空
(1)As far as technology (concern),we believe we are among the best in the world.
(2)He asked several questions (concern) the future of the company.
(3)More and more people show great concern road safety.
(4)What (concern) me is our lack of preparation for the change.
答案 (1)is concerned (2)concerning (3)for (4)concerns
知识点11 abuse vt. 滥用;妄用;虐待 n. 滥用;虐待
(P53)Finally, they worry that some organisations may abuse the technology for unethical purposes.
最后,他们担心某些组织可能会出于不道德的目的滥用该技术。
知识拓展
abuse one's power/privilege/position 滥用某人的权力/特权/职权
alcohol abuse 酗酒
child abuse 虐待儿童
a stream of abuse一通大骂
经典佳句
What she did was an abuse of her position as manager.
她的所作所为是滥用经理职权。
融会应用 单句写作
(1) will bring our offspring a terrible future.
滥用能源会给我们的子孙后代带来可怕的未来。
(2)According to the new law, parents are not allowed in the family.
根据新的法律,家长不允许在家中虐待儿童。
答案 (1)Abusing energy/Energy abuse
(2)to abuse children
短 语 句 式
知识点12 more than超过;不止;不仅仅;多于
(P52)After Dolly, scientists have cloned more than 20 mammal species, including camels, cattle, deer, dogs, goats and mice.
继多莉之后,科学家已经克隆了20多种哺乳动物,包括骆驼、牛、鹿、狗、山羊和老鼠。
知识拓展
more than+数词,表示“超过;多于”,相当于over
more than+形容词,表示“很;非常”
more...than... 比……更;与其说……不如说……
no more than+名词或基数词,表示“不过;仅仅;只有”(侧重数量少)
not more than+基数词,表示“至多;不超过”
less than 少于
other than 除了;不同于
rather than 而不是
图解释义
The mother panda has taken care of the young panda for more than two years.
熊猫妈妈照顾这只小熊猫不止两年。
融会应用
Ⅰ.写出下列句中more than的含义
(1)There are more than 5 hospitals in the small town.
(2)We are more than glad to see you here.
(3)George is more intelligent than aggressive.
(4)Tom is more than my brother; he is also my good friend.
Ⅱ.单句写作
(5) was burnt in the fire.
不止一间房屋在火灾中被烧毁。
(6)He is an ordinary policeman.
他只不过是一名普通的警察。
(7)The site now has worldwide.
现在这一网站在全球拥有一百多万名会员。
答案 (1)超过;多于 (2)很;非常 (3)与其说……不如说…… (4)不仅仅 (5)More than one house (6)no more than (7)more than one million members
知识点13 lead to引起;导致;通向
(P52)This has led to questions such as, “Will this be a major issue for all cloned animals ” “Will it continue to happen forever ”.
这引发了一些疑问,例如:“这会是所有克隆动物的主要问题吗 ”“这个问题会永远持续下去吗 ”
知识拓展
lead sb to do sth 使某人做某事
lead sb to+地点 把某人领到某地
lead sb by the nose 牵着某人的鼻子走
lead a...life 过着……的生活
in the lead 领先
经典佳句
With a guide leading the way, we arrived at a village in Tibet, where we found the local people leading a happy life.
由向导带路,我们到达了西藏的一个村庄。在那里,我们发现当地人过着幸福的生活。
融会应用 单句填空
(1)What led you (select) your major
(2)I'm not going to allow anyone to lead me the nose.
(3)The Democrats now appear to be the lead.
答案 (1)to select (2)by (3)in
知识点14 a number of许多;大量的
(P52)There had been a number of failures before they eventually found a way to successfully clone a monkey.
历经多次失败,他们最终找到了成功克隆猴子的方法。
知识拓展
+可数名词复数
+不可数名词
+可数名词复数或
不可数名词
经典佳句
A large number of students will benefit from the new teaching method.
许多学生将从这个新的教学方法中获益。
Without doubt, the number of jobs in information technology will multiply.
毫无疑问,信息技术方面的工作数量会大大增加。
名师点拨
“a number of+名词复数”作主语时,谓语动词一般用复数形式。
“the number of+名词复数/具有复数意义的名词”作主语时,谓语一般用单数形式。
“a large amount of+不可数名词”作主语时,谓语动词一般用单数形式。
“large amounts of+不可数名词”作主语时,谓语动词根据amounts决定,用复数形式。
“a large quantity of+可数名词/不可数名词”作主语时,谓语动词用单数。
“large quantities of+可数名词/不可数名词”作主语时,谓语动词根据quantities决定,用复数形式。
融会应用
Ⅰ.单句填空
(1)In the past ten years, a number of high buildings (arise) where there was nothing but ruins.
(2)Large amounts of money (spend) on advertisements every year.
(3)Large quantities of water (pipe) to the dry area since last year.
(4)As you can see, the number of cars on our roads (keep) rising these days.
Ⅱ.单句写作
(5) , it's not difficult for them to understand these words in Chinese contexts.
随着学习英语的人越来越多, 对他们而言,在中文语境里理解这些英语单词并不是很困难。
(6) a university by an ordinary worker, which aroused public attention.
一位普通的工人向一所大学捐赠了一大笔钱,这引起了公众的关注。
答案 (1)have arisen (2)are spent (3)have been piped (4)keeps (5)As the number of English learners is on the rise
(6)A great deal/amount of money was donated to
知识点15 动词-ed形式作后置定语
(P52)The first successfully cloned animal was a sheep named Dolly in 1996.
第一只成功克隆的动物是1996年的克隆羊多莉。
知识拓展
(1)动词-ed形式作定语时通常与所修饰的名词构成逻辑上的动宾关系,或表示动作已完成。
(2)动词-ed形式还可以在句中作时间、原因、条件、让步、伴随、方式等状语。此时动词-ed形式通常与句子的主语构成逻辑上的动宾关系,或表示动作已完成。
The experience gained will give you more confidence to help your customers.
获得的经验会给你更多的信心去帮助你的客户。
There are many beautifully decorated houses in this rich zone.
这个富人区有许多装修精美的房子。
Exhausted, I slid into bed and fell fast asleep.
我感到累极了,爬上床很快就睡着了。
融会应用
Ⅰ.单句填空
(1) (give) a lot of money, he lived a better life.
(2) (use) with care, one tin will last for six weeks.
(3)The teacher came in, (follow) by a group of students.
Ⅱ.句型转换
(4)The meeting which was held yesterday is of great importance.
→The meeting is of great importance.(动词-ed形式作后置定语)
答案 (1)Given (2)Used (3)followed
(4)held yesterday
知识点16 动词不定式作后置定语
(P52)They were the first-ever primates(the order of mammals which include apes, monkeys, and humans) to have been cloned!
它们是有史以来首次被克隆的灵长类动物(哺乳动物的一个类别,包括猿、猴子和人类)!
知识拓展
句中to have been cloned是动词不定式作后置定语。
(1)当中心词是序数词或被序数词、形容词最高级等修饰时或前有next、only、last 等时,常用动词不定式作后置定语。
(2)动词不定式作定语用来修饰的词是抽象名词,常见的有:ability、chance、ambition、offer、anxiety、answer、reply、attempt、belief 等。
名师点拨
如果作后置定语的动词不定式中的动词是不及物动词,动词不定式后要有相应的介词。
融会应用
Ⅰ.单句填空
(1)He is always the first (come) and the last (leave).
(2)She was the first woman (win) a gold medal in the Olympic Games.
(3)Thank you for giving me the chance (make) the speech.
Ⅱ.单句写作
(4)The ability is as important as the idea itself.
表达思想的能力和思想本身同等重要。
答案 (1)to come;to leave (2)to win
(3)to make (4)to express an idea
知识点17 while引导让步状语从句
(P53)While some people believe it is crucial for scientific advancement, others raise moral concerns.
虽然有些人认为这对于科学的进步至关重要,但是也有人提出了道德方面的担忧。
知识拓展
(1)while用作从属连词,引导让步状语从句,意为“虽然;尽管”,相当于though。
(2)while用作从属连词,引导时间状语从句,意为“在……期间;当……的时候”。从句中的谓语动词通常是延续性动词。
(3)while用作并列连词,表对比,意为“而”。
(4)while用作从属连词,引导条件状语从句,意为“只要”,相当于as long as。
(5)while用作名词,意为“一会儿;一段时间”,主要用于短语中。after a while “过了一会儿”;for a while “暂时;一会儿”;all the while “一直;始终”。
融会应用 单句写作
(1) ,there is hope.
有生命就有希望。
(2)The boy is good at maths .
那个男孩擅长数学,而他妹妹擅长语文。
(3) ,I can't agree with you.
虽然我明白你说的话,但是我还是不认同你的观点。
(4)They and then went to work.
他们聊了一会儿,然后就去上班了。
答案 (1)While there is life (2)while his sister is good at Chinese (3)While I understand what you say (4)chatted for a while
语法探究
完 成 时
自主探究
阅读下列句子,注意黑体部分的时态。
①Tom had to correct the mistakes in his composition that his teacher had pointed out.
②The hacker was accused of theft because he had stolen information from other people's databases.
③He has worked for us ever since he left school.
④I have been working with her for 20 years.
⑤When she arrived at the school gate, I had been waiting for 2 hours.
⑥I had been trying to call home but couldn't get through.
我的发现
以上句子均体现了完成时态。
(1)句 为过去完成时。
(2)句 为现在完成时。
(3)句 为现在完成进行时。
(4)句 为过去完成进行时。
答案 (1)①② (2)③ (3)④ (4)⑤⑥
探究点1 现在完成时和现在完成进行时
一、基本用法
1.现在完成时由“have/has+done”构成,表示过去所发生的动作或事情对现在造成的影响或结果。
2.现在完成进行时由“have/has been+doing”构成,表示某一动作在过去某一时间发生,一直延续到现在,有可能到此为止,也有可能继续下去。现在完成进行时是兼有现在完成时和现在进行时两者基本特点的时态。
二、现在完成时与现在完成进行时的区别
1.现在完成时所表示的动作到现在为止已经完成,或者在过去曾经发生过但对现在仍有影响;而现在完成进行时则表示动作在过去发生,但现在仍在继续,侧重未完成。
I've dialed four times; I don't think anyone is in the office.
我已经拨了四次电话了,我认为办公室里没人。
I've been dialling; I don't think anyone is in the office.
我一直在打电话,我认为办公室里没人。
2.现在完成进行时可以表示动作的重复,而现在完成时一般不表示重复性。
Have you been meeting him recently
你最近常和他见面吗
Have you met him recently
你最近见过他吗
3.现在完成进行时有时含有感彩,而现在完成时一般是平铺直叙。
I have been waiting for you for two hours.
我一直等了你两个小时。(可能表示不满)
I have waited for you for two hours.
我等了你两个小时。(说明一个事实)
4.有些动词不能用于现在完成进行时,但可用于现在完成时。如表示状态的动词be、have、exist等;表示感情的动词like、love等;表示感觉的动词see、hear、smell等;表示知道、相信、猜测的动词know、believe、suppose等。
He has had a cold for a week.
他已经感冒一周了。
I have liked jazz since I was a teenager.
从青少年时期起我就喜欢爵士乐了。
I have known her for a long time.
我认识她已经很长时间了。
5.有少数动词(如work、 study、 live、 teach、 stay、 wait、 lie、 sleep等)在表示持续一段时间时用这两种时态含义差不多,只是用现在完成进行时更强调动作延续时间的长久性。
How long have you worked/been working here
你在这儿工作多久了
I've lived/been living here since 1988.
自1988年以来我就一直住在这儿。
6.与一段时间连用时可以用现在完成时也可以用现在完成进行时;但与次数连用时只能用现在完成时,不能用现在完成进行时。
It hasn't rained for six weeks.
已经六个星期没下雨了。
It has been raining since yesterday and it is still raining.
从昨天起,雨就没停过,而且现在还在下。
He has rung me up five times since 12 o'clock.
从十二点后,他已经给我打了五次电话。
He has been ringing me up all morning.
他整个上午一直在给我打电话。
7.现在完成进行时不用于被动语态,若一定要用,可用现在完成时的被动语态代替。
The problem has been studied for five days.
这个问题已被研究了五天。
融会应用 单句填空
(1)It's hard to tell exactly how many people agree with him, but research indicates that the number (rise) for some time.
(2)—You are a great swimmer.
—Thanks. It's because I (practise) a lot these days.
(3)Lily went to China last year and I (hear) from her ever since.
答案 (1)has been rising (2)have been practicing
(3)haven't heard
探究点2 过去完成时和过去完成进行时
一、过去完成时
(一)过去完成时的构成
过去完成时由“had+done”构成。
(二)过去完成时的用法
1.过去完成时表示过去某一时刻或动作之前已完成的动作或存在的状态。过去的时间可以用by、before等介词短语或一个时间状语从句来表示,也可以用一个表示过去的动作来表示,还可通过上下文来表示。
When the explorer hurried to the destination,the others had already left.
当这名探险者匆忙赶到目的地的时候,其他人已经离开了。
By nine o'clock last night,we had got 200 pictures from the spaceship.
到昨晚9点钟,我们已经收到宇宙飞船发来的200张图片。
2.表示由过去的某一时刻开始,一直延续到过去另一时间的动作或状态,常和for、since构成的时间状语连用。
He told us that he had done the scientific research for five years.
他告诉我们他做科学研究已经五年了。
3.动词think、want、hope、mean、plan、intend等用过去完成时来表示过去未曾实现的想法、希望、打算或意图等。
I had never thought that you were content to help me.
我从未想过你愿意帮我。
We had hoped to be able to come and see you.
我们本来希望能来看看你。
4.过去完成时常常用在told、said、knew、heard、thought等动词后的宾语从句中,这时从句中的动作发生在主句表示的过去的动作之前。
He said that he had known her well.
他说他对她很熟悉。
5.当时间状语从句与主句的动作都发生在过去时,通常一个动作用一般过去时表示,另一个动作用过去完成时表示。如果从句动作发生在主句动作之前,从句用过去完成时;如果从句动作发生在主句动作之后,则从句用一般过去时。从句常由when、before、after、as soon as、till/until引导。
When I woke up,it had already stopped raining.
我醒来时,雨已停了。
注意:在before、after引导的时间状语从句中,由于before和after本身已表达了动作的先后关系,若主、从句表示的动作紧密相连,则主、从句多用一般过去时。
After he arrived in England,he worked hard to improve his English.
他到达英格兰之后努力提高他的英语水平。
6.过去完成时的常用固定句型
(1)主语+had hardly/scarcely/no sooner+done+when/than从句(从句用一般过去时);当hardly、scarcely、no sooner等表示否定意义的词位于句首时,主句要倒装。
I had no sooner reached home than it began to rain.
=No sooner had I reached home than it began to rain.
我刚到家就下雨了。
(2)It was+一段时间+since从句(从句用过去完成时)
It was at least three months since I had left Beijing.
我离开北京至少有3个月了。
(3)It was the first/second/...time+(that)从句(从句用过去完成时)
It was the first time that I had chatted online in English.
那是我第一次用英语在网上聊天。
(4)主句(过去完成时)+by the time...(一般过去时)
We had got everything ready by the time they arrived.
在他们到达之前,我们已经做好一切准备了。
(5)句子(过去完成时)+by the end of...(表示过去的时间)
By the end of last term,we had learned English for at least four years.
到上个学期末,我们至少已经学了四年英语。
二、过去完成进行时
(一)过去完成进行时的构成
过去完成进行时由“had been+doing”构成
(二)过去完成进行时的用法
1.强调到过去为止,某一活动或动作一直在持续,可能仍然持续下去。
It had been snowing for 2 days when I arrived in Heilongjiang.
当我到黑龙江的时候,已经下了两天的雪了。(可能当时还在下雪)
2.表示重复发生的动作——就是表示过去某一活动或者时间之前一段时间内重复发生的动作。
I had been trying to call her on the phone. Finally she gave me a call.
我一直试图给她打电话,最后她给我打了电话。
注意:重复的动作不能说出具体次数。
3.过去完成时和过去完成进行时的区别
过去完成进行时强调动作的持续性,过去完成时表示在过去某一具体时间或动作之前已经发生或完成的动作,强调动作已结束这一事实。
They had been building the road by the end of last month.
到上个月月底为止,他们一直在修建这条路。
They had built the road by the end of last month.
上个月月底,他们已建好了这条路。
融会应用 单句写作
(1)I , but something happened.
我本打算来,但发生了一些事。
(2)She a bad cold before she took the exam.
她在考试之前一直患重感冒。
(3)I for five months before I got this one.
我苦苦寻找了5个月才找到这份工作。
答案 (1)had meant to come (2)had been suffering from (3)had been looking for a job
【随堂检测】
夯实基础
Ⅰ.单句填空
1.The problems of global warming cannot be solved without the (participate) of all countries.
2. (see)from the train window,the mountains and forests of Canada looked massive.
3.It is believed that hard work can lead success.
4.The students are looking forward to having an opportunity (explore) society of real-life experience.
5.Compared other European countries, the lifestyle in Italy is slower and more relaxing.
6.Nelson Mandela devoted all his life to (realize) the dream that people of different colors should be equal.
7.Though it was the first time that I (visit) the small town,I fell in love with it at once.
8.Although many measures (take), the world's economy is still going down.
9.She (telephone) her husband for the last thirty minutes, but there has been no answer.
答案 1.participation 2.Seen 3.to 4.to explore
5.with/to 6.realizing 7.had visited 8.have been taken 9.has been telephoning
Ⅱ.单句写作
1.Tom the online games for more than twenty hours.
汤姆玩网络游戏已经超过二十个小时了。
2.I the letter since then.
从那时起我一直在写这封信。
3.George on several occasions.
乔治已经见过那位先生几次。
4.The friendly relations and cooperation between our two countries in the past few years.
我们两国之间的友好合作关系在近几年得到了增强。
5.Jack very well recently; I think he'd better go to see a doctor.
杰克最近一直感觉不太舒服,我认为他最好去看看医生。
6.We and see you the day before yesterday, but we were too busy.
我们前天本打算来看你的,但我们太忙了。
7.I found the lecture hard to follow because it when I arrived.
我觉得这个讲座很难听懂,因为我到的时候它已经开始了。
8.When asked why he was late again, he said that he the regular bus.
当问到他为什么再次迟到时,他说他没有赶上班车。
9.Hardly/Scarcely when the bell rang.
她刚刚睡下门铃就响了。
答案 1.has been playing 2.have been writing
3.has met that gentleman 4.have been enhanced 5.hasn't been feeling 6.had intended to come
7.had started 8.hadn't caught 9.had she gone to bed
衔接高考
单句填空
1.(2023·浙江1月) (calculate) your speed as you do, divide 3,600(the number of seconds in an hour)by the number of seconds it takes you to travel one mile(the distance between two mileposts).
2.(2022·新高考Ⅱ) (participate) in a post-visit survey is required.
3.(2023·四省适应性考试)By September 2016, more 130,000 acacia trees had been planted on 20 pilot farms, with farmers recording a 60 per cent survival rate.
4.(2020·全国Ⅱ)Studies show that friendlier communication leads a happier workplace.
5.(2022·浙江1月)Five percent of the highly fit women developed dementia, (compare) to 25 percent of the women with medium fitness and 32 percent of the women with low fitness.
6.(2021·浙江)Leslie Nielsen's devotion to (act) is wonderfully inspiring.
7.(2020·新高考Ⅰ)A flood had hit the area earlier that year and the damage it caused had driven away number of birds.
8.(2021·北京)Please let me know what time (suit) you best.
9.(2022·浙江1月)I felt he (treat) me as though I would hold him back and probably make him fail to get an A in the course.
答案 1.To calculate 2.Participation 3.than 4.to 5.compared 6.acting 7.a 8.suits 9.treated
2
