Unit 10 Section Ⅱ Learning About Language
【学习目标】
1.通过对教材的理解,了解重要词汇的基本用法。(语言能力)
2.通过导学案的套用,以练促学,巩固内化单词、短语和句式,并学以致用。(学习能力)
3.通过对教材的理解,掌握过去时态的被动语态的用法。(语言能力)
【自主预习】
Ⅰ.拓展单词
1. n. 干涉;干预 → v.出面;介入;阻挠;干扰
2.n. 意见不合;分歧;争论→ vi. 不同意→ vi. 同意→ n. 同意;协议
3. n. 鼓励;鼓舞→ v. 鼓励;鼓舞→ n. 勇气;胆量
4. vt. 干扰;打扰;使中断→ adj.令人烦恼的;令人不安的→ adj. 扰乱的
5. vi. 道歉→ n. 道歉;谢罪
6. n. 印象;感想→ vt. 使印象深刻;使铭记→ adj. 给人深刻印象的;令人钦佩的
7. n. 社会学家→ n. 社会学
8. vt. 忌妒;羡慕→ adj.羡慕的;忌妒的
9. v. 再现;再创造→ vt.创造;创作→ n.创作;创造→ adj.创造性的;有创造力的
答案 1.intervention;intervene 2.disagreement;disagree;agree;agreement 3.encouragement; encourage;courage 4.disturb;disturbing;disturbed
5.apologise;apology 6.impression;impress; impressive 7.sociologist;sociology 8.envy;envious 9.recreate;create;creation;creative
Ⅱ.短语快记
1.refer to
2.a chain of
3.base... 以……为基础
4.deliver... ... 把……送到……
5.be connected to
答案 1.指的是 2.一连串的 3.on 4.to 5.连接到……
Ⅲ.句式仿写
1.Once the parcel had been received by this person, he/she would send the parcel onto a contact of theirs until the parcel could be personally delivered to the correct person.(once 引导时间状语从句)
_______________________________________________________________________________
we went ahead.
一旦我认为这个决定是正确的,我们就动手干了起来。
2.Amazingly, it only took between five and seven people to get the parcels delivered, and once released, the results were published in the bimonthly magazine Psychology Today.(状语从句的省略)
, it must be done well.
一旦开始,就必须做好。
3.It was this research that inspired the phrase “Six Degrees of Separation”.(It is/was... that...强调句)
the ship brought you to England.
正是那艘船把你带到了英国。
答案 1.Once I thought that it was the right decision
2.Once begun 3.It was; that
【合作探究】
新知探究
解析教材
Research shows the average person only has regular communication with between seven and fifteen people, and that most of our communication is in fact with five to ten people who are closest to us. However, perhaps we are closer to the rest of the world than we think. “Six Degrees of Separation” refers to the theory that any person on Earth can be connected to any other person through a chain of no more than five other people.
研究表明,一般人只与7到15个人进行定期交流,而我们大多数的交流实际上是与5到10个与我们最亲近的人进行的。然而,也许我们与世界上其余的人的距离比我们想象的要近。“六度分隔”理论是指地球上任何人都可以通过不超过另外五个人与任何其他人有关联的理论。
The concept was first talked about as long ago as in the 1920s. The Hungarian author Frigyes Karinthy published a book called Everything Is Different in 1929, in which he introduced the idea of friendship networks and his ideas influenced many of our early impressions of social networks.
这个概念早在20世纪20年代就第一次被提及。匈牙利作家弗里吉斯·考林蒂在1929年出版了一本名为《一切都不同》的书,他在书中介绍了友谊网络的概念,他的思想影响了许多我们对社交网络的早期印象。
In the 1950s, an attempt was made by two scientists to prove the theory mathematically; but after twenty years, they still had not had any success. In 1967, an American sociologist called Stanley Milgram tried using a new method to test the theory, which he called the “small-world problem”. He chose a random sample of people in the middle of America and asked them to send packages to a stranger in the state of Massachusetts. The people sending the packages only knew the name, job and general location of the stranger. Milgram told them to send the package to a person they knew personally who they thought might know the target stranger. Once the parcel had been received by this person, he/she would send the parcel onto a contact of theirs until the parcel could be personally delivered to the correct person. Amazingly, it only took between five and seven people to get the parcels delivered, and once released, the results were published in the bimonthly magazine Psychology Today. It was this research that inspired the phrase “Six Degrees of Separation”.
20世纪50年代,两位科学家曾试图用数学方法证明这一理论,但20年后,他们仍然没有取得任何成功。1967年,一位名叫斯坦利·米尔格兰姆的美国社会学家尝试用一种新方法来检验这个理论,他称之为“小世界问题”。他随机抽取了美国中部的一些人,要求他们给马萨诸塞州的一个陌生人寄包裹。寄包裹的人只知道陌生人的姓名、工作和大致位置。米尔格兰姆让他们把包裹寄给一个他们私下里认识的人,他们认为这个人可能认识目标陌生人。一旦此人收到包裹,他或她就会将包裹发给他们的一个联系人,直到该包裹被送到目标收件人手中。令人惊讶的是,只需要5到7个人就能把包裹送到(目标收件人手中),而且这个结果一被公布就被刊登在《今日心理学》双月刊上。正是这项研究启发了“六度分隔”这个词语。
In the last few decades, the theory and the phrase have appeared again. Its name was used as the title of a play and then a film. Then, more films and TV programmes based on the concept were made and broadcast. For example, the Oscar-winning film Babel is based on the concept of “Six Degrees of Separation”. The lives of all the characters were closely connected, although they did not know each other and lived thousands of miles apart. The television series Lost also explored the idea of “Six Degrees of Separation”, as almost all the characters had randomly met each other, or had met someone the other characters knew, before they were all in the same plane crash. In the mid-1990s, two college students in the United States invented a game. The idea of the game was to link any actor to Kevin Bacon, a famous American actor and musician, through no more than six links. Soon the game was being played in universities across the United States.
在过去的几十年里,这个理论和这个词语又出现了。它的名字被用作一出戏剧的标题,后来又被用作一部电影的标题。然后,更多的基于这一概念的电影和电视节目被制作和播出。例如,奥斯卡获奖影片《通天塔》就是基于“六度分隔”的概念。所有人物的生活都紧密相连,尽管他们彼此不认识,相隔数千里。电视连续剧《迷失》也探讨了“六度分隔”的概念,因为几乎所有的角色在同一次飞机失事之前都曾偶遇,或者是遇见其他角色认识的人。20世纪90年代中期,美国两名大学生发明了一种游戏。游戏的玩法是通过不超过6个联结将任何演员与美国著名演员和音乐家凯文·贝肯联系起来。很快全美国的大学都在玩这个游戏。
In 2003, Columbia University tried to recreate Milgram's experiment on the Internet. This became known as the “Columbia Small-world Project”. The experiment involved 24,163 email chains with 18 target people in 13 different countries. The results confirmed that the average number of links in the chain was six.
Most recently, an experiment in 2011 at the University of Milan analysed the relationship between 721 million social media users and found that 92 percent were connected by only four stages, or five degrees of separation.
So, think about it for a minute: How might you be connected to the driver of the bus you regularly take or the person who delivers your parcels
2003年,哥伦比亚大学试图在互联网上重现米尔格兰姆的实验。这被称为“哥伦比亚小世界项目”。这项实验涉及24 163个电子邮件链,有来自13个不同国家的18个目标人物。结果证实,链中的平均联结数为6。
最近,米兰大学在2011年的一项实验分析了7.21亿社交媒体用户之间的关系,并发现92%的用户仅通过四个阶段或五个分隔度建立联系。
所以,想一想:你可能会与你经常乘坐的公共汽车司机或给你寄送包裹的人有着怎样的联系
核 心 单 词
知识点1 disagreement n.意见不合;分歧;争论 *disagree v.不同意 *反义词:agreement n.同意 * agree v.同意;赞成
(牛津词典)Disagreement arose about exactly how to plan the show.
在如何拟订具体演出计划的问题上出现了分歧。
知识拓展
in disagreement/agreement意见不合/一致
disagree/agree with sb 不同意/同意某人(的观点)
agree to sth 同意某一项建议、计划、安排等
agree to do sth 同意做某事
agree on/upon sth 在某方面取得一致意见或达成协议
经典佳句
There is considerable disagreement over the safety of the treatment.
这种疗法是否安全争议很大。
He disagreed with his parents on most things.
他在多数事情上都与父母意见不一。
融会应用 单句填空
(1)My mother agrees (buy) a pair of sports shoes as my birthday present.
(2)He asked me whether I agreed him.
(3)Tom and Peter are twins, but they often argue and (agree) with each other.
(4)The teacher was agreement that we would have an English party.
答案 (1)to buy (2)with (3)disagree (4)in
知识点2 envy vt.& n.忌妒;羡慕 *envious adj.羡慕的;忌妒的 *enviable adj.令人羡慕的;引起忌妒的
(牛津词典)They looked with envy at her latest purchase.
他们羡慕地看着她最近买到的东西。
知识拓展
envy sb sth 羡慕/忌妒某人有某物
be the envy of 成为……的羡慕/忌妒对象
with envy羡慕地; 忌妒地
envy of sb对某人的忌妒
envy of/at sth对……的羡慕
经典佳句
His good mark was the envy of his classmates.
他的好成绩是他的同学们所羡慕的。
He is in the enviable position of having two job offers to choose from.
他有两份工作邀请可选,令人羡慕。
融会应用
Ⅰ.单句填空
(1)He lookedenvy at his friend's new car.
(2)People can't help envying(have) good fortune.
(3)He couldn't conceal his envyher success.
Ⅱ.单句写作
(4)(2023·云南昆明一中月考)I'm so proud that with the rapid development of the Internet in China, our mobile payment system .
我很自豪,随着中国互联网的快速发展,我们的移动支付系统已经成为其他国家羡慕的对象。
答案 (1)with (2)having (3)of/at (4)has become the envy of other countries
知识点3 encouragement n.鼓励;鼓舞;起激励作用的事物 *encourage vt. 鼓励 *反义词:discourage vt.使丧失信心;使泄气;阻止 *discouraged adj.气馁的
(牛津词典)With a little encouragement from his parents he should do well.
只要父母给点鼓励,他应该会做得很好。
知识拓展
encourage sb to do sth 鼓励某人做某事
discourage sb from doing sth 劝阻某人做某事
经典佳句
It was your encouragement that made me achieve great progress.
正是你的鼓励使我取得了巨大的进步。
They do this in order to encourage crowds to cheer their team on.
他们这样做是为了鼓励观众为他们的球队加油。
融会应用 单句写作
(1)College students hold a graduation ceremony before they set off on their life journey.
大学生们在开始生活之旅之前举行毕业典礼来鼓励自己。
(2)Don't criticize him too often. Otherwise, he would soon .
不要经常批评他。否则,他很快就会气馁的。
(3)We from smoking.
我们应该劝阻孩子们吸烟。
答案 (1)to encourage themselves (2)get discouraged
(3)should discourage children
知识点4 disturb vt.干扰;打扰;使中断 *disturbed adj.烦恼的;受干扰的 *disturbing adj.令人不安的;使人烦恼的 *disturbance n.骚乱;打扰
(P107) Basically, they were making too much noise in their flat in the evenings and it was really disturbing us.
基本上,他们晚上在公寓里制造了太多噪声,这真的让我们很不安。
知识拓展
It disturbs sb to do sth. 做某事使某人不安。
be disturbed by 为……感到不安;被……打扰
经典佳句
It disturbs me greatly to know that he was lying.
得知他在说谎,我非常烦恼。
But then I started noticing a disturbing trend.
但就在那时, 我开始注意到一种令人忧心的趋势。
融会应用 单句填空
(1)We can't focus on our work because of the (disturb) noise.
(2)It(disturb) her to realize that she would be dismissed.
(3)She is emotionally(disturb).
答案 (1)disturbing (2)disturbed (3)disturbed
知识点5 apologise v.道歉;谢罪 *apology n. 道歉
(P107)Instead of staying in our flat, feeling angry about the noise, we went over to their flat, told them how unhappy the noise was making us and they apologised and said they would make less noise from then on.
我们没有待在我们的公寓里对噪声感到愤怒,而是走到他们的公寓,告诉他们噪声让我们多么不高兴,他们道歉说从那以后他们会少制造噪声。
知识拓展
apologise to sb for (doing) sth 因(做)某事而向某人道歉
accept sb's apology 接受某人的道歉
owe sb an apology 应该向某人表示歉意
make an apology to sb for (doing) sth 因(做)某事而向某人道歉
经典佳句
I think I owe you an apology for the damage I have done to your bicycle,so now I apologise to you for my bad behavior and I sincerely hope you
can accept my apologies and understand my situation.
我应该为损坏你的自行车的事向你道歉,所以现在我为我的不良行为向你道歉,我真诚地希望你能接受我的道歉并理解我的处境。
融会应用
Ⅰ.单句填空
(1)I must apologise you for coming late.
(2)I should make an apology to him what I said.
(3)He accepted the (apologise) with great generosity.
Ⅱ.一句多译
他因自己的粗鲁行为而向她道歉。
(4)____________________________________________________________________________
.(apologise)
(5)____________________________________________________________________________
.(apology)
答案 (1)to (2)for (3)apology (4)He apologised to her for his rude behavior. (5)He made an apology to her for his rude behavior.
知识点6 impression n.印象;感想 *impress vt.使铭记;使钦佩;给……留下深刻印象 *impressive adj.令人印象深刻的
(P8)The Hungarian author Frigyes Karinthy published a book called Everything Is Different in 1929, in which he introduced the idea of friendship networks and his ideas influenced many of our early impressions of social networks.
匈牙利作家弗里吉斯·考林蒂在1929年出版了一本名为《一切都不同》的书,他在书中介绍了友谊网络的概念,他的思想影响了许多我们对社交网络的早期印象。
知识拓展
leave/make/create a(n)...impression on sb 给某人留下……的印象
impress...on... 把……印在……上
经典佳句
Hangzhou is really an impressive place. The famous West Lake always leaves a deep impression on the visitors. I was deeply impressed by its beauty the first time I saw it.
杭州真是一个令人印象深刻的地方。 著名的西湖总是给游客留下深刻的印象。当我第一次看到它时, 它的美丽就给我留下了深刻的印象。
融会应用
Ⅰ.用impress的适当形式填空
(1)The phrase her so much that she copied it down.
(2)What was so about Jasmine Westland's victory was that she came first in the marathon.
(3)Such a person may be forgiven if he is late, but not those who are deliberately late to create an .
Ⅱ.一句多译
她甜美的微笑深深地打动了我们。
(4)Her sweet smile .
(5)We her sweet smile.
(6)Her sweet smile us.
答案 (1)impressed (2)impressive (3)impression
(4)impressed us deeply (5)were deeply impressed by (6)made a deep impression on
知识点7 attempt n.& vt.企图;试图;尝试
(P8)In the 1950s, an attempt was made by two scientists to prove the theory mathematically; but after twenty years, they still had not had any success.
20世纪50年代,两位科学家曾试图用数学方法证明这一理论,但20年后,他们仍然没有取得任何成功。
知识拓展
attempt to do sth 尝试/试图做某事(表具体的一次性行为)
attempt doing sth 尝试/试图做某事(表长期以来尝试做的事情)
make an attempt to do/at doing sth 尝试/试图做某事
at the first attempt 第一次尝试
in an attempt to do sth 试图做某事;竭尽全力做某事
经典佳句
They made no attempt to escape.
他们没有企图逃跑。
She was proud as a peacock when she passed her driving test at the first attempt.
当她第一次参加驾驶考试就顺利过关时,她骄傲得像只孔雀。
名师点拨
attempt to do sth 相当于try to do sth, 意为“试图做某事”, 但不一定成功; 而succeed in doing sth/manage to do sth 意为“成功地做了某事”。
融会应用
Ⅰ.单句填空
(1)Without saying a word,she chose a needle with a small eye,and threaded it her first attempt.
(2)He attempted (escape) from the prison, but he couldn't find anybody to help him.
(3)We often buy souvenirs an attempt to bring home a piece of where we've been.
Ⅱ.一句多译
他们试图攀登那座小山。
(4) (attempt n.)
(5) (attempt v.)
答案 (1)at (2)to escape/escaping (3)in (4)They made an attempt to climb/at climbing that hill. (5)They attempted to climb/climbing that hill.
知识点8 release vt. & n.发表;发布;释放
(P9)Amazingly, it only took between five and seven people to get the parcels delivered, and once released, the results were published in the bimonthly magazine Psychology Today.
令人惊讶的是,只需要5到7个人就能把包裹送到(目标收件人手中),而且这个结果一被公布就被刊登在《今日心理学》双月刊上。
知识拓展
release sb from sp 从某地释放某人
release stress/emotions 释放压力/发泄情绪
经典佳句
The bird was released from the cage.
鸟被从笼子里放出去了。
The factory keeps releasing smoke,making the air dirty.
这座工厂不停地排放烟雾,污染了空气。
名师点拨
与release(释放)意思相同的短语有set free、give off、let loose、let out等。
融会应用 单句填空
(1)In recent years, a number of Hollywood producers(release) film posters for Chinese audiences, showing their attention to the country's film market and culture.
(2) (release) on 5 February, 2019, The Wandering Earth soon became a great hit.
(3)I'm eager to buy the CD (release) last month.
答案 (1)have released (2)Released
(3)released
知识点9 base vt.以……为根据/基础n.基部;根基;基础 *basic adj.基础的 *basis n.根据;基础
(P9)Then, more films and TV programmes based on the concept were made and broadcast.
然后,更多的基于这一概念的电影和电视节目被制作和播出。
知识拓展
be based on 以……为基础/依据
base...on... 以……为基础
basic knowledge 基础知识;基本知识
on the basis of 以……为基础;根据……
经典佳句
These days, I, together with my classmates, have adapted a short play based on the English text.这些天,我和我的同学一起根据英语课文改编了一个短剧。
融会应用
Ⅰ.单句填空
(1)With our knowledge (base) on practice, we can make contributions to our society.
(2)—Why did you promote him to a position of leadership
— the basis of his qualifications and ideas.
Ⅱ.一句多译
这部电影以一个真实故事为基础,非常受欢迎。
(3)The film , and it is very popular.
(4) , the film is very popular.
答案 (1)based (2)On (3)is based on a true story (4)Based on a true story
知识点10 link n.联系;纽带 vt.把……连接起来;相关联
(P9)The idea of the game was to link any actor to Kevin Bacon, a famous American actor and musician, through no more than six links.
游戏的玩法是通过不超过6个联结将任何演员与美国著名演员和音乐家凯文·贝肯联系起来。
知识拓展
a link between A and B A与B之间的联系
link...to/with...将……和……联系或连接起来
link up 连接;结合
link up with 与……联合;与……衔接
图解释义
They are linked together by holding hands.
他们手拉手连在一起。
名师点拨
表达“与……相联系; 将……和…… 联系起来”的固定搭配还有connect...with...、 relate...to...、associate...with...等。
融会应用
Ⅰ.单句填空
(1)The new tunnel links Britain France.
(2)The two spacecraft will link with each other in orbit.
(3)The country (link) to the town by a new bridge.
Ⅱ.单句写作
(4)After the investigation,the police .
经过调查,警方把这起事故与超速驾驶联系在一起。
(5)What puzzles us most is that the two accidents .
令我们最困惑的是,这两起事故密切相关。
(6)The police suspected that between the two murders.
警方怀疑这两起谋杀案可能有关联。
答案 (1)to/with (2)up (3)is linked (4)linked the accident to speeding (5)are closely linked together (6)there may be a link
知识点11 involve v.包含;需要;涉及;使参与 *involved adj.复杂的;涉及的;参与的
(P9)The experiment involved 24,163 email chains with 18 target people in 13 different countries.
这项实验涉及24 163个电子邮件链,有来自13个不同国家的18个目标人物。
知识拓展
involve sb in (doing) sth 使某人参与(做)某事;使某人牵扯到(做)某事中
involve doing sth 包括做某事;参与做某事
get/be involved in 被卷入……之中
图解释义
These two friends are both involved in organizing the tree planting event.
这两位朋友都参与了植树活动的组织工作。
名师点拨
involved作前置定语时,意为“复杂的”;作后置定语时,意为“涉及的”。如:the involved experience“复杂的经历”;the people involved“所涉及的人”。
融会应用 单句填空
(1)Michelle found a job as a high school teacher which involves (spend) quite a lot of time with students.
(2)There was a serious incident (involve) a group of youths.
=There was a serious incident with a group of youths (involve).
答案 (1)spending (2)involving; involved
短 语 句 式
知识点12 conflict with与……冲突或抵触
(牛津词典)These results conflict with earlier findings.
这些结果与早期的发现相矛盾。
知识拓展
in conflict with 和……冲突
come into conflict with 和……发生冲突
resolve the conflict 解决矛盾
conflict of interest 利益冲突
经典佳句
He held firm opinions which usually conflicted with mine.
他持有坚定的观点,这些观点通常和我的观点相冲突。
She found herself in conflict with her parents over her future career.
她发现自己在将来择业的问题上与父母存在着分歧。
融会应用
Ⅰ.单句填空
(1)If so, your points of view are bound to conflict his.
(2)My interests come conflict with yours.
Ⅱ.单句写作
(3)Many of these ideas appear to be each other.
这些观念中有许多看上去似乎相互矛盾。
(4)He and his ex-wife frequently , which led to their divorce.
他和他前妻经常发生争执,这导致他们离婚。
答案 (1)with (2)into (3)in conflict with
(4)came into conflict
知识点13 refer to 查阅;参考;谈到;涉及;指的是
(P8) “Six Degrees of Separation” refers to the theory that any person on Earth can be connected to any other person through a chain of no more than five other people.
“六度分隔”理论是指地球上任何人都可以通过不超过另外五个人与任何其他人有关联的理论。
知识拓展
refer...to... 把……交付给……
refer to...as... 把……称为……
in/with reference to 关于……
for reference 以备查阅;以供参考
经典佳句
He had been well prepared for his speech, so he didn't refer to his notebook while delivering it.
他已经为他的演讲做了充分的准备,所以他在演讲时没有查阅笔记本。
I've attached my article to the letter—just for your reference.
我在信里附了我的文章,仅供你参考。
名师点拨
在表示“查阅”之意时,refer to后多接参考资料(如词典、书等);look up大多接查询的内容。
融会应用 用refer的正确形式填空
(1)Complete the exercises without to a dictionary.
(2)The book to last time has been sold out.
(3)There is no direct to her own childhood in the novel.
答案 (1)referring (2)referred
(3)reference
知识点14 hang out 闲逛;晾出
(柯林斯词典)I often used to hang out in supermarkets.
我过去经常在超市里闲逛。
知识拓展
hang on不挂断;稍等;紧紧抓住
hang on to 抓住
hang up 挂断(电话)
hang around 闲逛;逗留
hang back (from sth) 犹豫;退缩
经典佳句
We usually hang out on the square after work.
我们下班后通常会在广场上闲逛。
Don't hang back in the face of difficulties.
面对困难不要退缩。
融会应用 单句写作
(1)Someone called me up before I could answer it.
有人给我打电话,但是我还没来得及接就挂断了。
(2)Let's go to the park this afternoon.
今天下午我们去公园闲逛吧。
(3)The little girl while they were crossing the street.
过马路的时候,小女孩紧紧抓住她妈妈的手。
答案 (1)but hung up (2)and hang out
(3)hung on to her mother's hand
知识点15 once引导时间状语从句
(P9)Once the parcel had been received by this person, he/she would send the parcel onto a contact of theirs until the parcel could be personally delivered to the correct person.
一旦此人收到包裹,他或她就会将包裹发给他们的一个联系人,直到该包裹被送到目标收件人手中。
知识拓展
(1)once用作连词时可引导时间状语从句,意为“一旦……就……”,相当于as soon as、when。
(2)在once、if、when、while、whether、unless等引导的从句中如果含有系动词be的某种形式,且从句主语与主句主语一致或从句的主语是it时,从句的主语和系动词be可以省略。
Once you begin, you must continue.
一旦开了头,你就必须继续下去。
Once you have taken the examination, you'll be able to relax.
一旦考试完,你就可以轻松一下了。
融会应用
Ⅰ.单句填空
(1)It sounds like something is wrong with the car's engine. If ,we'd better take it to the garage immediately.
(2)While (walk) along the river bank, she was singing a pop song with her classmates.
(3)He won't go to Tom's birthday party with us unless (invite).
(4)You can create a mission for your child, or your child can request a new mission. Once (create), it must be accepted.
Ⅱ.单句写作
(5)It isn't too difficult idea.
你一旦弄懂了,它就不太难了。
(6)You can't duck out .
一旦承担起责任,你就不能逃避。
(7) , it's difficult to pull yourself out.
你一旦陷进深雪中就很难出来。
答案 (1)so (2)walking (3)invited (4)created
(5)once you get the (6)once you've taken on a responsibility (7)Once you're stuck in deep snow
语法探究
过去时态的被动语态
探究点1 过去时态的被动语态的构成
自主探究
阅读下列句子,注意黑体部分的用法。
①Carnival in Venice was celebrated in February.
②Because they broke the laws, they were put into prison for up to two years.
③He said that the man was being operated on.
④Two hundred trees had been planted since the man came there.
我的发现
(1)句①②用了 ,
其构成为 。
(2)句③用了 ,
其构成为 。
(3)句④用了 ,
其构成为 。
答案 (1)一般过去时的被动语态;was/were+v-ed (2)过去进行时的被动语态;was/were +being+v-ed (3)过去完成时的被动语态;had+been+v-ed
基础盘点
被动语态的时态和构成:
时态 构成
一般过去时 was/were+v-ed
过去进行时 was/were+being+v-ed
过去完成时 had+been+v-ed
过去将来时 would+be+v-ed
These letters were written in 1990.
这些信是在1990年写的。
At that time they were being shown how to swim.
那时他们正在被教如何游泳。
He said that some bridges had been washed away.
他说一些桥已被冲走。
He said that the plan would be carried out.
他说计划将会被执行。
融会应用 单句填空
(1)The hero's story (report) differently in the newspapers.
(2)By the end of last month, the road (finish).
(3)A meeting (hold) when I got there.
(4)He told us that the new railway (build) the next year.
答案 (1)was reported (2)had been finished
(3)was being held (4)would be built
探究点2 使用过去时态的被动语态应注意的问题
自主探究
阅读下列句子,注意黑体部分的用法。
①He was extremely disappointed to hear that he was not given a doctor's degree.
②We saw him sitting there without doing anything.
→He was seen sitting there without doing anything.
③The smell made me throw up.
→I was made to throw up by the smell.
④My father was telling me an interesting story.
→An interesting story was being told to me by my father.
→I was being told an interesting story by my father.
⑤The old man was often laughed at.
我的发现
(1)主动句的谓语动词带有复合宾语时,应将宾语变成被动句的主语,而将 保留不动(这时的宾语补足语变为主语补足语)。在主动语态中,make、hear、see等词后接不定式要省略 to,但转换为被动语态时,则不能省略 to。
(2)谓语动词带双宾语的主动句转换为被动句时,可将表物的直接宾语变为主语,用 for 或 to 引出表示人的间接宾语,或将表示人的 宾语变为主语。
(3)动词短语在主动结构中是不可分割的,在被动结构中也是如此,不可去掉后面的介词或 。
答案 (1)宾语补足语 (2)间接 (3)副词
融会应用 单句写作
(1)He was made by the doctor.
医生让他戒烟。
(2)He the room.
有人看见他进入这个房间。
(3)The English grammar book me as a present.
这本语法书是买给我的礼物。
(4)The sports meeting because of the bad weather last week.
由于糟糕的天气,上周的运动会被推迟了。
答案 (1)to give up smoking (2)was seen to enter
(3)was bought for (4)was put off
【随堂检测】
夯实基础
Ⅰ.单句填空
1.You've failed to do what you (expect) to and I'm afraid the teacher will blame you.
2.The church tower which (restore) would be open to tourists soon. The work was almost finished.
3.At the end of the meeting, it was announced that an agreement (reach).
4.Parker (operate) on by a most experienced doctor in the hospital then.
5.The new suspension bridge (design) by the end of last month.
6.After school we went to the reading room to do some reading, only to be told that it (decorate).
7.To my delight, I (choose) from hundreds of applicants to attend the opening ceremony.
8.This kind of chocolate (make) several times by then.
9.When I got there, the work (do).
答案 1.were expected 2.was being restored
3.had been reached 4.was being operated
5.had been designed 6.was being decorated
7.was chosen 8.had been made 9.had been done
Ⅱ.选词填空
hang out; sort out; deliver...to...; take a photo of; argue with; have problems with; go over; get on well with; base...on...; refer to1.At the Tian'anmen Square, we those foreigners who enjoyed themselves there.
2.You must your theory practice.Only in this way can you make it acceptable.
3.It's useful what you have learned from time to time.
4.After graduation, Sue in America, doing nothing meaningful.
5.A solution must be found the problem.
6.Fred pronouncing many Chinese characters, so he turned to his Chinese friends for help.
7.If you can't remember the content, you can your notes.
8.Calm down.Stop each other over something meaningless.
9.We'll these supplies the area as soon as possible.
10.The parents felt very pleased because their son could his new classmates.
答案 1.took a photo of 2.base;on 3.to go over
4.hung out 5.to sort out 6.had problems with 7.refer to 8.arguing with 9.deliver;to 10.get on well with
Ⅲ.单句写作
1.Just accept them for who they are and to live as rich and full a life as you do.
接受他们本来的样子,给予他们鼓励,让他们能像你一样生活过得丰富多彩且充实。
2.These children have health problems .
这些儿童的健康问题与不良的饮食和缺乏锻炼有关。
3.In my diary, I set down a series of things .
在我的日记里,我记下了一系列有事实根据的事情。
4. , the country will face famine again.
一旦这些粮食用完,这个国家将再次面临饥荒。
答案 1.give them encouragement 2.linked to a poor diet and a lack of exercise 3.that are all based on/upon facts 4.Once these grains are used up
Ⅳ.课文语法填空
“Six Degrees of Separation” refers 1. the theory that any person on Earth can 2. (connect) to any other person through a chain of no more than five other people.
The concept 3. (talk) about as long ago as in the 1920s.Frigyes Karinthy first introduced the idea of friendship networks in his book.In the 1950s, 4. attempt was made by two scientists to prove the theory 5.(mathematical); but after twenty years,they still had not had any success. In 1967, an American sociologist 6. (call) Stanley Milgram tried using a new method 7. (test) the theory.It was this research 8. inspired the phrase “Six Degrees of Separation”.In the last few decades,the theory and the phrase 9. (appear) again. In 2003,Columbia University confirmed that the average number of links in the chain was six. Most recently, an experiment in 2011 at the University of Milan found that 92 percent were connected by only four stages,or five degrees of 10. (separate).
答案 1.to 2.be connected 3.was talked
4.an 5.mathematically 6.called 7.to test
8.that 9.have appeared 10.separation
Ⅴ.根据提示完成课堂小作文
为了提高产量,我们公司引进了一系列(a chain of)设备。起初,是许多老工人发现操作新设备很难(强调句型)。因此,他们集中注意力向年轻工人学习如何操作它们。当他们逐渐熟悉了电脑上的所有信号的时候(状语从句的省略),他们觉得操作新设备并不比操作老设备难。所有工人给我留下了深刻印象(leave a deep impression on)。
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参考范文
In order to increase the output, our company has introduced a chain of equipment. At first,it was many old workers who found it difficult to operate the new equipment.As a result,they focused on learning from young workers how to operate them. When becoming familiar with all the signals on the computer, they felt that it was no more difficult to operate the new device than the old one.And all the workers left a deep impression on me.
衔接高考
单句填空
1.(2022·全国甲)This indicates that Goffin's cockatoos do indeed possess an allocentric frame of (refer) when moving objects in space, similar to two-year-old babies.
2.(2020·天津第一次)Cultural (conflict) in history are difficult to ignore.
3.(2022·浙江1月) One day, while driving near her home, she saw a dog wandering on the road, clearly lost. She took it home, and her sister in Denver (agree) to take it.
4.(2022·全国甲)We can also hand out leaflets to call on more people to protect the ocean. The more people (involve), the better the ocean environment is.
5.(2021·全国乙)Ecotourism is commonly regarded as low impact (影响) travel to (disturb) places.
6.(2021·浙江)If you ever get the (impress) that your dog can “tell” whether you look content or annoyed, you may be onto something.
7.(2021·浙江)We can rule out that the dogs simply distinguish between the pictures (base) on a simple cue, such as the sight of teeth.
答案 1.reference 2.conflicts 3.agreed 4.are involved 5.undisturbed 6.impression 7.based
2(共80张PPT)
UNIT 10 CONNECTIONS
Section Ⅱ Learning About Language
1.通过对教材的理解，了解重要词汇的基本用法。（语言能力）
2.通过导学案的套用，以练促学，巩固内化单词、短语和句式，并学以致用。（学习能力）
3.通过对教材的理解，掌握过去时态的被动语态的用法。（语言能力）
Ⅰ.拓展单词
1.___________ n. 干涉;干预 →_________ v.出面；介入;阻挠；干扰
2.____________n. 意见不合;分歧;争论→________ vi. 不同意→______ vi. 同意
→__________ n. 同意；协议
3.______________ n. 鼓励；鼓舞→__________ v. 鼓励；鼓舞→________ n. 勇气；
胆量
4._______ vt. 干扰；打扰；使中断→__________ adj.令人烦恼的；令人不安的
→_________ adj. 扰乱的
intervention
intervene
disagreement
disagree
agree
agreement
encouragement
encourage
courage
disturb
disturbing
disturbed
5._________ vi. 道歉→________ n. 道歉；谢罪
6.__________ n. 印象；感想→________ vt. 使印象深刻；使铭记→__________ adj.
给人深刻印象的；令人钦佩的
7.__________ n. 社会学家→_________ n. 社会学
8.______ vt. 忌妒；羡慕→________ adj.羡慕的；忌妒的
9.________ v. 再现;再创造→______ vt.创造；创作→________ n.创作;创造
→________ adj.创造性的；有创造力的
apologise
apology
impression
impress
impressive
sociologist
sociology
envy
envious
recreate
create
creation
creative
Ⅱ.短语快记
1.refer to ________
2.a chain of __________
3.base... ____ 以……为基础
4.deliver... ___... 把……送到……
5.be connected to ____________
指的是
一连串的
on
to
连接到……
Ⅲ.句式仿写
1.Once the parcel had been received by this person, he/she would send the parcel
onto a contact of theirs until the parcel could be personally delivered to the correct
person.（once 引导时间状语从句）
_________________________________________,we went ahead.
一旦我认为这个决定是正确的，我们就动手干了起来。
Once I thought that it was the right decision
2.Amazingly, it only took between five and seven people to get the parcels delivered,
and once released, the results were published in the bimonthly magazine Psychology
Today.（状语从句的省略）
____________, it must be done well.
一旦开始，就必须做好。
Once begun
3.It was this research that. .inspired the phrase “Six Degrees of Separation”.（It
is/was... that...强调句）
_______ the ship _____ brought you to England.
正是那艘船把你带到了英国。
It was
that
核心单词
知识点1 disagreement n.意见不合；分歧；争论 ＊disagree v.不同意
＊反义词：agreement n.同意 ＊agree v.同意；赞成
（牛津词典）Disagreement arose about exactly how to plan the show.
在如何拟订具体演出计划的问题上出现了分歧。
知识拓展
in disagreement/agreement意见不合/一致
disagree/agree with sb 不同意/同意某人（的观点）
agree to sth 同意某一项建议、计划、安排等
agree to do sth 同意做某事
agree on/upon sth 在某方面取得一致意见或达成协议
经典佳句
There is considerable disagreement over the safety of the treatment.
这种疗法是否安全争议很大。
He disagreed with his parents on most things.
他在多数事情上都与父母意见不一。
融会应用 单句填空
（1）My mother agrees _______ （buy） a pair of sports shoes as my birthday
present.
（2）He asked me whether I agreed _____ him.
（3）Tom and Peter are twins, but they often argue and ________ （agree） with
each other.
（4）The teacher was ___ agreement that we would have an English party.
to buy
with
disagree
in
知识点2 envy vt.&n.忌妒；羡慕 ＊envious adj.羡慕的；忌妒的 ＊enviable adj.令人羡慕的；引起忌妒的
（牛津词典）They looked with envy at her latest purchase.
他们羡慕地看着她最近买到的东西。
知识拓展
envy sb sth 羡慕/忌妒某人有某物
be the envy of 成为……的羡慕/忌妒对象
with envy羡慕地； 忌妒地
envy of sb对某人的忌妒
envy of/at sth对……的羡慕
经典佳句
His good mark was the envy of his classmates．
他的好成绩是他的同学们所羡慕的。
He is in the enviable position of having two job offers to choose from．
他有两份工作邀请可选，令人羡慕。
融会应用
Ⅰ.单句填空
（1）He looked_____envy at his friend's new car．
（2）People can't help envying_______（have） good fortune．
（3）He couldn't conceal his envy_____her success．
with
having
of/at
Ⅱ.单句写作
（4）（2023·云南昆明一中月考）I'm so proud that with the rapid development of the
Internet in China, our mobile payment system___________________________________.
我很自豪，随着中国互联网的快速发展，我们的移动支付系统已经成为其他国家羡慕
的对象。
has become the envy of other countries
知识点3 encouragement n.鼓励；鼓舞；起激励作用的事物 ＊encourage vt.鼓励 ＊反义词：discourage vt.使丧失信心；使泄气；阻止
＊discouraged adj.气馁的
（牛津词典）With a little encouragement from his parents he should do well.
只要父母给点鼓励，他应该会做得很好。
知识拓展
encourage sb to do sth 鼓励某人做某事
discourage sb from doing sth 劝阻某人做某事
经典佳句
It was your encouragement that made me achieve great progress.
正是你的鼓励使我取得了巨大的进步。
They do this in order to encourage crowds to cheer their team on.
他们这样做是为了鼓励观众为他们的球队加油。
融会应用 单句写作
（1）College students hold a graduation ceremony ______________________ before
they set off on their life journey.
大学生们在开始生活之旅之前举行毕业典礼来鼓励自己。
to encourage themselves
（2）Don't criticize him too often. Otherwise， he would soon_______________.
不要经常批评他。否则，他很快就会气馁的。
（3）We ________________________ from smoking.
我们应该劝阻孩子们吸烟。
get discouraged
should discourage children
知识点4 disturb vt.干扰；打扰；使中断 ＊disturbed adj.烦恼的；受干扰的 ＊disturbing adj.令人不安的；使人烦恼的 ＊disturbance n.骚乱；打扰
（P107） Basically, they were making too much noise in their flat in the evenings and it was really disturbing us.
基本上，他们晚上在公寓里制造了太多噪声，这真的让我们很不安。
知识拓展
It disturbs sb to do sth. 做某事使某人不安。
be disturbed by 为……感到不安；被……打扰
经典佳句
It disturbs me greatly to know that he was lying.
得知他在说谎，我非常烦恼。
But then I started noticing a disturbing trend.
但就在那时， 我开始注意到一种令人忧心的趋势。
融会应用 单句填空
（1）We can't focus on our work because of the __________（disturb） noise.
（2）It_________（disturb） her to realize that she would be dismissed.
（3）She is emotionally_________（disturb）．
disturbing
disturbed
disturbed
知识点5 apologise v.道歉；谢罪 ＊apology n.道歉
（P107）Instead of staying in our flat, feeling angry about the noise, we went over to their flat, told them how unhappy the noise was making us and they apologised and said they would make less noise from then on.
我们没有待在我们的公寓里对噪声感到愤怒，而是走到他们的公寓，告诉他们噪声让我们多么不高兴，他们道歉说从那以后他们会少制造噪声。
知识拓展
apologise to sb for （doing） sth 因（做）某事而向某人道歉
accept sb's apology 接受某人的道歉
owe sb an apology 应该向某人表示歉意
make an apology to sb for （doing） sth 因（做）某事而向某人道歉
经典佳句
I think I owe you an apology for the damage I have done to your bicycle，so now I apologise to you for my bad behavior and I sincerely hope you can accept my apologies and understand my situation.
我应该为损坏你的自行车的事向你道歉，所以现在我为我的不良行为向你道歉，我真诚地希望你能接受我的道歉并理解我的处境。
融会应用
Ⅰ.单句填空
（1）I must apologise ___you for coming late.
（2）I should make an apology to him ____what I said.
（3）He accepted the ________（apologise） with great generosity.
to
for
apology
Ⅱ.一句多译
他因自己的粗鲁行为而向她道歉。
（4）_______________________________________.（apologise）
（5）_____________________________________________.（apology）
He apologised to her for his rude behavior.
He made an apology to her for his rude behavior.
知识点6 impression n.印象；感想 ＊impress vt.使铭记；使钦佩；给……留下深刻印象 ＊impressive adj.令人印象深刻的
（P8）The Hungarian author Frigyes Karinthy published a book called Everything Is Different in 1929, in which he introduced the idea of friendship networks and his ideas influenced many of our early impressions of social networks.
匈牙利作家弗里吉斯·考林蒂在1929年出版了一本名为《一切都不同》的书，他在书中介绍了友谊网络的概念，他的思想影响了许多我们对社交网络的早期印象。
知识拓展
leave/make/create a（n）...impression on sb 给某人留下……的印象
impress...on... 把……印在……上
经典佳句
Hangzhou is really an impressive place. The famous West Lake always leaves a deep impression on the visitors. I was deeply impressed by its beauty the first time I saw it.
杭州真是一个令人印象深刻的地方。 著名的西湖总是给游客留下深刻的印象。当我第一次看到它时, 它的美丽就给我留下了深刻的印象。
融会应用
Ⅰ.用impress的适当形式填空
（1）The phrase __________ her so much that she copied it down.
（2）What was so __________ about Jasmine Westland's victory was that she came
first in the marathon.
（3）Such a person may be forgiven if he is late, but not those who are deliberately
late to create an __________.
impressed
impressive
impression
Ⅱ.一句多译
她甜美的微笑深深地打动了我们。
（4）Her sweet smile ___________________．
（5）We ________________________ her sweet smile.
（6）Her sweet smile _________________________us.
impressed us deeply
were deeply impressed by
made a deep impression on
知识点7 attempt n.&vt.企图；试图；尝试
（P8）In the 1950s, an attempt was made by two scientists to prove the theory mathematically; but after twenty years, they still had not had any success.
20世纪50年代，两位科学家曾试图用数学方法证明这一理论，但20年后，他们仍然没有取得任何成功。
知识拓展
attempt to do sth 尝试/试图做某事（表具体的一次性行为）
attempt doing sth 尝试/试图做某事（表长期以来尝试做的事情）
make an attempt to do/at doing sth 尝试/试图做某事
at the first attempt 第一次尝试
in an attempt to do sth 试图做某事；竭尽全力做某事
经典佳句
They made no attempt to escape.
他们没有企图逃跑。
She was proud as a peacock when she passed her driving test at the first attempt.
当她第一次参加驾驶考试就顺利过关时，她骄傲得像只孔雀。
名师点拨
attempt to do sth 相当于try to do sth， 意为“试图做某事”， 但不一定成功； 而succeed in doing sth/manage to do sth 意为“成功地做了某事”。
融会应用
Ⅰ.单句填空
（1）Without saying a word,she chose a needle with a small eye,and threaded it
___her first attempt.
（2）He attempted _________________（escape） from the prison， but he couldn't
find anybody to help him.
（3）We often buy souvenirs ___ an attempt to bring home a piece of where we've
been.
at
to escape/escaping
in
Ⅱ.一句多译
他们试图攀登那座小山。
（4）_______________________________________________（attempt n.）
（5）_______________________________________（attempt v.）
They made an attempt to climb/at climbing that hill.
They attempted to climb/climbing that hill.
知识点8 release vt.&n.发表；发布；释放
（P9）Amazingly, it only took between five and seven people to get the parcels delivered, and once released, the results were published in the bimonthly magazine Psychology Today.
令人惊讶的是，只需要5到7个人就能把包裹送到（目标收件人手中），而且这个结果一被公布就被刊登在《今日心理学》双月刊上。
知识拓展
release sb from sp 从某地释放某人
release stress/emotions 释放压力/发泄情绪
经典佳句
The bird was released from the cage.
鸟被从笼子里放出去了。
The factory keeps releasing smoke，making the air dirty.
这座工厂不停地排放烟雾，污染了空气。
名师点拨
与release（释放）意思相同的短语有set free、give off、let loose、let out等。
融会应用 单句填空
（1）In recent years， a number of Hollywood producers_____________（release）
film posters for Chinese audiences， showing their attention to the country's film
market and culture.
have released
（2）_________（release） on 5 February， 2019， The Wandering Earth soon
became a great hit.
（3）I'm eager to buy the CD________（release） last month.
Released
released
知识点9 base vt.以……为根据/基础 n.基部；根基；基础 ＊basic adj.基础的 ＊basis n.根据；基础
（P9）Then, more films and TV programmes based on the concept were made and broadcast.
然后，更多的基于这一概念的电影和电视节目被制作和播出。
知识拓展
be based on 以……为基础/依据
base...on... 以……为基础
basic knowledge 基础知识；基本知识
on the basis of 以……为基础；根据……
经典佳句
These days, I, together with my classmates, have adapted a short play based on the English text.
这些天，我和我的同学一起根据英语课文改编了一个短剧。
融会应用
Ⅰ.单句填空
（1）With our knowledge ______（base） on practice, we can make contributions to
our society.
（2）—Why did you promote him to a position of leadership
—____ the basis of his qualifications and ideas.
based
On
Ⅱ.一句多译
这部电影以一个真实故事为基础，非常受欢迎。
（3）The film _______________________, and it is very popular.
（4）_____________________, the film is very popular.
is based on a true story
Based on a true story
知识点10 link n.联系；纽带 vt.把……连接起来；相关联
（P9）The idea of the game was to link any actor to Kevin Bacon, a famous American actor and musician, through no more than six links.
游戏的玩法是通过不超过6个联结将任何演员与美国著名演员和音乐家凯文·贝肯联系起来。
知识拓展
a link between A and B A与B之间的联系
link...to/with...将……和……联系或连接起来
link up 连接；结合
link up with 与……联合；与……衔接
图解释义
They are linked together by holding hands.
他们手拉手连在一起。
名师点拨
表达“与……相联系； 将……和…… 联系起来”的固定搭配还有connect...with...、 relate...to...、associate...with...等。
融会应用
Ⅰ.单句填空
（1）The new tunnel links Britain _______ France.
（2）The two spacecraft will link ____with each other in orbit.
（3）The country _________（link） to the town by a new bridge.
to/with
up
is linked
Ⅱ.单句写作
（4）After the investigation，the police ____________________________.
经过调查，警方把这起事故与超速驾驶联系在一起。
（5）What puzzles us most is that the two accidents ________________________.
令我们最困惑的是，这两起事故密切相关。
（6）The police suspected that ___________________ between the two murders.
警方怀疑这两起谋杀案可能有关联。
linked the accident to speeding
are closely linked together
there may be a link
知识点11 involve v.包含；需要；涉及；使参与 ＊involved adj.复杂的；涉及的；参与的
（P9）The experiment involved 24,163 email chains with 18 target people in 13 different countries.
这项实验涉及24 163个电子邮件链，有来自13个不同国家的18个目标人物。
知识拓展
involve sb in （doing） sth 使某人参与（做）某事；使某人牵扯到（做）某事中
involve doing sth 包括做某事；参与做某事
get/be involved in 被卷入……之中
图解释义
These two friends are both involved in organizing the tree planting event.
这两位朋友都参与了植树活动的组织工作。
名师点拨
involved作前置定语时，意为“复杂的”；作后置定语时，意为“涉及的”。如:the involved experience“复杂的经历”；the people involved“所涉及的人”。
融会应用 单句填空
（1）Michelle found a job as a high school teacher which involves _________
（spend） quite a lot of time with students.
（2）There was a serious incident _________（involve） a group of youths.
=There was a serious incident with a group of youths _________（involve）.
spending
involving
involved
短语句式
知识点12 conflict with 与……冲突或抵触
（牛津词典）These results conflict with earlier findings.
这些结果与早期的发现相矛盾。
知识拓展
in conflict with 和……冲突
come into conflict with 和……发生冲突
resolve the conflict 解决矛盾
conflict of interest 利益冲突
经典佳句
He held firm opinions which usually conflicted with mine.
他持有坚定的观点,这些观点通常和我的观点相冲突。
She found herself in conflict with her parents over her future career.
她发现自己在将来择业的问题上与父母存在着分歧。
融会应用
Ⅰ.单句填空
（1）If so, your points of view are bound to conflict _____ his.
（2）My interests come _____ conflict with yours.
with
into
Ⅱ.单句写作
（3）Many of these ideas appear to be _______________ each other.
这些观念中有许多看上去似乎相互矛盾。
（4）He and his ex-wife frequently _________________, which led to their divorce.
他和他前妻经常发生争执，这导致他们离婚。
in conflict with
came into conflict
知识点13 refer to 查阅；参考；谈到；涉及；指的是
（P8） “Six Degrees of Separation” refers to the theory that any person on Earth can be connected to any other person through a chain of no more than five other people.
“六度分隔”理论是指地球上任何人都可以通过不超过另外五个人与任何其他人有关联的理论。
知识拓展
refer...to... 把……交付给……
refer to...as... 把……称为……
in/with reference to 关于……
for reference 以备查阅；以供参考
经典佳句
He had been well prepared for his speech， so he didn't refer to his notebook while delivering it.
他已经为他的演讲做了充分的准备，所以他在演讲时没有查阅笔记本。
I've attached my article to the letter—just for your reference.
我在信里附了我的文章，仅供你参考。
名师点拨
在表示“查阅”之意时，refer to后多接参考资料（如词典、书等）；look up大多接查询的内容。
融会应用 用refer的正确形式填空
（1）Complete the exercises without _________ to a dictionary.
（2）The book ________ to last time has been sold out.
（3）There is no direct _________ to her own childhood in the novel.
referring
referred
reference
知识点14 hang out 闲逛；晾出
（柯林斯词典）I often used to hang out in supermarkets.
我过去经常在超市里闲逛。
知识拓展
hang on不挂断；稍等；紧紧抓住
hang on to 抓住
hang up 挂断（电话）
hang around 闲逛；逗留
hang back （from sth） 犹豫；退缩
经典佳句
We usually hang out on the square after work.
我们下班后通常会在广场上闲逛。
Don't hang back in the face of difficulties.
面对困难不要退缩。
融会应用 单句写作
（1）Someone called me up ____________ before I could answer it.
有人给我打电话，但是我还没来得及接就挂断了。
（2）Let's go to the park_____________ this afternoon.
今天下午我们去公园闲逛吧。
but hung up
and hang out
（3）The little girl ____________________________ while they were crossing the
street.
过马路的时候，小女孩紧紧抓住她妈妈的手。
hung on to her mother's hand
知识点15 once引导时间状语从句
（P9）Once the parcel had been received by this person, he/she would send the parcel onto a contact of theirs until the parcel could be personally delivered to the correct person.
一旦此人收到包裹,他或她就会将包裹发给他们的一个联系人,直到该包裹被送到目标收件人手中。
知识拓展
（1）once用作连词时可引导时间状语从句，意为“一旦……就……”，相当于as soon as、when。
（2）在once、if、when、while、whether、unless等引导的从句中如果含有系动词be的某种形式，且从句主语与主句主语一致或从句的主语是it时，从句的主语和系动词be可以省略。
Once you begin, you must continue.
一旦开了头,你就必须继续下去。
Once you have taken the examination, you'll be able to relax.
一旦考试完,你就可以轻松一下了。
融会应用
Ⅰ.单句填空
（1）It sounds like something is wrong with the car's engine. If ____，we'd better
take it to the garage immediately.
（2）While ________ （walk） along the river bank， she was singing a pop song
with her classmates.
（3）He won't go to Tom's birthday party with us unless _______ （invite）.
（4）You can create a mission for your child, or your child can request a new
mission. Once _______（create）， it must be accepted.
so
walking
invited
created
Ⅱ.单句写作
（5）It isn't too difficult ________________ idea.
你一旦弄懂了，它就不太难了。
（6）You can't duck out __________________________________.
一旦承担起责任，你就不能逃避。
（7）______________________________, it's difficult to pull yourself out.
你一旦陷进深雪中就很难出来。
once you get the
once you've taken on a responsibility
Once you're stuck in deep snow
过去时态的被动语态
探究点1 过去时态的被动语态的构成
自主探究
阅读下列句子，注意黑体部分的用法。
①Carnival in Venice was celebrated in February.
②Because they broke the laws, they were put into prison for up to two years.
③He said that the man was being operated on.
④Two hundred trees had been planted since the man came there.
我的发现
（1）句①②用了______________________，其构成为______________。
（2）句③用了______________________，其构成为____________________。
（3）句④用了______________________，其构成为______________。
一般过去时的被动语态
was/were+v-ed
过去进行时的被动语态
was/were +being+v-ed
过去完成时的被动语态
had+been+v-ed
基础盘点
被动语态的时态和构成：
时态 构成
一般过去时 was/were+v-ed
过去进行时 was/were+being+v-ed
过去完成时 had+been+v-ed
过去将来时 would+be+v-ed
These letters were written in 1990.
这些信是在1990年写的。
At that time they were being shown how to swim.
那时他们正在被教如何游泳。
He said that some bridges had been washed away.
他说一些桥已被冲走。
He said that the plan would be carried out.
他说计划将会被执行。
融会应用 单句填空
（1）The hero's story ____________ （report） differently in the newspapers.
（2）By the end of last month, the road _________________（finish）.
（3）A meeting _______________ （hold） when I got there.
（4）He told us that the new railway ______________ （build） the next year.
was reported
had been finished
was being held
would be built
探究点2 使用过去时态的被动语态应注意的问题
自主探究
阅读下列句子，注意黑体部分的用法。
①He was extremely disappointed to hear that he was not given a doctor's degree.
②We saw him sitting there without doing anything.
→He was seen sitting there without doing anything.
③The smell made me throw up.
→I was made to throw up by the smell.
④My father was telling me an interesting story.
→An interesting story was being told to me by my father.
→I was being told an interesting story by my father.
⑤The old man was often laughed at.
我的发现
（1）主动句的谓语动词带有复合宾语时，应将宾语变成被动句的主语，而将
____________保留不动（这时的宾语补足语变为主语补足语）。在主动语态中，make、
hear、see等词后接不定式要省略 to，但转换为被动语态时，则不能省略 to。
宾语补足语
（2）谓语动词带双宾语的主动句转换为被动句时，可将表物的直接宾语变为主语，用
for 或 to 引出表示人的间接宾语，或将表示人的______宾语变为主语。
（3）动词短语在主动结构中是不可分割的，在被动结构中也是如此，不可去掉后面的
介词或______。
间接
副词
融会应用 单句写作
（1）He was made ___________________ by the doctor.
医生让他戒烟。
（2）He _________________ the room.
有人看见他进入这个房间。
（3）The English grammar book _______________ me as a present.
这本语法书是买给我的礼物。
（4）The sports meeting ____________ because of the bad weather last week.
由于糟糕的天气，上周的运动会被推迟了。
to give up smoking
was seen to enter
was bought for
was put off
Ⅰ.单句填空
1.You've failed to do what you ______________ （expect） to and I'm afraid the
teacher will blame you.
2.The church tower which __________________ （restore） would be open to tourists
soon. The work was almost finished.
were expected
was being restored
3.At the end of the meeting, it was announced that an agreement _________________
（reach）.
4.Parker __________________ （operate） on by a most experienced doctor in the
hospital then.
5.The new suspension bridge _________________ （design） by the end of last
month.
6.After school we went to the reading room to do some reading, only to be told that
it ___________________ （decorate）.
had been reached
was being operated
had been designed
was being decorated
7.To my delight, I ___________ （choose） from hundreds of applicants to attend the
opening ceremony.
8.This kind of chocolate _______________ （make） several times by then.
9.When I got there, the work ______________ （do）.
was chosen
had been made
had been done
Ⅱ.选词填空
hang out； sort out； deliver...to...； take a photo of； argue with； have problems
with； go over； get on well with； base...on...； refer to
1.At the Tian'anmen Square， we _______________ those foreigners who enjoyed
themselves there.
2.You must _____ your theory ____ practice. Only in this way can you make it
acceptable.
3.It's useful ___________ what you have learned from time to time.
4.After graduation, Sue _________ in America, doing nothing meaningful.
5.A solution must be found ___________ the problem.
took a photo of
base
on
to go over
hung out
to sort out
6.Fred __________________ pronouncing many Chinese characters, so he turned to
his Chinese friends for help.
7.If you can't remember the content, you can ________ your notes.
8.Calm down. Stop ____________ each other over something meaningless.
9.We'll _______ these supplies ___ the area as soon as possible.
10.The parents felt very pleased because their son could ________________ his new
classmates.
had problems with
refer to
arguing with
deliver
to
get on well with
Ⅲ.单句写作
1.Just accept them for who they are and _______________________ to live as rich
and full a life as you do.
接受他们本来的样子，给予他们鼓励，让他们能像你一样生活过得丰富多彩且充实。
give them encouragement
2.These children have health problems ________________________________________.
这些儿童的健康问题与不良的饮食和缺乏锻炼有关。
3.In my diary， I set down a series of things _____________________________.
在我的日记里，我记下了一系列有事实根据的事情。
4.____________________________, the country will face famine again.
一旦这些粮食用完，这个国家将再次面临饥荒。
linked to a poor diet and a lack of exercise
that are all based on/upon facts
Once these grains are used up
Ⅳ.课文语法填空
“Six Degrees of Separation” refers 1.___ the theory that any person on Earth can
2._____________ （connect） to any other person through a chain of no more than
five other people.
The concept 3.___________ （talk） about as long ago as in the 1920s. Frigyes
Karinthy first introduced the idea of friendship networks in his book. In the 1950s,
4.____ attempt was made by two scientists to prove the theory 5.______________
（mathematical）; but after twenty years,they still had not had any success. In 1967,
an American sociologist 6.______ （call） Stanley Milgram tried using a new method
7._______ （test） the theory.
to
be connected
was talked
an
mathematically
called
to test
It was this research 8._____ inspired the phrase “Six Degrees of Separation”.In
the last few decades,the theory and the phrase 9.______________（appear） again. In
2003,Columbia University confirmed that the average number of links in the chain
was six. Most recently, an experiment in 2011 at the University of Milan found that
92 percent were connected by only four stages,or five degrees of 10.__________
（separate）.
that
have appeared
separation
Ⅴ.根据提示完成课堂小作文
为了提高产量，我们公司引进了一系列（a chain of）设备。起初,是许多老工人发现操作新设备很难（强调句型）。因此，他们集中注意力向年轻工人学习如何操作它们。当他们逐渐熟悉了电脑上的所有信号的时候（状语从句的省略），他们觉得操作新设备并不比操作老设备难。所有工人给我留下了深刻印象（leave a deep impression on）。
____________________________________________
参考范文
In order to increase the output, our company has introduced a chain of equipment. At first,it was many old workers who found it difficult to operate the new equipment. As a result,they focused on learning from young workers how to operate them. When becoming familiar with all the signals on the computer, they felt that it was no more difficult to operate the new device than the old one. And all the workers left a deep impression on me.
单句填空
1.（2022·全国甲）This indicates that Goffin's cockatoos do indeed possess an
allocentric frame of _________（refer） when moving objects in space, similar to
two-year-old babies.
reference
2.（2020·天津第一次）Cultural _________ （conflict） in history are difficult to
ignore.
conflicts
3.（2022·浙江1月）One day, while driving near her home, she saw a dog wandering
on the road, clearly lost. She took it home, and her sister in Denver _______（agree）
to take it.
agreed
4.（2022·全国甲）We can also hand out leaflets to call on more people to protect
the ocean. The more people ____________ （involve）, the better the ocean
environment is.
are involved
5.（2021·全国乙）Ecotourism is commonly regarded as low impact （影响） travel
to ___________ （disturb） places.
6.（2021·浙江）If you ever get the __________ （impress） that your dog can “tell”
whether you look content or annoyed, you may be onto something.
7.（2021·浙江）We can rule out that the dogs simply distinguish between the pictures
______ （base） on a simple cue, such as the sight of teeth.
undisturbed
impression
based
