Unit 12 Section Ⅲ Lesson 2 & Lesson 3
【学习目标】
1.通过分析课文,了解史蒂芬·霍金和他的发现。(语言能力,文化意识)
2.通过分析课文结构,了解文章大意,培养略读和查读等阅读能力,培养分析长难句的能力。(学习能力)
3.通过对教材课文的阅读,在课文的具体情境中猜测词义,推测词性,了解重要词汇的基本用法;掌握介词短语的用法。(语言能力)
【自主预习】
Ⅰ.核心单词
阅读类
1. vi.减少;降低
2. n.孵化
3. n.重力;引力
4. n.意外收获;奖金;红利
5. vt.克服(困难);控制(感情);征服;战胜
6. n.宇宙论;宇宙学
答案 1.decline 2.incubation 3.gravity
4.bonus 5.overcome 6.cosmology
拓展类
1. vi.出现;浮现→ adj.新兴的;处于发展初期的→ n.出现;浮现;显现
2. adj.一无所知的;一窍不通的→ n.线索;提示 vt.给……提供线索
3. adj.理论的;理论上的 → adv.理论地;从理论上说→ n.理论→ n.理论家
4. n.评价;评估→ v.评价;评估→ n.评估员;求值程序
5. adj.宏伟的;隆重的→ adv.盛大地;宏伟地;堂皇地 → n.壮大;伟大;宏伟
答案 1.emerge;emergent;emergence 2.clueless;clue 3.theoretical;theoretically;theory;theorist 4.evaluation;evaluate;evaluator 5.grand;grandly;grandness
Ⅱ.短语快记
1.in spite of
2.rather than
3.lead to
4. 代替;而不是
5. 阻止某人做某事
答案 1.虽然;不顾;尽管 2.而不是 3.导致
4.instead of 5.prevent sb from doing sth
Ⅲ.句式仿写
1.Hawking was famous, not just for his brilliant work in theoretical physics and cosmology, but also for overcoming the challenges of ALS (a disease that affects muscle control). (“not just/only...but also...”句式)
I believe these donated books but also help enhance your Chinese.
我相信这些捐赠的书不仅将使你更加熟悉中国,而且将帮助提高你的中文水平。
2.This hole led to another universe, completely separate from our own.(形容词短语作状语)
, he read the book written by Dr Johnson.
出于对澳大利亚城市的好奇,他读了约翰逊博士写的书。
答案 1.will not just/only make you more familiar with China 2.Curious about Australian cities
【合作探究】
语篇研读
Ⅰ.Talk about the great achievements of Stephen Hawking and Isaac Newton.
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答案 略
Ⅱ.Read the passage on Pages 58-59 carefully and choose the best answers.
1.Which of the following is not what Hawking was famous for
A.His brilliant work in theoretical physics and cosmology.
B.His overcoming the challenges of ALS.
C.His 1988 book.
D.His speech-generating equipment.
2.Which order is RIGHT according to the passage
A.Going to the University of Oxford→having an operation→writing the book A Briefer History of Time→developing a number of new ideas about black holes
B.Going to the University of Oxford→developing a number of new ideas about black holes→having an operation→writing the book A Briefer History of Time
C.Going to the University of Oxford→having an operation→developing a number of new ideas about black holes→writing the book A Briefer History of Time
D.Having an operation→going to the University of Oxford→developing a number of new ideas about black holes→writing the book A Briefer History of Time
3.Why didn't Hawking consider himself an unlucky man
A.Because Hawking could write books.
B.Because he had a family and was successful in his work.
C.Because he went to the University of Oxford to study.
D.Because his doctors developed a piece of speech-generating equipment for him.
4.What did Hawking think of himself
A.Pitiful. B.Lucky. C.Independent. D.Generous.
答案 1~4 DCBB
Ⅲ.Fill in the blanks with proper words according to the passage on Pages 58-59.
Stephen Hawking
Birth ·Stephen Hawking was born on 8 1. , 1942, in Oxford.
Education ·He went to the University of Oxford to study 2. in 1959. ·At the age of 21, Hawking spent his first year at the University of 3. .
Career ·Hawking found a job at the Institute of 4. in Cambridge. ·He never ceased his studies and he developed a number of new ideas about black 5. . ·Hawking also wrote books. His 1988 book,A Brief History of Time: From the Big Bang to Black Holes, sold one copy for every 6. people on Earth.
Family ·His illness had not prevented him from having a 7. , and being 8. in his work.
答案 1.January 2.physics 3.Cambridge 4.Astronomy 5.holes 6.750 7.family 8.successful
新知探究
核 心 单 词
知识点1 emerge vi.& vt.出现;浮现;暴露 *emergent adj.新兴的;新出现的 *emergence n.出现;显露 *emergency n.突发事件;紧急情况
(牛津词典)The swimmer emerged from the lake.
游泳者从湖水中浮出来。
知识拓展
emerge from sth (从隐蔽处或暗处)出现;浮现;露出
emerge as... 作为……出现
经典佳句
He was excited at the emergence of new evidence.
他对新证据的出现感到兴奋。
融会应用 单句填空
(1)The rain stopped and the sun emerged behind the clouds.
(2)Bioengineering is an (emerge) branch of learning.
(3)This door should only be used in an (emerge).
答案 (1)from (2)emergent (3)emergency
知识点2 overcome vt.(overcame, overcome) 克服(困难) ;控制(感情);征服;战胜
(牛津词典)She overcame injury to win the Olympic gold medal.
她战胜了伤痛,赢得了奥运会金牌。
知识拓展
overcome difficulties 战胜困难
be overcome with 被……所控制
be overcome with emotion 激动得不能自持
经典佳句
I would overcome any weakness, any despair and any fear.
我要克服所有的软弱、绝望和恐惧。
In the final game, Sweden easily overcame France.
在决赛中,瑞典队轻松战胜了法国队。
融会应用 单句写作
(1)This team and finally climbed Mount Qomolangma on May 18, 2023.
这个团队克服了各种困难,终于在2023年5月18日登上了珠穆朗玛峰。
(2)(2023·河南郑州一中月考)When you face a challenge, you must believe .
当你面临挑战的时候,你必须相信你能克服它,而且绝不能放弃。
答案 (1)overcame various difficulties (2) you can overcome it and never give up
知识点3 decline v.减少;降低;衰弱;衰退;谢绝;婉言拒绝
(P59)Although Hawking's physical abilities declined over decades, he never ceased his studies and he developed a number of new ideas about black holes.
虽然霍金的身体能力在过去几十年里有所下降,但他从未停止过他的研究,并对黑洞产生了许多新的想法。
知识拓展
a decline in... 在……(方面)的下降
in decline=on the decline 处于衰退中;下降
decline to do sth 拒绝做某事
decline by/to... 下降了/下降到……
经典佳句
His interest in computer games is now in decline.
现在他对电脑游戏的兴趣在减退。
Car sales have declined by a quarter.
汽车销量下滑了四分之一。
名师点拨
(1)常见的表示“增加”的动词和动词短语有rise、increase、 go up等;
(2)常见的表示“减少”的动词和动词短语有fall、 drop、 decrease、 go down等;
(3)表示“增加”或“减少”的幅度时常用介词by,表示“增加”或“减少”的结果时常用介词to。
融会应用 单句填空
(1)I don't know why the boy declined (answer) a question.
(2)The number of people who run the red light has been the decline since the new traffic regulations came into effect.
(3)The number of tourists to the resort declined 10% last year 5 million.
答案 (1)to answer (2)on (3)by; to
知识点4 argue vt.& vi.论证;争辩;争论
(P59) In The Grand Design (2010, with Leonard Mlodinow), Hawking argued that we should look for a different way to discover the deepest secrets of the universe.
在《大设计》(2010年,与莱昂纳德·蒙洛迪诺合著)中,霍金认为我们应该寻找一种不同的方式来发现宇宙最深的秘密。
知识拓展
argue with sb about/ over sth 就某事与某人争吵/争论
argue that... 主张;认为……
argue for/against(doing) sth 据理力争/反对(做)某事
argue sb into/out of doing sth 说服某人做/不做某事
经典佳句
The workers argued with the boss for a few days but failed to argue him into giving them a rise in wages because the boss argued against it.
工人们和老板争论了几天,但由于老板反对,他们没能说服他给他们加薪。
融会应用 单句填空
(1)It was funny that the kids spent more time arguing the rules than playing the game.
(2)He argued smoking and thought that it was harmful to health.
(3)We argued her joining us in playing tennis.
答案 (1)about/over (2)against (3)into
短 语 句 式
知识点5 lead to 引起;导致;通向
(P59)This hole led to another universe, completely separate from our own.
这个洞通向另一个宇宙,与我们的宇宙完全分离。
知识拓展
lead to doing sth 导致做某事
lead sb to... 带领某人通往/到……
lead sb to do sth 使某人做某事;带领某人做某事
lead a(n) ... life 过着……的生活
lead up to 引起;逐渐引到
经典佳句
He led the way and led us to a village nearby.There we found the local people led a happy life.
他带路,把我们带到了附近的一个村庄。在那里,我们发现当地人过着幸福的生活。
名师点拨
表示“导致”的常用表达还有cause、result in、contribute to、 bring about等。
融会应用 单句填空
(1)We firmly believe that war never settles anything. It only leads violence.
(2)His carelessness led to (fail) in the driving test.
(3)The new clue led the police (find) the thief.
(4)She prefers to lead happy life at home rather than become a career woman.
答案 (1)to (2)failing (3)to find (4)a
知识点6 in spite of不顾;虽然;尽管
(P59)In spite of his disease, Hawking didn't consider himself an unlucky man.
尽管霍金患有疾病,但他并不认为自己是个不幸的人。
知识拓展
in spite of =despite 尽管
regardless of 不理会;不顾
经典佳句
In spite of his considerable wealth, he measured out every dollar needed for household expenses.
尽管他很有钱,但他还是计算出了家庭开支所需的每一美元。
名师点拨
despite与in spite of分别为介词和介词短语,其后接名词、代词或动词-ing形式作让步状语,不接从句(what从句除外)。而 though/although 为从属连词,引导让步状语从句。
融会应用
Ⅰ.单句填空
(1)Our school is very beautiful despite the fact it is very small.
(2)He serves the public wholeheartedly,regardless his personal gain or loss.
(3)It is unbelievable that Mr Lucas leads a simple life his great wealth.
(4)Their minds are bright their hands and clothes are dirty.
Ⅱ.单句写作
(5)He has modern ideas his great age.
尽管他年事已高,但他的思想观念却很新式。
(6) they are against it,we are going on doing it.
尽管他们反对,我们还是继续干下去。
答案 (1)that (2)of (3)despite (4)although (5)in spite of (6)In spite of the fact that
知识点7 while作并列连词
(P112)Why do some people work so hard but achieve very little, while some others seem to do nothing but good ideas emerge
为什么有些人工作如此努力,但收效甚微,而有些人似乎什么也没做,却有好的想法出现
知识拓展
句中的while作并列连词,意思是“但是;然而”,表示一种对比关系。
(1)while引导时间状语从句,意思是“当……时候”。
(2)while引导让步状语从句,意思是“虽然;尽管”,一般放在句首,相当于although。
(3)while用作名词,表示“一会儿”。常见短语:after a while“过了一会儿”;in a short while“一会儿以后”;once in a while“偶尔;间或”。
名师点拨
作“然而”讲时,while不能放在句子前面。 while和but有所不同,while用于表示两种情况的对比,but表示转折。
It is said that body language accounts for 55 percent of a first impression while what you say accounts for just 7 percent.
据说肢体语言占第一印象的55%,而你所说的话只占7%。
融会应用 单句填空
(1)He arrived we were having dinner, so he waited for while.
(2) the sun's rays can age and harm our skin, they are also beneficial to us.
(3)Corn production has jumped nearly 125 percent over the past 25 years, rice production has increased only 7 percent.
答案 (1)while; a (2)While/Although/Though (3)while
知识点8 not just/only... but also...
(P58)Hawking was famous, not just for his brilliant work in theoretical physics and cosmology, but also for overcoming the challenges of ALS (a disease that affects muscle control).
霍金之所以出名,不仅是因为他在理论物理学和宇宙学方面的杰出工作,还因为他战胜了ALS(一种影响肌肉控制的疾病)的挑战。
知识拓展
(1)not just/only... but also...结构常用来连接并列成分,如两个主语、谓语、宾语、表语、定语、状语或句子,在意义上强调后者,其中also可以省略。
(2)not just/only...but also...连接主语时,谓语动词的数遵循就近原则。
(3)当not just/only位于句首连接两个句子时,第一个分句要用部分倒装,第二个分句不倒装。
Not just/only did they break into his office, but they also tore up his papers.
他们不仅闯进了他的办公室,而且撕碎了他的文件。
The British and the Americans not just/only speak the same language but also share a large number of social customs.
英国人和美国人不仅说同一种语言,而且有很多相同的社会习俗。
Not just/only the students but also the teacher was against the plan.
不但学生们反对这个计划,那位老师也反对。
融会应用
Ⅰ.单句填空
(1)Not only he teach at school,but he wrote novels.
(2)Not only I but also Tom and Mary (be) fond of watching television.
Ⅱ.单句写作
(3) ,but they also had no money.(倒装句)
他们不但迷路了,而且没有钱。
(4)Not only the child but also his parents .
不仅这个孩子,他的父母也在欣赏这部电影。
答案 (1)did (2)are/were (3)Not only did they lose their way (4)are enjoying the film
知识点9 形容词(短语)作状语
(P59)This hole led to another universe, completely separate from our own.
这个洞通向另一个宇宙,与我们的宇宙完全分离。
知识拓展
形容词(短语)作状语,在句中主要用来补充说明句子中的主语、宾语、谓语或整个句子的内容,表示时间、原因、让步、结果、伴随或方式状语等。
Helpless, we watched our home destroyed before our eyes.
我们束手无策,只能眼睁睁地看着我们的家园被毁掉。
Afraid of being cut off, they lost no time in turning back.
由于害怕被切断,他们赶紧退了回去。
融会应用 单句填空
(1)He was found lying in bed, (die).
(2) (worry) about her son's safety, she felt upset.
(3) (lose) in thought, she did not seem to notice that everyone was looking at her.
答案 (1)dead (2)Worried (3)Lost
语法探究
介 词 短 语
探究点 常见的介词短语
1.由by构成的介词短语
by no means“决不”;by oneself“独自”;by the way“顺便说一下”;by all means“一定要”;by chance“偶然”
2.由from构成的介词短语
apart from“除了”;far from“远非”;from time to time“不时”;from now on“从现在起”
3.由in构成的介词短语
in public“在公开场合”;in detail“详细地”;in advance“事先”;in fashion“流行”;in return“作为回报”;in hand“在手头”
4.由off构成的介词短语
off balance“失去平衡”;off duty“下班”;off the price“减价”;off guard“不提防”;off one's head“精神失常”
5.由on构成的介词短语
on average“平均”;on business“出差”;on the job“在上班”;on foot“走路”;on time“准时”
6.由out of构成的介词短语
out of danger“脱离危险”;out of hand“失去控制”;out of reach“不可及”;out of debt“还清债务”;out of sight“看不见”
I found everything in good condition.
我发现一切状况良好。
Even his way of walking down the street and turning a corner could be recognized as his own.
甚至他在街上走路时和在拐角处转弯时的那种姿态,
都可以认为是他独有的动作。
The heavy rain kept us inside the house.
大雨使得我们待在家里。
The man in black is Mr Zhang.
穿黑衣服的人是张先生。
China is a country with a long history.
中国是一个历史悠久的国家。
He was already in his forties.
他已经四十多岁了。
融会应用 用适当的介词填空
(1)We should talk about the things children's understanding in a simple way.
(2)Let's look up the word in the dictionary. Do you have one hand
(3)Once worked out, the plan must be carried out regardless any difficulty.
(4)Our city is more open to the outside and ranks No.2 in the country in terms the level of internationalization.
(5)According the latest estimates, insects account for probably 6 million of the species of creatures living on the planet.
答案 (1)beyond (2)in (3)of (4)of (5)to
【随堂检测】
夯实基础
Ⅰ.单句填空
1.The ability to give good advice at the right time (involve) a great deal of intelligence.
2.The computer system broke down suddenly he was searching for information on the Internet.
3.It turned out that she (decline) the invitation because she had something urgent to attend to.
4.A lack of confidence can lead to your (lose) the chance to perform on the stage.
5.It is much to her credit that Mary continued to work spite of all the difficulties.
答案 1.involves 2.while 3.declined 4.losing 5.in
Ⅱ.单句写作
1. , there was a terrific bang and a flash of smoke.
突然发出一声巨响,还冒出一股烟。
2.Her hair started falling out .
由于放射治疗,她的头发开始脱落。
3.They asked him to leave— he was fired.
他们要求他离开,换句话说,他被解雇了。
4.The farmer he grew.
这位农民因他种的漂亮苹果而出名。
5.At thirteen, he Attention Deficit Disorder.
13岁时,他被诊断为注意力缺陷障碍。
答案 1.All of a sudden 2.as a result of radiation treatment 3.in other words 4.was famous for the wonderful apples 5.was diagnosed with
Ⅲ.课文语法填空
Stephen Hawking was born in 1942. He studied at the Universities of Oxford and Cambridge, 1. at the age of 21, he 2. (diagnose) with a serious disease. However, he finished his education and got a job at the University of Cambridge and continued his work in 3. (theory) physics and cosmology. While his reputation for his work spread, his physical ability got 4. (bad). In 1985,after 5. operation,he started to use a piece of speech-generating equipment 6. (help) him talk. However,Hawking never ceased his studies and he continued to develop his theories on the universe.Hawking believed that he was not a(n) 7. (lucky) person.From his diagnosis at 21 he regarded everything since then 8. a bonus. He was proud of his family and his work,and he appreciated the help that many people had given him.On 14 March, 2018,one of the world's most influential 9. (scientist), Stephen Hawking,died at his home in England, 10. (age) 76 years old.
答案 1.but 2.was diagnosed 3.theoretical
4.worse 5.an 6.to help 7.unlucky 8.as
9.scientists 10.aged
Ⅳ.根据提示完成课堂小作文
每天我下班回家,很累(形容词作状语)。于是,有一天我不顾(in spite of)父母的反对,特意去我的老板的办公室与他协商我的薪水。我的老板不但很高兴,而且很友好(not just...but also...)。这次交谈促使(lead to)我加薪。
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参考范文
Every day I go home from work, very tired.So one day, in spite of my parents' objections, I went to my boss's office to negotiate my salary with him. My boss was not just happy but also friendly. This conversation led to my pay rise.
衔接高考
单句填空
1.(2022·浙江 1月)When the answer was no, she (decline) the invitation.
2.(2022·天津) They all made warm (evaluation) when their fingertips perceived warmth rather than coolness.
3.(2021·全国乙)...it's not really necessary and they're keeping it as a security blanket—19 percent say they never use it while a further 13 percent keep it in case of (emergency).
4.(2022·天津)Looking back, I'm glad that I (overcome) my fear.
答案 1.declined 2.evaluations 3.emergencies 4.overcame
2(共55张PPT)
UNIT 12 INNOVATION
Section Ⅲ Lesson 2 & Lesson 3
1.通过分析课文，了解史蒂芬·霍金和他的发现。（语言能力，文化意识）
2.通过分析课文结构，了解文章大意，培养略读和查读等阅读能力，培养分析长难句的能力。（学习能力）
3.通过对教材课文的阅读，在课文的具体情境中猜测词义，推测词性，了解重要词汇的基本用法；掌握介词短语的用法。（语言能力）
Ⅰ.核心单词
阅读类
1._______ vi.减少；降低
2.__________n.孵化
3._______n.重力；引力
4._______n.意外收获；奖金；红利
5.__________vt.克服（困难）；控制（感情）；征服；战胜
6.__________n.宇宙论；宇宙学
decline
incubation
gravity
bonus
overcome
cosmology
拓展类
1.________vi.出现；浮现→_________adj.新兴的；处于发展初期的→__________ n.出
现；浮现；显现
2.________adj.一无所知的；一窍不通的→_____n.线索；提示 vt.给……提供线索
3.__________adj.理论的；理论上的 →____________ adv.理论地；从理论上说→
_______n.理论→________ n.理论家
4.__________n.评价；评估→________v.评价；评估→ _________ n.评估员；求值程序
5.______ adj.宏伟的；隆重的→________ adv.盛大地；宏伟地；堂皇地 →__________
n.壮大；伟大；宏伟
emerge
emergent
emergence
clueless
clue
theoretical
theoretically
theory
theorist
evaluation
evaluate
evaluator
grand
grandly
grandness
Ⅱ.短语快记
1.in spite of__________________
2.rather than________
3.lead to______
4.__________代替；而不是
5.________________________阻止某人做某事
虽然；不顾；尽管
而不是
导致
instead of
prevent sb from doing sth
Ⅲ.句式仿写
1.Hawking was famous, not just for his brilliant work in theoretical physics and
cosmology, but also for overcoming the challenges of ALS （a disease that affects
muscle control）. （“not just/only...but also...”句式）
I believe these donated books ________________________________________________
but also help enhance your Chinese.
我相信这些捐赠的书不仅将使你更加熟悉中国，而且将帮助提高你的中文水平。
will not just/only make you more familiar with China
2.This hole led to another universe, completely separate from our own.（形容词短语
作状语）
____________________________， he read the book written by Dr Johnson.
出于对澳大利亚城市的好奇，他读了约翰逊博士写的书。
Curious about Australian cities
Ⅰ.Talk about the great achievements of Stephen Hawking and Isaac Newton.
____
略
Ⅱ.Read the passage on Pages 58-59 carefully and choose the best answers.
1.Which of the following is not what Hawking was famous for ( )
D
A.His brilliant work in theoretical physics and cosmology.
B.His overcoming the challenges of ALS.
C.His 1988 book.
D.His speech-generating equipment.
2.Which order is RIGHT according to the passage ( )
C
A.Going to the University of Oxford→having an operation→writing the book A Briefer History of Time→developing a number of new ideas about black holes
B.Going to the University of Oxford→developing a number of new ideas about black holes→having an operation→writing the book A Briefer History of Time
C.Going to the University of Oxford→having an operation→developing a number of new ideas about black holes→writing the book A Briefer History of Time
D.Having an operation→going to the University of Oxford→developing a number of new ideas about black holes→writing the book A Briefer History of Time
3.Why didn't Hawking consider himself an unlucky man ( )
B
A.Because Hawking could write books.
B.Because he had a family and was successful in his work.
C.Because he went to the University of Oxford to study.
D.Because his doctors developed a piece of speech-generating equipment for him.
4.What did Hawking think of himself ( )
B
A.Pitiful. B.Lucky. C.Independent. D.Generous.
Ⅲ.Fill in the blanks with proper words according to the passage on Pages 58-59.
Stephen Hawking
Birth ·Stephen Hawking was born on 8 1.________, 1942, in Oxford.
Education ·He went to the University of Oxford to study 2.________ in 1959.
·At the age of 21, Hawking spent his first year at the University of
3.___________.
January
physics
Cambridge
Stephen Hawking
Career ·Hawking found a job at the Institute of 4.___________ in Cambridge.
·He never ceased his studies and he developed a number of new ideas
about black 5.______.
·Hawking also wrote books. His 1988 book,A Brief History of Time:
From the Big Bang to Black Holes, sold one copy for every 6._____
people on Earth.
Family ·His illness had not prevented him from having a 7._______, and being
8.__________ in his work.
Astronomy
holes
750
family
successful
续表
核心单词
知识点1 emerge vi.&vt.出现；浮现；暴露 ＊emergent adj.新兴的；新出现的 ＊emergence n.出现；显露 ＊emergency n.突发事件；紧急情况
（牛津词典）The swimmer emerged from the lake.游泳者从湖水中浮出来。
知识拓展
emerge from sth （从隐蔽处或暗处）出现；浮现；露出
emerge as... 作为……出现
经典佳句
He was excited at the emergence of new evidence.
他对新证据的出现感到兴奋。
融会应用 单句填空
（1）The rain stopped and the sun emerged______ behind the clouds.
（2）Bioengineering is an_________ （emerge） branch of learning.
（3）This door should only be used in an__________ （emerge）.
from
emergent
emergency
知识点2 overcome vt.（overcame，overcome）克服（困难）；控制（感情）；征服；战胜
（牛津词典）She overcame injury to win the Olympic gold medal.她战胜了伤痛，赢得了奥运会金牌。
知识拓展
overcome difficulties 战胜困难
be overcome with 被……所控制
be overcome with emotion 激动得不能自持
经典佳句
I would overcome any weakness, any despair and any fear.
我要克服所有的软弱、绝望和恐惧。
In the final game， Sweden easily overcame France.
在决赛中，瑞典队轻松战胜了法国队。
融会应用 单句写作
（1）This team__________________________and finally climbed Mount Qomolangma
on May 18, 2023.
这个团队克服了各种困难，终于在2023年5月18日登上了珠穆朗玛峰。
overcame various difficulties
（2）（2023·河南郑州一中月考）When you face a challenge, you must
believe____________________________________.
当你面临挑战的时候，你必须相信你能克服它，而且绝不能放弃。
you can overcome it and never give up
知识点3 decline v.减少；降低；衰弱；衰退；谢绝；婉言拒绝
（P59）Although Hawking's physical abilities declined over decades, he never ceased his studies and he developed a number of new ideas about black holes.
虽然霍金的身体能力在过去几十年里有所下降，但他从未停止过他的研究，并对黑洞产生了许多新的想法。
知识拓展
a decline in... 在……（方面）的下降
in decline=on the decline 处于衰退中；下降
decline to do sth 拒绝做某事
decline by/to... 下降了/下降到……
经典佳句
His interest in computer games is now in decline.
现在他对电脑游戏的兴趣在减退。
Car sales have declined by a quarter.
汽车销量下滑了四分之一。
名师点拨
（1）常见的表示“增加”的动词和动词短语有rise、increase、 go up等；
（2）常见的表示“减少”的动词和动词短语有fall、 drop、 decrease、 go down等；
（3）表示“增加”或“减少”的幅度时常用介词by，表示“增加”或“减少”的结果时常用介词to。
融会应用 单句填空
（1）I don't know why the boy declined __________ （answer） a question.
（2）The number of people who run the red light has been ____ the decline since
the new traffic regulations came into effect.
（3）The number of tourists to the resort declined ____ 10% last year ___ 5 million.
to answer
on
by
to
知识点4 argue vt.&vi.论证；争辩；争论
（P59）In The Grand Design （2010, with Leonard Mlodinow）, Hawking argued that we should look for a different way to discover the deepest secrets of the universe.
在《大设计》（2010年，与莱昂纳德·蒙洛迪诺合著）中，霍金认为我们应该寻找一种不同的方式来发现宇宙最深的秘密。
知识拓展
argue with sb about/ over sth 就某事与某人争吵/争论
argue that... 主张；认为……
argue for/against（doing） sth 据理力争/反对（做）某事
argue sb into/out of doing sth 说服某人做/不做某事
经典佳句
The workers argued with the boss for a few days but failed to argue him into giving them a rise in wages because the boss argued against it.
工人们和老板争论了几天，但由于老板反对，他们没能说服他给他们加薪。
融会应用 单句填空
（1）It was funny that the kids spent more time arguing __________ the rules than
playing the game.
（2）He argued _______ smoking and thought that it was harmful to health.
（3）We argued her _____ joining us in playing tennis.
about/over
against
into
短语句式
知识点5 lead to 引起；导致；通向
（P59）This hole led to another universe, completely separate from our own.
这个洞通向另一个宇宙，与我们的宇宙完全分离。
知识拓展
lead to doing sth 导致做某事
lead sb to... 带领某人通往/到……
lead sb to do sth 使某人做某事;带领某人做某事
lead a（n） ... life 过着……的生活
lead up to 引起;逐渐引到
经典佳句
He led the way and led us to a village nearby. There we found the local people led a happy life.
他带路,把我们带到了附近的一个村庄。在那里,我们发现当地人过着幸福的生活。
名师点拨
表示“导致”的常用表达还有cause、result in、contribute to、 bring about等。
融会应用 单句填空
（1）We firmly believe that war never settles anything. It only leads ___ violence.
（2）His carelessness led to _______（fail） in the driving test.
（3）The new clue led the police _______（find） the thief.
（4）She prefers to lead ___ happy life at home rather than become a career woman.
to
failing
to find
a
知识点6 in spite of 不顾；虽然；尽管
（P59）In spite of his disease, Hawking didn't consider himself an unlucky man.
尽管霍金患有疾病，但他并不认为自己是个不幸的人。
知识拓展
in spite of =despite 尽管
regardless of 不理会；不顾
经典佳句
In spite of his considerable wealth, he measured out every dollar needed for household expenses.
尽管他很有钱，但他还是计算出了家庭开支所需的每一美元。
名师点拨
despite与in spite of分别为介词和介词短语，其后接名词、代词或动词-ing形式作让步状语，不接从句（what从句除外）。而 though/although 为从属连词，引导让步状语从句。
融会应用
Ⅰ.单句填空
（1）Our school is very beautiful despite the fact _____ it is very small.
（2）He serves the public wholeheartedly，regardless ___ his personal gain or loss.
（3）It is unbelievable that Mr Lucas leads a simple life _______ his great wealth.
（4）Their minds are bright _________ their hands and clothes are dirty.
that
of
despite
although
Ⅱ.单句写作
（5）He has modern ideas ___________ his great age.
尽管他年事已高，但他的思想观念却很新式。
（6）______________________ they are against it，we are going on doing it.
尽管他们反对，我们还是继续干下去。
in spite of
In spite of the fact that
知识点7 while作并列连词
（P112）Why do some people work so hard but achieve very little, while some others seem to do nothing but good ideas emerge
为什么有些人工作如此努力,但收效甚微,而有些人似乎什么也没做,却有好的想法出现
知识拓展
句中的while作并列连词，意思是“但是；然而”，表示一种对比关系。
（1）while引导时间状语从句，意思是“当……时候”。
（2）while引导让步状语从句，意思是“虽然；尽管”，一般放在句首，相当于although。
（3）while用作名词，表示“一会儿”。常见短语：after a while“过了一会儿”；in a short while“一会儿以后”；once in a while“偶尔；间或”。
名师点拨
作“然而”讲时，while不能放在句子前面。 while和but有所不同，while用于表示两种情况的对比，but表示转折。
It is said that body language accounts for 55 percent of a first impression while what you say accounts for just 7 percent.
据说肢体语言占第一印象的55%，而你所说的话只占7%。
融会应用 单句填空
（1）He arrived ______ we were having dinner, so he waited for ___ while.
（2）_____________________ the sun's rays can age and harm our skin, they are
also beneficial to us.
（3）Corn production has jumped nearly 125 percent over the past 25 years, ______
rice production has increased only 7 percent.
while
a
While/Although/Though
while
知识点8 not just/only... but also...
（P58）Hawking was famous, not just for his brilliant work in theoretical physics and cosmology, but also for overcoming the challenges of ALS （a disease that affects muscle control）.
霍金之所以出名,不仅是因为他在理论物理学和宇宙学方面的杰出工作,还因为他战胜了ALS（一种影响肌肉控制的疾病）的挑战。
知识拓展
（1）not just/only... but also...结构常用来连接并列成分，如两个主语、谓语、宾语、表语、定语、状语或句子，在意义上强调后者，其中also可以省略。
（2）not just/only...but also...连接主语时，谓语动词的数遵循就近原则。
（3）当not just/only位于句首连接两个句子时，第一个分句要用部分倒装，第二个分句不倒装。
Not just/only did they break into his office, but they also tore up his papers.
他们不仅闯进了他的办公室，而且撕碎了他的文件。
The British and the Americans not just/only speak the same language but also share a large number of social customs.
英国人和美国人不仅说同一种语言，而且有很多相同的社会习俗。
Not just/only the students but also the teacher was against the plan.
不但学生们反对这个计划，那位老师也反对。
融会应用
Ⅰ.单句填空
（1）Not only ____ he teach at school，but he wrote novels.
（2）Not only I but also Tom and Mary _________（be） fond of watching
television.
did
are/were
Ⅱ.单句写作
（3）______________________________，but they also had no money.（倒装句）
他们不但迷路了，而且没有钱。
（4）Not only the child but also his parents ____________________.
不仅这个孩子，他的父母也在欣赏这部电影。
Not only did they lose their way
are enjoying the film
知识点9 形容词（短语）作状语
（P59）This hole led to another universe, completely separate from our own.
这个洞通向另一个宇宙,与我们的宇宙完全分离。
知识拓展
形容词（短语）作状语，在句中主要用来补充说明句子中的主语、宾语、谓语或整个句子的内容,表示时间、原因、让步、结果、伴随或方式状语等。
Helpless， we watched our home destroyed before our eyes.
我们束手无策，只能眼睁睁地看着我们的家园被毁掉。
Afraid of being cut off， they lost no time in turning back.
由于害怕被切断，他们赶紧退了回去。
融会应用 单句填空
（1）He was found lying in bed, _____ （die）.
（2）________（worry） about her son's safety, she felt upset.
（3）_____ （lose） in thought, she did not seem to notice that everyone was
looking at her.
dead
Worried
Lost
介词短语
探究点 常见的介词短语
1.由by构成的介词短语
by no means“决不”；by oneself“独自”；by the way“顺便说一下”；by all means“一定要”；by chance“偶然”
2.由from构成的介词短语
apart from“除了”；far from“远非”；from time to time“不时”；from now on“从现在起”
3.由in构成的介词短语
in public“在公开场合”；in detail“详细地”；in advance“事先”；in fashion“流行”；in return“作为回报”;in hand“在手头”
4.由off构成的介词短语
off balance“失去平衡”；off duty“下班”；off the price“减价”；off guard“不提防”；off one's head“精神失常”
5.由on构成的介词短语
on average“平均”；on business“出差”；on the job“在上班”；on foot“走路”；on time“准时”
6.由out of构成的介词短语
out of danger“脱离危险”；out of hand“失去控制”；out of reach“不可及”；out of debt“还清债务”；out of sight“看不见”
I found everything in good condition.
我发现一切状况良好。
Even his way of walking down the street and turning a corner could be recognized as his own.
甚至他在街上走路时和在拐角处转弯时的那种姿态，都可以认为是他独有的动作。
The heavy rain kept us inside the house.
大雨使得我们待在家里。
The man in black is Mr Zhang.
穿黑衣服的人是张先生。
China is a country with a long history.
中国是一个历史悠久的国家。
He was already in his forties.
他已经四十多岁了。
融会应用 用适当的介词填空
（1）We should talk about the things ________children's understanding in a simple
way.
（2）Let's look up the word in the dictionary. Do you have one___hand
（3）Once worked out， the plan must be carried out regardless ___any difficulty.
（4）Our city is more open to the outside and ranks No.2 in the country in
terms___the level of internationalization.
（5）According___ the latest estimates， insects account for probably 6 million of
the species of creatures living on the planet.
beyond
in
of
of
to
Ⅰ.单句填空
1.The ability to give good advice at the right time ________（involve） a great deal
of intelligence.
2.The computer system broke down suddenly ______ he was searching for
information on the Internet.
involves
while
3.It turned out that she ________ （decline） the invitation because she had
something urgent to attend to.
4.A lack of confidence can lead to your _______ （lose） the chance to perform on
the stage.
5.It is much to her credit that Mary continued to work ___ spite of all the
difficulties.
declined
losing
in
Ⅱ.单句写作
1._______________， there was a terrific bang and a flash of smoke.
突然发出一声巨响，还冒出一股烟。
2.Her hair started falling out ______________________________.
由于放射治疗，她的头发开始脱落。
3.They asked him to leave—______________ he was fired.
他们要求他离开，换句话说，他被解雇了。
All of a sudden
as a result of radiation treatment
in other words
4.The farmer __________________________________he grew.
这位农民因他种的漂亮苹果而出名。
5.At thirteen, he __________________ Attention Deficit Disorder.
13岁时，他被诊断为注意力缺陷障碍。
was famous for the wonderful apples
was diagnosed with
Ⅲ.课文语法填空
Stephen Hawking was born in 1942. He studied at the Universities of Oxford
and Cambridge, 1.____ at the age of 21, he 2.______________（diagnose） with a
serious disease. However, he finished his education and got a job at the University of
Cambridge and continued his work in 3.__________（theory） physics and cosmology.
While his reputation for his work spread, his physical ability got 4._______（bad）.
In 1985,after 5.____ operation,he started to use a piece of speech-generating
equipment 6.________（help） him talk. However,Hawking never ceased his studies
and he continued to develop his theories on the universe. Hawking believed that he
but
was diagnosed
theoretical
worse
an
to help
was not a（n） 7.________（lucky） person. From his diagnosis at 21 he regarded
everything since then 8.___ a bonus. He was proud of his family and his work,and
he appreciated the help that many people had given him. On 14 March, 2018,one of
the world's most influential 9._________（scientist）, Stephen Hawking,died at his
home in England, 10._____（age） 76 years old.
unlucky
as
scientists
aged
Ⅳ.根据提示完成课堂小作文
每天我下班回家，很累（形容词作状语）。于是，有一天我不顾（in spite of）父母的反对，特意去我的老板的办公室与他协商我的薪水。我的老板不但很高兴，而且很友好（not just...but also...）。这次交谈促使（lead to）我加薪。
______________________________________________________________
参考范文
Every day I go home from work, very tired. So one day, in spite of my parents' objections, I went to my boss's office to negotiate my salary with him. My boss was not just happy but also friendly. This conversation led to my pay rise.
单句填空
1.（2022·浙江 1月）When the answer was no， she ________（decline） the
invitation.
declined
2.（2022·天津）They all made warm ___________ （evaluation） when their
fingertips perceived warmth rather than coolness.
evaluations
3.（2021·全国乙）...it's not really necessary and they're keeping it as a security
blanket—19 percent say they never use it while a further 13 percent keep it in case
of ____________（emergency）.
emergencies
4.（2022·天津）Looking back， I'm glad that I _________（overcome） my fear.
overcame
