2023届高三英语二轮复习完形填空之利用首句信息和复现信息解题 讲义
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| 名称 | 2023届高三英语二轮复习完形填空之利用首句信息和复现信息解题 讲义 |  | |
| 格式 | docx | ||
| 文件大小 | 37.5KB | ||
| 资源类型 | 教案 | ||
| 版本资源 | 人教版（2019） | ||
| 科目 | 英语 | ||
| 更新时间 | 2024-04-19 09:08:07 | ||
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完形填空之利用首句信息和复现信息解题
完形填空是一种综合性极强的题型，主要考查考生的综合理解能力和语言运用能力，要求考生具备扎实的词汇、语法知识， 并且能够灵活运用语言知识、文化背景知识和生活常识，通过文章的行文逻辑厘清语篇中的线索。由于完形填空各设空处间距较短，考生在做题时，容易因为文章信息不完整而无法准确把握文章脉络，导致出现理解障碍而失分。
近3年新高考卷考情分析
试卷名称 考试年份 考查体裁 主题语境 文章话题 篇章词数 考点统计
句内层次 句组层次 语篇层次 实词 虚词
动词 名词 形容词 副词 介词 连词
新高考Ⅰ卷 2022 记叙文 人与自我 野营奇遇 238 4 6 5 5 5 3 1 1 0
2021 记叙文 人与社会 打工经历 230 6 5 4 9 4 2 0 0 0
2020 记叙文 人与自然 环境保护 217 4 6 5 5 7 2 1 0 0
新高考Ⅱ卷 2022 记叙文 人与自我 环球旅行 214 5 6 4 4 8 3 0 0 0
2021 记叙文 人与社会 警察破案 221 4 7 4 6 7 2 0 0 0
2020 记叙文 人与自我 优秀品行 213 6 6 3 9 4 1 1 0 0
近3年新高考卷命题规律
专题微课一 利用首句信息和复现信息解题
完形填空一般不在首句设空，这是为了给考生提供部分有效的文章背景信息。若首句交代了when，where，who，what，即四个“W”，一般来说文章为记叙文；若首句提出或解释说明某事物，一般来说文章为说明文；若首句提出一个论点，一般来说文章为议论文。仔细分析首句，往往能获取许多解题信息。除了文章首句以外，考生还可以利用段落首句来把握文章大意，因为主题句一般出现在段落的开头。
【典例】 (2021·新高考Ⅰ卷)
My life as a tax－paying employed person began in middle school, when, for three whole days, I worked in a baking factory.
My best friend Betsy’s father was a manager at Hough Bakeries, which, at Easter time, 41.made little bunny (兔子) cakes for all its 42.stores throughout Cleveland.It happened that the plant downtown needed eight kids for __43__ help during our spring break，for which I had no 44.plans beyond listening to my favorite records.I’d __45__ minimum wage.I’d see how a factory __46__.My parents thought all of this was a grand idea and called Betsy’s dad with their 47.permission.
点拨：完形填空一般选用记叙文作命题材料。文章的首句常常会交代故事发生的背景，如时间、地点、人物等。本文的首句交代了背景：作者从中学时期开始纳税，当时作者在一家烘焙工厂工作了整整三天。
43.A.generous B.financial
C.technical D.temporary
【分析】 根据首句中的“in middle school”和“for three whole days”可推知，作者是短期打工， 再结合空后的“during our spring break”可知，此处表示春假期间，市中心的工厂需要临时找八个孩子来帮忙。
自主解答：D
45.A.offer B.earn
C.set D.suggest
【分析】 首句中的“as a tax－paying employed person”说明作者挣钱了，根据空后的“minimum wage”可知，作者当时还是中学生，要做的是临时工的工作，挣得最低工资。
自主解答：B
46.A.worked B.closed
C.developed D.survived
【分析】 由首句中的“I worked in a baking factory”可推知，作者去工厂打工可以获知工厂是如何运转的。
自主解答：A
在完形填空中，仅仅依据设空所在句的句意或设空前后句的语境无法对有些题目做出正确的判断。 此时，就需要考生仔细阅读其他部分，因为答案往往会在某处复现，我们把这种现象称作“信息复现”。 语篇中的信息复现包括原词复现、同/近义词复现、反义词复现、同根词复现和代词复现等。考生可以利用这一现象快速解题。
原词复现
【典例】 (2022·全国乙卷)
We brought young children aged 2－4 into our Minds in Development Lab at USC.Each __47__ sat down with an adult who covered her own eyes or 48.ears.We then asked the child if she could 49.see or hear the adult.
47.A.parent B.child
C.researcher D.doctor
【分析】 根据We brought young children...及本空下一句中the child可推断，此处属于原词child的复现，指每个孩子都与一名成年人坐在一起。
自主解答：B
同/近义词复现
【典例】 (2021·天津3月卷)
For most people, having things stolen feels like an offence.Robbie Pruitt admitted that he got __16__ when he discovered the theft of his mountain bike last September.But soon enough，his 17.emotions took a turn.After letting go of his anger and frustration, he found himself on a road to sympathy 18.instead.
16.A.amazed B.mad
C.curious D.frightened
【分析】 根据下文中的“After letting go of his anger and frustration”可知，此处应选与anger，frustration是同义词的词汇。
自主解答：B
反义词复现
【典例】 (2021·新高考Ⅰ卷)
Our 48.roles in the factory were simple: Place cakes on a moving belt.Attach icing (糖霜) ears.Apply icing eyes and nose.49.Remove bunny from the belt.This was __50__ than it sounds.51.Slow__down a bit and the cakes pile up.As I told my parents at dinner that first night, it was all a little more high－pressure than I’d 52.expected.
50.A.harder B.better
C.longer D.cheaper
【分析】 尽管上文提到了“Our 48.roles in the factory were simple”，但根据下文中的“the cakes pile up” “a little more high－pressure”可知，作者想表达实际上他们的工作并不像听上去那么简单， 所选项应与simple构成反义词复现。
自主解答：A
同根词复现
【典例】 (2021·全国甲卷)
Burchill said in a recent letter of __51__ to the 4－star hotel...
“I have 55.matured and I admit responsibility for my 56.actions，” he said in the letter.“I come to you, 57.hat__in__hand,__to apologize for the damage I had 58.indirectly caused and to ask you to 59.reconsider my lifetime ban from the hotel.”
51.A.application B.apology
C.request D.invitation
【分析】 根据下文中的“...he said in the letter. ‘I come to you...to apologize for the damage I had 58.indirectly caused’”可知，空处应该是道歉信，所选项应为apologize的同根词。
自主解答：B
代词复现
【典例】 (2020·全国Ⅲ卷)
As a businesswoman，I care deeply about my customers.But like anyone for whom you feel affection，__41__ can also drive you mad.They’ll come rushing in，42.saying their handbag’s been stolen.They’ll 43.swear that they left it in the changing room，create havoc(混乱) and then 44.discover it had been in their car all the time.They’ll have out half the 45.goods in the shop，and want the only style you don’t have left in a 46.particular colour.
41.A.shopkeepers B.customers
C.salespersons D.receptionists
【分析】 根据上文中的“As a businesswoman, I care deeply about my customers.”和下文中的语境可推知They的指代意义。
自主解答：B
(2021·全国甲卷)
Older and wiser now, Burchill chalked up the incident to youthful indiscretion (莽撞).
“I have __55__ and I admit responsibility for my 56.actions，” he said in the letter.“I come to you, 57.hat__in__hand,__to apologize for the damage I had 58.indirectly caused and to ask you to 59.reconsider my lifetime ban from the hotel.”
55.A.recovered B.retired
C.escaped D.matured
答案 D [本题可利用近义词复现解题。根据上文“Older and wiser now...”可知，现在的Burchill变得更加成熟了。mature “成熟”是对“Older and wiser”的近义词复现。]
15 years ago when I was playing basketball in one of Australia’s premier basketball leagues，I remember a sports psychologist we had for the season...
...It involved moving ourselves into a meditative (冥想的) state and taking ourselves on a journey into the 44.future to recreate the experience of a game—45.leaving home，getting to the stadium，being in the changing room，walking out onto the __46__ and then finally visualizing how we would play and see ourselves 47.winning...
46.A.court B.street
C.platform D.stage
答案 A [本题可利用首句信息解题。根据首句中的“I was playing basketball in...leagues”可知，“我们”是运动员，结合选项可知，court “球场” 符合语境。court除了有“法院，法庭”的意思，还有“球场”的意思。]
(2022·重庆名校联盟高三联考)
“My 33.advice for young people is to believe that you can do anything you set your mind to do.If you want to travel，you have to 34.make sacrifices to travel around the world.And it’s only a matter of __35__ until you can make it a reality.”
35.A.honor B.career
C.time D.assessment
答案 C [本题可利用代词复现解题。结合句意以及常识可知，it指代上文的“环游世界”，所以完成环游世界的目标只是一个时间问题。]
We were moving down the motorway (高速公路) at over a hundred kilometers an hour.
“Can you __41__ it？”my wife asked while driving.
“Almost，” I replied as I twisted my body from the 42.passenger sent beside her towards the 43.back of the car，where our two children sat. I was trying to reach the small bear our two－year－old son had just 44.dropped.He kept crying.
41.A.keep B.reach
C.stop D.change
答案 B [本题可利用原词复现解题。根据下文中的“I was trying to reach the small bear”可知，这里表示作者妻子问作者是否能够得到(reach) 玩具熊，reach在此处属于原词复现。]
总结
词汇复现包括：
1. 原词复现：一个单词在一个语义场中以同样的词形反复出现，有时兼有词性变化。如：下文中出现的apologize与上文中要填的apology可以看成是原词复现。
2. 派生词复现：借助前缀或后缀，构造出派生词。前缀以否定前缀un-， in-， im-， il-， ir-， non-， dis-， mis-， mal-等为主，使延伸出来的派生词与原词词义相反；通过后缀派生出来的词汇不仅词义有些改变，词性也与原词完全不同。
3. 同/近义词复现：同义词、近义词复现是借助意思相同或相近的表达方式，或解释性的语言使上下文的语义得以连接起来。如：free of charge与for free；tractor与vehicle；way与solution都可以看成是同/近义词复现。
4. 反义词复现：借助意思相反的词在同一语篇中重复出现。如：suffer与survive属于反义词复现。
5. 上下义词复现：这里的上下义词在语言学中指的是词的类概念。如：animal是sheep, wolf, tiger等的上义词；而sheep, wolf, tiger则是animal的下义词。
6. 同场词汇复现：意义上相关的词汇出现在同一语篇中，构成以某一话题为中心的词汇链，因其共同出现的倾向性，叫“同场”词汇。同场词之间有反义或相对关系，或者同类互补关系等，如：different与same; cruel与friendly; death与destruction(毁灭); ill, pale, patient, nurse, doctor和operation等。
完形填空是一种综合性极强的题型，主要考查考生的综合理解能力和语言运用能力，要求考生具备扎实的词汇、语法知识， 并且能够灵活运用语言知识、文化背景知识和生活常识，通过文章的行文逻辑厘清语篇中的线索。由于完形填空各设空处间距较短，考生在做题时，容易因为文章信息不完整而无法准确把握文章脉络，导致出现理解障碍而失分。
近3年新高考卷考情分析
试卷名称 考试年份 考查体裁 主题语境 文章话题 篇章词数 考点统计
句内层次 句组层次 语篇层次 实词 虚词
动词 名词 形容词 副词 介词 连词
新高考Ⅰ卷 2022 记叙文 人与自我 野营奇遇 238 4 6 5 5 5 3 1 1 0
2021 记叙文 人与社会 打工经历 230 6 5 4 9 4 2 0 0 0
2020 记叙文 人与自然 环境保护 217 4 6 5 5 7 2 1 0 0
新高考Ⅱ卷 2022 记叙文 人与自我 环球旅行 214 5 6 4 4 8 3 0 0 0
2021 记叙文 人与社会 警察破案 221 4 7 4 6 7 2 0 0 0
2020 记叙文 人与自我 优秀品行 213 6 6 3 9 4 1 1 0 0
近3年新高考卷命题规律
专题微课一 利用首句信息和复现信息解题
完形填空一般不在首句设空，这是为了给考生提供部分有效的文章背景信息。若首句交代了when，where，who，what，即四个“W”，一般来说文章为记叙文；若首句提出或解释说明某事物，一般来说文章为说明文；若首句提出一个论点，一般来说文章为议论文。仔细分析首句，往往能获取许多解题信息。除了文章首句以外，考生还可以利用段落首句来把握文章大意，因为主题句一般出现在段落的开头。
【典例】 (2021·新高考Ⅰ卷)
My life as a tax－paying employed person began in middle school, when, for three whole days, I worked in a baking factory.
My best friend Betsy’s father was a manager at Hough Bakeries, which, at Easter time, 41.made little bunny (兔子) cakes for all its 42.stores throughout Cleveland.It happened that the plant downtown needed eight kids for __43__ help during our spring break，for which I had no 44.plans beyond listening to my favorite records.I’d __45__ minimum wage.I’d see how a factory __46__.My parents thought all of this was a grand idea and called Betsy’s dad with their 47.permission.
点拨：完形填空一般选用记叙文作命题材料。文章的首句常常会交代故事发生的背景，如时间、地点、人物等。本文的首句交代了背景：作者从中学时期开始纳税，当时作者在一家烘焙工厂工作了整整三天。
43.A.generous B.financial
C.technical D.temporary
【分析】 根据首句中的“in middle school”和“for three whole days”可推知，作者是短期打工， 再结合空后的“during our spring break”可知，此处表示春假期间，市中心的工厂需要临时找八个孩子来帮忙。
自主解答：D
45.A.offer B.earn
C.set D.suggest
【分析】 首句中的“as a tax－paying employed person”说明作者挣钱了，根据空后的“minimum wage”可知，作者当时还是中学生，要做的是临时工的工作，挣得最低工资。
自主解答：B
46.A.worked B.closed
C.developed D.survived
【分析】 由首句中的“I worked in a baking factory”可推知，作者去工厂打工可以获知工厂是如何运转的。
自主解答：A
在完形填空中，仅仅依据设空所在句的句意或设空前后句的语境无法对有些题目做出正确的判断。 此时，就需要考生仔细阅读其他部分，因为答案往往会在某处复现，我们把这种现象称作“信息复现”。 语篇中的信息复现包括原词复现、同/近义词复现、反义词复现、同根词复现和代词复现等。考生可以利用这一现象快速解题。
原词复现
【典例】 (2022·全国乙卷)
We brought young children aged 2－4 into our Minds in Development Lab at USC.Each __47__ sat down with an adult who covered her own eyes or 48.ears.We then asked the child if she could 49.see or hear the adult.
47.A.parent B.child
C.researcher D.doctor
【分析】 根据We brought young children...及本空下一句中the child可推断，此处属于原词child的复现，指每个孩子都与一名成年人坐在一起。
自主解答：B
同/近义词复现
【典例】 (2021·天津3月卷)
For most people, having things stolen feels like an offence.Robbie Pruitt admitted that he got __16__ when he discovered the theft of his mountain bike last September.But soon enough，his 17.emotions took a turn.After letting go of his anger and frustration, he found himself on a road to sympathy 18.instead.
16.A.amazed B.mad
C.curious D.frightened
【分析】 根据下文中的“After letting go of his anger and frustration”可知，此处应选与anger，frustration是同义词的词汇。
自主解答：B
反义词复现
【典例】 (2021·新高考Ⅰ卷)
Our 48.roles in the factory were simple: Place cakes on a moving belt.Attach icing (糖霜) ears.Apply icing eyes and nose.49.Remove bunny from the belt.This was __50__ than it sounds.51.Slow__down a bit and the cakes pile up.As I told my parents at dinner that first night, it was all a little more high－pressure than I’d 52.expected.
50.A.harder B.better
C.longer D.cheaper
【分析】 尽管上文提到了“Our 48.roles in the factory were simple”，但根据下文中的“the cakes pile up” “a little more high－pressure”可知，作者想表达实际上他们的工作并不像听上去那么简单， 所选项应与simple构成反义词复现。
自主解答：A
同根词复现
【典例】 (2021·全国甲卷)
Burchill said in a recent letter of __51__ to the 4－star hotel...
“I have 55.matured and I admit responsibility for my 56.actions，” he said in the letter.“I come to you, 57.hat__in__hand,__to apologize for the damage I had 58.indirectly caused and to ask you to 59.reconsider my lifetime ban from the hotel.”
51.A.application B.apology
C.request D.invitation
【分析】 根据下文中的“...he said in the letter. ‘I come to you...to apologize for the damage I had 58.indirectly caused’”可知，空处应该是道歉信，所选项应为apologize的同根词。
自主解答：B
代词复现
【典例】 (2020·全国Ⅲ卷)
As a businesswoman，I care deeply about my customers.But like anyone for whom you feel affection，__41__ can also drive you mad.They’ll come rushing in，42.saying their handbag’s been stolen.They’ll 43.swear that they left it in the changing room，create havoc(混乱) and then 44.discover it had been in their car all the time.They’ll have out half the 45.goods in the shop，and want the only style you don’t have left in a 46.particular colour.
41.A.shopkeepers B.customers
C.salespersons D.receptionists
【分析】 根据上文中的“As a businesswoman, I care deeply about my customers.”和下文中的语境可推知They的指代意义。
自主解答：B
(2021·全国甲卷)
Older and wiser now, Burchill chalked up the incident to youthful indiscretion (莽撞).
“I have __55__ and I admit responsibility for my 56.actions，” he said in the letter.“I come to you, 57.hat__in__hand,__to apologize for the damage I had 58.indirectly caused and to ask you to 59.reconsider my lifetime ban from the hotel.”
55.A.recovered B.retired
C.escaped D.matured
答案 D [本题可利用近义词复现解题。根据上文“Older and wiser now...”可知，现在的Burchill变得更加成熟了。mature “成熟”是对“Older and wiser”的近义词复现。]
15 years ago when I was playing basketball in one of Australia’s premier basketball leagues，I remember a sports psychologist we had for the season...
...It involved moving ourselves into a meditative (冥想的) state and taking ourselves on a journey into the 44.future to recreate the experience of a game—45.leaving home，getting to the stadium，being in the changing room，walking out onto the __46__ and then finally visualizing how we would play and see ourselves 47.winning...
46.A.court B.street
C.platform D.stage
答案 A [本题可利用首句信息解题。根据首句中的“I was playing basketball in...leagues”可知，“我们”是运动员，结合选项可知，court “球场” 符合语境。court除了有“法院，法庭”的意思，还有“球场”的意思。]
(2022·重庆名校联盟高三联考)
“My 33.advice for young people is to believe that you can do anything you set your mind to do.If you want to travel，you have to 34.make sacrifices to travel around the world.And it’s only a matter of __35__ until you can make it a reality.”
35.A.honor B.career
C.time D.assessment
答案 C [本题可利用代词复现解题。结合句意以及常识可知，it指代上文的“环游世界”，所以完成环游世界的目标只是一个时间问题。]
We were moving down the motorway (高速公路) at over a hundred kilometers an hour.
“Can you __41__ it？”my wife asked while driving.
“Almost，” I replied as I twisted my body from the 42.passenger sent beside her towards the 43.back of the car，where our two children sat. I was trying to reach the small bear our two－year－old son had just 44.dropped.He kept crying.
41.A.keep B.reach
C.stop D.change
答案 B [本题可利用原词复现解题。根据下文中的“I was trying to reach the small bear”可知，这里表示作者妻子问作者是否能够得到(reach) 玩具熊，reach在此处属于原词复现。]
总结
词汇复现包括：
1. 原词复现：一个单词在一个语义场中以同样的词形反复出现，有时兼有词性变化。如：下文中出现的apologize与上文中要填的apology可以看成是原词复现。
2. 派生词复现：借助前缀或后缀，构造出派生词。前缀以否定前缀un-， in-， im-， il-， ir-， non-， dis-， mis-， mal-等为主，使延伸出来的派生词与原词词义相反；通过后缀派生出来的词汇不仅词义有些改变，词性也与原词完全不同。
3. 同/近义词复现：同义词、近义词复现是借助意思相同或相近的表达方式，或解释性的语言使上下文的语义得以连接起来。如：free of charge与for free；tractor与vehicle；way与solution都可以看成是同/近义词复现。
4. 反义词复现：借助意思相反的词在同一语篇中重复出现。如：suffer与survive属于反义词复现。
5. 上下义词复现：这里的上下义词在语言学中指的是词的类概念。如：animal是sheep, wolf, tiger等的上义词；而sheep, wolf, tiger则是animal的下义词。
6. 同场词汇复现：意义上相关的词汇出现在同一语篇中，构成以某一话题为中心的词汇链，因其共同出现的倾向性，叫“同场”词汇。同场词之间有反义或相对关系，或者同类互补关系等，如：different与same; cruel与friendly; death与destruction(毁灭); ill, pale, patient, nurse, doctor和operation等。