从句综合——状语从句,宾语从句,定语从句
状语从句
一、状语从句的概念
状语从句是复合句中由从属连词引导的状语从句。状语从句用来修饰主句中的谓语动词、其它动词、定语、表语或整个主句。状语从句可以分为时间状语从句、地点状语从句、原因状语从句、目的状语从句、结果状语从句、条件状语从句、让步状语从句、比较状语从句、方式状语从句等。
二、状语从句的分类及用法
1. 时间状语从句
时间状语从句通常由when, while, as, after, before, since, until, till, as soon as等引导。
例如:
① We'll go for a picnic when the weather is fine. (当天气好的时候,我们将去野餐。)
② While I was reading, he was writing. (当我正在读书的时候,他正在写字。)
③ As soon as he finished his work, he went home. (他一完成工作就回家了。)
注意:当主句为一般将来时,从句要用一般现在时表示将来。
2. 地点状语从句
地点状语从句通常由where, wherever等引导。
例如:
① Go back where you came from. (回到你来的地方。)
② Wherever you go, you should work hard. (无论你去哪里,你都应该努力工作。)
3. 原因状语从句
原因状语从句通常由because, since, as, for等引导。
例如:
① He didn't come because he was ill. (他没来是因为他病了。)
② Since you are so interested in it, I'll tell you all about it. (既然你对它这么感兴趣,我就告诉你所有的事吧。)
注意:for是并列连词,引导的是并列句,不是状语从句。当表示原因时,其语气较弱,所表示的原因不是说明主句行为发生的直接原因,而是对主句行为的一种附加说明或推断。通常for前会有逗号。
4. 目的状语从句
目的状语从句通常由so that, in order that等引导。
例如:
① He studies hard so that he can pass the exam. (他努力学习,以便能通过考试。)
② We'll start early in order that we may arrive there before noon. (我们将早点出发以便能在中午前到达那里。)
5. 结果状语从句
结果状语从句通常由so…that, such…that等引导。
例如:
① The box is so heavy that I can't carry it. (这个盒子太重了,我搬不动。)
② The story is such that I can't tell it to the children. (这个故事是如此的恐怖,以至于我不能把它讲给孩子们听。)
6. 条件状语从句
条件状语从句通常由if, unless等引导。
例如:
① If it doesn't rain tomorrow, we'll go to the park. (如果明天不下雨,我们将去公园。)
② Unless you work hard, you'll fail in the exam. (除非你努力学习,否则你会考试不及格。)
7. 让步状语从句
让步状语从句通常由though, although, even if, even though, whatever, whoever, wherever, whenever, no matter what, no matter who, no matter where, no matter when等引导。
例如:
① Although he is poor, he is honest. (尽管他很穷,但他很诚实。)
② No matter how hard he works, he never seems to get ahead. (不管他工作多么努力,他似乎从来也没有取得进展。)
8. 比较状语从句
比较状语从句通常由than, as…as, not so/as…as, the more…the more等引导。
例如:
① He is taller than me. (他比我高。)
② She doesn't study as hard as her brother. (她学习不如她哥哥努力。)
9. 方式状语从句
方式状语从句通常由as, as if, as though等引导。
例如:
① Do as I told you. (照我告诉你的那样做。)
② She looks as if she is ill. (她看起来好像病了。)
三、状语从句的省略
当状语从句的主语与主句的主语一致,且状语从句中含有be动词的某种形式时,状语从句的主语和be动词可以省略。
例如:
① When (you are) in trouble, ask her for help. (当你有麻烦的时候,向她求助。)
② If (it is) possible, I'll come to see you. (如果可能的话,我会来看你。)
宾语从句
一、宾语从句的定义
宾语从句是一个句子作为宾语,在复合句中充当宾语的角色。宾语从句可以放在及物动词、介词或某些形容词之后。
二、宾语从句的连接词
1. that(无实际意义,通常可以省略)
* 例句:I believe (that) he will come.(我相信他会来。)
2. whether/if(表示“是否”)
* 例句:I don't know whether/if he will arrive on time.(我不知道他是否会按时到达。)
3. 连接代词(who, whom, whose, which, what)
* 例句:Can you tell me what you are doing (你能告诉我你在做什么吗?)
4. 连接副词(when, where, why, how)
* 例句:I don't know when he will arrive.(我不知道他什么时候会到。)
三、宾语从句的时态
1. 主句为一般现在时,从句根据实际需要选择合适的时态。
* 例句:He says (that) he is studying hard.(他说他正在努力学习。)
2. 主句为一般过去时,从句使用相应的过去时态。
* 例句:She asked me if I had finished my homework.(她问我是否完成了作业。)
四、宾语从句的语序
宾语从句使用陈述句语序,即主语+谓语+其他。
* 例句:She wants to know where she should go.(她想知道她应该去哪里。)
五、宾语从句的注意事项
1. 宾语从句中一般不能用疑问句语序。
* 错误:Can you tell me where does he live (×)
* 正确:Can you tell me where he lives (√)
2. 如果主句的谓语动词是think, believe, expect, suppose, imagine等引导的宾语从句,否定意义要转移到主句。
* 例句:I don't think (that) he will come.(我认为他不会来。)
定语从句
一、定语从句的基本概念
定语从句是用来修饰名词或代词的从句,它通常位于被修饰的名词或代词之后。定语从句与被修饰的名词或代词之间通常用关系词(如that, which, who, whom, whose等)连接。
二、关系词的种类
1. 关系代词:that, which, who, whom, whose
2. 关系副词:when, where, why
三、关系词的选择
1. 关系代词的选择
* that:可指人或物,在从句中可作主语、宾语或表语。
* which:指物,在从句中可作主语、宾语或表语。
* who:指人,在从句中作主语。
* whom:指人,在从句中作宾语。
* whose:指人或物,在从句中作定语。
例句:
* The book that I bought yesterday is very interesting. (that指物,作宾语)
* The man who helped me is my teacher. (who指人,作主语)
* The pen whose color is red is mine. (whose指物,作定语)
2. 关系副词的选择
* when:指时间,在从句中作时间状语。
* where:指地点,在从句中作地点状语。
* why:指原因,在从句中作原因状语。
例句:
* I will never forget the day when we met for the first time. (when指时间,作时间状语)
* This is the place where we had our picnic. (where指地点,作地点状语)
* No one knows the reason why he left. (why指原因,作原因状语)
四、定语从句的省略
当定语从句的引导词是that或which,且在从句中作宾语时,可以省略。
例句:The book (that/which) I bought yesterday is very interesting.
可简化为:The book I bought yesterday is very interesting.
五、定语从句的注意事项
1. 定语从句的先行词必须是被修饰的名词或代词。
2. 定语从句必须与先行词有逻辑上的联系,不能随意搭配。
3. 关系词在从句中必须担任一定的成分,不能作为从句的独立成分。
六、定语从句的常见问题
1. 关系词与先行词的搭配问题:要确保关系词与先行词在语法和逻辑上都是正确的。
2. 从句的完整性:定语从句本身必须是一个完整的句子,包含主语和谓语。
3. 定语从句的简洁性:避免在定语从句中使用不必要的词汇或复杂的结构,保持句子的简洁明了。