01 单元基础知识练习—北师大版必修二Unit 6 THE ADMIRABLE
单元综合巩固提升系列包括三套练习:
单元基础知识练习:用于巩固单元基础知识。包括单元词块英汉翻译;单元词汇填空;短语填空;单句语法填空;单元语法专练(单句填空与句子翻译);教材原句回译等6个模块的练习
单元综合技能练习:用于话题提升练习使用。包含阅读理解(5篇),阅读7选5(1篇),完形填空(1篇),语法填空(2篇)。
单元测试卷:为标准卷(不含听力),满分120分。用于单元测试使用。包含阅读理解、完形填空、语法填空、应用文写作和读后续写部分。精选最新的23-24学年高中年级期末、月考、模考等试题。
单元词块英汉翻译
英文词块 中文含义
为人类作出非凡的贡献 make remarkable contribution to mankind
心里已有 have...in mind
志愿做某事,主动做某事 volunteer to do...
最具影响力的科学人物之一 one of the most influential figures of science
因她的勇敢而闻名 be noted for her bravery
获得平等权利 win equal rights
组织和平抗议 organize peaceful protests
真遗憾! What a shame!
不久前的一天 the other day
在舞台上表演 act on stage
陷入了抑郁 fall into a depression
把注意力集中在 focus one’s attention on
榜样 a role model
控制 take control of
为世界带来改变 make a difference to the world
遭遇种族歧视 suffer racial discrimination
被关进监狱 be put behind bars
与某人产生共鸣 empathise with sb.
设身处地为他人着想 put yourself in other’s shoes
致力于社会改革 work towards social reform
单元词汇填空
Patient as I was, after about 15 minutes, my camera scanning the sun and reviewing the shot I would eventually(最终) take, I grew frustrated.
Those who were highest in status in high school, as well as those least liked in elementary school, are “most likely to engage(参加)in dangerous and risky behavior.
Childhood activities help a child develop responsibility, independence(独立性), confidence and competence.
The admiration and respect(尊重) his uncle earned inspired Nielsen to make a career (职业) in acting.
Most of these rabbits change their fur color from white in the wintertime to brown in the summer, each designed(design) to give them better cover from predators(捕食者).
It is our hope that in coming decades, advances(进步) in science will offer new perspectives from which to study how people manage their lives.
Being emotionally intelligent(聪敏的) does not necessarily make one a moral person.
Without any further(更多的) thought, Mark turned on the power switch.
Every 500 yards or so, he raised his head to judge(判断) his progress.
Status is the honor(荣誉) attached to a person's position in society.
Ms Jex-Blake went on to help establish (建立)the London School of Medicine for Women in 1874.
I've read all the available literature(文献资料) on keeping rabbits.
Misjudgments on the influences of new technology can lead to a waste of limited resources(有限的资源)
Her popular 1962 book Silent Spring raised awareness(意识) of the dangers of pollution and the harmful effects of chemicals(化学品) on humans and on the world’s lakes and oceans.
With her dad's permission, she spent the next two years researching online and conducting trials to get a recipe(食谱) that was both tasty and tooth-friendly.
Actually, severe (严重的)damage done to our land is fairly recent in the history of our evolution.
On 17 March, 476 students and 36 teachers at Falmont Primary School escaped an earthquake that struck (突然发生) the county at 2:27 p.m.
What made him remarkable(极其出色的) as a photographer was his skill in capturing the moment.
His dad was a kind and generous(慷慨的) man.
It is advisable to remember that journalists (记者)may have different priorities, which would influence how they
report an event.
短语填空 (选择方框里的短语填空,注意使用恰当的形式)
apart from ; come across; pick out; be regarded as; due to; along with; try out for; pass away; in spite of; fight for
He decided to take his daughter along with him. She was only ten years old.
Ecotourism is commonly regarded as low impact travel to undisturbed places.
Last year, she decided to try out for a volunteer after-school reading program.
It was a big deal for us to load up and go to the local library, where my kids could pick out books to read or books they wanted me to read to them.
In spite of all these differences, evidence shows that recent life style changes may be affecting French eating habits.
After his father passed away, he took over the company which was located downtown.
I hope they continue to fight for equal justice after I'm gone.
One hundred percent of the fatigue(疲劳) of a sitting worker in good health is due to emotional problems.
Nurses and other care-givers need to be aware of the possible meanings of silence when they come across the personal anxiety their patients may be experiencing.
Apart from their house in London, they also have a villa in Spain.
单句语法填空
But recently it has discovered that data can be turned into new services: translation and visual recognition(recognize), to be sold to other companies.
So far there is no effective(effect) way to get rid of it, but a new study suggests an answer may lie in the stomachs of some hungry worms.
She would become a promising(promise) star.
Since 1962, Pacific Science Center has been inspiring(inspire) a passion for discovery and lifelong learning in science, math and technology.
The city of Brussels was covered in snowmen—an impressive (impress)scene that told stories on every street corner.
Music was his true passion(passionate), though he had never performed outside the family.
After my graduation(graduate), Dad’s business was getting back on track.
The first rhino to be born(born) at Port Lympne arrived on January 5 to first-time mother Kisima and weighed about 32kg.
It's an air-cleaning machine connected(connect) to a bicycle and is part of the Smog Free Project.
The harmony of old and new made Wang’s architectural design a success.
Tu Youyou was noted for her bravery in being a scientist during a difficult time for science in China, her ability to use (use) old wisdom and new methods to achieve her goals and the fact that her work bridged(bridge) the Eastern and Western worlds, saving (save)millions of lives.
Despite being 2 goals behind in the first half, the Chinese women’s national football team kicked 3 goals in the second half with two goals scored in just 5 minutes.
I was also co-founder of the website Mother Nature Network, which was integrated(integrate) into Treehugger the other day.
He starred (star) in his first school plat at the age of eight.
It’s expected to cost $279,000. And it won’t help if you are stuck (stick) in traffic.
Having visited (visit) several times over the last 10 years, I was amazed(amaze) by the co-existence of old and new, and how a city was able to keep such a rich heritage while constantly growing(grow).
Neighbors devoted their spare time to helping(help) others rebuild.
If you are one of those energetic(energy) morning people, your most inventive time comes in the early evening when you are relaxed.
He brought to the job not just considerable experience but passionate(passion) enthusiasm.
It took a few youthful and daring(dare) businessmen to get the ball rolling.
Production costs are going to be valuable enough that younger people are going to have the opportunity to be involved(involve) in agriculture.
We require the student’s full details at least 4 weeks in advance.
It is people’s attitude towards/to progress that causes the type of influence that technology has on society.
Not only are rewarding experiences remembered better, but negative consequences are also easily recalled.
But the next time you find yourself among strangers, consider that small talk is worth the trouble. Experts say it’s an invaluable(value) social practice that results in big benefits.
单元语法专练(定语从句)
用适当的关系词或“介词+关系词”填空
Frank Hurley, a confident and gifted Australian photographer who knew the Antarctic, was hired to make the images, most of which have never before been published.
Two of the authors of the review also made a study published in 2014 which / that showed a mere five to 10 minutes a day of running reduced the risk of heart disease and early deaths from all causes.
The GPNP is intended to provide stronger protection for all the species that live within the Giant Panda Range and significantly improve the health of the ecosystem in the area.
The reason that accounts for their names Galilean Moons is that they were discovered by Galileo in 1610.
“There was once a town in the heart of America, where all life seemed to enjoy peaceful existence with its surroundings,” her fable begins, borrowing some familiar words from many age-old fables.
They rose in the ranks not by being friendly but by smoking cigarettes, breaking rules and playing jokes on others, among whom I soon found myself.
When he stood in front of the house where he grew up as a child, he saw a lady standing in the entrance.
This is called"herd immunity", which protects the people who get hurt easily, including those who can’t be vaccinated for medical reasons, babies too young to get vaccinated and people on whom the vaccine doesn’t work.
If we use, to achieve our purposes, a mechanical agency with whose operation we cannot effectively interfere(干预), we had better be quite sure that the purpose put into the machine is the purpose which we really desire.
As is known to us all, Hong Kong is one of the financial centers of Asia.
The Silk Road got its name in the 19th century when a German geographer identified it as the route through which the Romans got their silk from China.
Some experts think reading is the fundamental skill on/upon which school education depends.
By analysing the numbers, it found the average mother works 119 hours a week, 40 of which would usually be paid at a standard rate and 79 hours as overtime.
This is my pair of glasses, without which I cannot see clearly.
This book is written in such easy language as beginners can understand.
Chimps will check to see if they have the attention of the animal with which they wish to communicate.
We walked for two and a half hours to get there—first up a mountain to a ridge(山脊) from where we had fantastic views and then down a steep path to the valley below.
We always considered taking a horse carriage in the historic district, but we didn’t like the way in which the horses were treated, so we never did.
In the dark street, there wasn’t a single person to whom she could turn for help.
Living with host families, in which there may be other college students, gives her the chance to learn more about the new culture.
用定语从句翻译下列句子
我之所以钦佩科学家,是因为他们总是做出重要的发现,为社会做出卓越的贡献。
The reason why I admire scientists is that they always make important discoveries and make remarkable
contributions to society.
在远处,她们可以看到湖的南边尼亚加拉大瀑布(the great Niagara Falls)上方升腾着的雾霭(misty cloud)。
In the distance, they could see the misty cloud that rose from the great Niagara Falls, which is on the south side
of the lake.
评委会的五位评委听了你的演讲,他们都认为你的演讲是今年最好的。
Your speech was heard by a group of five judges, all of whom agreed that it was the best one this year.
他十分慷慨地给予我时间,我为此非常感激。
He was generous with his time, for which I was grateful.
中国是一个大国,有着许许多多彼此不同的方言(dialect)
China is a large country in which many different dialects are spoken.
在中国艺术节上有不同的展台(stand),在那里艺术家可以展示他们的技巧并教给参观者。
At the Chinese art festival, there are different stands where artists demonstrate their skills and teach the visitors
我们将会邀请人工智能领域的一流专家黄教授为我们作一场讲座。
We will invite Professor Huang, who is a leading expert in the field of artificial intelligence, to give us a lecture.
他写了许多儿童书籍,几乎一半在1990年左右出版。
He wrote many children’ s books, nearly half of which were published in the 1990s.
上周日,我们学校举行了一场非同寻常的越野赛跑,引起了每一位师生的注意。
Last Sunday witnessed an extraordinary cross-country running race,.which drew the attention of every student and teacher of our school.
“观测未来(Futuroscope)”附近为那些城外来的游客准备了很多很好的旅馆,而且大多数旅馆都提供往返(shuttle)公园的车辆服务。
Futuroscope has many excellent hotels nearby, most of which provide a shuttle service to the park.
汤姆躲在门后,从那里他能清楚地听到母亲的脚步声。
Tom hid himself behind the door, from where he could hear the steps of his mother clearly.
正如报纸上所报道的,空气污染在一些大城市越来越严重了。
As was reported in the newspaper, air pollution in some big cities is increasingly serious.
情况通常如此,老年人会依恋旧的事物。
As is often the case, the elderly are attached to old things.
阿西莫夫(Asimov )不仅有着超凡的想象力,使他能对未来世界进行探索,而且还有着惊人的头脑,使他能对各种事物寻求解释。
Asimov had both an extraordinary imagination that gave him the ability to explore future worlds and an amazing mind with which he searched for explanations of everything.
我认为你可以以互动和体验的方式开展这项活动,这会使得学生们积极参与,在参与各种实践活动的同时,加深对“绿色北京”的理解。
I think you can carry out this activity in an interactive and experiential fashion, which allows students to actively participate, fostering a deeper understanding of “Green Beijing” as they engage in various hands-on activities.
教材原句回译
消防员们不仅灭火,还拯救了处于危险中的人。
Firefighters not only put out fires , but also save people who are in danger.
我认为那些与自己的弱点作斗争的人也是令人钦佩的人,比如海伦·凯勒和张海迪。
I think people who fight against their own weaknesses are also admirable people, like Helen Keller and Zhang
Haidi.
后来,她跟随该领域的专家学习了两年半的中医学,从中对传统医学有了深刻的了解。
Later, she studied Chinese medicine for two and a half years with experts in the field from whom she gained a
deep knowledge about traditional practices.
然而,经过数百次失败的实验,他们最终发现了一种有前景的化学物质。
However, after hundreds of failed experiments, they eventually came across a promising chemical.
毫无疑问,他是20世纪最重要的人物之一。
There’s no doubt that he was one of the most important figures in the 20th century.
因此,他不仅是《超人》电影中的超级英雄,在现实生活中也被许多人视为超级英雄。
Thus, not only is he known as a superhero in the Superman films, but he is also regarded as a superhero to many
in real life.
他意识到自己在这些电影中的角色给了他在现实生活中成为超人的机会,他很快就因提高人们对慈善事业的认识而获得了声誉。
He realised that his roles in these films had given him the opportunity to be a real-life superman, and he soon
gained a reputation for raising awareness for good causes.
不幸的是,1995年,灾难降临在里夫身上。
Unfortunately, in 1995 disaster struck Reeve.
他曾经是一个健康、成功的年轻人, 现在却被困在一副受伤的身体里,这对他来说就像一个真实的噩梦。
Having once been a healthy and successful young man to being trapped in a broken body was like a living
nightmare to him.
是因为在妻子、家人和朋友的不断支持下,他才最终找到了重新生活的意愿。
It was only due to the ongoing support of his wife, family and friends that he eventually found the will to live
again.
带着一种新的力量感和使命感,里夫进行了一项高强度的锻炼计划,以帮助他实现这一目标。
With a new sense of energy and commitment, Reeve undertook an intense exercise programme to help him
achieve this goal.
他进行了一系列旨在重建肌肉的运动,并取得了显著的进步。
He engaged in a wide range of exercises designed to rebuild muscle, and made remarkable progress.
里夫成为脊背受伤和残疾人士的热情而积极的支持者,他为医学研究筹集了数百万美元的支持。
Reeve became a passionate and energetic advocate for people with back injuries and disabilities, raising
millions of dollars in support of medical research.
我所做的是基于我们每个人体内都拥有的力量。…… 你不必成为‘超人’就能做到。
What I do is based on powers we all have inside us ... and you don’t have to be a ‘superman’ to do it.
它是一项需要技能、天赋和勇气的特殊融合,以及强大体力和脑力的工作。
It is a job that calls for a special blend of skill, talent and bravery, as well as great physical and mental strength.01 单元基础知识练习—北师大版必修二Unit 6 THE ADMIRABLE
单元词块英汉翻译
英文词块 中文含义
为人类作出非凡的贡献
心里已有
志愿做某事,主动做某事
最具影响力的科学人物之一
因她的勇敢而闻名
获得平等权利
组织和平抗议
真遗憾!
不久前的一天
在舞台上表演
陷入了抑郁
把注意力集中在
榜样
控制
为世界带来改变
suffer racial discrimination
be put behind bars
empathise with sb.
put yourself in other’s shoes
work towards social reform
单元词汇填空
Patient as I was, after about 15 minutes, my camera scanning the sun and reviewing the shot I would (最终) take, I grew frustrated.
Those who were highest in status in high school, as well as those least liked in elementary school, are “most likely to (参加)in dangerous and risky behavior.
Childhood activities help a child develop responsibility, (独立性), confidence and competence.
The admiration and (尊重) his uncle earned inspired Nielsen to make a (职业) in acting.
Most of these rabbits change their fur color from white in the wintertime to brown in the summer, each
(design) to give them better cover from predators(捕食者).
It is our hope that in coming decades, (进步) in science will offer new perspectives from which to study how people manage their lives.
Being emotionally (聪敏的) does not necessarily make one a moral person.
Without any f (更多的) thought, Mark turned on the power switch.
Every 500 yards or so, he raised his head to (判断) his progress.
Status is the (荣誉) attached to a person's position in society.
Ms Jex-Blake went on to help (建立)the London School of Medicine for Women in 1874.
I've read all the available (文献资料) on keeping rabbits.
Misjudgments on the influences of new technology can lead to a waste of (有限的资源)
Her popular 1962 book Silent Spring raised (意识) of the dangers of pollution and the harmful effects of (化学品) on humans and on the world’s lakes and oceans.
With her dad's permission, she spent the next two years researching online and conducting trials to get a
(食谱) that was both tasty and tooth-friendly.
Actually, (严重的)damage done to our land is fairly recent in the history of our evolution.
On 17 March, 476 students and 36 teachers at Falmont Primary School escaped an earthquake that (突然发生) the county at 2:27 p.m.
What made him (极其出色的) as a photographer was his skill in capturing the moment.
His dad was a kind and (慷慨的) man.
It is advisable to remember that (记者)may have different priorities, which would influence how they report an event.
短语填空 (选择方框里的短语填空,注意使用恰当的形式)
apart from ; come across; pick out; be regarded as; due to; along with; try out for; pass away; in spite of; fight for
He decided to take his daughter him. She was only ten years old.
Ecotourism commonly low impact travel to undisturbed places.
Last year, she decided to a volunteer after-school reading program.
It was a big deal for us to load up and go to the local library, where my kids could books to read or books they wanted me to read to them.
all these differences, evidence shows that recent life style changes may be affecting French eating habits.
After his father , he took over the company which was located downtown.
I hope they continue to equal justice after I'm gone.
One hundred percent of the fatigue(疲劳) of a sitting worker in good health is emotional problems.
Nurses and other care-givers need to be aware of the possible meanings of silence when they the personal anxiety their patients may be experiencing.
their house in London, they also have a villa in Spain.
单句语法填空
But recently it has discovered that data can be turned into new services: translation and visual (recognize), to be sold to other companies.
So far there is no (effect) way to get rid of it, but a new study suggests an answer may lie in the stomachs of some hungry worms.
She would become a (promise) star.
Since 1962, Pacific Science Center has been (inspire) a passion for discovery and lifelong learning in science, math and technology.
The city of Brussels was covered in snowmen—an (impress)scene that told stories on every street corner.
Music was his true (passionate), though he had never performed outside the family.
After my (graduate), Dad’s business was getting back on track.
The first rhino (born) at Port Lympne arrived on January 5 to first-time mother Kisima and weighed about 32kg.
It's an air-cleaning machine (connect) to a bicycle and is part of the Smog Free Project.
The harmony of old and new made Wang’s architectural design success.
Tu Youyou was noted for her bravery in being a scientist during a difficult time for science in China, her ability
(use) old wisdom and new methods to achieve her goals and the fact that her work
(bridge) the Eastern and Western worlds, (save)millions of lives.
being 2 goals behind in the first half, the Chinese women’s national football team kicked 3 goals in the second half with two goals scored in just 5 minutes.
I was also co-founder of the website Mother Nature Network, which (integrate) into Treehugger the other day.
He (star) in his first school plat at the age of eight.
It’s expected to cost $279,000. And it won’t help if you (stick) in traffic.
(visit) several times over the last 10 years, I (amaze) by the co-existence of old and new, and how a city was able to keep such a rich heritage while constantly (grow).
Neighbors devoted their spare time to (help) others rebuild.
If you are one of those (energy) morning people, your most inventive time comes in the early evening when you are relaxed.
He brought to the job not just considerable experience but (passion) enthusiasm.
It took a few youthful and (dare) businessmen to get the ball rolling.
Production costs are going to be valuable enough that younger people are going to have the opportunity
(involve) in agriculture.
We require the student’s full details at least 4 weeks advance.
It is people’s attitude progress that causes the type of influence that technology has on society.
Not only rewarding experiences remembered better, but negative consequences are also easily recalled.
But the next time you find yourself among strangers, consider that small talk is worth the trouble. Experts say it’s an (value) social practice that results in big benefits.
单元语法专练(定语从句)
用适当的关系词或“介词+关系词”填空
Frank Hurley, a confident and gifted Australian photographer knew the Antarctic, was hired to make the images, most have never before been published.
Two of the authors of the review also made a study published in 2014 showed a mere five to 10 minutes a day of running reduced the risk of heart disease and early deaths from all causes.
The GPNP is intended to provide stronger protection for all the species live within the
Giant Panda Range and significantly improve the health of the ecosystem in the area.
The reason accounts for their names Galilean Moons is that they were discovered by Galileo in 1610.
“There was once a town in the heart of America, all life seemed to enjoy peaceful existence with its surroundings,” her fable begins, borrowing some familiar words from many age-old fables.
They rose in the ranks not by being friendly but by smoking cigarettes, breaking rules and playing jokes on others, among I soon found myself.
When he stood in front of the house where he grew up as a child, he saw a lady standing in the entrance.
This is called"herd immunity", protects the people who get hurt easily, including those can’t be vaccinated for medical reasons, babies too young to get vaccinated and people on the vaccine doesn’t work.
If we use, to achieve our purposes, a mechanical agency with operation we cannot effectively interfere(干预), we had better be quite sure that the purpose put into the machine is the purpose we really desire.
is known to us all, Hong Kong is one of the financial centers of Asia.
The Silk Road got its name in the 19th century a German geographer identified it as the route
the Romans got their silk from China.
Some experts think reading is the fundamental skill school education depends.
By analysing the numbers, it found the average mother works 119 hours a week, 40 would usually be paid at a standard rate and 79 hours as overtime.
This is my pair of glasses, I cannot see clearly.
This book is written in such easy language beginners can understand.
Chimps will check to see if they have the attention of the animal they wish to communicate.
We walked for two and a half hours to get there—first up a mountain to a ridge(山脊) we had fantastic views and then down a steep path to the valley below.
We always considered taking a horse carriage in the historic district, but we didn’t like the way
the horses were treated, so we never did.
In the dark street, there wasn’t a single person she could turn for help.
Living with host families, there may be other college students, gives her the chance to learn more about the new culture.
用定语从句翻译下列句子
我之所以钦佩科学家,是因为他们总是做出重要的发现,为社会做出卓越的贡献。
在远处,她们可以看到湖的南边尼亚加拉大瀑布(the great Niagara Falls)上方升腾着的雾霭(misty cloud)。
评委会的五位评委听了你的演讲,他们都认为你的演讲是今年最好的。
他十分慷慨地给予我时间,我为此非常感激。
中国是一个大国,有着许许多多彼此不同的方言(dialect)
在中国艺术节上有不同的展台(stand),在那里艺术家可以展示他们的技巧并教给参观者。
我们将会邀请人工智能领域的一流专家黄教授为我们作一场讲座。
他写了许多儿童书籍,几乎一半在1990年左右出版。
上周日,我们学校举行了一场非同寻常的越野赛跑,引起了每一位师生的注意。
“观测未来(Futuroscope)”附近为那些城外来的游客准备了很多很好的旅馆,而且大多数旅馆都提供往返(shuttle)公园的车辆服务。
汤姆躲在门后,从那里他能清楚地听到母亲的脚步声。
正如报纸上所报道的,空气污染在一些大城市越来越严重了。
情况通常如此,老年人会依恋旧的事物。
阿西莫夫(Asimov )不仅有着超凡的想象力,使他能对未来世界进行探索,而且还有着惊人的头脑,使他能对各种事物寻求解释。
我认为你可以以互动和体验的方式开展这项活动,这会使得学生们积极参与,在参与各种实践活动的同时,加深对“绿色北京”的理解。
教材原句回译
消防员们不仅灭火,还拯救了处于危险中的人。
我认为那些与自己的弱点作斗争的人也是令人钦佩的人,比如海伦·凯勒和张海迪。
I think people ,
like Helen Keller and Zhang Haidi.
后来,她跟随该领域的专家学习了两年半的中医学,从中对传统医学有了深刻的了解。
Later, she studied Chinese medicine for two and a half years with experts in the field
然而,经过数百次失败的实验,他们最终发现了一种有前景的化学物质。
However, after , they .
毫无疑问,他是20世纪最重要的人物之一。
因此,他不仅是《超人》电影中的超级英雄,在现实生活中也被许多人视为超级英雄。
Thus, in the Superman films,
to many in real life.
他意识到自己在这些电影中的角色给了他在现实生活中成为超人的机会,他很快就因提高人们对慈善事业的认识而获得了声誉。
He realised that his roles in these films a real-life superman,
and he soon
不幸的是,1995年,灾难降临在里夫身上。
他曾经是一个健康、成功的年轻人, 现在却被困在一副受伤的身体里,这对他来说就像一个真实的噩梦。
a healthy and successful young man to
was
是因为在妻子、家人和朋友的不断支持下,他才最终找到了重新生活的意愿。
带着一种新的力量感和使命感,里夫进行了一项高强度的锻炼计划,以帮助他实现这一目标。
, Reeve undertook
他进行了一系列旨在重建肌肉的运动,并取得了显著的进步。
He to rebuild muscle, and
里夫成为脊背受伤和残疾人士的热情而积极的支持者,他为医学研究筹集了数百万美元的支持。
Reeve became for people ,
raising millions of dollars
我所做的是基于我们每个人体内都拥有的力量。…… 你不必成为‘超人’就能做到。
它是一项需要技能、天赋和勇气的特殊融合,以及强大体力和脑力的工作。
It is a job skill, talent and bravery,