2024届高考英语押上海卷41-55题 完形填空（含解析）

押上海卷41-55题
完型填空
【题型解读】
完形填空题型是上海高考英语试题中阅读理解的第一部分，是要求较高的综合性语言测试题型。作为一种高难度的障碍性阅读，此题型旨在测试学生的综合应用语言能力，同时又检测他们的分析判断能力和连贯性思维能力。高考英语科目在测试考生的英语基础和语言运用能力。其中，着重语言运用能力的考核。读的部分主要测试考生理解书面英语并运用相关知识完成任务的能力，具体如下：
（1）能理解文章的基本内容；
（2）能根据上下文正确理解词句和句子；
（3）能推断文章中的隐含意思；
（4）能理解作者的写作意图；
（5）能归纳段落或文章的主旨大意；
（6）能理解句子、段落之间的逻辑关系。
【题型特点】
（1）首句不设空，目的是让考生迅速进入主题，熟悉语言环境，建立正确的思维导向。
（2）完形填空不是语法选择题，不考核语法形式的区别。
（3）设空以实例为主，虚词为辅；单词为主，短语为辅。
（4）注重在语境中考查单词。完形填空的四个备选答案，一般都属于同一词类，同一语义范畴，而且往往都和设空前后的单词形成某种搭配，形成很强的迷惑性和干扰性。
【答题点津】
1. 注重首句的提示作用。
上海卷的完形填空文章多以说明文、议论文为主。
说明文一般分为导言、正文、结尾三个部分。导言是文章的开头部分，主要说明文章的主题，介绍一下文章所讲述的主要对象，如某种理论、方法、技巧、活动，让读者有个了解。基本包括事物的基本特征，
能引起读者感兴趣的局部特征，还有知识背景等。正文部分就是详细的说明事物的特征，按照从时间、空间、事情发展理的顺序，运用举例、对比、演绎、归纳等一定方式进行介绍或者说明，往往一段就是一个角度。结尾主要强调事物的总体认识水平、掌握这些内容的重要性或者重申事物的全貌和基本特征。
议论文一般是直接提出论点，用论据论证，最后提出作者的看法或者另一个话题供大家讨论。做题时要抓住文章的首句，并进一步理清文章的论点，论据和结论。通常，能说明论点内容的答案可以在论据中得到印证，且论点里的答案也可以和论据进行有机结合，使整篇文章上下一致。
2. 利用词汇线索解题。
完形填空的短文往往围绕一个话题论述，因此某个词常常以原词、同义词或近义词以及其他形式重复出现在语篇之中。词汇复现使得语篇中的句子相互衔接和连贯，从而构成一个完整和有机的意义整体。根据这一原则，某一个空格所对应的答案很可能就是在上下文中复现的相关词，可以根据这些词汇线索来决定答案。
3. 分析上下文逻辑关系。
短文的句中、句间和段间拥有一定的逻辑关系，往往通过转折、让步、递进、因果等明确的逻辑关系词来体现。常见的表示逻辑关系的词如下：
4. 答题由易到难
填空的顺序不必是题目顺序。应该先做容易理解的，将有把握的答案带入原文后，降低整体理解难度，从而帮助解决较难的空格。
1．【2023年6月上海英语高考真题】
Doctors are scientists who operate in a world of statistics, odds and probability. Yet they’ve long been taught that when dealing with patients they should convey a reassuring level of confidence and certainty. (41)______, patients expect their doctors to give them a clear diagnosis and a straightforward course of treatment. But now that information about every medical condition imaginable is just a few clicks away, experts are asking whether doctors' apparent (42) _____ when communicating with their patients actually does more harm than good. With the information overload brought by the progress of medicine and technology answers are (43) ______ black or white.
Medical schools are only just starting to teach doctors how to deal with this, and patients' expectations haven't (44) ______, either.
“Medicine has always fallen short of the sort of certainty that we find in math and geometry”, says Dr. Ross Upshur, a researcher at the Dalla Lana School of Public Health in Toronto. “If you think about knowledge and what it does, it’s about (45) ______ uncertainty, not about creating certainty. ”
Doctors in training, like gamblers, need to be (46) ______ working in a field in which they’re constantly weighing the odds based on a myriad of factors. When Upshur teaches medical students how to diagnose an ailment(小恙), he tells them to (47) ______ their inquiry ---- come up with a list of possibilities, rather than quickly home in on a single solution. “Even when you make a diagnosis that you think is firm, you usually don’t have certainty about what would be the best (48) ______ and what the outcomes will be in the long run.”
Technology has helped (49) ______ the quest for certainty. We are reaching a point where we can feed a list of symptoms into a computer and get a more (50) ______ diagnosis than from a doctor. Dr. Richard Schwartzstein, a professor of medicine at Harvard Medical School, sees such developments as both a/an
(51) ______ and an opportunity. On one hand, he says, “technology tries to push you to a/an (52) ______ level of certainty. Do this test to get a 99 percent level of certainty that you have this disease. ”
On the other hand, computers can’t (53) ______ a diagnosis or a treatment to patients in a comforting way. Take a routine screening test for early-stage lung cancer. Based on your age, your smoking status, and your gender, a computer can do a great job of evaluating the chances of finding a cancerous nodule (癌症结节). It can also (54) ______ quite precisely the risk of developing an actual cancer based on the size and shape of a nodule. What it can’t do, (55) ______, is decide how to break the news that you have a nodule in your lung that has a 1 percent chance of becoming a cancer.
A.On the hand B. Afterwords C. As a result D.Above all
42.A. victim B. instance C. transparency D. certainty
43.A. frequently B. generally C.rarely D. mainly
44.A. adored B.transformed C.faded D.adjusted
45.A. limiting B. hitting C.threatening D. assembling
46. A. compared with B. accounted for C. accustomed to D.annoyed at
47.A.cover B.train C.clarify D.broaden
48.A. identify B. cure C.defend D.cause
49.A. enlighten B.redefine C.commit D.guarantee
50. A. accurate B.plain C.serious D.remedial
51.A. challenge B. encounter C.conversation D.dispute
52.A. dangerous B. maximal C.unfavorable D.contrasting
53. A.stuff B.hint C.communicate D. indicate
54.A. conclude B. understand C.assume D. calculate
55. A.however B. therefore C. moreover D.hence
【答案】 41~45. CDCDA 46~50. CDBBA 51~55. ABCDA
【导读】文章讨论了医生在与病人交流时传达自信和确定性的重要性，然而，随着医学和技术进步带来的信息爆炸，专家们开始质疑医生与病人交流时的表面确定性是否对病人造成更多伤害。医学院只是开始教导医生如何处理这个问题，而病人的期望也没有明确。医生并不像数学和几何学那样具备确定性，而是需要不断权衡各种因素来做出决策。技术在一定程度上提供了确定性，但无法像医生那样以安慰人心的方式给出诊断和治疗建议。虽然计算机可以评估肺部结节的癌症风险，但它无法决定如何告知患者肺部有1%的
机会变成癌症。因此，医生需要在不确定性中进行决策，并通过人性化的交流方式向患者传递信息。
【解析】
41.C【解析]此题考查上下文的逻辑关系。上文提到，医生应该给病人一个确定的诊断和治疗方案，而该空后提到，患者希望医生能给他们一个明确的诊断和简单的治疗过程。因此，此处能够承接上下文的只有C项，as a result 意为“所以;结果(是)”，故选C。on the hand一方面:afterwords adv.后来;as a result 所以;结果(是):above all最重要的是:尤其是。
42.D【解析]结合上文提及的Doctors are scientists who operate in a world of statistics,odds and probability. Yet they've long been taught that when dealing with patients they should convey a reassuring level of confidence and certainty.可知此处提及的内容与医生在治疗过程中的明确性沟通相关，再结合相关选项，此处与“确定性”能够产生联系的选项只有D项。句意为:“但现在，只要点击几下鼠标，就可以获得关于每一种可以想象的医疗状况的信息，专家们正在询问，医生在与患者沟通时的明显确定性(certainty)是否真的弊大于利”。故选D。victim n.受害者:牺牲品:instance n.例子，实例;情况;transparency n.透明;透明度:透明性: certainty n.确定:必然性。
43.C【解析]结合选项及上下文experts are asking whether doctors' apparent certainty--when communicating with their patients actually does more harm than good.可知，专家们也在研究和询问医患沟通明确带来的影响，所以此处最可能表述的是“随着医学和技术进步带来的信息过量，答案很少(rarely)是非黑即白的”。故选C。frequently adv.频繁地，经常:generally adv.笼统地;通常地;普遍地:rarely adv.少有地;罕见地;mainly adv.主要地;大多。
44.D【解析]结合上文提及的patients expect their doctors to give them a clear diagnosis and a straightforward course of treatment可知，患者希望医生能给他们一个明确的诊断和简单的治疗过程，再结合选项可推知患者的这种观念在短时间不会发生改变。句意为:“医学院才刚刚开始教医生如何应对这种情况，患者的期望也没有调整(adjusted)”，故选D。adore v.喜爱:爱慕;transfer v.(使)转移:(使)调动;fade v.褪去;逐渐消逝:adjust v.适应，调整，校正。
45.A【解析]结合下文和该空后提及的not about creating certainty可推知，该空所填词构成的短语的意思应与creating certainty意思相近，limiting uncertainty符合题意。句意为:“如果你思考知识及其作用，那就是限制(limiting)不确定性，而不是创造确定性”。故选A. limit v.限制:限量:使限于:hit v.打，打击:碰撞:threaten v恐吓:威胁:预示(某事): assemble v.集合，收集:装配，组合:组装。
46.C[解析]结合下文所举的相关例子可推知，接受培训的医生需要在海量信息中作出判断，即当他们诊断疾病时，经常会面对这种情况，所以他们要慢慢习惯这种工作状态。句意为:“像赌徒一样，接受培训的医
生需要习惯于(accustomed to)在一个他们不断根据无数因素权衡胜算的领域工作”。故选C. compare with与……比较，跟……相比:account for说明(原因、理由等);在(数量、比例上)占，对…负责:annoy at对愤怒。
47.D【解析]结合该空之后提及的come up with a list of possibilities--rather than quickly home in on a single solution 可推知，文章不提倡快速地回到一个单一的解决方案上，所以此处想要表达的意思为“当Upshur 教医学生如何诊断疾病时，他告诉他们扩大(broaden)调查范围一一列出各种可能性，而不是迅速找到一个单一的解决方案”，故选D。cover v.遮盖:覆盖:撒上:包括:涉及:train v、训练:教育:培养;修整:clarify v、阐明，澄清:净化: broaden v.变宽:扩大.的范围。
48.B【解析]结合上句提及的Even when you make a diagnosis that you think is firm可知，此处讲述的内容与医疗诊断相关，再分析选项，此处B项能够与上文联系起来。句意为:“即使你做出了你认为可靠的诊断，你通常也不确定什么是最好的治疗(cure)方法，从长远来看会有什么结果 ”。故选B。identify v、识别，认出:确定:cure n.药:措施:疗程:defend v.防御:保卫:防守:cause n.原因;理由;事业:诉讼案。
49.B【解析]结合上下文提及的相关内容可知，医生需要慢慢习惯从海量信息中诊断疾病，而信息技术提高了诊断的准确性，这说明准确诊断疾病是医生追求已久的。句意为:“技术帮助重新定义了对确定性的追求”，故选B。enlighten v.启发，阐明:redefine v.再定义: commit v.犯罪:承诺:guarantee v.保证:担保。
50.A[解析]结合上下文提及的Do this test to get a 99 percent level of certainty that you have this disease.可推知，此处想要表达的是“我们已经到了可以将症状列表输入计算机并得到比医生更准确的(accurate)诊断的地步”，故选A。accurate adj.正确的，精确的:精准的: plain adj.清楚的:坦诚的:单色的:朴素的:serious adj.严重的:严肃的:认真的:庄重的:remedial adj.补教的;纠正的:治疗的;补习的，辅导的。
51.A[解析]结合下文提及的信息技术对于提高诊断准确率的好处和缺点，并结合选项可知，此处句意为:“哈佛医学院医学教授理查德·施瓦茨坦博士认为，这种发展既是一种挑战(challenge)，也是一种机遇”。故选A。challenge n.挑战:(比赛等的)邀请:质疑:encounter n.遭遇，偶遇:(体育)比赛:conversation n.交谈，谈话:dispute n.争论，争端，纠纷。
52.B【解析]结合该空之后提及的Do this test to get a 99 percent level of certainty that you have this disease可知，将症状信息输入电脑能够99%确定患有某种疾病，即最大程度确定所患疾病。故该空所在句子想要表达的是“技术试图把你推向一个最大的(maximal)确定水平。做这个测试可以获得99%的确定性,你患有这种疾病”。故选B.dangerous adj.危险的;maximal adj.尺寸最大的，最高的，持续时间最长的:unfavorable adj.不利的:相反的;令人不快的;不吉利的:contrasting adj.极不相同的，迥异的。
53.C【解析]结合该段内容以及最后提及的is decide how to break the news that you have a nodule in your lung that has a l percent chance of becoming a cancer可推知，计算机虽然能够非常准确第诊断疾病，但其在告
知诊断结果方面存在一定缺陷。句意为:“另一方面，计算机无法以令人欣慰的方式向患者传达(communicate)诊断或治疗”。故选C。stuff v.塞满;填塞;hint v.暗示，提示:communicate v.沟通;传递;传染;相通:indicate v.表明，暗示:指示。
54.D【解析]结合上句提及的Based on your age, your smoking status, and your gender, a computer can do a great job of evaluating the chances of finding a cancerous nodule可知，此处是在说明计算机根据相关信息诊断疾病的准确程度。句意为:“它还可以根据结节的大小和形状非常精确地计算出(calculate)患上实际癌症的风险”。故选D。conclude v.推断出:总结:结束:缔约:understand v.明白，理解:了解:得知:默认;领会:assume v.假设:承担(责任):获得(权利):呈现:calculate v.计算:估算:估计:预料。
55.A[解析]结合该空前后内容，可以发现上文说计算机可以准确诊断疾病，而该空之后则说“计算机不能够准确告知疾病发展”，前后有一定的转折性，故选A。however adv.然而:不管怎样:conj.不管怎样:therefore adv.因此:moreover adv.此外:而且:hence adv.因此，所以。
2．【2022年7月上海英语高考真题】
A filler word is an apparently meaningless word, phrase or sound that marks a pause or hesitation in speech. Also known as a pause filler or hesitation form. Some of the common filler words in English are um,uh, er, ah, like, okay,right, and you know. Although filler words “may have fairly minimal lexical(词汇的)content,” notes linguist Barbara A Fox “they can play a strategic syntactic(句法的)role in a(n) (41)________ conversation”. What appears to be a filler word may also be a holophrase (整句字)(42) ________the context. “Hey hey, shh, shh, e on. Be sensitive to the fact that other people are not comfortable talking about emotional (43)______. Um, you know,I am. I'm fine with that, but... other people".
"Modern linguists led by Leonard Bloomfield in 1933call these ‘hesitation forms’—the sounds of stammering (uh ), stuttering (um, um)，throat-clearing (ahem!)，stalling ( well um, that is) interjected when the speaker is searching words or (44) _____for the next thought."You know that y’ know is among the most common of these (45) ________forms. Its meaning is not the imperious ‘you understand’ even the old interrogatory ‘do you get it’ It is given as, and taken to be, merely a filler phrase , (46) ____________ to fill a beat in the flow of sound, not unlike like, in its new sense of, like, a filler word.
These staples of modern filler communication —I mean, y’ know, like-can also be used as ‘tee-up words’.In old times. pointer phrases or tee-up words were get this would you believe and are you ready The (47) ______ of these rib-nudging phrases was- are you ready-to make the point, to focus the listeners attention on what was to follow. If the (48) _______is to tee up a point, we should accept y’ know and its friends as
a.mildly (49)_______ spoken punctuation. the articulated colon(冒号) that signals ‘focus on this’... if the purpose is to grab a moment to think, we should allow ourselves to wonder: Why are filler phrases needed at all What(50) _____the speaker to fill the moment of silence with any sound at all
Why do some people fill the air with non-words and sounds For some, it is a sign of nervousness; they fear silence and experience speaker (51) _____ . Recent research at Columbia University suggests another reason , Columbia psychologists guessed that speakers fill pauses when (52) ______ for the next word. To investigate this (53) ________, they counted the use of filler words used by lecturers in biology,chemistry,and mathematics, where the subject matter uses scientific definitions that limit the variety of word choices (54) ________ to the speaker They then compared the number of filler words used by teachers in English, art history, and philosophy. where the subject matter is less (55) ________ and more open to word choices.
41 A. undertaking B. discovering C.disliking D.unfolding
42 A. depending on B. holding up C. taking over D. arranging for
43. A. appliances B substances C..disturbances D. finances
44. A. on the contrary B. at a loss C. at dawn D. on no account
45. A. perseverance B.complexity C. hesitation D. obligation
46 A. intended B. attended C. pretended D. extended
47. A. interest B. experience C. advantage D random
48 A. architecture B.purpose C. completion D. function
49 A annoying B. striking C.entertaining D.embarrassing
50. A. oppresses B. recycles C. highlights D. motivates
51 A. danger B. anxiety C..figure D.sculpture
52. A. bothering B inspecting C.searching D accomplishing
53.A.idea B. chance C. basis D. feedback
54. A. feasible B credible C.considerable D. available
55. A.well-matched B. well-defined C.well-bred D.well perceived
【答案】41-55 DACBC ADBAD BCADB
41.D【解析】结合该空之后提及的What appears to be a filler word may also be aholophrase可知，该句句意为“看似填充词的东西也可能是完整短语”，再结合相关选项分析，此处想要表达的是填充词词在对话交流中的重要作用，即此处句意为“它们可以在展开的（unfolding）话语中发挥战略性的句法作用”，故选D。
undertaking v. 担任；discovering v. 发现；disliking v. 不喜欢；厌恶；unfolding v.显露；展现；展开。
42.A 【解析】此题根据选项进行反向推选，根据该空前提及的What appears to be a filler word may also be a holophrase和该空后提及的the context，这里将“填充词”“完整语句”和“上下文”三个词同时出现于一句话中，再结合选项进行分析，可推知此处句意为“依据（depending on）上下文，看似填充词的内容也可能是完整短语”，故选A。depending on依赖；依靠；holding up停顿；支持；taking over接管；arranging for安排。
43.C【解析】根据该空前提及的Be sensitive to the fact that other people are not comfortable talking about可知，该空所填词需要有一定的情感情绪在其中，结合相关选项分析，此处句意为“对别人不喜欢谈论情绪障碍（disturbances）的事实要敏感”，故选C。appliances n. 器具；器械；substances n. 物质；disturbances n.骚乱：困扰；finances n. 资金；经费。
44.B【解析】结合上文提及的Modern linguists led by Leonard Bloomfield in 1933 call these ‘hesitation forms’等相关内容，可知，此处在表述讲话时的一种“犹豫形式”，再结合相关选项分析，与hesitation forms相接近的意思选项为at a loss，即此处句意为“当说话者在摸索单词或不知所措地（at a loss）想下一个想法时，会插嘴”，故选B。on the contrary与此相反；at a loss不知所措；at dawn拂晓时；on no account绝不；切莫。
45.C【解析】结合上文对hesitation forms等填充词所举的例子，以及该空后提及的Its meaning is not the imperious ‘you understand’ or even the old interrogatory ‘do you get it’ It is given as, and taken to be, merely a filler phrase可推知，此处的You know也是“最常见的犹豫（hesitation）形式之一”，故选C。perseverance n.毅力；韧性；complexity n.复杂性；hesitation n.犹豫；踌躇；obligation n.义务；责任。
46.A【解析】结合该空之后提及的like的例子可推知，该空处想要表述的是关于填充词使用的目的和意图，即此处句意为“它只是一个填充词，意在（intended）填充声音流中的一个节拍”，故选A。intended v. 打算；意指；attended v. 出席；参加；pretended v. 假装；extended v. 延伸；延长。
47.D【解析】结合上文内容的讲述以及该空后提及的to make the point, to focus the listener’s attention on what was to follow可推知，此处在讲述有关填充词交流的作用，结合选项分析，可推知此处句意为“这些短语的作用（function）是......”，故选D。interest n. 兴趣；吸引力；利益；experience n. 经验；经历；advantage n. 有利条件；优势；function n. 功能；函数。
48.B【解析】结合下文提及的If the purpose is to grab a moment to think, we should allow ourselves to wonder可知，此处句子结构与上文相同，结合选项推知此处想表达的是根据不同的目的来选择填充词的使用，即该空处句意为“如果目的（purpose）是为了表达一个观点”，故选B。architecture n. 建筑学；结构；架构；purpose n. 意图；目的；completion n. 完成；结束；random n. 随机。
49.A【解析】根据该空前提及的mildly（和善地；轻微地）可排除B项，两者想表述的意思相反；而结合该空前提及的we should accept y’know and its friends…和该空后提及的the articulated colon(冒号) that signals ‘focus on this’可知，you know这一填充词表述并不会使人尴尬或者使人愉快，相比之下A项符合文意，即此处句意为“我们应该接受“你知道”和它的朋友们作为一个稍微烦人的（annoying）口语标点符号，即清晰的冒号(冒号) 这意味着“专注于这个”……”，故选A。annoying adj. 烦人的；striking adj. 显著的；引人注目的；entertaining adj.有趣的；使人愉快的；embarrassing adj. 令人尴尬的。
50.D【解析】结合该空后提及的the speaker to fill the moment of silence with any sound at all可知此处与“演讲者借助填充词来填补沉默时刻”的情境相关，结合选项以及上文内容可推知，此处需要思考的内容是“是什么促使（motivates）演讲者用任何声音来填补沉默的时刻”，其余选项与文意不符，故选D。oppresses v.压迫；压制；recycles v. 回收利用；highlights v. 突出；强调；motivates v. 激发；诱发。
51.B【解析】结合上文提及的For some, it is a sign of nervousness可推知此处想要表达的是“他们害怕沉默，并经历演讲者的焦虑（anxiety）”，故选B。danger n.危险；anxiety n. 焦虑；担心；figure n. 数字；人影；形象；sculpture n. 雕刻作品。
52.C【解析】根据该空后提及的for the next word，可以排除A项和D项，这两项填入文章语意不通顺，再结合下文的相关研究分析可推知，此处更符合文意的是inspecting，因为inspect侧重于为了查看东西的质量或情况而仔细地查看，而search更侧重于有目的的搜查、搜索，相较之下，C项符合文意，即此处句意为“哥伦比亚大学的心理学家推测，说话者在搜索（searching）下一个单词时会出现停顿”，故选C。bothering v. 打扰；烦扰；迷惑；inspecting v. 检查；检验；searching v. 搜查；探查；accomplishing v. 完成；达到。
53.A【解析】结合上文提及的相关内容，可知上文提及的是观点，下文对观点进行研究分析，结合选项即可分析此处句意为“为了调查这一观点（idea），他们统计了生物、化学和数学讲师使用的填充词的使用情况”，故选A。idea n. 想法；chance n. 可能性；机会；basis n. 基础；基准；feedback n. 反馈。
54.D【解析】结合上文内容可知，此处是在对各科教师使用填充词情况的研究，结合相关选项可排除B和C项，再根据该空后提及的where the subject matter uses scientific definitions that limit the variety of word choices可知，此处更侧重于他们使用填充词的“多样性”，由此推知D项更符合文意，即此处句意为“其中主题使用的科学定义限制了演讲者可用的（available）单词选择的多样性”，故选D。feasible adj. 可行的；credible adj. 可信的；可靠的；considerable adj. 想当多/大的；available adj. 可用的；可获得的。
55.B【解析】结合上文提及的where the subject matter uses scientific definitions that limit the variety of word choices可知，此处的情况与上文所述内容情况相反，即可推知此处句意为“然后，他们比较了英语、艺术史和哲学中教师使用的填充词的数量，这些领域的主题定义不太明确（well-defined），更容易选择单
词”，故选B。well-matched adj. 搭配得当的；well-defined adj. 定义明确的；界限清楚的；well-bred adj. 有教养的；良种的；well-perceived adj. 有知觉的。
【完形填空的特点】
它是由出题者在一篇语义连贯的文章中有目的地去掉一些词语，要求在给出的备选答案中，选出一个正确的或最佳的答案，使文章恢复完整。
它既考查对语法，词汇，习语，句型，搭配等基础知识的综合运用能力，又考查对短文的阅读理解能力，甚至有时还考察对时事政治等的关注，其中包括在具体的语境中灵活运用语言知识的能力，根据试题内容进行正确的逻辑推理，综合判断和分析概括的能力。
上海英语高考完形填空在体裁上以议论文和说明文为主。
题材上以思想、文化、商业、生活为主，同时涉及其他话题。
设空以实词为主、虚词为辅，单词为主、短语为辅，主要考察动词、名词、形容词、副词，其他偶尔有过渡词、介词短语、连词。具体考点如下：
动词：动词搭配；动作顺序。
名词：名词复现；名词搭配；感彩。
形容词/副词：感彩及色彩的深浅。
连词：逻辑。
介词：介词搭配；介词本意。
【完形解题步骤】
通览全文，把握大意
快速阅读一下全文，通过通览全文、领会大意，概略地了解文章的体裁、背景、内容、结构层次、情节、写作风格等。
综合考虑，先易后难
通览全文后，认真观察选项，仔细推敲，逐项选定。紧扣全文内容，联系上下文和语境，展开逻辑推理，注意从上下文中寻找线索，注意词汇的意义、搭配，惯用法，语法，常识等多个角度进行综合考虑。
复读检验，消除疏漏
试填后，要把全文再通读一遍 ，注意看所选答案填入空白处后能否做到文章意思通顺、前后连贯、逻
辑严谨、结构完整、首尾呼应。若有难点，必须根据文章的中心思想，从意义、语法的角度来仔细权衡。
【解题技巧】
首句应重点解读。 首句通常是文章的主题句，通常不设空，便于考生对短文主题、内容或背景有个大概了解。
顺应文意，定位选词。做题时，要充分利用上下文，找到有提示作用的词。这些词可以是同义词、近义词或反义词，也可以是并列连词或转折连词等等。
注意固定搭配，常用句型。包括动词与介词的搭配、动词与名词的搭配以及形容词与名词的搭配等，同时要根据内容选择正确的短语。
重视具体表达，最佳适用。完形填空一定要适应语境，选择一个最适合、最具体，而不是最宽泛的万能词汇，也就是我们所说的最佳选项。
仔细推敲, 注重逻辑，选对过渡词。一个完整的语篇应该是符合逻辑的，文章逻辑关系的取得主要靠过渡词的使用。作者利用转承语保证文章的逻辑，在做完形填空时应通过自己对上下文的理解，找到适当的逻辑关系，选择正确的过渡词。
【2024·宝山区·二模】
For decades, people have guessed that artificial intelligence (AI) will eventually replace human workers. But developments in the past few years have 41 these concerns as companies have released AI that can answer questions, write articles and create images. Now, even people in creative fields must consider the 42 of AI replacing them. But many experts still insist that these AI programs are no substitute for human ability.
AI programs have the 43 to perform some tasks currently performed by human workers. These include media jobs, such as writing advertisements and articles, along with many jobs in the financial fields and even tech-related jobs such as computer programming. AI is good at 44 data, so financial analysts and market research analysts may find their jobs 45 .
Using AI for certain tasks may be a good thing. Perhaps AI will 46 less interesting work, allowing people to do more satisfying jobs, just as earlier technologies have. Using a machine to do laundry saves time 47 to washing clothes by hand, and many people use that extra time productively. 48 , AI may be able to take over dull tasks, liberating people to be truly creative, since thinking up new ideas is something AI cannot do.
Another big challenge for AI is human 49 . Most people prefer to communicate with humans rather than machines. Hence, AI is 50 to replace humans for jobs that require personal connection, such as counseling or teaching. A robot can perform tasks, but it cannot 51 care about others, and sometimes care is what people need.
AI can process data quickly, but it can only use data that it is given. So it cannot adapt to situations that 52 significantly from those in its data. Thus, although some AI programs can create content, none of them can be truly creative as the content AI creates will 53 consist of some combination of its sources.
Finally, if the AI receives false information, it has no way of recognizing that as false. Humans can also be fooled, but life experience can tell them whether a claim is reasonable, an ability that AI does not have. 54 , AI must continually be fact-checked to make sure its data, and therefore its conclusions, are accurate.
Thus, although AI may replace some jobs, others require a human 55 . At best AI may eliminate certain boring parts of tasks so that humans can focus on things that only they can do.
A. denied B. prevented C. transferred D. intensified
A. function B. possibility C. capability D. character
A. potential B. schedule C. objective D. ambition
A. searching B. providing C. analyzing D. storing
A. at risk B. at work C. at last D. at least
A. bring over B. get over C. turn over D. take over
A. wasted B. compared C. consumed D. spared
A. However B. Therefore C. Similarly D. Meanwhile
A. interaction B. resource C. resistance D. creativity
A. unwilling B. unlikely C. unfair D. unfortunate
A. deeply B. accurately C. directly D. genuinely
A. evolve B. range C. differ D. result
A. inevitably B. immediately C. insignificantly D. improbably
A. Frequently B. Generally C. Instantly D. Consequently
A. nature B. need C. touch D. permission
【答案】41-55 DBACA DBCAB DCADC
【2024·普陀区·二模】
Many of the world’s islands were previously unexplored places, but over time, people have come to these places with far-reaching effects, including deforestation, over-hunting and the introduction of invasive species. (41) ______, most of the bird species disappeared.
While the death of many birds since the 1500s has been (42) ______, our knowledge of the fate of species before this relies on fossils(化石), and these records are limited because birds’ lightweight bones are (43) ______ over time. This conceals the true (44) ______ of global extinctions.
Researchers now believe 1,430 bird species — almost 12 per cent — have died out over modern human history since around 130,000 years ago, with the vast majority of them becoming extinct directly or indirectly (45) ______ human activity.
The study, led by the UK Centre for Ecology & Hydrology (UKCEH) and published in Nature Communications, used statistical modelling to (46) ______ the undiscovered bird extinctions.
Lead author Dr Rob Cooke, an ecological modeler at UKCEH, says:“Our study demonstrates there has been a far higher (47) ______ impact on diversity than previously recognized. Humans quickly destroyed bird populations through habitat loss, over-exploitation, and the introduction of rats, pigs, and dogs, which attacked the birds’ nests, and (48) ______ with birds for food. We show that many species became extinct before written records and left no (49) ______, lost from history.”
Dr S ren Faurby of the University of Gothenburg, a co-author of the study, adds: “These historic extinctions have had a major impact on the current biodiversity crisis. The world may not only have lost many fascinating birds but also their varied (50) ______ roles, which are likely to have included key functions such as pollination(授粉). This will have had knock-on effects on ecosystems, so, (51) ______ bird extinctions, we will have lost a lot of plants and animals that (52) ______ these species for survival.”
Observations and fossils show 640 bird species have been driven extinct — 90 per cent of these on islands (53) ______ by people. These (54) ______ from the iconic(标志性的) Dodo of Mauritius to the Great Auk of the North Atlantic to the lesser-known Saint Helena Giant Hoopoe. But the researchers estimate there have been further 790 unknown extinctions, meaning a total of 1,430 lost species — leaving just under 11,000 today. Therefore, from the perspective of protecting species (55) ______, the protection of birds is an urgent issue for mankind.
41. A. To some extent B. On average C. As a result D. In short
42. A. confirmed B. recorded C. concealed D. discussed
43. A. distracted B. disposed C. dismissed D. disintegrated
44. A. extent B. context C. outcome D. influence
45. A. due to B. other than C. instead of D. in spite of
46. A. declare B. illustrate C. estimate D. emphasize
47. A. climate B. human C. environmental D. natural
48. A. connected B. coped C. lived D. competed
49. A. trace B. route C. change D. proposal
50. A. interactive B. ecological C. productive D. social
51. A. in terms of B. because of C. except for D. in addition to
52. A. depend on B. interact with C. fight against D. stay away
53. A. inhabited B. removed C. developed D. killed
54. A. result B. range C. suffer D. date
55. A. origin B. project C. growth D. diversity
【答案】41-45 C B D A A 46-50 C B D A B 51-55 D A A B D
【2024·松江区·二模】
The way of recording things has never ceased to develop. In the 1980s, as sales of video recorders went up, old 8mm home movies were gradually replaced by VHS （video home system）tapes. Later, video tapes of family holidays lost their appeal and the use of DVDs 41 . Those, too, have had their day. Even those holding their childhood memories in digital files on their laptops now know these files face the risk of 42 .
Digitising historical documents brings huge benefits—files can be 43 and distributed, reducing the risk of their entire loss through physical damage caused by fire or flooding. And developing digital versions reduces 44 on the original items. The International Dunhuang Project, 45 , has digitised items like manuscripts（手稿） from the Mogao caves in China, enabling scholars from around the world to access records easily without touching the real items.
But the news that the Ministry of Justice of the UK is proposing to scan the 110 million people’s wills it holds and then destroy a handful of 46 after 25 years has shocked historians. The ministry cites this as a way of providing easier access for researchers. But that only justifies digitisation, not the 47 of the paper copies. The officials note the change will be economically efficient （saving around 4.5m a year） while keeping all the essential information.
Scholars 48 . Most significantly, physical records can themselves carry important information — the kind of ink or paper used may be part of the history that historians are 49 . and error s are often made in scanning. Besides, digital copies are arguably more 50 than the material items, just in different ways. The attack from the Internet on the British Library last October has prevented scholars from 51 digitised materials it holds: imagine if researchers could not return to the originals. Some even think digitised information can easily be lost
within decades no matter what 52 are put in place.
The government says that it will save the original wills of “famous people for historic record”, such as that of Princess Diana’s. However, assuming that we know who will 53 to future generations is extraordinarily proud. Mary Seacole, a pioneering nurse who now appears on the national school course in the UK, was largely 54 for almost a century.
The digitisation of old documents is a valuable, even essential measure. But to destroy the originals once they have been scanned, is not a matter of great 55 , but of huge damage.
41．A．paused B．boomed C．recovered D．disappeared
42．A．getting outdated B．coming into style C．being fined D．making an error
43．A．deleted B．named C．copied D．altered
44．A．fight or flight B．life or death C．wear and tear D．awe and wonder
45．A．unfortunately B．additionally C．in summary D．for example
46．A．the originals B．the essentials C．the visualised D．the digitised
47．A．preservation B．classification C．publication D．destruction
48．A．applaud B．disagree C．discriminate D．withdraw
49．A．revising B．abandoning C．uncovering D．enduring
50．A．meaningful B．favourable C．resistant D．delicate
51．A．inventing B．adjusting C．accessing D．damaging
52．A．outcomes B．safeguards C．deadlines D．byproducts
53．A．matter B．respond C．lose D．live
54．A．spared B．discussed C．forgotten D．protected
55．A．sacrifice B．courage C．efficiency D．admiration
【答案】41-45 BACCD 46-50 ADBCD 51-55CBACC押上海卷41-55题
完型填空
【题型解读】
完形填空题型是上海高考英语试题中阅读理解的第一部分，是要求较高的综合性语言测试题型。作为一种高难度的障碍性阅读，此题型旨在测试学生的综合应用语言能力，同时又检测他们的分析判断能力和连贯性思维能力。高考英语科目在测试考生的英语基础和语言运用能力。其中，着重语言运用能力的考核。读的部分主要测试考生理解书面英语并运用相关知识完成任务的能力，具体如下：
（1）能理解文章的基本内容；
（2）能根据上下文正确理解词句和句子；
（3）能推断文章中的隐含意思；
（4）能理解作者的写作意图；
（5）能归纳段落或文章的主旨大意；
（6）能理解句子、段落之间的逻辑关系。
【题型特点】
（1）首句不设空，目的是让考生迅速进入主题，熟悉语言环境，建立正确的思维导向。
（2）完形填空不是语法选择题，不考核语法形式的区别。
（3）设空以实例为主，虚词为辅；单词为主，短语为辅。
（4）注重在语境中考查单词。完形填空的四个备选答案，一般都属于同一词类，同一语义范畴，而且往往都和设空前后的单词形成某种搭配，形成很强的迷惑性和干扰性。
【答题点津】
1. 注重首句的提示作用。
上海卷的完形填空文章多以说明文、议论文为主。
说明文一般分为导言、正文、结尾三个部分。导言是文章的开头部分，主要说明文章的主题，介绍一下文章所讲述的主要对象，如某种理论、方法、技巧、活动，让读者有个了解。基本包括事物的基本特征，
能引起读者感兴趣的局部特征，还有知识背景等。正文部分就是详细的说明事物的特征，按照从时间、空间、事情发展理的顺序，运用举例、对比、演绎、归纳等一定方式进行介绍或者说明，往往一段就是一个角度。结尾主要强调事物的总体认识水平、掌握这些内容的重要性或者重申事物的全貌和基本特征。
议论文一般是直接提出论点，用论据论证，最后提出作者的看法或者另一个话题供大家讨论。做题时要抓住文章的首句，并进一步理清文章的论点，论据和结论。通常，能说明论点内容的答案可以在论据中得到印证，且论点里的答案也可以和论据进行有机结合，使整篇文章上下一致。
2. 利用词汇线索解题。
完形填空的短文往往围绕一个话题论述，因此某个词常常以原词、同义词或近义词以及其他形式重复出现在语篇之中。词汇复现使得语篇中的句子相互衔接和连贯，从而构成一个完整和有机的意义整体。根据这一原则，某一个空格所对应的答案很可能就是在上下文中复现的相关词，可以根据这些词汇线索来决定答案。
3. 分析上下文逻辑关系。
短文的句中、句间和段间拥有一定的逻辑关系，往往通过转折、让步、递进、因果等明确的逻辑关系词来体现。常见的表示逻辑关系的词如下：
4. 答题由易到难
填空的顺序不必是题目顺序。应该先做容易理解的，将有把握的答案带入原文后，降低整体理解难度，从而帮助解决较难的空格。
1．【2023年6月上海英语高考真题】
Doctors are scientists who operate in a world of statistics, odds and probability. Yet they’ve long been taught that when dealing with patients they should convey a reassuring level of confidence and certainty. (41)______, patients expect their doctors to give them a clear diagnosis and a straightforward course of treatment. But now that information about every medical condition imaginable is just a few clicks away, experts are asking whether doctors' apparent (42) _____ when communicating with their patients actually does more harm than good. With the information overload brought by the progress of medicine and technology answers are (43) ______ black or white.
Medical schools are only just starting to teach doctors how to deal with this, and patients' expectations haven't (44) ______, either.
“Medicine has always fallen short of the sort of certainty that we find in math and geometry”, says Dr. Ross Upshur, a researcher at the Dalla Lana School of Public Health in Toronto. “If you think about knowledge and what it does, it’s about (45) ______ uncertainty, not about creating certainty. ”
Doctors in training, like gamblers, need to be (46) ______ working in a field in which they’re constantly weighing the odds based on a myriad of factors. When Upshur teaches medical students how to diagnose an ailment(小恙), he tells them to (47) ______ their inquiry ---- come up with a list of possibilities, rather than quickly home in on a single solution. “Even when you make a diagnosis that you think is firm, you usually don’t have certainty about what would be the best (48) ______ and what the outcomes will be in the long run.”
Technology has helped (49) ______ the quest for certainty. We are reaching a point where we can feed a list of symptoms into a computer and get a more (50) ______ diagnosis than from a doctor. Dr. Richard Schwartzstein, a professor of medicine at Harvard Medical School, sees such developments as both a/an
(51) ______ and an opportunity. On one hand, he says, “technology tries to push you to a/an (52) ______ level of certainty. Do this test to get a 99 percent level of certainty that you have this disease. ”
On the other hand, computers can’t (53) ______ a diagnosis or a treatment to patients in a comforting way. Take a routine screening test for early-stage lung cancer. Based on your age, your smoking status, and your gender, a computer can do a great job of evaluating the chances of finding a cancerous nodule (癌症结节). It can also (54) ______ quite precisely the risk of developing an actual cancer based on the size and shape of a nodule. What it can’t do, (55) ______, is decide how to break the news that you have a nodule in your lung that has a 1 percent chance of becoming a cancer.
A.On the hand B. Afterwords C. As a result D.Above all
42.A. victim B. instance C. transparency D. certainty
43.A. frequently B. generally C.rarely D. mainly
44.A. adored B.transformed C.faded D.adjusted
45.A. limiting B. hitting C.threatening D. assembling
46. A. compared with B. accounted for C. accustomed to D.annoyed at
47.A.cover B.train C.clarify D.broaden
48.A. identify B. cure C.defend D.cause
49.A. enlighten B.redefine C.commit D.guarantee
50. A. accurate B.plain C.serious D.remedial
51.A. challenge B. encounter C.conversation D.dispute
52.A. dangerous B. maximal C.unfavorable D.contrasting
53. A.stuff B.hint C.communicate D. indicate
54.A. conclude B. understand C.assume D. calculate
55. A.however B. therefore C. moreover D.hence
2．【2022年7月上海英语高考真题】
A filler word is an apparently meaningless word, phrase or sound that marks a pause or hesitation in speech. Also known as a pause filler or hesitation form. Some of the common filler words in English are um,uh, er, ah, like, okay,right, and you know. Although filler words “may have fairly minimal lexical(词汇的)content,” notes linguist Barbara A Fox “they can play a strategic syntactic(句法的)role in a(n) (41)________ conversation”. What appears to be a filler word may also be a holophrase (整句字)(42)
________the context. “Hey hey, shh, shh, e on. Be sensitive to the fact that other people are not comfortable talking about emotional (43)______. Um, you know,I am. I'm fine with that, but... other people".
"Modern linguists led by Leonard Bloomfield in 1933call these ‘hesitation forms’—the sounds of stammering (uh ), stuttering (um, um)，throat-clearing (ahem!)，stalling ( well um, that is) interjected when the speaker is searching words or (44) _____for the next thought."You know that y’ know is among the most common of these (45) ________forms. Its meaning is not the imperious ‘you understand’ even the old interrogatory ‘do you get it’ It is given as, and taken to be, merely a filler phrase , (46) ____________ to fill a beat in the flow of sound, not unlike like, in its new sense of, like, a filler word.
These staples of modern filler communication —I mean, y’ know, like-can also be used as ‘tee-up words’.In old times. pointer phrases or tee-up words were get this would you believe and are you ready The (47) ______ of these rib-nudging phrases was- are you ready-to make the point, to focus the listeners attention on what was to follow. If the (48) _______is to tee up a point, we should accept y’ know and its friends as a.mildly (49)_______ spoken punctuation. the articulated colon(冒号) that signals ‘focus on this’... if the purpose is to grab a moment to think, we should allow ourselves to wonder: Why are filler phrases needed at all What(50) _____the speaker to fill the moment of silence with any sound at all
Why do some people fill the air with non-words and sounds For some, it is a sign of nervousness; they fear silence and experience speaker (51) _____ . Recent research at Columbia University suggests another reason , Columbia psychologists guessed that speakers fill pauses when (52) ______ for the next word. To investigate this (53) ________, they counted the use of filler words used by lecturers in biology,chemistry,and mathematics, where the subject matter uses scientific definitions that limit the variety of word choices (54) ________ to the speaker They then compared the number of filler words used by teachers in English, art history, and philosophy. where the subject matter is less (55) ________ and more open to word choices.
41 A. undertaking B. discovering C.disliking D.unfolding
42 A. depending on B. holding up C. taking over D. arranging for
43. A. appliances B substances C..disturbances D. finances
44. A. on the contrary B. at a loss C. at dawn D. on no account
45. A. perseverance B.complexity C. hesitation D. obligation
46 A. intended B. attended C. pretended D. extended
47. A. interest B. experience C. advantage D random
48 A. architecture B.purpose C. completion D. function
49 A annoying B. striking C.entertaining D.embarrassing
50. A. oppresses B. recycles C. highlights D. motivates
51 A. danger B. anxiety C..figure D.sculpture
52. A. bothering B inspecting C.searching D accomplishing
53.A.idea B. chance C. basis D. feedback
54. A. feasible B credible C.considerable D. available
55. A.well-matched B. well-defined C.well-bred D.well perceived
【完形填空的特点】
它是由出题者在一篇语义连贯的文章中有目的地去掉一些词语，要求在给出的备选答案中，选出一个正确的或最佳的答案，使文章恢复完整。
它既考查对语法，词汇，习语，句型，搭配等基础知识的综合运用能力，又考查对短文的阅读理解能力，甚至有时还考察对时事政治等的关注，其中包括在具体的语境中灵活运用语言知识的能力，根据试题内容进行正确的逻辑推理，综合判断和分析概括的能力。
上海英语高考完形填空在体裁上以议论文和说明文为主。
题材上以思想、文化、商业、生活为主，同时涉及其他话题。
设空以实词为主、虚词为辅，单词为主、短语为辅，主要考察动词、名词、形容词、副词，其他偶尔有过渡词、介词短语、连词。具体考点如下：
动词：动词搭配；动作顺序。
名词：名词复现；名词搭配；感彩。
形容词/副词：感彩及色彩的深浅。
连词：逻辑。
介词：介词搭配；介词本意。
【完形解题步骤】
通览全文，把握大意
快速阅读一下全文，通过通览全文、领会大意，概略地了解文章的体裁、背景、内容、结构层次、情
节、写作风格等。
综合考虑，先易后难
通览全文后，认真观察选项，仔细推敲，逐项选定。紧扣全文内容，联系上下文和语境，展开逻辑推理，注意从上下文中寻找线索，注意词汇的意义、搭配，惯用法，语法，常识等多个角度进行综合考虑。
复读检验，消除疏漏
试填后，要把全文再通读一遍 ，注意看所选答案填入空白处后能否做到文章意思通顺、前后连贯、逻辑严谨、结构完整、首尾呼应。若有难点，必须根据文章的中心思想，从意义、语法的角度来仔细权衡。
【解题技巧】
首句应重点解读。 首句通常是文章的主题句，通常不设空，便于考生对短文主题、内容或背景有个大概了解。
顺应文意，定位选词。做题时，要充分利用上下文，找到有提示作用的词。这些词可以是同义词、近义词或反义词，也可以是并列连词或转折连词等等。
注意固定搭配，常用句型。包括动词与介词的搭配、动词与名词的搭配以及形容词与名词的搭配等，同时要根据内容选择正确的短语。
重视具体表达，最佳适用。完形填空一定要适应语境，选择一个最适合、最具体，而不是最宽泛的万能词汇，也就是我们所说的最佳选项。
仔细推敲, 注重逻辑，选对过渡词。一个完整的语篇应该是符合逻辑的，文章逻辑关系的取得主要靠过渡词的使用。作者利用转承语保证文章的逻辑，在做完形填空时应通过自己对上下文的理解，找到适当的逻辑关系，选择正确的过渡词。
【2024·宝山区·二模】
For decades, people have guessed that artificial intelligence (AI) will eventually replace human workers. But developments in the past few years have 41 these concerns as companies have released AI that can answer questions, write articles and create images. Now, even people in creative fields must consider the 42 of AI replacing them. But many experts still insist that these AI programs are no substitute for human ability.
AI programs have the 43 to perform some tasks currently performed by human workers. These include media jobs, such as writing advertisements and articles, along with many jobs in the financial fields and even
tech-related jobs such as computer programming. AI is good at 44 data, so financial analysts and market research analysts may find their jobs 45 .
Using AI for certain tasks may be a good thing. Perhaps AI will 46 less interesting work, allowing people to do more satisfying jobs, just as earlier technologies have. Using a machine to do laundry saves time 47 to washing clothes by hand, and many people use that extra time productively. 48 , AI may be able to take over dull tasks, liberating people to be truly creative, since thinking up new ideas is something AI cannot do.
Another big challenge for AI is human 49 . Most people prefer to communicate with humans rather than machines. Hence, AI is 50 to replace humans for jobs that require personal connection, such as counseling or teaching. A robot can perform tasks, but it cannot 51 care about others, and sometimes care is what people need.
AI can process data quickly, but it can only use data that it is given. So it cannot adapt to situations that 52 significantly from those in its data. Thus, although some AI programs can create content, none of them can be truly creative as the content AI creates will 53 consist of some combination of its sources.
Finally, if the AI receives false information, it has no way of recognizing that as false. Humans can also be fooled, but life experience can tell them whether a claim is reasonable, an ability that AI does not have. 54 , AI must continually be fact-checked to make sure its data, and therefore its conclusions, are accurate.
Thus, although AI may replace some jobs, others require a human 55 . At best AI may eliminate certain boring parts of tasks so that humans can focus on things that only they can do.
A. denied B. prevented C. transferred D. intensified
A. function B. possibility C. capability D. character
A. potential B. schedule C. objective D. ambition
A. searching B. providing C. analyzing D. storing
A. at risk B. at work C. at last D. at least
A. bring over B. get over C. turn over D. take over
A. wasted B. compared C. consumed D. spared
A. However B. Therefore C. Similarly D. Meanwhile
A. interaction B. resource C. resistance D. creativity
A. unwilling B. unlikely C. unfair D. unfortunate
A. deeply B. accurately C. directly D. genuinely
A. evolve B. range C. differ D. result
A. inevitably B. immediately C. insignificantly D. improbably
A. Frequently B. Generally C. Instantly D. Consequently
A. nature B. need C. touch D. permission
【2024·普陀区·二模】
Many of the world’s islands were previously unexplored places, but over time, people have come to these places with far-reaching effects, including deforestation, over-hunting and the introduction of invasive species. (41) ______, most of the bird species disappeared.
While the death of many birds since the 1500s has been (42) ______, our knowledge of the fate of species before this relies on fossils(化石), and these records are limited because birds’ lightweight bones are (43) ______ over time. This conceals the true (44) ______ of global extinctions.
Researchers now believe 1,430 bird species — almost 12 per cent — have died out over modern human history since around 130,000 years ago, with the vast majority of them becoming extinct directly or indirectly (45) ______ human activity.
The study, led by the UK Centre for Ecology & Hydrology (UKCEH) and published in Nature Communications, used statistical modelling to (46) ______ the undiscovered bird extinctions.
Lead author Dr Rob Cooke, an ecological modeler at UKCEH, says:“Our study demonstrates there has been a far higher (47) ______ impact on diversity than previously recognized. Humans quickly destroyed bird populations through habitat loss, over-exploitation, and the introduction of rats, pigs, and dogs, which attacked the birds’ nests, and (48) ______ with birds for food. We show that many species became extinct before written records and left no (49) ______, lost from history.”
Dr S ren Faurby of the University of Gothenburg, a co-author of the study, adds: “These historic extinctions have had a major impact on the current biodiversity crisis. The world may not only have lost many fascinating birds but also their varied (50) ______ roles, which are likely to have included key functions such as pollination(授粉). This will have had knock-on effects on ecosystems, so, (51) ______ bird extinctions, we will have lost a lot of plants and animals that (52) ______ these species for survival.”
Observations and fossils show 640 bird species have been driven extinct — 90 per cent of these on islands (53) ______ by people. These (54) ______ from the iconic(标志性的) Dodo of Mauritius to the Great Auk of the North Atlantic to the lesser-known Saint Helena Giant Hoopoe. But the researchers estimate there have been further 790
unknown extinctions, meaning a total of 1,430 lost species — leaving just under 11,000 today. Therefore, from the perspective of protecting species (55) ______, the protection of birds is an urgent issue for mankind.
41. A. To some extent B. On average C. As a result D. In short
42. A. confirmed B. recorded C. concealed D. discussed
43. A. distracted B. disposed C. dismissed D. disintegrated
44. A. extent B. context C. outcome D. influence
45. A. due to B. other than C. instead of D. in spite of
46. A. declare B. illustrate C. estimate D. emphasize
47. A. climate B. human C. environmental D. natural
48. A. connected B. coped C. lived D. competed
49. A. trace B. route C. change D. proposal
50. A. interactive B. ecological C. productive D. social
51. A. in terms of B. because of C. except for D. in addition to
52. A. depend on B. interact with C. fight against D. stay away
53. A. inhabited B. removed C. developed D. killed
54. A. result B. range C. suffer D. date
55. A. origin B. project C. growth D. diversity
【2024·松江区·二模】
The way of recording things has never ceased to develop. In the 1980s, as sales of video recorders went up, old 8mm home movies were gradually replaced by VHS （video home system）tapes. Later, video tapes of family holidays lost their appeal and the use of DVDs 41 . Those, too, have had their day. Even those holding their childhood memories in digital files on their laptops now know these files face the risk of 42 .
Digitising historical documents brings huge benefits—files can be 43 and distributed, reducing the risk of their entire loss through physical damage caused by fire or flooding. And developing digital versions reduces 44 on the original items. The International Dunhuang Project, 45 , has digitised items like manuscripts（手稿） from the Mogao caves in China, enabling scholars from around the world to access records easily without touching the real items.
But the news that the Ministry of Justice of the UK is proposing to scan the 110 million people’s wills it holds and then destroy a handful of 46 after 25 years has shocked historians. The ministry cites this as a way of providing easier access for researchers. But that only justifies digitisation, not the 47 of the paper copies. The officials note the change will be economically efficient （saving around 4.5m a year） while keeping all the essential information.
Scholars 48 . Most significantly, physical records can themselves carry important information — the kind of ink or paper used may be part of the history that historians are 49 . and error s are often made in scanning. Besides, digital copies are arguably more 50 than the material items, just in different ways. The attack from the Internet on the British Library last October has prevented scholars from 51 digitised materials it holds: imagine if researchers could not return to the originals. Some even think digitised information can easily be lost within decades no matter what 52 are put in place.
The government says that it will save the original wills of “famous people for historic record”, such as that of Princess Diana’s. However, assuming that we know who will 53 to future generations is extraordinarily proud. Mary Seacole, a pioneering nurse who now appears on the national school course in the UK, was largely 54 for almost a century.
The digitisation of old documents is a valuable, even essential measure. But to destroy the originals once they have been scanned, is not a matter of great 55 , but of huge damage.
41．A．paused B．boomed C．recovered D．disappeared
42．A．getting outdated B．coming into style C．being fined D．making an error
43．A．deleted B．named C．copied D．altered
44．A．fight or flight B．life or death C．wear and tear D．awe and wonder
45．A．unfortunately B．additionally C．in summary D．for example
46．A．the originals B．the essentials C．the visualised D．the digitised
47．A．preservation B．classification C．publication D．destruction
48．A．applaud B．disagree C．discriminate D．withdraw
49．A．revising B．abandoning C．uncovering D．enduring
50．A．meaningful B．favourable C．resistant D．delicate
51．A．inventing B．adjusting C．accessing D．damaging
52．A．outcomes B．safeguards C．deadlines D．byproducts
53．A．matter B．respond C．lose D．live
54．A．spared B．discussed C．forgotten D．protected
55．A．sacrifice B．courage C．efficiency D．admiration