押上海卷31-40题
选词填空
【题型解读】
上海英语高考卷的词汇部分以语篇的形式呈现，考核学生在语境中正确理解和运用词汇的能力，即考查考生对篇章上下文的理解能力和使用词汇和语法结构的能力。其题目的设置为10道空白处，要求考生从所提供的有11个单词构成的词库里选出最合适的词分别填入各空白处，使短文意思和结构完整，通顺得体。每个单词只能选一次。这11个词均为实义词而非功能词，即考查的范围并不包含介词、冠词等虚词，而只对名词、动词、形容词和副词进行考查。在这11个词中有1个单词为干扰项。
选词填空在命题方面具有以下特点∶
◆ 选词填空中的设空比较均匀，基本覆盖全文。
◆ 语篇第一句一般是对全文的概括或提示，为确保其完整性，且有助于学生对文章内容的理解，通常不设空。
◆ 词汇考查点分配合理，相互干扰。
◆ 该部分注重考查词汇的词义（meaning）及其使用（use）。近几年高考尤其注重考查词汇的隐含意思、词语的搭配、意义关联及贴切性。一词多义和一词多性往往是考查难点。
◆ 近义词或同义词的辨析不列入考查范围。
◆ 选项中的词汇都为考纲词汇，或加上前缀、后缀而成的衍生词汇。
【答题点津】
选词填空虽然不以语法为考点，但是因为所选择的单词不需要在时态和语态等语法方面进行转换，所以解题时对一些语法现象加以利用往往会达到事半功倍的效果。解题时我们可以利用语法知识和词性判断逐渐缩小词库中词汇的选择范围。另外，该题型所提供的选项里，除了纯干扰项外，各选项之间也互相干扰，一个空白处的误填会引起连锁反应，造成其它空白处的错误。
【解题步骤】
1、标注选项，了解词义
快速浏览11个选项词汇，简单标注其词性(n./v./a./ad.)，了解各词的含义,值得注意的是遇到有些不止一种词性的词汇时，需将其词性都标注出来，方便答题时参考。
2、通读全文，了解大意
用较快的速度浏览全文，尤其各个自然段的段首，了解文章主旨大意，为之后寻找正确答案打下铺垫。
3、寻找线索,先易后难
在了解语篇主旨的情况下，结合上下文语境，分析句子结构，根据线索选择词汇。该环节不需要一气呵成，应简到难，逐步缩小选择范围的顺序进行。
4、重读全文,核实答案
重读全文指将自己选择的词汇代入原文后的快速浏览，以确保上下文的逻辑通畅，句子结构及语法正确，词语搭配恰当。
1．【2023年6月上海英语高考真题】
A.unworkable B.indicative C.polar D.promising E.quantity F.requests G.content H. vision I.evaluating J.unmet K.subscribing
Brainstorming is a creative process that can help generate new and innovative ideas to solve complex problems. It involves bringing together individuals from diverse backgrounds and perspectives to share their ideas freely and build upon each other's contributions. However, to make the most of this process, it is important to create an environment that encourages active participation and collaboration. Here are some key principles to keep in mind when conducting a brainstorming session.
Firstly, it is important to have a clear vision or goal for the brainstorming session. This will help guide the discussion and ensure that all ideas generated are relevant to the topic at hand. Participants should be encouraged to share their thoughts and ideas freely, without fear of judgment or criticism. By (31)________to each other's ideas, individuals can build on each other's contributions and create a more comprehensive understanding of the problem.
When (32)________ the quality of ideas generated during a brainstorming session, it is important to consider both the quantity and the (33)________ . While a high quantity of ideas can be beneficial,it is more important to focus on the quality of the ideas and how well they align with the group's shared vision. Ideas that are (34)________ or irrelevant to the group's goals should be discarded in favor of those that are more (35)________.
It is also important to honor (36)________ for more information or clarification on a particular idea. This can help the group better evaluate the idea and determine whether it aligns with their shared vision. If an idea is deemed unworkable or needs are (37)________ comprehensively, it is important to recognize this and move on to other ideas that may be more feasible.
In addition to evaluating the quality of ideas, it is important to consider the content of the discussion. The brainstorming session should be focused on generating new ideas and solutions.rather than rehashing old ones. Participants should be encouraged to think creatively and outside the box, and to avoid getting bogged down in the details.
The (38)________ of ideas generated during a brainstorming session can also be an important factor to consider. While a high quantity of ideas is not always indicative of a successful session, it can help ensure that all possibilities are explored and considered. Participants should be encouraged to generate as many ideas as possible, without worrying about whether they are practical or feasible.
Ultimately, the success of a brainstorming session depends on the group's ability to work together towards a shared (39)________. By creating a culture of subscribing to each other's ideas and evaluating them based on their quality and relevance, we can generate innovative solutions to complex problems that benefit society as a whole. Brainstorming is a powerful tool that can help us overcome the (40)________ that plagues our society, and create a more collaborative and creative future.
【答案】31. K 32.I 33.G 34.A 35. D 36.F 37.J 38.E 39. H 40.C
【导读】本文介绍了开展头脑风暴的关键原则。要成功地进行头脑风暴，必须创造一个鼓励积极参与和协作的环境，并且明确会议的目标和愿景。参与者应该自由地分享他们的想法，而不用担心评判或批评。文章还提到了如何评估头脑风暴中产生的想法的质量和数量，以及如何集中讨论新的想法和解决方案。最终，成功的头脑风暴取决于团队合作实现共同目标的能力。
【详解】
31.K [解析]分析句子结构可知，该空处需要填入动的-ing 形式，结合相关选项并根据该空后热及的 individuals can build on each other's contributions and create a more comprehensive understanding of the problem 可推知，此处想要表达的是“通过认同 (subscribing)别人的观点，个人可以在彼此贡献的基础上，对问题有更全面的理解”，故选 K。subscribe v. 捐助;签署;订阅;同意。
32.I [解析]分析句子结构可知，该空需要填入动词的分词形式，结合空格后提及的 the quality of ideas generated during a brainstorming session (对于头脑风暴期间产生的想法的质量)可推知，该空应该填入评判类
的词，故此处想表述的是“在评估 (evaluating)头脑风暴期间产生的想法的质量时”，故选I。evaluate . 评价: 评估。
33.G [解析]连词and 连接并列成分，and 前为名词，因此该空处需要填入名词。结合上文提及的 the quality of ideas generated during a brainstorming session 可推知不仅仅要重视这些想法的数量质量，而且要重要审核这些想法的内容。句意为:“在评估头脑风暴会议期间产生的想法的质量时，重要的是要考虑数量和内容 (content)”，故选G。Content n.内容;目录;含量;成分。
34.A [解析]根据系动词are 和连词or 及irrelevant 可知，该空需要填入形容词。结合该空之后提及的irrelevant to the group's goals 可推知，此处想要表述的是“不可行 (unworkable)或与团队目标无关的想法应该被抛弃”，故选A。unworkable adj.不可行的;行不通的:不切实际的。
35.D [解析]根据系动词 are 和比较级标志more 可知，该空需要填入形容词。结合上文提及的“需要放弃与团队目标不相符的想法”推知，此处需要填入的是“应该接受什么样的观点”，D 项与上文所填词语含义有反差，即此处的意思为“那些与团队目标无关的想法应该被抛弃，取而代之的是那些更有前途的 (promising)想法”，故选 D。promising adj, 有希望的:有前途的。
36.F [解析] 结合连词 or 之后的 clarification 推知，该空需要填入名词。再根据该空之后提及的 for more information or clarification on a particular idea 以及该段相关内容可以推知,此处想要表达的是“在头脑风暴过程中尊重相关要求和闸明观点也很重要”。句意为:“同样重要的是，满足获得更多信息的要求 (requests)或明一个特定想法”。故选 F。requests n.要求;需要;申请书。
37.J [解析]分析句子结构可知，该空需要填入形容词，结合相关选项和该空前提及的If an idea is considered unworkable 推知，此处想要表述的是“如果一个想法被认为是不可行的，或者需求没有得到全面满足(unmet)，那么重要的是要认识到这一点，并转向其他可能更可行的想法”，故选J。unmet adj.未满足的:未相遇的:未应付的。
38.E [解析]结合下句提及的 While a high quantity of ideas is not always indicative of successful session, it can help ensure that all possibilities are explored and considered.和下文相关内容可推知，该段讲述的内容与头脑风暴产生的观点的数量有关。句意为:“头脑风暴会议期间产生的想法数量(quantity)也是一个需要考虑的重要因素”。故选E。quantity n.数量数额:大量; 众多。
39.H [解析]根据空格前的冠词 a 可知，该空需要填入可数名词的单数形式，又结合该空后趣及的 By creating a culture of subscribing to each other's ideas and evaluating them based on their quality and relevance, we can generate innovative solutions to complex problems that benefit society as a whole.可知，这句是对上句内容的解
释，再结合选项推知，此处想表达的意思是“最终，头脑风暴的成功取决于团队为实现共同愿景 (vision)而共同努力的能力”，故选 H。vision n.视力:视野;远见卓识。
40.C [解析]根据空格前的 the和空格后的名词可知，该空需要填入形容词，再结合该空之后捷及的 that causes our society physical and mental disturbances, and create a more collaborative and creative future 可推知，要创造更具协作性和创造性的未来需要克服一些相反的观点，即此处句意为“头脑风暴是一种强大的工具，可以帮助我们克服造成我们社会的两极(polar)现象，创造一个更具协作性和创造性的未来”，故选 C。polar adj.极地的:磁极的:完全相反的。
2．【2022年7月上海英语高考真题】
A pursuits B.interests C.comparable D.innovation E.schedule F.options G.realization H routes I.subjects J.recipes K.motivated
Creativity Is a Human Quality That Exists in US
When you think about creativity,it might be highly creative people like Mozart, da Vinci or Einstein who spring to mind.They were all considered to be"Geniuses”for their somewhat unique talents that led to global (31)______ in their fields. Their type of creativity is what's known as"Big C creativity”(or historical) and is not very common in everyday life. Not all of us can create works of art or music or scientific theories that are new to the world.
But while we can’t all be Mozart, da Vinci or Einstein, many people do enjoy creative activity through hobbies such as water colour painting or playing the piano. And these types of (32) ______ are often what people think of when asked what being creative looks like. Our finished pieces may not be (33) _______ with the likes of the great masters, but often the process is therapeutic and the end result can be aesthetically pleasing.
On top of hobbies and (34)_______, we all possess creative attributes that can help as we solve life's problems and make decisions. It is this type of creativity that enables us to plan different(35)_________ to get to the same destination, or how to fit in a trip to the supermarket when our (36)________ looks full.
It might not sound very creative, but this aspect of creativity relies on our ability to consider(37) ________ and assess their suitability, as well as how to make decisions based on personal prior experience or what we have learnt formally or informally. These examples are known as "Small C creativity”or “personal everyday creativity.
While Big C creativity is valued and celebrated, It is often Small C creativity that has allowed humans to flourish over thousands of years.it sets us apart from other animals and it is also the type of creativity which can be fostered through our education system and beyond into the workplace.
Traditionally, research tells us that creativity has been largely associated with the arts. Our previous research has shown that teachers are often able to give examples of creative activity in arts(38)________, but find it harder to do so when asked to describe creativity in subjects such as science.
But there is a growing(39) _______that opportunities to be creative are found across a broader range of subjects.For instance,engineering provides opportunities to be creative through problem solving. and history gives the opportunity to think creatively about why events happened,
and what(40)________ those involved.
【答案】31-40 DACBH LFIGK
31 D【解析】此处的形容词 global (全球的)应修饰名词，结合前面提到的“当你想到创造力时，你可能会想到像莫扎特、达芬奇或爱因斯坦这样极具创造力的人。他们都被认为是“天才”，因为他们有些独特的才能”，这里讲的是创造力，分析选项，只有“innovation"符合语境及逻辑。此处句意为“他们都被认为是“天才”，因为他们有些独特的才能，导致了他们所在领域的全球创新(innovation)”,故选D。innovation n.创新。
32 A【解析】该空对应的是前面提到的“hobbies such as water colour painting or playing the piano.”，分析选项可知“水彩画或弹钢琴”可以说是“追求”，句意为:当被间及创造力是什么样子时，人们通常会想到这些类型的追求(pursuits)。故选A。pursuits n.追求。
33.C【解析】此处考查固定搭配 be comparable with(与...可比较的,比得上...的),此处旬意为“我们完成的作品可能无法与大师们的作品相提并论(comparable),但通常这个过程是有益的，最终的结果是令人赏心悦目的"，故选C。comparable dj，可比的，可比较的。
34 B【解析】该空与 hobbies 并列，且它们的意思应该是相近的，分析选项可知应选“interests”。句意为“除了爱好和兴趣(interests)，我们都拥有创造性的属性，可以帮助我们解决生活中的问题和做决定”，故选B。interests n，兴趣。
35.H【解析】根据后面的"to get to the same destination(到达同一个目的地)”可以反推出我们需要先计划路线，此处句意为“正是这种创造力使我们能够计划不间的路线(routes)到达同一个目的地”，故选H。routes n路线:路途。
36E【解析】分析透项可知“当我们的时间表看起来很满时”符合语境及逻辑，此处句意为"或者当我们的时间表(schedule)看起来很满时如何安排去超市的旅行”,放选E。schedule，计划(表)，进度表:时间表。
37 F【解析】分析选项，根据后面的"as well as how to make decisions biased on personal prior experience or what we have learnt formally or informally (以及如何根据个人之前的经验或我们正式或非正式地学到的知识做出决定)”可以推测出我们考虑的是“选择”，句意为:这听起来可能不是很有创意，但这方面的创造力依赖于我
们考虑选择(options)和评估其适用性的能力，以及如何根据个人之前的经验或我们正式或非正式地学到的知识做出决定。故选F。options n.可选择的事物:选择，选择权。
38.1【解析】根据后面的“but find it harder to do so when asked to describe creativity in subjects such as science"可知此处应为“subjects”。句意为“我们之前的研究表明。教师通常能够给出艺术科目(subjects)中创造性活动的例子，但当被要求描述科学等科目中的创造性时，他们发现很难做到这一点"，故选1。subjects n学科:科目:主题。
39.G【解析】分析选项，“创新的机会在更广泛的学科中存在“属于一种”认识。意识"，此处句意为“但人们越来越意识到(realization)，创新的机会在更广泛的学科中存在"，故选G。realization n.认识，领悟。
40 K【解析】分析句子结构可知此空是一个谓语动词，且时态为一般过去时，应选 motivated。此处句意为“例如，工程学提供了通过解决问题来发挥创造力的机会，而历史则提供了机会来创造性地思考事件发生的原因，以及是什么激发了(motivated )参与者”，故选K。motivated v.成为……的动机，是……的原因;激励，激发。
【题型解读】
上海高考英语中的十一选十是考查词汇掌握及应用的一种题型。它主要有以下特点：
1.文章不会太长，多数在500词以内；
2.第一句是主题句且不设空；
3.每隔15-30词有一个空，共10空；
4.方框中词汇有一定难度，文章略低于阅读理解难度。
【选词填空的考点】
1.词汇方面，以实词为主，考查名词、动词、形容词和副词四种词性；
2.语法方面，考查词性之间的关系和句子结构分析能力；
3.逻辑方面，考查上下文联系以及对文章的理解。
【步骤详解】
第一步：整理选项（classify the options）
根据词性把每个单词分类归纳，标出词性。考察的四类词性中，名词多做主宾；动词做谓语，形容词做定表，副词做状语。副词个数最少，不会超过两个，其他词性平均出现三次，有两个的，也有四个的。
标注词性时要注意：
1.不认识的单词不要慌张，分析前后缀，或举例替换（oversee联想overuse）；值得一提的是，模考或真题中出现过考纲之外的“生词”，这些词很眼熟，因为它是利用了构词法（多为前后缀派生法）知识衍生出来的，构词法我们学过，多分析词性不难判断其含义。
2.注意多重词性的词，比如feature、concern、experience等。
3.动词的归类要继续细分为动词（包括过去式和三单一形式）、分词和动名词，因为一个空处，如果可以填动词，但是填具体哪种形式则需要我们根据语法去进一步判断；这里尤为值得注意的是：v-ed和v-ing极有可能是分词转换成的形容词，对于这类卧底词，千万留意。比如acquire这个词在academic skills he acquired和newly acquired skills中，前后截然不同。这时就要把它一律看成动词（包括上述的三小类），再根据是否缺失形容词去断定选项。
4.如果选项中出现一组近义词或反义词，要结合上下文先试填，细细揣摩文意再敲定答案。因为这里面有一个是干扰项，它注重考查的是词汇的精确理解，要求考生分析清楚其细微的区别。
第二步：通读全文，选词填空
用较快速度，沉着冷静地逐词逐句去读，一遍下来至少理解90%的内容。选词填空的选项词义互不关联，词性也不同，而且还有干扰项，所以一定要先了解文章大意，带着文章脉络去找选项。读的时候设空处前后的词重点留意，这对确定动词的具体形式，或根据相关词找固定搭配极为重要。
提醒：通读就是根据首段原则以及首末句原则，迅速抓住文章的主题。判断主题对篇章的整体理解把握具有极大的作用。
如何判定原文空缺处所需单词的词性？
1.动词的确定：
一个简单句有且只有一处谓语动词，一个完整的句子出现之后再跟逗号，后面的动词一般就是非谓语动词形式了。判断动词时，可以从谓语和非谓语进行区分；如果是谓语，结合主谓一、时态、语态、固定搭配及词义去辨析，缩小范围。
a.前后都是名词性或名词短语，中间一般是动词,时态确定看前后文；
b.空格前是名词或代词，后面没有宾语，填不及物动词（定从中除外）；
c.空格前是名词或代词，后面是副词或介词，空格处填不及物动词并与后面的介词构成固定搭配；
d.注意不定时符号to后跟动词原形，介词to后跟名词或动名词；
e.情态动词后面跟动词原形；
f.空格前面是系动词,后跟形容词（可以是形容词化的分词）。
2.名词的确定：
名词主要做主语宾语，有时也做定语；
a.形容词后或名词后可以出现名词；
b.限定词之后（尤其是三类前位限定词：冠词、指示代词、形物代，其后必有名词）；
c.谓语之前必有名词或相当于名词的主语（祈使句除外）；
d.介词之后必有名词或相当于名词的词；
3.形容词的确定：
形容词，这里也可以包括形容词化的分词，通常作定语或表语，位置比较灵活，具体如下：
a.名词的前面或后面；
b.副词的前后；
c.系动词后面。
4.副词的确定：
a.动词的附近；
b.形容词附近；
c.句子结构完整，不缺成分时。
1.根据固定搭配或语感，积极主动发现缺失信息然后正确进行匹配
固定搭配：在选词填空中，既有固定搭配包括动介，形介，动副等，也包括很常见的约定俗成的搭配，比如汉语中常说“学习知识”，在英语中不说“learn knowledge”,而是“acquireknowledge”,还比如，交通拥挤常表述成“heavy traffic”。这些文化差异很多，需要认真领会；对于空后是介词的，一般往固定搭配上考虑。
所谓语感，就是对语言的感觉，它是在平时的学习和阅读中形成的一种潜移默化的语言能力，有时无法解释，却冥冥之中认为这就是正确答案。语感的培养需要大量的源信息输入，我们强调多阅读，就是为了培养好的语感。
2.理清复杂句或上下文的逻辑结构，进行解题
对复杂句的分析能够帮助我们对句子更好的把握。复杂句好比是一颗枝繁叶茂的大树，复杂句的分析，主要是“砍成分”，把细枝末叶的修饰成分（主要是定语和状语或各类从句）统统砍掉，留下主干，句子结构一目了然，然后再把砍掉的成分一一长回去，心中就有数了。这时，就会清楚地确定空格处所填词性。
上下文逻辑关系也会对答案产生影响，既要注意形式上的逻辑关系，又要究明意义上的因果关系。形
式上的逻辑关系就是常说的因果、让步、递进、转折等；而意义上的逻辑关系就是以语篇表达的意思为线索，前后文中，意义上存在哪些关系。比如说，描述一个人的心情变化，心情好时，用的是积极词汇，反之亦然；当然，形式和意义之间存在紧密联系，不能割裂开来。
第三步：复读全文，谨慎调整，确定答案
填空完成后，再次复读，自我感觉上下文是否通顺，逻辑关系是否连贯。
【2024·宝山区·二模】
A. process B. impacting C. appearance D. linked E. assessment F. costly G. crucial H. highly I. legal J. pause K. marketed
Tobacco use and its negative impacts on health have been well-documented for decades. Traditional tobacco products, such as cigarettes, have been 31 to a wide range of health problems, including cancer, heart disease, respiratory (呼吸的) disorders and others. According to a survey, 78.3 percent of smokers start smoking before age 20. Taiwan Province of China has raised the 32 smoking age to 20 or above. By instituting this change, they hope to reduce the number of young people taking up the habit.
Despite being 33 as a safe alternative to traditional cigarettes, heated tobacco products (HTPs) are still considered tobacco. As such, they pose significant dangers to human health. The heating 34 used in these products releases harmful chemicals and poisons, including tar (焦油), carbon monoxide and nicotine, a(n) 35 addictive substance.
HTPs are packaged to appeal to young people who perceive them as safer than smoking. To prevent young people from experimenting with HTPs and 36 their health, Taiwan Province strictly controls every kind of tobacco product by adding a health risk 37 review mechanism. Only products that pass the review process are allowed to be manufactured, imported and sold to consumers.
The innumerable downsides to smoking should give smokers 38 and encourage them to quit. Quitting tobacco improves your health and reduces your risk of various diseases, including cancer, heart disease, and breathing problems. Quitting smoking can also improve your 39 . Tobacco use can cause wrinkles and yellow teeth. Quitting can lead to healthier skin, whiter teeth and fresher breath. Smoking can also dull your senses of taste and smell. By stopping tobacco use, your senses recover, leading to enhanced enjoyment of food and beverages.
Unfortunately, quitting tobacco isn't easy. Most people will also encounter numerous challenges including nicotine withdrawal and symptoms such as eagerness, irritability (易怒) and difficulty concentrating. Supportive social environments, coping strategies and professional help are 40 for overcoming these things and living a smoke-free life.
【答案】31. D 32. I 33. K 34. A 35. H 36. B 37. E 38. J 39. C 40. G
【2024·崇明区·二模】
A. activate B. amounted C. compared D. energetic E. guidelines F. identify
G. image H. influenced I. respects J. review K. substantial
Exercise Can Help Prevent Depression, Study Finds
How often do you exercise A new 31 from researchers at the University of Cambridge shows that those who exercise are less likely to develop depression, even if they exercise less than the recommended amount.
The Department of Health and Human Services recommends that adults engage in 2.5 to 5 hours of moderate activity per week or one hour and 15 minutes to 2.5 hours of 32 aerobic (有氧的) exercise per week or some combination of the two.
Adults who took a walk for what 33 to 2.5 hours per week were less likely to develop depression than those who didn’t exercise at all, the study found. But even those who exercised less felt better than those who didn’t exercise at all, according to researchers. “In this study, a relatively small amount of physical activity were associated with a(n) 34 decrease in risks of depression,” the study says. The researchers analyzed 15 studies with nearly 200,000 participants. Those who did about half the recommended amount of physical activity per week had an 18% lower risk of depression
35 with adults who did not exercise, the study says. Participants who exercised the recommended amount had a 25% lower risk of depression than those who did not. Exercising more than the recommended amount hardly 36 depression risk, according to researchers.
Many 37 of exercise can lead to improved mental health. For example, working out can increase circulation (血液循环) to the brain and 38 the central nervous system, leading to what many refer to as a “runners high,” the study says. More exercise can also lead to improved physical health and a better body 39 , which can cause a person to be more social, researchers say.
Nearly 5% of adults in the U.S. report regular feelings of depression, according to the Centers for Disease
Control and Prevention. Among the study participants, researchers estimate that 1 in every 9 cases of depression might have been prevented had everyone met recommended exercise 40 , the study says.
【答案】31. J 32. D 33. B 34. K 35. C 36. H 37. I 38. A 39. G 40. E
【2024·虹口区·二模】
Science in Images
Oyster mushrooms feature in cuisines around the world, but they should
be off the menu for hungry worms -- which these delicious mushrooms will
kill and eat. Now researchers finally know how they do it.
A study published in Science Advances details how oyster mushrooms use a particular poisonous substance to freeze and get rid of mushroom-eating roundworms called nematodes (线虫). The mushrooms, which grow on nutrient-poor dead wood, then 31 the worms for nutrition.
“Nematodes happen to be the most 32 animals these mushrooms encounter. So I think, 33 , this cross-kingdom interaction is very interesting,” says study senior author.
The study team of geneticists, biochemists and biologists had previously found that oyster mushrooms release an unidentified poisonous substance that will somehow 34 the worms within minutes and cause a chemical element to flow into their cells, killing them. This 35 differs from those used by other meat-eating mushrooms and could be unique to oyster mushrooms.
For their new work, the researchers grew and analyzed samples of the mushroom’s tissue, finding no noticeable poison even when they broke it up. They reasoned that whatever was killing the worms must be a kind of 36 compound that disappears into air when disturbed. When they damaged the oyster mushroom tissue again and 37 analyzed the nearby air, they finally found a nerve gas that turned out to be contained with tiny, special-shaped structures on the mushroom surface. When nematodes touch the mushrooms, these structures 38 their gas, disturbing the worms’ cell walls to cause immobility and death. The worm is then digested by the mushrooms.
Before this study, “we underestimated the 39 to which wild mushrooms defend against or consume nematodes,” notes Nick Talbot, a geneticist at Sainsbury Laboratory in Norwich, England. The study demonstrates
“a very 40 approach,” he adds. “These organisms are really difficult to work on, and Dr. Hsueh is showing that you can do some really amazing work with them.”
【答案】31. B 32. C 33. E 34. G 35. H 36. K 37. J 38. D 39. F 40. I
【2024·金山区·二模】
A. actually B. amazed C. breathtaking D. critics E. gradually F. prize
G. reflection H. release I. solid J. standardize K. switched
Will AI allow humans to play a part
Rebecca used to have a regular job, translating a fashion brand’s website into German. One day a big change happened. The company (31) ______ to using machine translation. She kept the job, and it still paid the bills; however, she was now there to check and (32) ______ whatever was produced by the computer. But there was a complaint.
“What it meant, (33) ______, was that we humans were training a machine,” she says. Each corrected caption for a mid-priced T-shirt, each pair of skinny jeans, was a data point for the robot that was going to replace her. With the (34) ______ of chat programs that can imitate humans, the world is now beginning to consider what the coming of artificial intelligence means. What will it do for our jobs if many once (35) ______ professions — law, accountancy, medicine — disappear What does it mean to be a human when the thing that humans most (36) ______— intelligence — has become the cheapest product on the planet Translators, for good and ill, don’t have to wonder. “You can take the world of translators and interpreters as a (37) ______ of the world,” says Nicki Bone, chairwoman of the board of the Institute of Translating and Interpreting. Not all of them are adjusting. “Of course, we have our (38) ______,” but she adds, “There are also opportunities, and optimists.”
The speed of change, though, has been (39) ______. Increasingly, says Bone, she and her colleagues are acting as editors of a machine’s first pass, rather than translators of the raw material.
For some, that’s fine. “People will say, ‘OK, instead of working at one rate for this number of words per hour, I’m working at many more words per hour, but for a much lower rate.’ Some are happy to take on. Some won’t, as a matter of principle.”
As we are (40) ______ at ChatGPT and its great ability to imitate human writing, translators are, compared with the rest of the professions, sensitive. Anyway, this technology is here to stay.
【答案】 31~40 KJAHI FGDCB
【2024·闵行区·二模】
contrast instructed concentrating potential E. touching played
better specialized spot follow tracing
Unfamiliar Music May Help People Chat at Parties
If you want your guests to be particularly sociable at an upcoming party, make sure you play music they probably haven’t heard before.
To explore how background music affects the way we 31 conversations, researchers Jane Brown and Gavin Bidelman conducted a study analyzing the brain activity of 31 individuals aged 21 and 33. During the experiment, participants listened to 72 minutes of an audiobook (有声读物), which the pair used as a replacement for 32 on someone talking, while background music was accompanied by the audiobook for most of the time.
For half of the experiment, the participants were asked to focus on 2-minute parts of an unfamiliar audiobook read by a man. The rest of the time, they were told to focus on four background songs, which were similarly 33 for 2 minutes at a time. This 34 in voices aimed to assess participants’ ability to shift attention between two distinctly different voices.
During the experiment, all the participants wore 35 caps to monitor the electrical activity taking place in their brains. This 36 of electrical activity was the key. It allowed Brown and Bidelman to discover how efficiently these individuals could focus on either the audiobook or the music when 37 to do so. The finding revealed that the participants could 38 turn their attention to the audiobook if the background music was unfamiliar to them.
Following the task, the participants completed a music perception survey evaluating their musical skills, such as the capacity to 39 whether a pair of similar-sounding tunes are the same. Notably, those with lower musical scores demonstrated slower attentional shifts between songs and audiobooks, suggesting a(n) 40 link between musical ability and attention management skills.
【答案】31. J 32. C 33. F 34. A 35.H 36. K 37. B 38. G 39. I 40. D
【2024·浦东新区·二模】
A. backfire B. compensate C. extend D. impressive E. meaningful F. measure G. needle H. overall I. perceive J. punishment K. typically
Why You Shouldn’t Exercise to Lose Weight
Many of us are lacing up our sneakers and starting (or restarting) exercise regimens(练身计划) in hopes of shedding unwanted pounds. Unquestionably, aiming to be more active is good. But if the main reason is to lose weight, your New Year’s resolution could very well __31__.
For starters, exercise — at least the kind most of us do — is __32__ ineffective for weight loss. Take walking, for example. A 150-pound person who walks briskly for 30 minutes will burn, on average, around 140 calories. That’s equal to one can of soda — not exactly a great return on your investment of time and effort. It’s much easier just to skip the soda.
Studies __33__ show that doing moderate-intensity aerobic exercise such as walking for 30 minutes a day, five days a week — the amount recommended for good health — typically produces little or no weight loss by itself.
When moderate exercise is added to diet, the results are equally not __34__. Pooling data from six trials, researchers found that a combination of diet and exercise generated no greater weight loss than diet alone after six months.
In studies where exercise has produced __35__ weight loss, participants burned at least 400 to 500 calories per session on five or more days a week. To achieve that, sessions need to go well beyond what most of us are willing or able to do. And even if we manage to exert that much effort, our bodies often __36__ by boosting appetite and dialing down metabolism, effects that over time limit how many pounds we shed.
Perhaps the biggest problem with exercising to drop pounds is that it turns physical activity into __37__. How many times have you heard someone say (or said yourself) “I’ll need to do extra exercise” after eating too much during the holidays or at a celebratory dinner
The point is that we’re more likely to __38__ exercise positively and actually do it when we focus on our well-being rather than our weight. The incentive may be an improved mood or less stress. Others may find that exercise makes them feel physically and mentally stronger.
Of course, the benefits of physical activity __39__ well beyond these. It’s been shown to reduce the risk of multiple diseases. It can also improve sleep and boost energy.
By all means, striving to exercise regularly in the new year is perhaps the most important thing you can do for your health. But to improve the odds of success, focus on how movement helps you feel better physically and emotionally — and forget about how it moves the __40__ on the scale.
【答案】31-35 AKHDE 36-40 BJICG
【2024·普陀区·二模】
A. empowers B. termed C. interaction D. implications E. advances F. question G. obtained H. additionally I. pressure J. currently K. defining
A New Era of Creative Partnerships
In a new paper in a Nature Human Behavior special issue on AI, researcher Janet Rafner from Aarhus Institute of Advanced Studies and Center for Hybrid Intelligence at Aarhus University and Prof. Jacob Sherson, director of the Center for Hybrid Intelligence, together with international partners, discuss research and societal (31) ______ of creativity and AI.
The team of researchers argue that we should direct our attention to understanding and developing co-creativity, the interaction between humans and machines towards what is (32) ______ a human-centered AI and hybrid intelligence. In this way we will be able to develop interfaces(界面) that at the same time ensure both high degrees of automatization through AI and human control and hereby supporting a relationship that best (33) ______ each other.
Rafner comments: To date, most studies on human-AI co-creativity come from the field of human-computer (34) ______ and focus on the abilities of the AI, and the interaction design and dynamics.
While these (35) ______ are key for understanding the dynamics between humans and algorithms(算法) and human attitudes towards the co-creative process and product, there is an urgent need to enrich these applications with the insights about creativity (36) ______ over the past decades in the psychological sciences.
“Right now, we need to move the conversation away from questions like Can AI be creative One reason for this is that (37) ______ creativity is not set in stone. When investigating human only, machine only, and human-AI co-creativity, we need to consider the type and level of creativity under (38) ______, from everyday creative activities that are perhaps more suitable to machine automatization to contributions that may require higher-level human intervention; (39) ______, it is much more meaningful to consider some questions like, what are the similarities and differences in human cognition, behavior, motivation and self-efficacy(自我效能) between human-AI co-creativity and human creativity ”explains Rafner.
We, (40) ______, don’t know enough about co-creativity between humans and machines, because the line between humans and artificial intelligence isn’t always clear. Looking ahead, researchers should balance predictive accuracy with theoretical understanding, towards the goal of developing intelligent systems to both measure and enhance human creativity.
【答案】31-35 D B A C E 36-40 G K F H J
【2024·松江区·二模】
A．accompanied B．allowed C．feasibly D．fueled E．intensity F．option G．prompting H．routine I．surgically J．underlying K．varied
Brain Signals for Lasting Pain
Brain signals that reveal how much pain a person is in have been discovered by scientists who say the work is a step towards new treatments for people living with lasting pain.
It is the first time researchers have decoded the brain activity 31 patients’ lasting pain. That has raised the hope that brain stimulation treatment already used for Parkinson’s and major depression can help those running out of any other 32 . “We’ve learned that lasting pain can be tracked and predicted in the real world,” said Prasad Shirvalkar, lead researcher on the project at the University of California.
Lasting pain affects nearly 28 million adults in the UK alone, and the causes are 33 . ranging from cancer to back problems. That being the case, lasting pain has 34 a rise in taking powerful painkillers. But no medical treatments work well for the condition, 35 experts to call for a complete rethink in how health services handle patients with lasting pain.
For the latest study, Shirvalkar and his colleagues 36 implanted electrodes（电极） into four patients with lasting pain hard to deal with after the loss of legs. The devices 37 the patients to record activity and collect data in two brain regions— the ACC and the OFC—at the press of one button on a remote handset. Several times a day, the volunteers were asked to complete short surveys on the 38 of pain, meaning how strong the pain was, and then record their brain activity. These scientists, armed with the survey responses and brain recordings, found they could use computers to predict a person’s pain based on the electrical signals in their OFC. “We found very different brain activity 39 severe pain and have developed an objective biomarker for that kind of pain,” said Shirvalkar. The finding may explain, at least in part, why 40 painkillers are less effective for lasting pain. “The hope is that we can use the information to develop personalized brain stimulation treatment for the most severe forms of pain.”
【答案】31-35 JFKDG 36-40IBEAH押上海卷31-40题
选词填空
【题型解读】
上海英语高考卷的词汇部分以语篇的形式呈现，考核学生在语境中正确理解和运用词汇的能力，即考查考生对篇章上下文的理解能力和使用词汇和语法结构的能力。其题目的设置为10道空白处，要求考生从所提供的有11个单词构成的词库里选出最合适的词分别填入各空白处，使短文意思和结构完整，通顺得体。每个单词只能选一次。这11个词均为实义词而非功能词，即考查的范围并不包含介词、冠词等虚词，而只对名词、动词、形容词和副词进行考查。在这11个词中有1个单词为干扰项。
选词填空在命题方面具有以下特点∶
◆ 选词填空中的设空比较均匀，基本覆盖全文。
◆ 语篇第一句一般是对全文的概括或提示，为确保其完整性，且有助于学生对文章内容的理解，通常不设空。
◆ 词汇考查点分配合理，相互干扰。
◆ 该部分注重考查词汇的词义（meaning）及其使用（use）。近几年高考尤其注重考查词汇的隐含意思、词语的搭配、意义关联及贴切性。一词多义和一词多性往往是考查难点。
◆ 近义词或同义词的辨析不列入考查范围。
◆ 选项中的词汇都为考纲词汇，或加上前缀、后缀而成的衍生词汇。
【答题点津】
选词填空虽然不以语法为考点，但是因为所选择的单词不需要在时态和语态等语法方面进行转换，所以解题时对一些语法现象加以利用往往会达到事半功倍的效果。解题时我们可以利用语法知识和词性判断逐渐缩小词库中词汇的选择范围。另外，该题型所提供的选项里，除了纯干扰项外，各选项之间也互相干扰，一个空白处的误填会引起连锁反应，造成其它空白处的错误。
【解题步骤】
1、标注选项，了解词义
快速浏览11个选项词汇，简单标注其词性(n./v./a./ad.)，了解各词的含义,值得注意的是遇到有些不止一种词性的词汇时，需将其词性都标注出来，方便答题时参考。
2、通读全文，了解大意
用较快的速度浏览全文，尤其各个自然段的段首，了解文章主旨大意，为之后寻找正确答案打下铺垫。
3、寻找线索,先易后难
在了解语篇主旨的情况下，结合上下文语境，分析句子结构，根据线索选择词汇。该环节不需要一气呵成，应简到难，逐步缩小选择范围的顺序进行。
4、重读全文,核实答案
重读全文指将自己选择的词汇代入原文后的快速浏览，以确保上下文的逻辑通畅，句子结构及语法正确，词语搭配恰当。
1．【2023年6月上海英语高考真题】
A.unworkable B.indicative C.polar D.promising E.quantity F.requests G.content H. vision I.evaluating J.unmet K.subscribing
Brainstorming is a creative process that can help generate new and innovative ideas to solve complex problems. It involves bringing together individuals from diverse backgrounds and perspectives to share their ideas freely and build upon each other's contributions. However, to make the most of this process, it is important to create an environment that encourages active participation and collaboration. Here are some key principles to keep in mind when conducting a brainstorming session.
Firstly, it is important to have a clear vision or goal for the brainstorming session. This will help guide the discussion and ensure that all ideas generated are relevant to the topic at hand. Participants should be encouraged to share their thoughts and ideas freely, without fear of judgment or criticism. By (31)________to each other's ideas, individuals can build on each other's contributions and create a more comprehensive understanding of the problem.
When (32)________ the quality of ideas generated during a brainstorming session, it is important to consider both the quantity and the (33)________ . While a high quantity of ideas can be beneficial,it is more important to focus on the quality of the ideas and how well they align with the group's shared vision. Ideas that are (34)________ or irrelevant to the group's goals should be discarded in favor of those that are more (35)________.
It is also important to honor (36)________ for more information or clarification on a particular idea. This can help the group better evaluate the idea and determine whether it aligns with their shared vision. If an idea is deemed unworkable or needs are (37)________ comprehensively, it is important to recognize this and move on to other ideas that may be more feasible.
In addition to evaluating the quality of ideas, it is important to consider the content of the discussion. The brainstorming session should be focused on generating new ideas and solutions.rather than rehashing old ones. Participants should be encouraged to think creatively and outside the box, and to avoid getting bogged down in the details.
The (38)________ of ideas generated during a brainstorming session can also be an important factor to consider. While a high quantity of ideas is not always indicative of a successful session, it can help ensure that all possibilities are explored and considered. Participants should be encouraged to generate as many ideas as possible, without worrying about whether they are practical or feasible.
Ultimately, the success of a brainstorming session depends on the group's ability to work together towards a shared (39)________. By creating a culture of subscribing to each other's ideas and evaluating them based on their quality and relevance, we can generate innovative solutions to complex problems that benefit society as a whole. Brainstorming is a powerful tool that can help us overcome the (40)________ that plagues our society, and create a more collaborative and creative future.
2．【2022年7月上海英语高考真题】
A pursuits B.interests C.comparable D.innovation E.schedule F.options G.realization H routes I.subjects J.recipes K.motivated
Creativity Is a Human Quality That Exists in US
When you think about creativity,it might be highly creative people like Mozart, da Vinci or Einstein who spring to mind.They were all considered to be"Geniuses”for their somewhat unique talents that led to global (31)______ in their fields. Their type of creativity is what's known as"Big C creativity”(or historical) and is not very common in everyday life. Not all of us can create works of art or music or scientific theories that are new to the world.
But while we can’t all be Mozart, da Vinci or Einstein, many people do enjoy creative activity through hobbies such as water colour painting or playing the piano. And these types of (32) ______ are often what people think of when asked what being creative looks like. Our finished pieces may not be (33) _______ with the likes of the great
masters, but often the process is therapeutic and the end result can be aesthetically pleasing.
On top of hobbies and (34)_______, we all possess creative attributes that can help as we solve life's problems and make decisions. It is this type of creativity that enables us to plan different(35)_________ to get to the same destination, or how to fit in a trip to the supermarket when our (36)________ looks full.
It might not sound very creative, but this aspect of creativity relies on our ability to consider(37) ________ and assess their suitability, as well as how to make decisions based on personal prior experience or what we have learnt formally or informally. These examples are known as "Small C creativity”or “personal everyday creativity.
While Big C creativity is valued and celebrated, It is often Small C creativity that has allowed humans to flourish over thousands of years.it sets us apart from other animals and it is also the type of creativity which can be fostered through our education system and beyond into the workplace.
Traditionally, research tells us that creativity has been largely associated with the arts. Our previous research has shown that teachers are often able to give examples of creative activity in arts(38)________, but find it harder to do so when asked to describe creativity in subjects such as science.
But there is a growing(39) _______that opportunities to be creative are found across a broader range of subjects.For instance,engineering provides opportunities to be creative through problem solving. and history gives the opportunity to think creatively about why events happened,
and what(40)________ those involved.
【题型解读】
上海高考英语中的十一选十是考查词汇掌握及应用的一种题型。它主要有以下特点：
1.文章不会太长，多数在500词以内；
2.第一句是主题句且不设空；
3.每隔15-30词有一个空，共10空；
4.方框中词汇有一定难度，文章略低于阅读理解难度。
【选词填空的考点】
1.词汇方面，以实词为主，考查名词、动词、形容词和副词四种词性；
2.语法方面，考查词性之间的关系和句子结构分析能力；
3.逻辑方面，考查上下文联系以及对文章的理解。
【步骤详解】
第一步：整理选项（classify the options）
根据词性把每个单词分类归纳，标出词性。考察的四类词性中，名词多做主宾；动词做谓语，形容词做定表，副词做状语。副词个数最少，不会超过两个，其他词性平均出现三次，有两个的，也有四个的。
标注词性时要注意：
1.不认识的单词不要慌张，分析前后缀，或举例替换（oversee联想overuse）；值得一提的是，模考或真题中出现过考纲之外的“生词”，这些词很眼熟，因为它是利用了构词法（多为前后缀派生法）知识衍生出来的，构词法我们学过，多分析词性不难判断其含义。
2.注意多重词性的词，比如feature、concern、experience等。
3.动词的归类要继续细分为动词（包括过去式和三单一形式）、分词和动名词，因为一个空处，如果可以填动词，但是填具体哪种形式则需要我们根据语法去进一步判断；这里尤为值得注意的是：v-ed和v-ing极有可能是分词转换成的形容词，对于这类卧底词，千万留意。比如acquire这个词在academic skills he acquired和newly acquired skills中，前后截然不同。这时就要把它一律看成动词（包括上述的三小类），再根据是否缺失形容词去断定选项。
4.如果选项中出现一组近义词或反义词，要结合上下文先试填，细细揣摩文意再敲定答案。因为这里面有一个是干扰项，它注重考查的是词汇的精确理解，要求考生分析清楚其细微的区别。
第二步：通读全文，选词填空
用较快速度，沉着冷静地逐词逐句去读，一遍下来至少理解90%的内容。选词填空的选项词义互不关联，词性也不同，而且还有干扰项，所以一定要先了解文章大意，带着文章脉络去找选项。读的时候设空处前后的词重点留意，这对确定动词的具体形式，或根据相关词找固定搭配极为重要。
提醒：通读就是根据首段原则以及首末句原则，迅速抓住文章的主题。判断主题对篇章的整体理解把握具有极大的作用。
如何判定原文空缺处所需单词的词性？
1.动词的确定：
一个简单句有且只有一处谓语动词，一个完整的句子出现之后再跟逗号，后面的动词一般就是非谓语动词形式了。判断动词时，可以从谓语和非谓语进行区分；如果是谓语，结合主谓一、时态、语态、固定搭配及词义去辨析，缩小范围。
a.前后都是名词性或名词短语，中间一般是动词,时态确定看前后文；
b.空格前是名词或代词，后面没有宾语，填不及物动词（定从中除外）；
c.空格前是名词或代词，后面是副词或介词，空格处填不及物动词并与后面的介词构成固定搭配；
d.注意不定时符号to后跟动词原形，介词to后跟名词或动名词；
e.情态动词后面跟动词原形；
f.空格前面是系动词,后跟形容词（可以是形容词化的分词）。
2.名词的确定：
名词主要做主语宾语，有时也做定语；
a.形容词后或名词后可以出现名词；
b.限定词之后（尤其是三类前位限定词：冠词、指示代词、形物代，其后必有名词）；
c.谓语之前必有名词或相当于名词的主语（祈使句除外）；
d.介词之后必有名词或相当于名词的词；
3.形容词的确定：
形容词，这里也可以包括形容词化的分词，通常作定语或表语，位置比较灵活，具体如下：
a.名词的前面或后面；
b.副词的前后；
c.系动词后面。
4.副词的确定：
a.动词的附近；
b.形容词附近；
c.句子结构完整，不缺成分时。
1.根据固定搭配或语感，积极主动发现缺失信息然后正确进行匹配
固定搭配：在选词填空中，既有固定搭配包括动介，形介，动副等，也包括很常见的约定俗成的搭配，比如汉语中常说“学习知识”，在英语中不说“learn knowledge”,而是“acquireknowledge”,还比如，交通拥挤常表述成“heavy traffic”。这些文化差异很多，需要认真领会；对于空后是介词的，一般往固定搭配上考虑。
所谓语感，就是对语言的感觉，它是在平时的学习和阅读中形成的一种潜移默化的语言能力，有时无法解释，却冥冥之中认为这就是正确答案。语感的培养需要大量的源信息输入，我们强调多阅读，就是为了培养好的语感。
2.理清复杂句或上下文的逻辑结构，进行解题
对复杂句的分析能够帮助我们对句子更好的把握。复杂句好比是一颗枝繁叶茂的大树，复杂句的分析，主要是“砍成分”，把细枝末叶的修饰成分（主要是定语和状语或各类从句）统统砍掉，留下主干，句子结构一目了然，然后再把砍掉的成分一一长回去，心中就有数了。这时，就会清楚地确定空格处所填词性。
上下文逻辑关系也会对答案产生影响，既要注意形式上的逻辑关系，又要究明意义上的因果关系。形式上的逻辑关系就是常说的因果、让步、递进、转折等；而意义上的逻辑关系就是以语篇表达的意思为线索，前后文中，意义上存在哪些关系。比如说，描述一个人的心情变化，心情好时，用的是积极词汇，反之亦然；当然，形式和意义之间存在紧密联系，不能割裂开来。
第三步：复读全文，谨慎调整，确定答案
填空完成后，再次复读，自我感觉上下文是否通顺，逻辑关系是否连贯。
【2024·宝山区·二模】
A. process B. impacting C. appearance D. linked E. assessment F. costly G. crucial H. highly I. legal J. pause K. marketed
Tobacco use and its negative impacts on health have been well-documented for decades. Traditional tobacco products, such as cigarettes, have been 31 to a wide range of health problems, including cancer, heart disease, respiratory (呼吸的) disorders and others. According to a survey, 78.3 percent of smokers start smoking before age 20. Taiwan Province of China has raised the 32 smoking age to 20 or above. By instituting this change, they hope to reduce the number of young people taking up the habit.
Despite being 33 as a safe alternative to traditional cigarettes, heated tobacco products (HTPs) are still considered tobacco. As such, they pose significant dangers to human health. The heating 34 used in these products releases harmful chemicals and poisons, including tar (焦油), carbon monoxide and nicotine, a(n) 35 addictive substance.
HTPs are packaged to appeal to young people who perceive them as safer than smoking. To prevent young people from experimenting with HTPs and 36 their health, Taiwan Province strictly controls every kind of tobacco product by adding a health risk 37 review mechanism. Only products that pass the review process are allowed to be manufactured, imported and sold to consumers.
The innumerable downsides to smoking should give smokers 38 and encourage them to quit. Quitting tobacco improves your health and reduces your risk of various diseases, including cancer, heart disease, and breathing problems. Quitting smoking can also improve your 39 . Tobacco use can cause wrinkles and yellow teeth. Quitting can lead to healthier skin, whiter teeth and fresher breath. Smoking can also dull your senses of taste and smell. By stopping tobacco use, your senses recover, leading to enhanced enjoyment of food and beverages.
Unfortunately, quitting tobacco isn't easy. Most people will also encounter numerous challenges including nicotine withdrawal and symptoms such as eagerness, irritability (易怒) and difficulty concentrating. Supportive social environments, coping strategies and professional help are 40 for overcoming these things and living a smoke-free life.
【2024·崇明区·二模】
A. activate B. amounted C. compared D. energetic E. guidelines F. identify
G. image H. influenced I. respects J. review K. substantial
Exercise Can Help Prevent Depression, Study Finds
How often do you exercise A new 31 from researchers at the University of Cambridge shows that those who exercise are less likely to develop depression, even if they exercise less than the recommended amount.
The Department of Health and Human Services recommends that adults engage in 2.5 to 5 hours of moderate activity per week or one hour and 15 minutes to 2.5 hours of 32 aerobic (有氧的) exercise per week or some combination of the two.
Adults who took a walk for what 33 to 2.5 hours per week were less likely to develop depression than those who didn’t exercise at all, the study found. But even those who exercised less felt better than those who didn’t exercise at all, according to researchers. “In this study, a relatively small amount of physical activity were associated with a(n) 34 decrease in risks of depression,” the study says. The researchers analyzed 15 studies with nearly 200,000 participants. Those who did about half the recommended amount of physical activity per week had an 18% lower risk of depression
35 with adults who did not exercise, the study says. Participants who exercised the recommended amount had a 25% lower risk of depression than those who did not. Exercising more than the recommended amount hardly 36 depression risk, according to researchers.
Many 37 of exercise can lead to improved mental health. For example, working out can increase
circulation (血液循环) to the brain and 38 the central nervous system, leading to what many refer to as a “runners high,” the study says. More exercise can also lead to improved physical health and a better body 39 , which can cause a person to be more social, researchers say.
Nearly 5% of adults in the U.S. report regular feelings of depression, according to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Among the study participants, researchers estimate that 1 in every 9 cases of depression might have been prevented had everyone met recommended exercise 40 , the study says.
【2024·虹口区·二模】
Science in Images
Oyster mushrooms feature in cuisines around the world, but they should
be off the menu for hungry worms -- which these delicious mushrooms will
kill and eat. Now researchers finally know how they do it.
A study published in Science Advances details how oyster mushrooms use a particular poisonous substance to freeze and get rid of mushroom-eating roundworms called nematodes (线虫). The mushrooms, which grow on nutrient-poor dead wood, then 31 the worms for nutrition.
“Nematodes happen to be the most 32 animals these mushrooms encounter. So I think, 33 , this cross-kingdom interaction is very interesting,” says study senior author.
The study team of geneticists, biochemists and biologists had previously found that oyster mushrooms release an unidentified poisonous substance that will somehow 34 the worms within minutes and cause a chemical element to flow into their cells, killing them. This 35 differs from those used by other meat-eating mushrooms and could be unique to oyster mushrooms.
For their new work, the researchers grew and analyzed samples of the mushroom’s tissue, finding no noticeable poison even when they broke it up. They reasoned that whatever was killing the worms must be a kind of 36 compound that disappears into air when disturbed. When they damaged the oyster mushroom tissue again and 37 analyzed the nearby air, they finally found a nerve gas that turned out to be contained with tiny, special-shaped structures on the mushroom surface. When nematodes touch the mushrooms, these structures 38 their gas, disturbing the worms’ cell walls to cause immobility and death. The worm is then digested by the
mushrooms.
Before this study, “we underestimated the 39 to which wild mushrooms defend against or consume nematodes,” notes Nick Talbot, a geneticist at Sainsbury Laboratory in Norwich, England. The study demonstrates “a very 40 approach,” he adds. “These organisms are really difficult to work on, and Dr. Hsueh is showing that you can do some really amazing work with them.”
【2024·金山区·二模】
A. actually B. amazed C. breathtaking D. critics E. gradually F. prize
G. reflection H. release I. solid J. standardize K. switched
Will AI allow humans to play a part
Rebecca used to have a regular job, translating a fashion brand’s website into German. One day a big change happened. The company (31) ______ to using machine translation. She kept the job, and it still paid the bills; however, she was now there to check and (32) ______ whatever was produced by the computer. But there was a complaint.
“What it meant, (33) ______, was that we humans were training a machine,” she says. Each corrected caption for a mid-priced T-shirt, each pair of skinny jeans, was a data point for the robot that was going to replace her. With the (34) ______ of chat programs that can imitate humans, the world is now beginning to consider what the coming of artificial intelligence means. What will it do for our jobs if many once (35) ______ professions — law, accountancy, medicine — disappear What does it mean to be a human when the thing that humans most (36) ______— intelligence — has become the cheapest product on the planet Translators, for good and ill, don’t have to wonder. “You can take the world of translators and interpreters as a (37) ______ of the world,” says Nicki Bone, chairwoman of the board of the Institute of Translating and Interpreting. Not all of them are adjusting. “Of course, we have our (38) ______,” but she adds, “There are also opportunities, and optimists.”
The speed of change, though, has been (39) ______. Increasingly, says Bone, she and her colleagues are acting as editors of a machine’s first pass, rather than translators of the raw material.
For some, that’s fine. “People will say, ‘OK, instead of working at one rate for this number of words per hour, I’m working at many more words per hour, but for a much lower rate.’ Some are happy to take on. Some won’t, as a matter of principle.”
As we are (40) ______ at ChatGPT and its great ability to imitate human writing, translators are, compared
with the rest of the professions, sensitive. Anyway, this technology is here to stay.
【2024·闵行区·二模】
contrast instructed concentrating potential E. touching played
better specialized spot follow tracing
Unfamiliar Music May Help People Chat at Parties
If you want your guests to be particularly sociable at an upcoming party, make sure you play music they probably haven’t heard before.
To explore how background music affects the way we 31 conversations, researchers Jane Brown and Gavin Bidelman conducted a study analyzing the brain activity of 31 individuals aged 21 and 33. During the experiment, participants listened to 72 minutes of an audiobook (有声读物), which the pair used as a replacement for 32 on someone talking, while background music was accompanied by the audiobook for most of the time.
For half of the experiment, the participants were asked to focus on 2-minute parts of an unfamiliar audiobook read by a man. The rest of the time, they were told to focus on four background songs, which were similarly 33 for 2 minutes at a time. This 34 in voices aimed to assess participants’ ability to shift attention between two distinctly different voices.
During the experiment, all the participants wore 35 caps to monitor the electrical activity taking place in their brains. This 36 of electrical activity was the key. It allowed Brown and Bidelman to discover how efficiently these individuals could focus on either the audiobook or the music when 37 to do so. The finding revealed that the participants could 38 turn their attention to the audiobook if the background music was unfamiliar to them.
Following the task, the participants completed a music perception survey evaluating their musical skills, such as the capacity to 39 whether a pair of similar-sounding tunes are the same. Notably, those with lower musical scores demonstrated slower attentional shifts between songs and audiobooks, suggesting a(n) 40 link between musical ability and attention management skills.
【2024·浦东新区·二模】
A. backfire B. compensate C. extend D. impressive E. meaningful F. measure G. needle H. overall I. perceive J. punishment K. typically
Why You Shouldn’t Exercise to Lose Weight
Many of us are lacing up our sneakers and starting (or restarting) exercise regimens(练身计划) in hopes of shedding unwanted pounds. Unquestionably, aiming to be more active is good. But if the main reason is to lose weight, your New Year’s resolution could very well __31__.
For starters, exercise — at least the kind most of us do — is __32__ ineffective for weight loss. Take walking, for example. A 150-pound person who walks briskly for 30 minutes will burn, on average, around 140 calories. That’s equal to one can of soda — not exactly a great return on your investment of time and effort. It’s much easier just to skip the soda.
Studies __33__ show that doing moderate-intensity aerobic exercise such as walking for 30 minutes a day, five days a week — the amount recommended for good health — typically produces little or no weight loss by itself.
When moderate exercise is added to diet, the results are equally not __34__. Pooling data from six trials, researchers found that a combination of diet and exercise generated no greater weight loss than diet alone after six months.
In studies where exercise has produced __35__ weight loss, participants burned at least 400 to 500 calories per session on five or more days a week. To achieve that, sessions need to go well beyond what most of us are willing or able to do. And even if we manage to exert that much effort, our bodies often __36__ by boosting appetite and dialing down metabolism, effects that over time limit how many pounds we shed.
Perhaps the biggest problem with exercising to drop pounds is that it turns physical activity into __37__. How many times have you heard someone say (or said yourself) “I’ll need to do extra exercise” after eating too much during the holidays or at a celebratory dinner
The point is that we’re more likely to __38__ exercise positively and actually do it when we focus on our well-being rather than our weight. The incentive may be an improved mood or less stress. Others may find that exercise makes them feel physically and mentally stronger.
Of course, the benefits of physical activity __39__ well beyond these. It’s been shown to reduce the risk of multiple diseases. It can also improve sleep and boost energy.
By all means, striving to exercise regularly in the new year is perhaps the most important thing you can do for your health. But to improve the odds of success, focus on how movement helps you feel better physically and emotionally — and forget about how it moves the __40__ on the scale.
【2024·普陀区·二模】
A. empowers B. termed C. interaction D. implications E. advances F. question G. obtained H. additionally I. pressure J. currently K. defining
A New Era of Creative Partnerships
In a new paper in a Nature Human Behavior special issue on AI, researcher Janet Rafner from Aarhus Institute of Advanced Studies and Center for Hybrid Intelligence at Aarhus University and Prof. Jacob Sherson, director of the Center for Hybrid Intelligence, together with international partners, discuss research and societal (31) ______ of creativity and AI.
The team of researchers argue that we should direct our attention to understanding and developing co-creativity, the interaction between humans and machines towards what is (32) ______ a human-centered AI and hybrid intelligence. In this way we will be able to develop interfaces(界面) that at the same time ensure both high degrees of automatization through AI and human control and hereby supporting a relationship that best (33) ______ each other.
Rafner comments: To date, most studies on human-AI co-creativity come from the field of human-computer (34) ______ and focus on the abilities of the AI, and the interaction design and dynamics.
While these (35) ______ are key for understanding the dynamics between humans and algorithms(算法) and human attitudes towards the co-creative process and product, there is an urgent need to enrich these applications with the insights about creativity (36) ______ over the past decades in the psychological sciences.
“Right now, we need to move the conversation away from questions like Can AI be creative One reason for this is that (37) ______ creativity is not set in stone. When investigating human only, machine only, and human-AI co-creativity, we need to consider the type and level of creativity under (38) ______, from everyday creative activities that are perhaps more suitable to machine automatization to contributions that may require higher-level human intervention; (39) ______, it is much more meaningful to consider some questions like, what are the similarities and differences in human cognition, behavior, motivation and self-efficacy(自我效能) between human-AI co-creativity and human creativity ”explains Rafner.
We, (40) ______, don’t know enough about co-creativity between humans and machines, because the line between humans and artificial intelligence isn’t always clear. Looking ahead, researchers should balance predictive accuracy with theoretical understanding, towards the goal of developing intelligent systems to both measure and enhance human creativity.
【2024·松江区·二模】
A．accompanied B．allowed C．feasibly D．fueled E．intensity F．option G．prompting H．routine I．surgically J．underlying K．varied
Brain Signals for Lasting Pain
Brain signals that reveal how much pain a person is in have been discovered by scientists who say the work is a step towards new treatments for people living with lasting pain.
It is the first time researchers have decoded the brain activity 31 patients’ lasting pain. That has raised the hope that brain stimulation treatment already used for Parkinson’s and major depression can help those running out of any other 32 . “We’ve learned that lasting pain can be tracked and predicted in the real world,” said Prasad Shirvalkar, lead researcher on the project at the University of California.
Lasting pain affects nearly 28 million adults in the UK alone, and the causes are 33 . ranging from cancer to back problems. That being the case, lasting pain has 34 a rise in taking powerful painkillers. But no medical treatments work well for the condition, 35 experts to call for a complete rethink in how health services handle patients with lasting pain.
For the latest study, Shirvalkar and his colleagues 36 implanted electrodes（电极） into four patients with lasting pain hard to deal with after the loss of legs. The devices 37 the patients to record activity and collect data in two brain regions— the ACC and the OFC—at the press of one button on a remote handset. Several times a day, the volunteers were asked to complete short surveys on the 38 of pain, meaning how strong the pain was, and then record their brain activity. These scientists, armed with the survey responses and brain recordings, found they could use computers to predict a person’s pain based on the electrical signals in their OFC. “We found very different brain activity 39 severe pain and have developed an objective biomarker for that kind of pain,” said Shirvalkar. The finding may explain, at least in part, why 40 painkillers are less effective for lasting pain. “The hope is that we can use the information to develop personalized brain stimulation treatment for the most severe forms of pain.”
