押新高考卷第28-31题
阅读理解C篇 说明文
【三年考情回顾】
C篇
语篇 卷别 体裁 主题内容
2023年新高考卷 C篇 I卷 说明文 数字极简主义生活方式的优点，倡导简单的数字生活方式
II卷 说明文 印刷书籍和阅读对人类的重要意义
2022年新高考卷 C篇 I卷 新闻报道 养鸡提升老年人幸福感
II卷 说明文 使用Textalyzer（短信监控器）的技术来监控司机在开车
2021年新高考卷 C篇 I卷 说明文 人与自然：湿地破坏，保护环境
II卷 记叙文 捐资助学
说明文文章特点
问题解决型 提出问题
分析问题
解决问题
一般具体型 概括文章的主旨大意
按照时间、空间等顺序来阐述主题
得出结论
介绍说明型 介绍一种新技术或新产品。涉及其功能、材料、工作原理、市场前景等方面。
按照事物之间的内在联系进行介绍。如：现象--本质；主要--次要；原因--结果等。
（2023年新高考卷I卷）On March 7, 1907, the English statistician Francis Galton published a paper which illustrated what has come to be known as the “wisdom of crowds” effect. The experiment of estimation he conducted showed that in some cases, the average of a large number of independent estimates could be quite accurate.
This effect capitalizes on the fact that when people make errors, those errors aren’t always the same. Some people will tend to overestimate, and some to underestimate. When enough of these errors are averaged together, they cancel each other out, resulting in a more accurate estimate. If people are similar and tend to make the same errors, then their errors won’t cancel each other out. In more technical terms, the wisdom of crowds requires that people’s estimates be independent. If for whatever reasons, people’s errors become correlated or dependent, the accuracy of the estimate will go down.
But a new study led by Joaquin Navajas offered an interesting twist (转折) on this classic phenomenon. The key finding of the study was that when crowds were further divided into smaller groups that were allowed to have a discussion, the averages from these groups were more accurate than those from an equal number of independent individuals. For instance, the average obtained from the estimates of four discussion groups of five was significantly more accurate than the average obtained from 20 independent individuals.
In a follow-up study with 100 university students, the researchers tried to get a better sense of what the group members actually did in their discussion. Did they tend to go with those most confident about their estimates Did they follow those least willing to change their minds This happened some of the time, but it wasn’t the dominant response. Most frequently, the groups reported that they “shared arguments and reasoned together”. Somehow, these arguments and reasoning resulted in a global reduction in error. Although the studies led by Navajas have limitations and many questions remain, the potential implications for group discussion and decision-making are enormous.
1．What is paragraph 2 of the text mainly about
A．The methods of estimation. B．The underlying logic of the effect.
C．The causes of people’s errors. D．The design of Galton’s experiment.
2．Navajas’ study found that the average accuracy could increase even if ________.
A．the crowds were relatively small B．there were occasional underestimates
C．individuals did not communicate D．estimates were not fully independent
3．What did the follow-up study focus on
A．The size of the groups. B．The dominant members.
C．The discussion process. D．The individual estimates.
4．What is the author’s attitude toward Navajas’ studies
A．Unclear. B．Dismissive. C．Doubtful. D．Approving.
【答案】1．B 2．D 3．C 4．D
【导语】本文是说明文。没有人是一座孤岛，文章陈述了“群体智慧”效应。实验表明，在某些情况下大量独立估计的平均值可能是相当准确的。
1．主旨大意题。根据第二段内容“This effect capitalizes on the fact that when people make errors, those errors aren’t always the same. Some people will tend to overestimate, and come to underestimate. When enough of these errors are averaged together, they cancel each other out, resulting in a more accurate estimate. If people are similar and tend to make the same errors, then their errors won’t cancel each other out. In more technical terms, the wisdom of crowds requires that people’s estimates be independent. If for whatever reasons, people s errors become correlated or dependent, the accuracy of the estimate will go down. (这种效应利用了这样一个事实，即当人们犯错误时，这些错误并不总是相同的。有些人常常会高估，或者低估。当这些误差中有足够多的误差被平均在一起时，它们会相互抵消，从而产生更准确的估计。如果相似的人倾向于犯同样的错误，那么他们的错误不会相互抵消。从更专业的角度来说，群众的智慧要求人们的估计是独立的。如果由于任何原因，人们的错误变得相关或依赖，估计的准确性就会下降)”可知，本段阐述了人们所犯的错误不总是相同的，各不相同的误差平均在一起，相互抵消就会产生更准确的估计，讨论了独立估计的平均如何由于误差的消除而产生更准确的预测。因此本段主要解释了“群体智慧”效应这一现象的基本逻辑。故选B。
2．细节理解题。根据第二段的“In more technical terms, the wisdom of crowds requires that people’s estimates be independent. (从更专业的角度来说，群众的智慧要求人们的估计是独立的)”和第三段的“The key finding of the study was that when crowds were further divided into smaller groups that were allowed to have a discussion, the averages from these groups were more accurate than those from an equal number of independent individuals. For instance, the average obtained from the estimates of four discussion groups of five was significantly more accurate than the average obtained from 20 independent individuals. (这项研究的关键发现是，当人群被进一步划分为允
许进行讨论的小组时，这些小组的平均值比同等数量的独立个体的平均值更准确。例如，从四个五人讨论组的估计中获得的平均值明显比从20个独立个体获得的平均值更准确)”可知，人们在没有独立的情况下，分成更小群体，平均值是更准确的，说明即使在估计数字并非完全独立的情况下，准确率提高也是可以做到的。故选D。
3．推理判断题。根据第四段的“In a follow-up study with 100 university students, the researchers tried to get a better sense of what the group members actually did in their discussion. Did they tend to go with those most confident about their estimates Did they follow those least willing to change their minds (在一项针对100名大学生的后续研究中，研究人员试图更好地了解小组成员在讨论中的实际行为。他们是否倾向于选择那些对自己的估计最有信心的人？他们追随那些最不愿意改变主意的人吗)”可知，在后续研究中，研究人员试图更好地了解小组成员在讨论中实际做了什么。结合两个问题，因此可知后续研究的重点是小组内的讨论过程。故选C。
4．推理判断题。根据最后一段内容“Although the studies led by Navajas have limitations and many questions remain, the potential implications for group discussion and decision-making are enormous. (尽管Navajas领导的研究有局限性，仍存在许多问题，但对小组讨论和决策的潜在影响是巨大的)”可知，作者认为虽然Navajas领导的研究有局限性也存在许多问题，但对小组讨论和决策的潜在影响巨大。因此推断作者对于Navajas的研究表示一定的赞许和支持。故选D。
（2023年新高考卷I卷）The goal of this book is to make the case for digital minimalism, including a detailed exploration of what it asks and why it works, and then to teach you how to adopt this philosophy if you decide it’s right for you.
To do so, I divided the book into two parts. In part one, I describe the philosophical foundations of digital minimalism, starting with an examination of the forces that are making so many people’s digital lives increasingly intolerable, before moving on to a detailed discussion of the digital minimalism philosophy.
Part one concludes by introducing my suggested method for adopting this philosophy: the digital declutter. This process requires you to step away from optional online activities for thirty days. At the end of the thirty days, you will then add back a small number of carefully chosen online activities that you believe will provide massive benefits to the things you value.
In the final chapter of part one, I’ll guide you through carrying out your own digital declutter. In doing so, I’ll draw on an experiment I ran in 2018 in which over 1,600 people agreed to perform a digital declutter. You’ll hear these participants’ stories and learn what strategies worked well for them, and what traps they encountered that you should avoid.
The second part of this book takes a closer look at some ideas that will help you cultivate (培养) a sustainable digital minimalism lifestyle. In these chapters, I examine issues such as the importance of solitude (独处) and the necessity of cultivating high-quality leisure to replace the time most now spent on mindless device use. Each chapter concludes with a collection of practices, which are designed to help you act on the big ideas of the chapter. You can view these practices as a toolbox meant to aid your efforts to build a minimalist lifestyle that works for your particular circumstances.
5．What is the book aimed at
A．Teaching critical thinking skills. B．Advocating a simple digital lifestyle.
C．Solving philosophical problems. D．Promoting the use of a digital device.
6．What does the underlined word “declutter” in paragraph 3 mean
A．Clear-up. B．Add-on. C．Check-in. D．Take-over.
7．What is presented in the final chapter of part one
A．Theoretical models. B．Statistical methods.
C．Practical examples. D．Historical analyses.
8．What does the author suggest readers do with the practices offered in part two
A．Use them as needed. B．Recommend them to friends.
C．Evaluate their effects. D．Identify the ideas behind them.
【答案】5．B 6．A 7．C 8．A
【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了数字极简主义生活方式的优点，倡导简单的数字生活方式。
5．细节理解题。根据文章第一段“The goal of this book is to make the case for digital minimalism, including a detailed exploration of what it asks and why it works, and then to teach you how to adopt this philosophy if you decide it’s right for you. (这本书的目标是为数字极简主义辩护，包括详细探索它的要求和为什么有效，然后如果你认为它适合你，教你如何采用这种哲学)”可知，这本书的目的是倡导简单的数字生活方式。故选B。
6．词句猜测题。根据画线词下文“This process requires you to step away from optional online activities for thirty days. At the end of the thirty days, you will then add back a small number of carefully chosen online activities that you believe will provide massive benefits to the things you value. (这个过程要求你在30天内远离可选的在线活动。在30天结束的时候，你再加上一些你认为会给你所看重的东西带来巨大好处的精心挑选的在线活动)”可推知，画线词“declutter”的意思是“清理”，对在线活动进行清理和挑选。故选A。
7．推理判断题。通过文章第四段“In the final chapter of part one, I’ll guide you through carrying out your own
digital declutter. In doing so, I’ll draw on an experiment I ran in 2018 in which over 1,600 people agreed to perform a digital declutter. (在第一部分的最后一章中，我将指导您进行自己的数字清理。在这样做的过程中，我将借鉴我在2018年进行的一项实验，在该实验中，1600多人同意进行数字清理)”可推知，第一部分的最后一章介绍了实验与数字清理的实际例子。故选C。
8．推理判断题。通过文章最后一段“You can view these practices as a toolbox meant to aid your efforts to build a minimalist lifestyle that words for your particular circumstances. (你可以将这些实践视为一个工具箱，旨在帮助你建立一种适合自己特定情况的极简主义生活方式)”可推知，作者建议读者根据需要与实际情况使用第二部分中提及的实践。故选A。
说明文答题策略
通读全文，把握主题知大意
考生在有限的时间里，充分利用略读、扫读、跳读等技巧速读全文，抓住关键词、高频词、主题句、标题、副标题、插图、表格等关键信息，把握文章结构，快速确定文章主旨大意。
关注细节，理清思路与脉络
记叙文多以时间或空间为线索展开故事；议论文通常包含论点、论据和结论，通过解释、举例来阐述观点；说明文往往有明确的写作顺序。抓住这些特点并结合文章细节，可以在最短的时间内理清文章思路，把握主旨大意。
删繁就简，突破难句捕
遇到结构复杂的句子，要善于略去修饰成分，如定语（从句）、状语（从句）、同位语(从句）等，抓住句子的关键成分，即句子的主干成分，如主语、谓语和宾语，从而迅速锁定句子意思
技巧助力，轻松应考走捷径
在阅读理解的过程中，只要考生把握高考命题的规律，熟练运用略读、扫读、跳读等阅读技巧，就可以获得事半功倍的效果，提高正确率
（2024·辽宁·二模）German physicist Albert Einstein is one of the most famous scientists of all time, the
personification of genius and the subject of a whole industry of scholarship. In The Einsteinian Revolution, two experts on Einstein’s life and his theory of relativity— Israeli physicist Hanoch Gutfreund and German historian of science Jürgen Renn— offer an original and penetrating (犀利的) analysis of Einstein’s revolutionary contributions to physics and our view of the physical world.
For the first time ever, by setting Einstein’s work in the long course of the evolution of scientific knowledge, Gutfr eund and Renn discover the popular misconception of Einstein as an unconventional scientific genius who single-handedly created modern physics—and by pure thought alone.
As a large part of the book explains, Einstein typically argued that science progresses through steady evolution, not through revolutionary breaks with the past. He saw his theory of relativity not as something from scratch, but a natural extension of the classical physics developed by pioneers such as Italian astronomer Galileo Galilei and English physicist Isaac Newton in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries, as well as nineteenth-century physicists.
The authors highlight how classical physics cannot be separated cleanly from modern Einsteinian physics. The book also includes substantial sections on Polish astronomer Nicolaus Copernicus and Galileo whose methods inspired Einstein. When Einstein considered himself as standing on their shoulders, he meant that, without their contributions, he would not have formulated (阐述) the theory of relativity.
The Einsteinian Revolution is an important and thought-provoking contribution to the scholarly literature on Einstein and his surprising scientific creativity between 1905 and 1925. Gutfreund and Renn might not have given the final answer as to why Einstein, of all people, revolutionized physics in the way that he did. But they argue in fascinating detail that, to understand his genius, one must take into account not just the earlier history of physics but also the history of knowledge more broadly. Although not always an easy read, the book will interest physicists and historians alike.
9．What’s the attitude of Gutfreund and Renn to the popular viewpoint on Einstein
A．Opposing. B．Favorable. C．Ambiguous. D．Indifferent.
10．What does the underlined phrase “from scratch” probably mean
A．From nothing. B．Up to a certain standard.
C．By learning from others. D．With previous knowledge.
11．What does the author mean to say by mentioning the famous physicists
A．Their ideas were rejected by Einstein.
B．Their devotion to physics impressed Einstein.
C．Their research contributed to Einstein’s success.
D．Their hard work deserved the worldwide respect.
12．Where is the text most probably taken from
A．A guidebook to a course. B．An introduction to a book.
C．An essay on Albert Einstein. D．A review of physics development.
【答案】9．A 10．A 11．C 12．B
【导语】本文的体裁是一篇说明文。旨在介绍和评价一本关于爱因斯坦及其相对论的书《爱因斯坦革命》。
9．细节理解题。根据第二段“For the first time ever, by setting Einstein’s work in the long course of the evolution of scientific knowledge, Gutfr eund and Renn discover the popular misconception of Einstein as an unconventional scientific genius who single-handedly created modern physics—and by pure thought alone(有史以来第一次，通过将爱因斯坦的工作置于科学知识的漫长进化过程中，哈诺赫·古特弗伦德和于尔根·雷恩发现了一种普遍的误解，即爱因斯坦是一个非传统的科学天才，他独自创造了现代物理学，而且仅凭纯粹的想象)”可知，哈诺赫·古特弗伦德和于尔根·雷恩对流行的爱因斯坦观点持反对的态度，故选A项。
10．词句猜测题。根据第三段划线词上文“Einstein typically argued that science progresses through steady evolution, not through revolutionary breaks with the past.( 爱因斯坦通常认为科学是通过稳定的进化而进步的，而不是通过与过去的革命性突破)”以及下文“but a natural extension of the classical physics developed by pioneers such as Italian astronomer Galileo Galilei and English physicist Isaac Newton in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries, as well as nineteenth-century physicists(而是由意大利天文学家伽利略、英国物理学家艾萨克·牛顿等先驱在16世纪和17世纪以及19世纪物理学家发展起来的经典物理学的自然延伸)”可推理出划线词的含义为“从零开始”，故选A项。
11．推理判断题。根据第三段“but a natural extension of the classical physics developed by pioneers such as Italian astronomer Galileo Galilei and English physicist Isaac Newton in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries, as well as nineteenth-century physicists(而是由意大利天文学家伽利略、英国物理学家艾萨克·牛顿等先驱在16世纪和17世纪以及19世纪物理学家发展起来的经典物理学的自然延伸)”可推理作者提到著名物理学家是为了说明他们的研究为爱因斯坦的成功做出了贡献，故选C项。
12．推理判断题。根据第一段“In The Einsteinian Revolution, two experts on Einstein’s life and his theory of
relativity— Israeli physicist Hanoch Gutfreund and German historian of science Jürgen Renn— offer an original and penetrating (犀利的) analysis of Einstein’s revolutionary contributions to physics and our view of the physical world(在《爱因斯坦的革命》一书中，两位对爱因斯坦的生活及其相对论颇有研究的专家——以色列物理学家哈诺赫·古特弗伦德和德国科学史学家于尔根·雷恩，对爱因斯坦对物理学和我们看待物理世界的观点的革命性贡献进行了原创且犀利的分析。)”、第三段“As a large part of the book explains, Einstein typically argued that science progresses through steady evolution, not through revolutionary breaks with the past(正如该书中的大量内容所解释的那样，爱因斯坦通常认为，科学的进步是通过稳步发展而来的，而不是通过颠覆过去的革命性突破实现)”以及最后一段“Although not always an easy read, the book will interest physicists and historians alike(虽然这本书并不总是那么容易阅读，但物理学家和历史学家都会对它感兴趣)”可推理出，本文取自对一本书的介绍，故选B项。
（2024·江苏南京·二模）“Anxiety.” The very word invites discomfort. Its effects—shortness of breath, pounding heart, muscle tension—are outright upsetting. But, as a clinician, I find that we tend to miss out on many valuable opportunities presented by this human emotion. In and of itself, anxiety is not deadly, nor is it a disease. Quite the contrary: it is an indicator of brain and sensory health. Once we accept that it is a normal, though uncomfortable, part of life, we can use it to help us.
We all know working out at the gym is hard. By nature, a “good workout” is uncomfortable, since it involves pushing our physical strength past what we can easily do. The sweet spot of exercise is always a somewhat challenging experience. Similarly, if you want to be emotionally stronger, you need to face some tension. For example, one effective treatment for fear is exposure therapy (疗法), which involves gradually encountering things that make one anxious, reducing fear over time.
Humans are social creatures. When my patients learn to open up to their partners about their anxieties, they almost always report a greater sense of emotional closeness. Also, as international relationship expert Sue Johnson teaches, when we express our need for connection during challenging moments (e.g., “I’m having a hard time right now and could really use your support”), it creates greater connection and turns our anxiety into love.
From time to time, we find ourselves at the end of our rope. Our responsibilities pile up, our resources break down, and we feel uncomfortably anxious—what we’re experiencing is called stress. Simply put, the demands placed upon us outweigh our available resources, just like a set of scales (天平) going out of balance. Focusing on work and pretending everything is OK only leads to disastrous results. Medical treatment for stress may function for a while, but it tends to make things worse in the long run. The only solution to deal with stress is to do the
mathematics to balance the scales.
13．What does the author say about anxiety
A．It is an invitation to diseases.
B．It indicates stable mental health.
C．It costs us many valuable chances.
D．It is a natural emotional expression.
14．Why does the author mention “good workout” in paragraph 2
A．To prove how exercise influences emotions.
B．To suggest an effective way to challenge limits.
C．To explain how anxiety builds emotional strength.
D．To show a positive connection between mind and body.
15．What is paragraph 3 mainly about
A．The key to closeness is partners’ support.
B．Sharing anxieties improves relationships.
C．Humans are defined by their social nature.
D．Expressing feelings keeps us off anxieties.
16．According to the last paragraph, how can we deal with stress
A．Devote more energy to our work.
B．Increase resources available to us.
C．Seek professional medical treatment.
D．Master advanced mathematical skills.
【答案】13．D 14．C 15．B 16．B
【导语】本文是一篇说明文，主要讲述了焦虑虽然令人不舒服，但接受它对我们有帮助。
13．细节理解题。根据第一段中的“Quite the contrary: it is an indicator of brain and sensory health. Once we accept that it is a normal, though uncomfortable, part of life, we can use it to help us.(恰恰相反：它是大脑和感官健康的指标。一旦我们接受这是生活中正常的一部分，尽管不舒服，我们就可以用它来帮助我们。)”可知，焦虑是一种正常的情感表露。故选D。
14．推理判断题。根据第二段中的“By nature, a ‘good workout’ is uncomfortable, since it involves pushing our physical strength past what we can easily do.(从本质上讲，‘好的锻炼’是不舒服的，因为它涉及到将我们的体力推过我们可以轻松完成的事情。)”和“Similarly, if you want to be emotionally stronger, you need to face some tension.(同样，如果你想在情感上更坚强，你需要面对一些紧张。)”可知，好的锻炼需要挑战身体的舒适区，同样，要想在情感上更坚强，有必要面对一些紧张，由此可推测出，提到“好的锻炼”是为了说明焦虑是如何帮助增强情感力量的。故选C。
15．主旨大意题。根据第三段“Humans are social creatures. When my patients learn to open up to their partners about their anxieties, they almost always report a greater sense of emotional closeness. Also, as international relationship expert Sue Johnson teaches, when we express our need for connection during challenging moments (e.g., ‘I’m having a hard time right now and could really use your support’), it creates greater connection and turns our anxiety into love.(人类是社会生物。当我的病人学会向他们的伴侣敞开心扉表达他们的焦虑时，他们几乎总是报告说有更大的情感亲密感。此外，正如国际关系专家Sue Johnson所教导的那样，当我们在充满挑战的时刻表达我们对联系的需求时（例如，‘我现在很难过，真的需要你的支持’），这会产生更大的联系，并将我们的焦虑转化为爱。)”可推出，本段主要讲述了分享焦虑有助于改善人际关系。故选B。
16．推理判断题。根据最后一段中的“Simply put, the demands placed upon us outweigh our available resources, just like a set of scales (天平) going out of balance.(简单地说，对我们的要求超过了我们现有的资源，就像一组天平失去平衡一样。)”和“The only solution to deal with stress is to do the mathematics to balance the scales.(处理压力的唯一解决方案是通过数学来平衡天平。)”可知，对我们的要求超过了我们现有的资源，所以天平失去了平衡，而唯一的方法是通过数学来平衡天平，由此可推测出，要增加可用的资源，以便达到平衡。故选B。
（2024·黑龙江·一模）German physicist Albert Einstein is one of the most famous scientists of all time, the personification of genius and the subject of a whole industry of scholarship. In The Einsteinian Revolution, two experts on Einstein’s life and his theory of relativity, Israeli physicist Hanoch Gutfreund and German historian of science Jurgen Renn, offer an original and penetrating(犀利的)analysis of Einstein’s revolutionary contributions to physics and our view of the physical world.
By setting Einstein’s work in the long course of the evolution of scientific knowledge, Gutfreund and Renn discover the popular misconception of Einstein as an unconventional scientific genius who single-handedly created modern physics—and by pure thought alone.
As a large part of the book explains, Einstein typically argued that science progresses through steady
evolution, not through revolutionary breaks with the past. He saw his theory of relativity not as something from scratch, but a natural extension of the classical physics developed by pioneers such as Italian astronomer Galileo Galilei and English physicist Isaac Newton in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries, as well as nineteenth-century physicists.
The authors highlight how classical physics cannot be separated cleanly from modern Einsteinian physics. The book also includes substantial sections on Polish astronomer Nicolaus Copernicus and Galileo whose methods inspired Einstein. When Einstein considered himself as standing on their shoulders, he meant that, without their contributions, he would not have formulated(阐述)the theory of relativity.
The Einsteinian Revolution is an important and thought-provoking contribution to the scholarly literature on Einstein and his surprising scientific creativity between 1905and 1925.Gutfreund and Renn might not have given the final answer as to why Einstein, of all people, revolutionized physics in the way that he did. But they argue in fascinating detail that, to understand his genius, one must take into account not just the earlier history of physics but also the history of knowledge more broadly. Although not always an easy read, the book will interest physicists and historians alike.
17．Where is the text most probably taken from
A．An introduction to a book. B．An essay on Albert Einstein.
C．A guidebook to a course. D．A review of physics development.
18．What’s the attitude of Gutfreund and Renn to the popular viewpoint of Einstein
A．Opposing. B．Favorable. C．Ambiguous. D．Indifferent.
19．What does the underlined phrase “from scratch” in the third paragraph probably mean
A．With previous knowledge. B．Up to a certain standard.
C．From learning from others. D．From the very beginning.
20．What does the author mean to say by mentioning the famous physicists
A．Their ideas were rejected by Einstein.
B．Their devotion to physics impressed Einstein.
C．Their researches contribute to Einstein’s success.
D．Their hard work deserved the worldwide respect.
【答案】17．A 18．A 19．D 20．C
【导语】这是一篇说明文，文章主要介绍了The Einsteinian Revolution这本书，在书中两位研究爱因斯坦生活和相对论的专家，以色列物理学家Hanoch Gutfreund和德国科学历史学家Jurgen Renn，对爱因斯坦对物理学和我们对物理世界的看法的革命性贡献进行了独到而深刻的分析。
17．推理判断题，根据第一段就提到了The Einsteinian Revolution这本书，以及第三段开头“As a large part of the book explains (书中用了很大篇幅解释)”以及第四段第二行“The book also includes substantial sections on Polish astronomer Nicolaus Copernicus and Galileo whose methods inspired Einstein. (这本书还包括波兰天文学家尼古拉·哥白尼和伽利略的大量章节，他们的方法启发了爱因斯坦。)”以及最后一段最后一句“Although not always an easy read, the book will interest physicists and historians alike. (虽然读起来并不容易，但这本书会引起物理学家和历史学家的兴趣。)”可知全文都是围绕这本书来写的，所以文章最有可能是来自一本书的介绍。故选A项。
18．推理判断题，根据文章第二段“By setting Einstein’s work in the long course of the evolution of scientific knowledge, Gutfreund and Renn discover the popular misconception of Einstein as an unconventional scientific genius who single-handedly created modern physics—and by pure thought alone. (通过将爱因斯坦的工作置于科学知识发展的漫长过程中，Gutfreund和Renn发现了一个普遍的误解，即爱因斯坦是一个非传统的科学天才，仅凭思想就独力创造了现代物理学。)”可知他们俩对普遍的关于爱因斯坦的观点持反对态度，认为是普遍的误解。故选A 项。
19．词句猜测题。根据划线词之前“As a large part of the book explains, Einstein typically argued that science progresses through steady evolution, not through revolutionary breaks with the past. He saw his theory of relativity not as something(正如书中的大部分内容所解释的那样，爱因斯坦通常认为，科学的进步是通过稳定的进化，而不是通过与过去的革命性突破。他认为他的相对论不是什么东西)”以及划线词之后“but a natural extension of the classical physics developed by pioneers such as Italian astronomer Galileo Galilei and English physicist Isaac Newton in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries, as well as nineteenth-century physicists. (而是由16、17世纪意大利天文学家伽利略、英国物理学家艾萨克·牛顿以及19世纪物理学家等先驱者发展起来的经典物理学的自然延伸。)”可知爱因斯坦通常认为，科学的进步是通过稳定的进化，他的相对论是先驱们发展起来的经典物理学的自然延伸，即在他看来，他的相对论并不是从头开始的东西，由此可知此处的from scratch与D项From the very beginning.(从头开始、从零开始)意思相近。故选D项。
20．推理判断题。根据文章第四段“The book also includes substantial sections on Polish astronomer Nicolaus Copernicus and Galileo whose methods inspired Einstein. When Einstein considered himself as standing on their
shoulders, he meant that, without their contributions, he would not have formulated (阐述) the theory of relativity. (这本书还包括波兰天文学家尼古拉哥白尼和伽利略的大量章节，他们的方法启发了爱因斯坦。当爱因斯坦认为自己站在他们的肩膀上时，他的意思是，如果没有他们的贡献，他就不会阐述相对论。)”可知作者提到这位著名的物理学家是为了说明是这些物理学家的研究促成了爱因斯坦的成功。故选C项。
（2024·浙江·二模）Babies as young as 4 months old who are born into a bilingual (双语的) environment show distinct and potentially advantageous brain patterns for speech processing. Our early-life experiences can have lifelong effects on our behavior. The brain is most sensitive to its environment during the first year of life, which is thought to be a critical period for language development.
Previous studies have looked into the brain mechanisms that underlie (构成……的基础) speech processing in babies who hear just one language. To better understand this in bilingual-exposed infants, Borja Blanco at the University of Cambridge and his colleagues compared how 31 babies who only heard Spanish and 26 babies who heard Spanish and Basque, all aged 4 months, responded to Spanish recordings of The Little Prince by Antoine de Saint-Exupery.
The team used an imaging technique called functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) to measure changes in brain activities. In the Spanish-only babies, the recordings caused activation in areas which play a role in speech processing. In the bilingual-exposed babies, the recordings similarly evoked these responses, but they were larger and wider. These infants also had activation in equivalent areas of their brains’ right hemispheres ( 脑半球 ). When the recordings were then played backwards as a control arm of the experiment, the infants exposed to just Spanish had larger responses to the backwards speech, while those to Spanish and Basque had similar brain patterns as before. This may be because the bilingual infants take longer to register their primary language, in this case Spanish, as hearing both this and Basque reduces their overall exposure to either language.
If this is the case, it could help them be sensitive to linguistic differences and enable them to learn to distinguish between languages at a younger age. The researchers note that a bilingual environment stimulates changes in the brain mechanisms underlying speech processing in young infants, adding weight to the idea that the neural basis of learning two or more languages is established very early in life.
21．Why was the study conducted
A．To reveal the impact of bilingual exposure. B．To confirm the pattern of brain mechanism.
C．To conclude the factors for speech processing D．To explore the potentials for language development.
22．What is paragraph 3 mainly about
A．Theory basis. B．Study methods.
C．Research findings D．Technical assistance,
23．What can we learn from the research
A．Bilingual-exposed babies are more sensitive.
B．Bilingual-exposed babies are more linguistically critical.
C．Bilingual-exposure reduces babies’ linguistic competence.
D．Bilingual-exposure reduces babies’ overall language exposure.
24．Which of the following statements might the researchers agree with
A．Immigrants speak better languages.
B．Mixed race families own more linguistic potential.
C．Exchange students show greater learning capability.
D．Overseas workers have higher language proficiency.
【答案】21．A 22．C 23．B 24．B
【导语】这是一篇说明文。研究表明，双语环境会刺激婴儿大脑语言处理机制的变化，这进一步证实了学习两种或两种以上语言的神经基础在生命早期就已经建立起来的观点。文章对这项研究进行了介绍。
21．细节理解题。根据第二段“Previous studies have looked into the brain mechanisms that underlie (构成……的基础) speech processing in babies who hear just one language. To better understand this in bilingual-exposed infants, Borja Blanco at the University of Cambridge and his colleagues compared how 31 babies who only heard Spanish and 26 babies who heard Spanish and Basque, all aged 4 months, responded to Spanish recordings of The Little Prince by Antoine de Saint-Exupery. (之前的研究已经研究了只听一种语言的婴儿的语言处理背后的大脑机制。为了更好地了解双语环境下的婴儿的情况，剑桥大学的博尔哈·布兰科和他的同事们比较了31名只听西班牙语的婴儿和26名听西班牙语和巴斯克语的婴儿，他们都是4个月大，对安托万·德·圣埃克苏佩里的西班牙语版《小王子》的反应。)”可知，这项研究是为了揭示双语接触的影响。故选A。
22．主旨大意题。根据第三段第二句到最后一句“In the Spanish-only babies, the recordings caused activation in areas which play a role in speech processing. In the bilingual-exposed babies, the recordings similarly evoked these responses, but they were larger and wider. These infants also had activation in equivalent areas of their brains’ right
hemispheres (脑半球). When the recordings were then played backwards as a control arm of the experiment, the infants exposed to just Spanish had larger responses to the backwards speech, while those to Spanish and Basque had similar brain patterns as before. This may be because the bilingual infants take longer to register their primary language, in this case Spanish, as hearing both this and Basque reduces their overall exposure to either language. (在只会说西班牙语的婴儿中，这些录音激活了在语言处理中起作用的区域。在接触双语的婴儿中，录音同样引起了这些反应，但它们更大更宽。这些婴儿大脑右半球的相应区域也被激活。当把录音倒放作为实验的对照组时，只听西班牙语的婴儿对倒放的语言有更大的反应，而那些听西班牙语和巴斯克语的婴儿的大脑模式与之前相似。这可能是因为双语婴儿需要更长的时间来注册他们的主要语言，在这个例子中是西班牙语，因为同时听到西班牙语和巴斯克语会减少他们对这两种语言的总体接触。)”可知，第三段主要是介绍这项研究的发现。故选C。
23．细节理解题。根据最后一段第一句“If this is the case, it could help them be sensitive to linguistic differences and enable them to learn to distinguish between languages at a younger age. (如果是这样的话，它可以帮助他们对语言差异敏感，使他们能够在更年轻的时候学会区分语言。)”可知，双语环境下的婴儿对语言差异更敏感。故选B。
24．推理判断题。根据最后一段第二句“The researchers note that a bilingual environment stimulates changes in the brain mechanisms underlying speech processing in young infants, adding weight to the idea that the neural basis of learning two or more languages is established very early in life. (研究人员指出，双语环境会刺激婴儿大脑语言处理机制的变化，这进一步证实了学习两种或两种以上语言的神经基础在生命早期就已经建立起来的观点。)”可知，研究人员可能会认同混血家庭拥有更多的语言潜力的观点。故选B。
（2024·云南昆明·一模）Rushing down the path, the traceur (跑酷者) is on the lookout for his next obstacles such as fire escapes, walls, or fences. As soon as he realizes a massive brick wall stands between him and where he wants to be, he unintentionally grabs on the wall with his hands and lifts himself to stand on top of it. His next move is a jump that lands him back on solid ground; however, noticing that he is unstable, he rolls to avoid injury.
Traceurs are athletes who perform remarkable gymnastics actions in urban environments. Serious traceurs are fascinated not just by the physical challenges of Parkour, but by its philosophy. Those who learn to excel at Parkour claim to develop not just physical fitness, but increased self-confidence and critical thinking skills, as they train themselves to find ways around every obstacle in their paths.
Because of these philosophical foundations, Parkour is often described by traceurs as more of a lifestyle or an art form than a sport. Passionate traceurs are determined to keep Parkour from becoming a competitive attempt.
Competition, they argue, devalues the philosophical theory behind Parkour. People who practice Parkour should be more concerned with their relationship to the environment than with a ticking clock, a score, or a cheering crowd. Furthermore, traceurs should work with each other to improve confidence, awareness, and unity. Competition, they argue, only brings about feelings of conflict and disharmony.
While Parkour purists suggest that the philosophy behind Parkour helps to limit injuries, they must remember that not everyone who tries to leap over a mailbox is an experienced traceur trying to get in touch with his or her environment. Adolescents attempting to carry out these acrobatic (杂技的) skills could severely injure themselves. So while newcomers to Parkour might be eager to investigate this art of movement, it would be wise for them to remember the physicality behind the philosophy. After all, philosophy is not much good to a broken leg.
25．Why does the author describe a traceur at the beginning
A．To illustrate what Parkour is like. B．To teach ways of avoiding injuries.
C．To explain different Parkour moves. D．To highlight the popularity of sports.
26．How can Parkour enhance a traceur’s self-confidence
A．By strengthening physical fitness. B．By winning Parkour competitions.
C．By building faith in conquering barriers. D．By grasping some philosophical theories.
27．What do we know about serious and pure traceurs
A．They are aware of how to treat injuries.
B．They suggest individual efforts in the sport.
C．They stress the relationship to the environment.
D．They are more concerned with remarkable actions.
28．What does the author advise newcomers to do
A．Face physical challenges boldly. B．Learn from experienced traceurs.
C．Start from leaping over a mailbox. D．Consider the risk of severe harm.
【答案】25．A 26．C 27．C 28．D
【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍跑酷不仅锻炼身体，还培养自信和批判性思维。文章强调，跑酷是一种生活方式和艺术形式，而非竞技运动。跑酷者主张，关注环境关系胜过竞争。然而，新手在尝试跑酷时应注意锻炼身体，避免受伤。
25．推理判断题。在第一段“Rushing down the path, the traceur (跑酷者) is on the lookout for his next obstacles such as fire escapes, walls, or fences. As soon as he realizes a massive brick wall stands between him and where he wants to be, he unintentionally grabs on the wall with his hands and lifts himself to stand on top of it. His next move is a jump that lands him back on solid ground; however, noticing that he is unstable, he rolls to avoid injury.(跑在小路上时，跑酷者要注意下一个障碍物，如防火梯、墙壁或栅栏。当他意识到一堵巨大的砖墙挡在他和他想去的地方之间时，他无意中用手抓住墙，把自己抬起来站在上面。他的下一个动作是跳跃，使他回到坚实的地面上；然而，他注意到自己身体不稳定，为了避免受伤，他打了个滚)”中，作者详细描述了一个跑酷者的跑酷过程，是为了说明了跑酷是什么样子的。故选A项。
26．细节理解题。根据第二段中“Those who learn to excel at Parkour claim to develop not just physical fitness, but increased self-confidence and critical thinking skills, as they train themselves to find ways around every obstacle in their paths.(那些学习跑酷的人声称，他们不仅锻炼了身体健康，还增强了自信和批判性思维能力，因为他们训练自己找到克服道路上每一个障碍的方法)”可知，在跑酷过程中不断克服障碍帮助跑酷者建立了自信。故选C项。
27．细节理解题。根据第二段中“Serious traceurs are fascinated not just by the physical challenges of Parkour, but by its philosophy. Those who learn to excel at Parkour claim to develop not just physical fitness, but increased self-confidence and critical thinking skills, as they train themselves to find ways around every obstacle in their paths.(严肃的跑酷爱好者不仅对跑酷的体能挑战着迷，而且对其理念着迷。那些学习跑酷的人声称，他们不仅锻炼了身体健康，还增强了自信和批判性思维能力，因为他们训练自己找到克服道路上每一个障碍的方法)”和第三段中“Because of these philosophical foundations, Parkour is often described by traceurs as more of a lifestyle or an art form than a sport. Passionate traceurs are determined to keep Parkour from becoming a competitive petition, they argue, devalues the philosophical theory behind Parkour. People who practice Parkour should be more concerned with their relationship to the environment than with a ticking clock, a score, or a cheering crowd.(由于这些哲学基础，跑酷经常被跑酷者描述为一种生活方式或一种艺术形式，而不是一项运动。充满激情的跑酷爱好者决心不让跑酷成为一种竞争性的尝试。他们认为，竞争贬低了跑酷背后的哲学理论。练习跑酷的人应该更关注他们与环境的关系，而不是滴答作响的时钟、分数或欢呼的人群)”可知，严肃的跑酷爱好者和纯粹的跑酷爱好者认为跑酷是一种生活方式或一种艺术形式，而不是一项运动。他们更关注自己与环境的关系。故选C项。
28．细节理解题。根据最后一段中“Adolescents attempting to carry out these acrobatic (杂技的) skills could severely injure themselves. So while newcomers to Parkour might be eager to investigate this art of movement, it
would be wise for them to remember the physicality behind the philosophy. After all, philosophy is not much good to a broken leg.(青少年在练习这些杂技技巧时可能会严重伤害自己。因此，虽然跑酷新手可能渴望研究这种运动艺术，但他们最好记住这种哲学背后的物理原理。毕竟，哲学对断了腿的人没什么好处)”可知，作者建议跑酷新手要考虑严重伤害的风险。故选D项。
（2024·湖北武汉·一模）Many think 2024 could be the year more people have the tools to follow through on New Year’s resolutions about weight loss. If they can afford them and manage to stick with them, people can turn to a new generation of remarkably effective weight-loss drugs, also called GLP-1s, which offer the potential for substantial weight loss.
Wegovy, which was approved in 2021, and Zepbound, which got the nod from the U.S. Food and Drug Administration in 2023, are the most effective publicly available weight-loss drugs ever made. Wegovy has been shown to help people shed as much as 16% of their body weight, in combination with exercise and diet. Zepbound’s highest dose, along with lifestyle changes, has helped people lose as much as 27% of their body weight over 18 months.
Although long-term data isn’t available, these drugs appear to be the safest to date. A large number of people suffer from gastrointestinal distress (肠胃不适) on the medications, including vomiting, nausea and diarrhea; but more serious side effects, like those previous weight-loss drugs, have been rare. Wegovy also appears to reduce the risk of a repeating heart attack or stroke for people with pre-existing disease.
So far, both drugs have been hard for patients to access. Suppliers have had trouble making enough of the medicines to meet the skyrocketing demand. And insurance companies haven’t covered the cost of the drugs, which can run from about $1,000 to over $1,300 a month.
Paying for them should become easier in 2024, as supplies rise up and insurance companies could bow to market pressure and cover more of the cost.
Also in the new year, there are more GLP-1 drugs on the way and in more forms. Both Wegovy and Zepbound are delivered as weekly shots. Pill versions are under development as are other medications, some of which could help people lose even more weight.
There’s a major unknown factor with these drugs, which could become better understood in the coming years. Experts can’t say if people will be able to keep the weight off if they don’t make lifestyle changes and stop taking the drugs.
29．What is Paragraph 3 mainly about
A．The side effects of the two drugs. B．The safety of the two drugs.
C．The advantages of the two drugs. D．The doubt about the two drugs.
30．Which is the reason for the shortage of the two drugs
A．The technology to make the medicines is not mature.
B．They are expensive, sold at around $1,000 for each shot.
C．They are not currently included in the medical insurance.
D．There are no pill versions of the two drugs on the market.
31．Which statement about GLP-1 drugs is correct
A．They are mainly injected into patients at present.
B．They can effectively reduce weight by 27% per year.
C．The doubt about the drugs will be cleared in the coming year.
D．The drugs will substantially solve the weight issue once and for all.
32．What is the author’s attitude towards the development of GLP-1 drugs
A．Doubtful. B．Critical. C．Objective. D．Hopeful.
【答案】29．B 30．A 31．A 32．D
【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍了GLP-1这种新一代非常有效的减肥药，主要包括其作用、安全性、当前面临的挑战，以及未来发展的趋势。
29．主旨大意题。根据第三段“Although long-term data isn’t available, these drugs appear to be the safest to date. A large number of people suffer from gastrointestinal distress (肠胃不适) on the medications, including vomiting, nausea and diarrhea; but more serious side effects, like those previous weight-loss drugs, have been rare. Wegovy also appears to reduce the risk of a repeating heart attack or stroke for people with pre-existing disease. (虽然没有长期数据，但这些药物似乎是迄今为止最安全的。许多人在服药后出现肠胃不适，包括呕吐、恶心和腹泻；但像之前的减肥药那样，更严重的副作用很少出现。Wegovy似乎还能降低已有疾病的人再次心脏病发作或中风的风险)”可知，本段主要从服药后的副作用减少以及药物疗效两个方面介绍了这两种药的安全性。故选B项。
30．细节理解题。根据第四段中“Suppliers have had trouble making enough of the medicines to meet the skyrocketing demand. (供应商在生产足够的药品以满足飙升的需求方面遇到了困难)”可知，这两种药物短缺
的原因是制造药物的技术不成熟，无法生产大量的药物。故选A项。
31．细节理解题。根据倒数第二段中“Both Wegovy and Zepbound are delivered as weekly shots. Pill versions are under development as are other medications (Wegovy和Zepbound都是每周注射一次。药丸版本正在开发中，其他药物也在开发中)”可知，这类药物目前主要是注射到病人体内。故选A项。
32．推理判断题。根据倒数第三段“Paying for them should become easier in 2024, as supplies rise up and insurance companies could bow to market pressure and cover more of the cost. (2024年，随着供应量的增加，保险公司可能会屈服于市场压力，承担更多的成本，支付这些费用应该会变得更容易)”、倒数第二段中“Also in the new year, there are more GLP-1 drugs on the way and in more forms. (同样在新的一年里，将会有更多的GLP-1药物以更多的形式出现)”和最后一段中“There’s a major unknown factor with these drugs, which could become better understood in the coming years. (这些药物有一个主要的未知因素，在未来几年可能会得到更好的理解)”可知，作者介绍了这类药物的支付将更容易，形式会更多样，其未知因素将会得到更明确的理解。由此推知，作者对其发展抱有希望。故选D项。
（2024·河北·二模）There’re plenty of fresh fruits and vegetables available in local markets. But while those red juicy strawberries look fresh, consumers have no way of knowing how long the fruit can be stored at home. The same goes for distribution centers and supermarkets.
Now, the food technology startup OneThird, located in the Netherlands, is looking to change that with an infrared (红外线) scanner that can accurately predict how long fresh fruits and vegetables will last. The startup is named OneThird because one-third of food is wasted due to spoilage (变质) every year.
The startup’s founders were inspired by a UK company that uses this type of technology in the medical field and decided to see if it was applicable for food. “I looked at the challenges in the food-supply chain and found out that 40 percent of food waste is fresh produce. One of the biggest causes of waste is that nobody knows shelf life.” founder and CEO of OneThird, Marco Snikkers said.
Quality inspections at farms and distribution centers are done manually (手动地). An inspector checks the fruits and vegetables and makes notes about the size and quality. Then the food is sent to consumers without considering travel time or how long the produce will remain usable.
Using the infrared scanner at the distribution center means that inspectors can use the information to approve shipments that will ensure the produce can be distributed on a timely basis. This means that a shipment of rip e tomatoes will not be sent long distances away.
OneThird’s scanner combines the technology of optical scanners, image modeling, and Artificial Intelligence
to provide accurate shelf-life predictions.
The startup found that the technology can reduce up to 25 percent produce waste that was caused by spoilage. “Global food waste has an enormous environmental impact; reducing global food waste cuts global greenhouse gas emissions and promotes global food security,” said Jacob Smith, a climate expert from the University of Maine.
33．What problem does OneThird aim to solve
A．The high cost of storing fresh fruits and vegetables.
B．Inefficient quality inspections at distribution centers.
C．Food waste caused by uncertainty about its shelf life.
D．Consumers’ difficulty judging the freshness of produce.
34．What inspired OneThird to come up with the idea of using infrared scanner
A．The use of the device in another field. B．Observation of the food-supply chain.
C．Consumer demands for fresher produce. D．Experts’advice on food waste reduction.
35．What can we learn about the manual quality inspections
A．They are time-consuming and costly. B．They are not performed at a regular time.
C．The inspectors tend to make wrong judgement. D．The shipping time is not taken into consideration.
36．What’s Jacob’s attitude to OneThird’s effort
A．Approving. B．Doubtful. C．Tolerant. D．Dismissive.
【答案】33．C 34．A 35．D 36．A
【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了食品科技初创公司OneThird通过红外扫描仪准确预测新鲜水果和蔬菜的保质期。
33．细节理解题。根据第二段“Now, the food technology startup OneThird, located in the Netherlands, is looking to change that with an infrared (红外线) scanner that can accurately predict how long fresh fruits and vegetables will last. The startup is named OneThird because one-third of food is wasted due to spoilage (变质) every year.(现在，位于荷兰的食品科技初创公司OneThird正试图改变这一现状，他们发明了一种红外扫描仪，可以准确预测新鲜水果和蔬菜的保质期。这家初创公司之所以被命名为OneThird，是因为每年有三分之一的食物因变质而被浪费)”可知，OneThird旨在解决由于不确定食物的保质期而造成的食物浪费。故选C。
34．细节理解题。根据第三段“The startup’s founders were inspired by a UK company that uses this type of technology in the medical field and decided to see if it was applicable for food.(这家初创公司的创始人受到一家英国公司的启发，该公司在医疗领域使用这种技术，并决定看看它是否适用于食品)”可知，设备在其他领域的使用激发了OneThird使用红外扫描仪的想法。故选A。
35．细节理解题。根据第四段“Then the food is sent to consumers without considering travel time or how long the produce will remain usable.(然后，食品被送到消费者手中，而不考虑运输时间或产品的可用性)”可知，人工质量检验中，运输时间没有考虑在内。故选D。
36．推理判断题。根据最后一段““Global food waste has an enormous environmental impact; reducing global food waste cuts global greenhouse gas emissions and promotes global food security,” said Jacob Smith, a climate expert from the University of Maine.(“全球食物浪费对环境有巨大影响;减少全球食物浪费可以减少全球温室气体排放，促进全球粮食安全，”缅因大学气候专家雅各布·史密斯说)”可知，雅各布对OneThird的努力持支持态度。故选A。
（2024·山东枣庄·二模）Even if you haven’t held a conversation with Siri or Alexa, you’ve likely encountered a chatbot online. They often appear in a chat window that pops up with a friendly greeting: Thank you for visiting our site.How can I help you today Depending on the site, the chatbot is programmed to respond accordingly and even ask follow-up questions.
Chatbots are a form of conversational AI designed to simplify human interaction with computers. They are programmed to simulate human conversation and exhibit intelligent behavior that is equivalent to that of a human.
Chatbots communicate through speech or text. Both rely on artificial intelligence technologies like machine learning and natural language processing (NLP), which is a branch of artificial intelligence that teaches machines to read, analyze and interpret human language. This technology gives chatbots a baseline for understanding language structure and meaning. NLP, in essence, allows the computer to understand what you are asking and how to appropriately respond.
With developments in deep learning and reinforcement learning, chatbots can interpret more complexities in language and improve the dynamic nature of conversation between human and machine. Essentially, a chatbot tries to match what you’ve asked to an intent that it understands. The more a chatbot communicates with you, the more it understands and the more it learns to communicate like you and others with similar questions. Your positive responses reinforce its answers, and then it uses those answers again.
From customer service chatbots online to personal assistants in our homes,chatbots have started to enter our
lives. In almost every industry, companies are using chatbots to help customers easily navigate their websites, answer simple questions and direct people to the relevant points of contact. Personal assistants like Siri and Alexa are designed to respond to a wide range of scenarios and queries, from current weather and news updates to personal calendars, music selections and random questions.
37．Why does the author mention Siri and Alexa in Paragraph 1
A．To explain how a chatbot works. B．To show where to find a chatbot.
C．To give examples of chatbots. D．To compare different chatbots.
38．What is the basis of chatbots
A．Language study. B．Data transmission.
C．Social interaction. D．Natural language processing.
39．What does the underlined word “reinforce” in paragraph 4 mean
A．Inspire. B．Strengthen. C．Organize. D．Match.
40．What is the last paragraph mainly about
A．The future trend of chatbots. B．The author’s predictions.
C．The effects of chatbots. D．The applications of chatbots.
【答案】37．C 38．D 39．B 40．D
【导语】这是一篇说明文。短文介绍了聊天机器人的工作原理和应用。
37．推理判断题。根据第一段“Even if you haven’t held a conversation with Siri or Alexa, you’ve likely encountered a chatbot online. They often appear in a chat window that pops up with a friendly greeting: Thank you for visiting our site.”（即使你没有和Siri或Alexa进行过对话，你也可能在网上遇到过聊天机器人。它们经常出现在聊天窗口中，并弹出友好的问候：感谢您访问我们的网站）可知，为什么作者在第一段提到了Siri和Alexa是给出聊天机器人的例子。故选C项。
38．细节理解题。根据第三段“Both rely on artificial intelligence technologies like machine learning and natural language processing (NLP)”（两者都依赖于机器学习和自然语言处理(NLP)等人工智能技术。）可知，聊天机器人的基础是是自然语言处理。故选D项。
39．词句猜测题。根据上文“The more a chatbot communicates with you, the more it understands and the more it learns to communicate like you and others with similar questions.”（聊天机器人和你交流得越多，它就越能理解
你，也就越能学会像你和其他有类似问题的人一样交流）以及下文“then it uses those answers again.”（然后它会再次使用这些答案。）可知，“Your positive responses reinforce its answers”表达的意思是“你的积极回应强化了它的答案”，划线词reinforce与Strengthen“巩固，强化”意思一致。故选B项。
40．主旨大意题。根据最后一段“From customer service chatbots online to personal assistants in our homes,chatbots have started to enter our lives.In almost every industry, companies are using chatbots to help customers easily navigate their websites,answer simple questions and direct people to the relevant points of contact. Personal assistants like Siri and Alexa are designed to respond to a wide range of scenarios and queries,from current weather and news updates to personal calendars, music selections and random questions.”（从在线客服聊天机器人到家庭私人助理，聊天机器人已经开始进入我们的生活。几乎在每个行业，公司都在使用聊天机器人来帮助客户轻松浏览网站，回答简单的问题，并将人们引导到相关的联络点。Siri和Alexa等个人助理的设计目的是响应各种场景和查询，从当前天气和新闻更新到个人日历、音乐选择和随机问题）可知，最后一段主要是关于聊天机器人的应用。故选D项。押新高考卷第28-31题
阅读理解C篇 说明文
【三年考情回顾】
C篇
语篇 卷别 体裁 主题内容
2023年新高考卷 C篇 I卷 说明文 数字极简主义生活方式的优点，倡导简单的数字生活方式
II卷 说明文 印刷书籍和阅读对人类的重要意义
2022年新高考卷 C篇 I卷 新闻报道 养鸡提升老年人幸福感
II卷 说明文 使用Textalyzer（短信监控器）的技术来监控司机在开车
2021年新高考卷 C篇 I卷 说明文 人与自然：湿地破坏，保护环境
II卷 记叙文 捐资助学
说明文文章特点
问题解决型 提出问题
分析问题
解决问题
一般具体型 概括文章的主旨大意
按照时间、空间等顺序来阐述主题
得出结论
介绍说明型 介绍一种新技术或新产品。涉及其功能、材料、工作原理、市场前景等方面。
按照事物之间的内在联系进行介绍。如：现象--本质；主要--次要；原因--结果等。
（2023年新高考卷I卷）On March 7, 1907, the English statistician Francis Galton published a paper which illustrated what has come to be known as the “wisdom of crowds” effect. The experiment of estimation he conducted showed that in some cases, the average of a large number of independent estimates could be quite accurate.
This effect capitalizes on the fact that when people make errors, those errors aren’t always the same. Some people will tend to overestimate, and some to underestimate. When enough of these errors are averaged together, they cancel each other out, resulting in a more accurate estimate. If people are similar and tend to make the same errors, then their errors won’t cancel each other out. In more technical terms, the wisdom of crowds requires that people’s estimates be independent. If for whatever reasons, people’s errors become correlated or dependent, the accuracy of the estimate will go down.
But a new study led by Joaquin Navajas offered an interesting twist (转折) on this classic phenomenon. The key finding of the study was that when crowds were further divided into smaller groups that were allowed to have a discussion, the averages from these groups were more accurate than those from an equal number of independent individuals. For instance, the average obtained from the estimates of four discussion groups of five was significantly more accurate than the average obtained from 20 independent individuals.
In a follow-up study with 100 university students, the researchers tried to get a better sense of what the group members actually did in their discussion. Did they tend to go with those most confident about their estimates Did they follow those least willing to change their minds This happened some of the time, but it wasn’t the dominant response. Most frequently, the groups reported that they “shared arguments and reasoned together”. Somehow, these arguments and reasoning resulted in a global reduction in error. Although the studies led by Navajas have limitations and many questions remain, the potential implications for group discussion and decision-making are enormous.
1．What is paragraph 2 of the text mainly about
A．The methods of estimation. B．The underlying logic of the effect.
C．The causes of people’s errors. D．The design of Galton’s experiment.
2．Navajas’ study found that the average accuracy could increase even if ________.
A．the crowds were relatively small B．there were occasional underestimates
C．individuals did not communicate D．estimates were not fully independent
3．What did the follow-up study focus on
A．The size of the groups. B．The dominant members.
C．The discussion process. D．The individual estimates.
4．What is the author’s attitude toward Navajas’ studies
A．Unclear. B．Dismissive. C．Doubtful. D．Approving.
（2023年新高考卷I卷）The goal of this book is to make the case for digital minimalism, including a detailed exploration of what it asks and why it works, and then to teach you how to adopt this philosophy if you decide it’s right for you.
To do so, I divided the book into two parts. In part one, I describe the philosophical foundations of digital minimalism, starting with an examination of the forces that are making so many people’s digital lives increasingly intolerable, before moving on to a detailed discussion of the digital minimalism philosophy.
Part one concludes by introducing my suggested method for adopting this philosophy: the digital declutter. This process requires you to step away from optional online activities for thirty days. At the end of the thirty days, you will then add back a small number of carefully chosen online activities that you believe will provide massive benefits to the things you value.
In the final chapter of part one, I’ll guide you through carrying out your own digital declutter. In doing so, I’ll draw on an experiment I ran in 2018 in which over 1,600 people agreed to perform a digital declutter. You’ll hear these participants’ stories and learn what strategies worked well for them, and what traps they encountered that you should avoid.
The second part of this book takes a closer look at some ideas that will help you cultivate (培养) a sustainable digital minimalism lifestyle. In these chapters, I examine issues such as the importance of solitude (独处) and the necessity of cultivating high-quality leisure to replace the time most now spent on mindless device use. Each chapter concludes with a collection of practices, which are designed to help you act on the big ideas of the chapter. You can view these practices as a toolbox meant to aid your efforts to build a minimalist lifestyle that works for your particular circumstances.
5．What is the book aimed at
A．Teaching critical thinking skills. B．Advocating a simple digital lifestyle.
C．Solving philosophical problems. D．Promoting the use of a digital device.
6．What does the underlined word “declutter” in paragraph 3 mean
A．Clear-up. B．Add-on. C．Check-in. D．Take-over.
7．What is presented in the final chapter of part one
A．Theoretical models. B．Statistical methods.
C．Practical examples. D．Historical analyses.
8．What does the author suggest readers do with the practices offered in part two
A．Use them as needed. B．Recommend them to friends.
C．Evaluate their effects. D．Identify the ideas behind them.
说明文答题策略
通读全文，把握主题知大意
考生在有限的时间里，充分利用略读、扫读、跳读等技巧速读全文，抓住关键词、高频词、主题句、标题、副标题、插图、表格等关键信息，把握文章结构，快速确定文章主旨大意。
关注细节，理清思路与脉络
记叙文多以时间或空间为线索展开故事；议论文通常包含论点、论据和结论，通过解释、举例来阐述观点；说明文往往有明确的写作顺序。抓住这些特点并结合文章细节，可以在最短的时间内理清文章思路，把握主旨大意。
删繁就简，突破难句捕
遇到结构复杂的句子，要善于略去修饰成分，如定语（从句）、状语（从句）、同位语(从句）等，抓住句子的关键成分，即句子的主干成分，如主语、谓语和宾语，从而迅速锁定句子意思
技巧助力，轻松应考走捷径
在阅读理解的过程中，只要考生把握高考命题的规律，熟练运用略读、扫读、跳读等阅读技巧，就可以获得事半功倍的效果，提高正确率
（2024·辽宁·二模）German physicist Albert Einstein is one of the most famous scientists of all time, the personification of genius and the subject of a whole industry of scholarship. In The Einsteinian Revolution, two experts on Einstein’s life and his theory of relativity— Israeli physicist Hanoch Gutfreund and German historian of science Jürgen Renn— offer an original and penetrating (犀利的) analysis of Einstein’s revolutionary contributions to physics and our view of the physical world.
For the first time ever, by setting Einstein’s work in the long course of the evolution of scientific knowledge, Gutfr eund and Renn discover the popular misconception of Einstein as an unconventional scientific genius who single-handedly created modern physics—and by pure thought alone.
As a large part of the book explains, Einstein typically argued that science progresses through steady evolution, not through revolutionary breaks with the past. He saw his theory of relativity not as something from scratch, but a natural extension of the classical physics developed by pioneers such as Italian astronomer Galileo Galilei and English physicist Isaac Newton in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries, as well as nineteenth-century physicists.
The authors highlight how classical physics cannot be separated cleanly from modern Einsteinian physics. The book also includes substantial sections on Polish astronomer Nicolaus Copernicus and Galileo whose methods inspired Einstein. When Einstein considered himself as standing on their shoulders, he meant that, without their contributions, he would not have formulated (阐述) the theory of relativity.
The Einsteinian Revolution is an important and thought-provoking contribution to the scholarly literature on Einstein and his surprising scientific creativity between 1905 and 1925. Gutfreund and Renn might not have given the final answer as to why Einstein, of all people, revolutionized physics in the way that he did. But they argue in fascinating detail that, to understand his genius, one must take into account not just the earlier history of physics but also the history of knowledge more broadly. Although not always an easy read, the book will interest physicists and historians alike.
9．What’s the attitude of Gutfreund and Renn to the popular viewpoint on Einstein
A．Opposing. B．Favorable. C．Ambiguous. D．Indifferent.
10．What does the underlined phrase “from scratch” probably mean
A．From nothing. B．Up to a certain standard.
C．By learning from others. D．With previous knowledge.
11．What does the author mean to say by mentioning the famous physicists
A．Their ideas were rejected by Einstein.
B．Their devotion to physics impressed Einstein.
C．Their research contributed to Einstein’s success.
D．Their hard work deserved the worldwide respect.
12．Where is the text most probably taken from
A．A guidebook to a course. B．An introduction to a book.
C．An essay on Albert Einstein. D．A review of physics development.
（2024·江苏南京·二模）“Anxiety.” The very word invites discomfort. Its effects—shortness of breath, pounding heart, muscle tension—are outright upsetting. But, as a clinician, I find that we tend to miss out on many valuable opportunities presented by this human emotion. In and of itself, anxiety is not deadly, nor is it a disease. Quite the contrary: it is an indicator of brain and sensory health. Once we accept that it is a normal, though uncomfortable, part of life, we can use it to help us.
We all know working out at the gym is hard. By nature, a “good workout” is uncomfortable, since it involves pushing our physical strength past what we can easily do. The sweet spot of exercise is always a somewhat challenging experience. Similarly, if you want to be emotionally stronger, you need to face some tension. For example, one effective treatment for fear is exposure therapy (疗法), which involves gradually encountering things that make one anxious, reducing fear over time.
Humans are social creatures. When my patients learn to open up to their partners about their anxieties, they almost always report a greater sense of emotional closeness. Also, as international relationship expert Sue Johnson teaches, when we express our need for connection during challenging moments (e.g., “I’m having a hard time right now and could really use your support”), it creates greater connection and turns our anxiety into love.
From time to time, we find ourselves at the end of our rope. Our responsibilities pile up, our resources break down, and we feel uncomfortably anxious—what we’re experiencing is called stress. Simply put, the demands placed upon us outweigh our available resources, just like a set of scales (天平) going out of balance. Focusing on work and pretending everything is OK only leads to disastrous results. Medical treatment for stress may function
for a while, but it tends to make things worse in the long run. The only solution to deal with stress is to do the mathematics to balance the scales.
13．What does the author say about anxiety
A．It is an invitation to diseases.
B．It indicates stable mental health.
C．It costs us many valuable chances.
D．It is a natural emotional expression.
14．Why does the author mention “good workout” in paragraph 2
A．To prove how exercise influences emotions.
B．To suggest an effective way to challenge limits.
C．To explain how anxiety builds emotional strength.
D．To show a positive connection between mind and body.
15．What is paragraph 3 mainly about
A．The key to closeness is partners’ support.
B．Sharing anxieties improves relationships.
C．Humans are defined by their social nature.
D．Expressing feelings keeps us off anxieties.
16．According to the last paragraph, how can we deal with stress
A．Devote more energy to our work.
B．Increase resources available to us.
C．Seek professional medical treatment.
D．Master advanced mathematical skills.
（2024·黑龙江·一模）German physicist Albert Einstein is one of the most famous scientists of all time, the personification of genius and the subject of a whole industry of scholarship. In The Einsteinian Revolution, two experts on Einstein’s life and his theory of relativity, Israeli physicist Hanoch Gutfreund and German historian of science Jurgen Renn, offer an original and penetrating(犀利的)analysis of Einstein’s revolutionary contributions to physics and our view of the physical world.
By setting Einstein’s work in the long course of the evolution of scientific knowledge, Gutfreund and Renn
discover the popular misconception of Einstein as an unconventional scientific genius who single-handedly created modern physics—and by pure thought alone.
As a large part of the book explains, Einstein typically argued that science progresses through steady evolution, not through revolutionary breaks with the past. He saw his theory of relativity not as something from scratch, but a natural extension of the classical physics developed by pioneers such as Italian astronomer Galileo Galilei and English physicist Isaac Newton in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries, as well as nineteenth-century physicists.
The authors highlight how classical physics cannot be separated cleanly from modern Einsteinian physics. The book also includes substantial sections on Polish astronomer Nicolaus Copernicus and Galileo whose methods inspired Einstein. When Einstein considered himself as standing on their shoulders, he meant that, without their contributions, he would not have formulated(阐述)the theory of relativity.
The Einsteinian Revolution is an important and thought-provoking contribution to the scholarly literature on Einstein and his surprising scientific creativity between 1905and 1925.Gutfreund and Renn might not have given the final answer as to why Einstein, of all people, revolutionized physics in the way that he did. But they argue in fascinating detail that, to understand his genius, one must take into account not just the earlier history of physics but also the history of knowledge more broadly. Although not always an easy read, the book will interest physicists and historians alike.
17．Where is the text most probably taken from
A．An introduction to a book. B．An essay on Albert Einstein.
C．A guidebook to a course. D．A review of physics development.
18．What’s the attitude of Gutfreund and Renn to the popular viewpoint of Einstein
A．Opposing. B．Favorable. C．Ambiguous. D．Indifferent.
19．What does the underlined phrase “from scratch” in the third paragraph probably mean
A．With previous knowledge. B．Up to a certain standard.
C．From learning from others. D．From the very beginning.
20．What does the author mean to say by mentioning the famous physicists
A．Their ideas were rejected by Einstein.
B．Their devotion to physics impressed Einstein.
C．Their researches contribute to Einstein’s success.
D．Their hard work deserved the worldwide respect.
（2024·浙江·二模）Babies as young as 4 months old who are born into a bilingual (双语的) environment show distinct and potentially advantageous brain patterns for speech processing. Our early-life experiences can have lifelong effects on our behavior. The brain is most sensitive to its environment during the first year of life, which is thought to be a critical period for language development.
Previous studies have looked into the brain mechanisms that underlie (构成……的基础) speech processing in babies who hear just one language. To better understand this in bilingual-exposed infants, Borja Blanco at the University of Cambridge and his colleagues compared how 31 babies who only heard Spanish and 26 babies who heard Spanish and Basque, all aged 4 months, responded to Spanish recordings of The Little Prince by Antoine de Saint-Exupery.
The team used an imaging technique called functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) to measure changes in brain activities. In the Spanish-only babies, the recordings caused activation in areas which play a role in speech processing. In the bilingual-exposed babies, the recordings similarly evoked these responses, but they were larger and wider. These infants also had activation in equivalent areas of their brains’ right hemispheres ( 脑半球 ). When the recordings were then played backwards as a control arm of the experiment, the infants exposed to just Spanish had larger responses to the backwards speech, while those to Spanish and Basque had similar brain patterns as before. This may be because the bilingual infants take longer to register their primary language, in this case Spanish, as hearing both this and Basque reduces their overall exposure to either language.
If this is the case, it could help them be sensitive to linguistic differences and enable them to learn to distinguish between languages at a younger age. The researchers note that a bilingual environment stimulates changes in the brain mechanisms underlying speech processing in young infants, adding weight to the idea that the neural basis of learning two or more languages is established very early in life.
21．Why was the study conducted
A．To reveal the impact of bilingual exposure. B．To confirm the pattern of brain mechanism.
C．To conclude the factors for speech processing D．To explore the potentials for language development.
22．What is paragraph 3 mainly about
A．Theory basis. B．Study methods.
C．Research findings D．Technical assistance,
23．What can we learn from the research
A．Bilingual-exposed babies are more sensitive.
B．Bilingual-exposed babies are more linguistically critical.
C．Bilingual-exposure reduces babies’ linguistic competence.
D．Bilingual-exposure reduces babies’ overall language exposure.
24．Which of the following statements might the researchers agree with
A．Immigrants speak better languages.
B．Mixed race families own more linguistic potential.
C．Exchange students show greater learning capability.
D．Overseas workers have higher language proficiency.
（2024·云南昆明·一模）Rushing down the path, the traceur (跑酷者) is on the lookout for his next obstacles such as fire escapes, walls, or fences. As soon as he realizes a massive brick wall stands between him and where he wants to be, he unintentionally grabs on the wall with his hands and lifts himself to stand on top of it. His next move is a jump that lands him back on solid ground; however, noticing that he is unstable, he rolls to avoid injury.
Traceurs are athletes who perform remarkable gymnastics actions in urban environments. Serious traceurs are fascinated not just by the physical challenges of Parkour, but by its philosophy. Those who learn to excel at Parkour claim to develop not just physical fitness, but increased self-confidence and critical thinking skills, as they train themselves to find ways around every obstacle in their paths.
Because of these philosophical foundations, Parkour is often described by traceurs as more of a lifestyle or an art form than a sport. Passionate traceurs are determined to keep Parkour from becoming a competitive petition, they argue, devalues the philosophical theory behind Parkour. People who practice Parkour should be more concerned with their relationship to the environment than with a ticking clock, a score, or a cheering crowd. Furthermore, traceurs should work with each other to improve confidence, awareness, and unity. Competition, they argue, only brings about feelings of conflict and disharmony.
While Parkour purists suggest that the philosophy behind Parkour helps to limit injuries, they must remember that not everyone who tries to leap over a mailbox is an experienced traceur trying to get in touch with his or her environment. Adolescents attempting to carry out these acrobatic (杂技的) skills could severely injure themselves. So while newcomers to Parkour might be eager to investigate this art of movement, it would be wise for them to
remember the physicality behind the philosophy. After all, philosophy is not much good to a broken leg.
25．Why does the author describe a traceur at the beginning
A．To illustrate what Parkour is like. B．To teach ways of avoiding injuries.
C．To explain different Parkour moves. D．To highlight the popularity of sports.
26．How can Parkour enhance a traceur’s self-confidence
A．By strengthening physical fitness. B．By winning Parkour competitions.
C．By building faith in conquering barriers. D．By grasping some philosophical theories.
27．What do we know about serious and pure traceurs
A．They are aware of how to treat injuries.
B．They suggest individual efforts in the sport.
C．They stress the relationship to the environment.
D．They are more concerned with remarkable actions.
28．What does the author advise newcomers to do
A．Face physical challenges boldly. B．Learn from experienced traceurs.
C．Start from leaping over a mailbox. D．Consider the risk of severe harm.
（2024·湖北武汉·一模）Many think 2024 could be the year more people have the tools to follow through on New Year’s resolutions about weight loss. If they can afford them and manage to stick with them, people can turn to a new generation of remarkably effective weight-loss drugs, also called GLP-1s, which offer the potential for substantial weight loss.
Wegovy, which was approved in 2021, and Zepbound, which got the nod from the U.S. Food and Drug Administration in 2023, are the most effective publicly available weight-loss drugs ever made. Wegovy has been shown to help people shed as much as 16% of their body weight, in combination with exercise and diet. Zepbound’s highest dose, along with lifestyle changes, has helped people lose as much as 27% of their body weight over 18 months.
Although long-term data isn’t available, these drugs appear to be the safest to date. A large number of people suffer from gastrointestinal distress (肠胃不适) on the medications, including vomiting, nausea and diarrhea; but more serious side effects, like those previous weight-loss drugs, have been rare. Wegovy also appears to reduce the
risk of a repeating heart attack or stroke for people with pre-existing disease.
So far, both drugs have been hard for patients to access. Suppliers have had trouble making enough of the medicines to meet the skyrocketing demand. And insurance companies haven’t covered the cost of the drugs, which can run from about $1,000 to over $1,300 a month.
Paying for them should become easier in 2024, as supplies rise up and insurance companies could bow to market pressure and cover more of the cost.
Also in the new year, there are more GLP-1 drugs on the way and in more forms. Both Wegovy and Zepbound are delivered as weekly shots. Pill versions are under development as are other medications, some of which could help people lose even more weight.
There’s a major unknown factor with these drugs, which could become better understood in the coming years. Experts can’t say if people will be able to keep the weight off if they don’t make lifestyle changes and stop taking the drugs.
29．What is Paragraph 3 mainly about
A．The side effects of the two drugs. B．The safety of the two drugs.
C．The advantages of the two drugs. D．The doubt about the two drugs.
30．Which is the reason for the shortage of the two drugs
A．The technology to make the medicines is not mature.
B．They are expensive, sold at around $1,000 for each shot.
C．They are not currently included in the medical insurance.
D．There are no pill versions of the two drugs on the market.
31．Which statement about GLP-1 drugs is correct
A．They are mainly injected into patients at present.
B．They can effectively reduce weight by 27% per year.
C．The doubt about the drugs will be cleared in the coming year.
D．The drugs will substantially solve the weight issue once and for all.
32．What is the author’s attitude towards the development of GLP-1 drugs
A．Doubtful. B．Critical. C．Objective. D．Hopeful.
（2024·河北·二模）There’re plenty of fresh fruits and vegetables available in local markets. But while those
red juicy strawberries look fresh, consumers have no way of knowing how long the fruit can be stored at home. The same goes for distribution centers and supermarkets.
Now, the food technology startup OneThird, located in the Netherlands, is looking to change that with an infrared (红外线) scanner that can accurately predict how long fresh fruits and vegetables will last. The startup is named OneThird because one-third of food is wasted due to spoilage (变质) every year.
The startup’s founders were inspired by a UK company that uses this type of technology in the medical field and decided to see if it was applicable for food. “I looked at the challenges in the food-supply chain and found out that 40 percent of food waste is fresh produce. One of the biggest causes of waste is that nobody knows shelf life.” founder and CEO of OneThird, Marco Snikkers said.
Quality inspections at farms and distribution centers are done manually (手动地). An inspector checks the fruits and vegetables and makes notes about the size and quality. Then the food is sent to consumers without considering travel time or how long the produce will remain usable.
Using the infrared scanner at the distribution center means that inspectors can use the information to approve shipments that will ensure the produce can be distributed on a timely basis. This means that a shipment of rip e tomatoes will not be sent long distances away.
OneThird’s scanner combines the technology of optical scanners, image modeling, and Artificial Intelligence to provide accurate shelf-life predictions.
The startup found that the technology can reduce up to 25 percent produce waste that was caused by spoilage. “Global food waste has an enormous environmental impact; reducing global food waste cuts global greenhouse gas emissions and promotes global food security,” said Jacob Smith, a climate expert from the University of Maine.
33．What problem does OneThird aim to solve
A．The high cost of storing fresh fruits and vegetables.
B．Inefficient quality inspections at distribution centers.
C．Food waste caused by uncertainty about its shelf life.
D．Consumers’ difficulty judging the freshness of produce.
34．What inspired OneThird to come up with the idea of using infrared scanner
A．The use of the device in another field. B．Observation of the food-supply chain.
C．Consumer demands for fresher produce. D．Experts’advice on food waste reduction.
35．What can we learn about the manual quality inspections
A．They are time-consuming and costly. B．They are not performed at a regular time.
C．The inspectors tend to make wrong judgement. D．The shipping time is not taken into consideration.
36．What’s Jacob’s attitude to OneThird’s effort
A．Approving. B．Doubtful. C．Tolerant. D．Dismissive.
（2024·山东枣庄·二模）Even if you haven’t held a conversation with Siri or Alexa, you’ve likely encountered a chatbot online. They often appear in a chat window that pops up with a friendly greeting: Thank you for visiting our site.How can I help you today Depending on the site, the chatbot is programmed to respond accordingly and even ask follow-up questions.
Chatbots are a form of conversational AI designed to simplify human interaction with computers. They are programmed to simulate human conversation and exhibit intelligent behavior that is equivalent to that of a human.
Chatbots communicate through speech or text. Both rely on artificial intelligence technologies like machine learning and natural language processing (NLP), which is a branch of artificial intelligence that teaches machines to read, analyze and interpret human language. This technology gives chatbots a baseline for understanding language structure and meaning. NLP, in essence, allows the computer to understand what you are asking and how to appropriately respond.
With developments in deep learning and reinforcement learning, chatbots can interpret more complexities in language and improve the dynamic nature of conversation between human and machine. Essentially, a chatbot tries to match what you’ve asked to an intent that it understands. The more a chatbot communicates with you, the more it understands and the more it learns to communicate like you and others with similar questions. Your positive responses reinforce its answers, and then it uses those answers again.
From customer service chatbots online to personal assistants in our homes,chatbots have started to enter our lives. In almost every industry, companies are using chatbots to help customers easily navigate their websites, answer simple questions and direct people to the relevant points of contact. Personal assistants like Siri and Alexa are designed to respond to a wide range of scenarios and queries, from current weather and news updates to personal calendars, music selections and random questions.
37．Why does the author mention Siri and Alexa in Paragraph 1
A．To explain how a chatbot works. B．To show where to find a chatbot.
C．To give examples of chatbots. D．To compare different chatbots.
38．What is the basis of chatbots
A．Language study. B．Data transmission.
C．Social interaction. D．Natural language processing.
39．What does the underlined word “reinforce” in paragraph 4 mean
A．Inspire. B．Strengthen. C．Organize. D．Match.
40．What is the last paragraph mainly about
A．The future trend of chatbots. B．The author’s predictions.
C．The effects of chatbots. D．The applications of chatbots.
