押新高考卷第31-35题
阅读理解D篇 说明文或议论文
【三年考情回顾】
D篇
语篇 卷别 体裁 主题内容
2023年新高考卷 D篇 I卷 说明文 “群体智慧”效应
II卷 说明文 城市化让人们越来越难以接触到自然，但一项新研究发现城市中的野生自然对人类健康和幸福感具有重要影响
2022年新高考卷 D篇 I卷 说明文 饮食变化带来发音变化
II卷 说明文 锻炼对于心脏的好处
2021年新高考卷 D篇 I卷 说明文 人与自我：情商是品质还是技能
II卷 说明文 机器人监测牧牛的健康状况
议论文结构特点
结构一 提出论点
论据论证
重申论点
结构二 提出观点
分析观点
总结方法
结构三 呈现话题
甲方观点；乙方观点
作者观点
（2023·全国卷·高考真题）If you want to tell the history of the whole world, a history that does not privilege one part of humanity, you cannot do it through texts alone, because only some of the world has ever had texts, while most of the world, for most of the time, has not. Writing is one of humanity’s later achievements, and until fairly recently even many literate (有文字的) societies recorded their concerns not only in writing but in things.
Ideally a history would bring together texts and objects, and some chapters of this book are able to do just that, but in many cases we simply can’t. The clearest example of this between literate and non-literate history is perhaps the first conflict, at Botany Bay, between Captain Cook’s voyage and the Australian Aboriginals. From the English side, we have scientific reports and the captain’s record of that terrible day. From the Australian side, we have only a wooden shield (盾) dropped by a man in flight after his first experience of gunshot. If we want to reconstruct what was actually going on that day, the shield must be questioned and interpreted as deeply and strictly as the written reports.
In addition to the problem of miscomprehension from both sides, there are victories accidentally or deliberately twisted, especially when only the victors know how to write. Those who are on the losing side often have only their things to tell their stories. The Caribbean Taino, the Australian Aboriginals, the African people of Benin and the Incas, all of whom appear in this book, can speak to us now of their past achievements most powerfully through the objects they made: a history told through things gives them back a voice. When we consider contact (联系) between literate and non-literate societies such as these, all our first-hand accounts are necessarily twisted, only one half of a dialogue. If we are to find the other half of that conversation, we have to read not just the texts, but the objects.
1．What is the first paragraph mainly about
A．How past events should be presented. B．What humanity is concerned about.
C．Whether facts speak louder than words. D．Why written language is reliable.
2．What does the author indicate by mentioning Captain Cook in paragraph 2
A．His report was scientific. B．He represented the local people.
C．He ruled over Botany Bay. D．His record was one-sided.
3．What does the underlined word “conversation” in paragraph 3 refer to
A．Problem. B．History. C．Voice. D．Society.
4．Which of the following books is the text most likely selected from
A． How Maps Tell Stories of the World B． A Short History of Australia
C． A History of the World in 100 Objects D． How Art Works Tell Stories
【答案】1．A 2．D 3．B 4．C
【导语】本文是一篇议论文。本文讨论了仅仅依靠书面文本来讲述世界历史的局限性，并强调了将物品纳入历史叙事以更好地理解无文字社会的重要性。
1．主旨大意题。根据文章第一段“If you want to tell the history of the whole world, a history that does not privilege one part of humanity, you cannot do it through texts alone, because only some of the world has ever had texts, while most of the world, for most of the time, has not. Writing is one of humanity’s later achievements, and until fairly recently even many literate (有文字的) societies recorded their concerns not only in writing but in things. (如果你想讲述整个世界的历史，一段不以人类某一部分为特权的历史，你不能仅仅通过文本来讲述，因为世界上只有一部分人曾经有过文本，而世界上大多数人，在大多数时间里，都没有。写作是人类较晚的成就之一，直到最近，甚至许多有文字的社会也不仅用文字，而且用物件来记录他们所关心的事情。)”可推知，第一段主要讲述的是历史应该如何呈现给我们。故选A。
2．推理判断题。根据文章第二段首句“Ideally a history would bring together texts and objects, and some chapters of this book are able to do just that, but in many cases we simply can’t. (理想情况下，历史应该将文本和物品结合在一起，本书的某些章节能够做到这一点，但在许多情况下，我们根本做不到。)”可推断，作者认为历史应该是文本和物品相结合的产物，但是很多情况下，我们做不到。再根据所举例子的下文“From the English side, we have scientific reports and the captain’s record of that terrible day. From the Australian side, we have only a wooden shield (盾) dropped by a man in flight after his first experience of gunshot. (在英国方面，我们有科学报告和船长对那可怕的一天的记录。从澳大利亚方面来看，我们只有一个木制盾牌，这是一名男子在第一次经历枪击后在飞行中扔下的。)”可知，作者举这个例子是为了说明船长的记录是片面的，只从自己的角度描述了问题。故选D。
3．词句猜测题。根据划线单词上文“The Caribbean Taino, the Australian Aboriginals, the African people of Benin and the Incas, all of whom appear in this book, can speak to us now of their past achievements most powerfully through the objects they made: a history told through things gives them back a voice. When we consider contact (联系) between literate and non-literate societies such as these, all our first-hand accounts are necessarily twisted, only
one half of a dialogue. (加勒比海的泰诺人、澳大利亚的土著人、贝宁的非洲人以及印加人，所有这些人都出现在这本书中，他们现在都可以通过他们制造的物品向我们讲述他们过去最强大的成就：通过物品讲述的历史给了他们一个声音。当我们考虑诸如此类的有文化社会和无文化社会之间的接触时，我们所有的第一手资料都必然是扭曲的，只有对话的一半。)”结合划线句“If we are to find the other half of that conversation, we have to read not just the texts, but the objects. (如果我们要找到对话的另一半，我们不仅要读文本，还要读物体。)”可知，我们对过去历史的了解，只是书写历史的人所想要让我们了解的历史，如果我们想要了解历史的另一半，我们不仅仅要读文本也要读对象。所以conversation指的是“历史”。故选B。
4．推理判断题。根据文章第一段“If you want to tell the history of the whole world, a history that does not privilege one part of humanity, you cannot do it through texts alone, because only some of the world has ever had texts, while most of the world, for most of the time, has not.(如果你想讲述整个世界的历史，一段不以人类某一部分为特权的历史，你不能仅仅通过文本来讲述，因为世界上只有一部分人的历史曾经被文字记录过，而世界上大多数人，在大多数时间里，都没有。)”结合最后一段的“ If we are to find the other half of that conversation, we have to read not just the texts, but the objects. (如果我们要找到对话的另一半，我们不仅要读文本，还要读物体。)”可知，本文讲述仅仅依靠书面文本来讲述世界历史有局限性，想要更好的了解历史就要将文本和物品结合在一起。从而推断文章最有可能选自《100件物品中的世界史》。故选C。
议论文答题策略
(1)忠实于原文上下文及全篇的逻辑关系，决不能主观臆断。
文章中心是论点，事实细节是论据或主要理由；有关细节问题常对文中某个词语、某句子、某段落等细节及事实进行提问，所提问题一般可直接或间接在文章中找到答案。
提问的特殊疑问词常有：what, who, which, where, how, why 等。
在阅读理解中，要求查找主要事实和特定细节的问题常有以下几种命题方式：
①Which of the following statements is true
②Which of the following is not mentioned in the text
③The author (or the passage) states that __________.
④According to the passage, when (where, why, how, who, what, which, etc.) __________
(2)干扰项：范围过大、过小；偷换概念；正误并存，某个分句是正确的。
阅读理解中细节理解题的干扰项的设置有以下几个原则：
①包含项原则
在答案选项分析中，假如对A选项的理解概括了对其他三项 (或其中某一项)的理解，那么我们就说选项A与其他三项是包含或概括关系，包含项A往往就是正确答案。如在＂花＂与＂玫瑰＂两选项中，正确答案肯定是＂花＂，花包含了玫瑰。
②正反项原则
所谓正反项，是指两选项陈述的命题完全相矛盾。两个相互矛盾的陈述不能都是假的，其中必有一真。所以，假如四选项中A、B互为正反项，那我们通常先排除C、D项，正确答案一般在A、B项当中。
③委婉项原则
所谓委婉，这里是指说话不能说死，要留有余地。阅读理解选项中语气平和、委婉的往往是正确答案。这些选项一般含有不十分肯定或试探性语气的表达，如：probably, possibly, may, usually, might, most of, more or less, relatively, be likely to, not necessary, although, yet, in addition, tend to等等，而含有绝对语气的表达往往不是正确答案，如：must, always, never, all, every, any, merely, only, completely, none, hardly, already等等。
④同形项原则
命题者往往先将正确答案设置在一个大命题范围，然后通过语言形式的细微变化来考查考生的理解能力与分析能力。同形项原则告诉我们：词汇与句法结构相似的选项中有正确答案的存在。
⑤常识项原则
议论文中，那些符合一般常识、意义深刻富有哲理、符合一般规律、属于普遍现象的往往是正确答案。
⑥因果项原则
阅读理解的逻辑推理基本都是通过因果链进行的，前因后果，一步步循序渐进。然而，在推理题的选项中，有的选项会推理不到位(止于前因)，或者推理过头(止于后果)，这就是所谓的干扰项。因果项原则启示我们：假如四个选项中有两项互为同一事物推理过程中的因果关系，那么正确答案就是两个因果项中的其中之一。如果因项可产生几个结果，那么答案就是因；如果果项可以对应几个原因，那么答案就是果。
解题方法：原文定位法。
查读法：(1)带着问题找答案，把注意力集中在与who, what, when, where问题有关的细节上。
(2)细心!
（2024·安徽池州·二模）How do we come to make sense of our daily lives How can we gain a strong grasp of who we really are and how we fit in the world And how can we naturally connect to important ones in our lives “Life stories are one of the prime tools we have for understanding ourselves and the world around us.” says Robyn Fivush, a professor at Emory University.
Humans are natural storytellers. We use stories to understand our present, draw insights from our past, and anticipate the future. Thus, storytelling is basic to our lives. As a form of rich engagement between family members, family storytelling should be valued more. Sharing bedtime stories and talks after school, or walking through an event that left a young child crying—these are all opportunities for parents and children to become closer through warmth, understanding and support. Fivush and her colleagues have underscored the value of storytelling in parenting. The ways parents support children’s emotions and help them retell more vivid, richly detailed stories have lasting impacts on children’s cognitive(认知的)and emotional development.
Children and teenagers learn how to talk about their lives from family stories. An early example is learning how to present a detailed story with a beginning, a middle, and an end—to give it a clear structure. Further, they learn what is appropriate to talk about or avoid and what feelings are appropriate to share over dinner or out with others.
When growing up, we use our life stories to build complex and stable views of ourselves. Through stories about the traditions maintained over the years, we make connections between past successes and failures, our relationships, and the activities that hold meaning to us to develop our new identities. These identities reflect our roles as family members, community members, co-workers and so on, thus helping us have a more complete view of ourselves.
Having a lasting impact on ourselves and those around us, life stories are filled with meaning, insight, and value. By the way, what’s the story that stands out to you from a recent meal or chat
5．Why does the writer ask three questions in the beginning
A．To explain a general idea.
B．To give background information.
C．To introduce an argument.
D．To report the finding of a study.
6．What does the underlined word “underscored” in Paragraph 2 mean
A．Cast doubt on. B．Attached importance to.
C．Shown concern for. D．Thought poorly of.
7．How can life stories help form a complete view of ourselves according to the writer
A．By maintaining social ties.
B．By rebuilding our identities.
C．By connecting our past and future.
D．By learning from family members.
8．Where is the text most probably taken from
A．A review on a storybook.
B．An advice letter for social life.
C．A guidebook to parenting.
D．An essay on the value of storytelling.
【答案】5．C 6．B 7．B 8．D
【导语】本文的体裁是议论文。主要探讨了生活故事在个人身份认同和情感发展中的作用，以及家庭讲故事对亲子关系的重要性。
5．推理判断题。根据第一段“Life stories are one of the prime tools we have for understanding ourselves and the world around us(生活故事是我们了解自己和周围世界的主要工具之一)”可推理出第一段使用了三个问题是为了引出“生活故事是我们了解自己和周围世界的主要工具之一”这一论点，故选C项。
6．词句猜测题。根据第二段划线词上文“Sharing bedtime stories and talks after school, or walking through an event that left a young child crying—these are all opportunities for parents and children to become closer through warmth, understanding and support.(分享睡前故事和放学后的谈话，或者走过一个让孩子哭泣的事件，这些都是父母和孩子通过温暖、理解和支持变得更亲密的机会)”以及下文“the value of storytelling in parenting(讲故事在育儿中的价值)”可推理出，划线词的含义为“重视”，故选B项。
7．细节理解题。根据文章倒数第二段“When growing up, we use our life stories to build complex and stable views of ourselves. Through stories about the traditions maintained over the years, we make connections between past successes and failures, our relationships, and the activities that hold meaning to us to develop our new identities. These identities reflect our roles as family members, community members, co-workers and so on, thus helping us have a more complete view of ourselves(在成长过程中，我们用自己的生活故事来构建复杂而稳定的自我观念。
通过讲述多年来保持的传统故事，我们在过去的成败、人际关系以及对我们有意义的活动中建立联系，以发展我们的新身份。这些身份反映了我们作为家庭成员、社区成员、同事等的角色，从而帮助我们对自己有一个更完整的认识)”可知，通过讲述生活故事，我们可以建立起对自己的复杂而稳定的看法。通过讲述多年来保持的传统，我们可以将过去的成功和失败、我们的关系以及对我们有意义的活动联系起来，从而发展出我们的新身份。这些身份反映了我们作为家庭成员、社区成员、同事等的角色，从而帮助我们更全面地看待自己，故选B项。
8．推理判断题。根据第一段“Life stories are one of the prime tools we have for understanding ourselves and the world around us(生活故事是我们了解自己和周围世界的主要工具之一)”、第二段“Sharing bedtime stories and talks after school, or walking through an event that left a young child crying—these are all opportunities for parents and children to become closer through warmth, understanding and support.(分享睡前故事和放学后的谈话，或者走过一个让孩子哭泣的事件，这些都是父母和孩子通过温暖、理解和支持变得更亲密的机会)”、倒数第二段“When growing up, we use our life stories to build complex and stable views of ourselves. Through stories about the traditions maintained over the years, we make connections between past successes and failures, our relationships, and the activities that hold meaning to us to develop our new identities. (在成长过程中，我们用自己的生活故事来构建复杂而稳定的自我观念。通过讲述多年来保持的传统故事，我们在过去的成败、人际关系以及对我们有意义的活动中建立联系，以发展我们的新身份)”以及最后一段“Having a lasting impact on ourselves and those around us, life stories are filled with meaning, insight, and value.( 生活故事对我们自己和周围的人都有着持久的影响，充满了意义、洞察力和价值)”可知，文章开篇指出讲故事是理解日常生活和了解自我的重要工具，并通过 Fivush 教授的观点以及家庭讲故事的例子说明了讲故事在生活中的重要性。然后文章介绍了家庭讲故事对孩子的影响，包括学习如何表达自己的生活、了解什么是适当的话题和情感表达等。接着文章提到了通过讲故事来建立自己的身份认同，并介绍了这种方式对个人认知和情感发展的影响。最后文章总结了讲故事对个人和周围人的重要性，并提出了一个问题，引导读者思考自己最近的经历中有什么突出的故事。可推理出，文章取自探讨讲故事的价值和重要性的文章，故选D项。
（2024·重庆·二模）Three young American men were on a crowded train when they encountered a heavily armed terrorist. With little regard for their personal safety, they rushed the terrorist and controlled him. Only some people seem capable of this split-second form of heroism. Why some men rise to the occasion — and others don’t — has been a bit tricky to explain. Psychologists have explored this question through biological and personality psychology.
Of course, heroism and courage can appear in many forms, and men and women risk their reputations, health,
and social standing to do what they think is right. When it comes to physically risky bravery, people assume that men will take the lead. There are sound biological reasons for this fixed image. One of the most common fears in men is that they’ll be outed as a coward (懦夫), and a man who fails to display physical courage will suffer damage to his reputation in a way that a woman will not. Throughout human history, attaining a position of high status or dominance among one’s peers (同龄人) has been the ticket that needs to get punched for men to attract mates and father children.
People tend to have an idea of what heroes are like. When rating the personalities of movie heroes, participants expected them to be more careful and hard-working, open to experience, agreeable, and emotionally stable than the average person. But some studies indicate that people who exhibit heroic behavior score high on personality usually associated with madmen: risk-taking, sensation seeking, coolness under stress, and a tendency to take over in social situations.
The study of the relationship between personality and heroism is at an early stage. Psychologists are still at a loss to predict in advance who will heroically step up when needed. Often, the hero is an otherwise ordinary person who finds himself in extraordinary circumstances. Meanwhile, some individuals trained to behave heroically might hesitate during a crisis. Future disasters will cry out for further acts of true heroism. Hopefully, the right mix of circumstances and personalities enable courage to carry the day.
9．How is the topic introduced in the first paragraph
A．By giving an example. B．By presenting a concept.
C．By making a comparison. D．By drawing a conclusion.
10．What do the underlined words “get punched” in paragraph 2 mean
A．Be bought. B．Be gifted. C．Be obtained. D．Be abandoned.
11．Why is it difficult to predict who will act heroically in a crisis
A．Heroes and ordinary people are always difficult to tell apart.
B．Heroism is a phenomenon influenced by numerous factors.
C．Unknown circumstances play a crucial role in heroic acts.
D．Individual personality is not a reliable indicator of heroism.
12．Which of the following is the best title for the text
A．How Are Heroes Trained B．Why Are Heroes Important
C．Who Are the True Heroes D．What Makes a Person Heroic
【答案】9．A 10．C 11．B 12．D
【导语】这是一篇议论文，本文讨论了为什么有的人愿意冒着生命危险去救助他人。
9．推理判断题。开篇“Three young American men were on a crowded train when they encountered a heavily armed terrorist. With little regard for their personal safety, they rushed the terrorist and controlled him.(三名年轻的美国男子在拥挤的火车上遇到了一名全副武装的恐怖分子。他们不顾自己的人身安全，冲向恐怖分子并控制住了他)”作者描述了三个年轻的美国人在拥挤的列车上不顾个人安危，挺身而出，勇斗并制服全副武装的恐怖分子。这个具体的事例引出了本篇文章的主题——为什么有的人能成为英雄。故选A。
10．词句猜测题。结合划线部分所在句中“attaining a position of high status or dominance among one’s peers(在同辈中获得崇高或主导地位)”可推知，在同辈中获得崇高或主导地位对男性来说应是一种荣誉、优势，故此处指在人类历史上，在同辈中获得崇高或主导地位一直是男性吸引伴侣和生育后代的必要条件。get punched指“获取入场券或通行证”。故选C。
11．推理判断题。最后一段“Psychologists are still at a loss to predict in advance who will heroically step up when needed. Often, the hero is an otherwise ordinary person who finds himself in extraordinary circumstances. Meanwhile, some individuals trained to behave heroically might hesitate during a crisis.(心理学家仍然无法提前预测谁会在需要的时候挺身而出。通常，英雄是一个普通人，他发现自己处于非同寻常的环境中。与此同时，一些受过英勇训练的人可能会在危机中犹豫不决)”可知，心理学家们仍然无法提前预测谁会在需要时挺身而出。因为英雄主义是与复杂的个人特质有关， 往往是在极端压力和不确定性下表现出来。然而有些人可能接受过英雄主义行为的训练，但这并不意味着他们在所有情况下都能表现出英勇行为，他们可能会在危机中犹豫或失去勇气。 由于个体差异、 不确定情境、受训经历、心理情绪多种因素的影响，很难预测谁会在危机中英勇行动。故选B。
12．主旨大意题。根据全文内容，结合第一段中“Why some men rise to the occasion — and others don’t — has been a bit tricky to explain. Psychologists have explored this question through biological and personality psychology.(为什么有些男人能应付得了，而有些人却不能，这一点很难解释。心理学家通过生物心理学和人格心理学探索了这个问题)”可知，文章主要讲心理学家通过生物心理学和人格心理学探讨了为什么有人愿意冒着生命危险去救助他人这个问题。故选D。
（2024·山东菏泽·一模）As people hold different views on almost anything, we live in a judgmental world where people are quick to point out the faults and imperfections of others, yet seem unaware of their own. Some
misguided souls believe they have a duty to help you to be a better person by telling you what a failure you really are first and then offering suggestions as to how you can improve.
So what is the possible solution to criticism
If you are the one forcing others to feel ashamed of themselves, STOP. Make a conscious decision rather than focus on the negative aspect of a person’s performance or attitudes. You are more likely to offer helpful suggestions from the beginning. If you are on the receiving end of criticism, the “OK” response is a perfect solution. When someone comments negatively on a task you are doing or a personality issue of yours, a natural response is to defend and attack. However, this approach is rarely effective as it puts both parties on the defensive. Instead, simply reply with “OK”. This brief one-word response acknowledges the other person’s comment without agreeing with it or feeling necessary to engage in a debate about it.
It is important to remain emotionally attached to what the other person is saying, to listen without feeling, to be an objective observer. In fact, there is much that one can learn from a negative review. You can ask yourself: Did I make a mistake Could I have done better Did I give 100% of myself to the task at hand If so, how can I improve myself As for chronic(习惯性的) criticizers: It is important to set strict boundary with them. Remove yourself from their presence when necessary.
In any case, one can learn to be “OK” with criticism and not allow it to negatively impact your life or relationship with the other party.
13．What may the author think of people who prefer to judge others
A．Warm-hearted. B．Self-centered. C．Talkative. D．Responsible.
14．What does a person probably convey by saying “OK” according to paragraph 3
A．He thinks the suggestions are helpful.
B．He defenses himself with the response.
C．He agrees with the comments completely.
D．He wants to avoid unnecessary arguments.
15．What is the key to making an objective observer according to paragraph 4
A．Having debates. B．Accepting criticism.
C．Keeping calm. D．Avoiding criticizers.
16．What is the purpose of the text
A．To make a judgment on others. B．To explain some social behavior.
C．To call for action against attack. D．To give advice on facing criticism.
【答案】13．B 14．D 15．C 16．D
【导语】这是一篇议论文。文章主要讲述了人们生活在一个爱妄下评判的世界里，当面对一些人的评头论足时，该怎么回应呢？也许一个简短的“OK”就可以成为一个完美的回答。
13．推理判断题。根据文章第一段内容“Some misguided souls believe they have a duty to help you to be a better person by telling you what a failure you really are first and then offering suggestions as to how you can improve.(一些被误导的灵魂认为他们有责任帮助你成为一个更好的人，首先告诉你你到底是一个多么失败的人，然后提供你如何改进的建议。)”可知，作者称这些人为“被误导的灵魂认为这是自己的责任”，即，自以为是。由此可推知，在作者看来，这样的人以自我为中心。故选B项。
14．细节理解题。根据文章第三段内容“Instead, simply reply with ‘OK’. This brief one-word response acknowledges the other person’s comment without agreeing with it or feeling necessary to engage in a debate about it.(相反，只需回答“OK”。这个简短的一个词的回应承认了对方的评论，但不同意它，也不觉得有必要就此展开辩论。)”可知，回答“OK”有两层含义，一是承认了对方的评论，二是说话人并不同意这一评论，但没有必要就此展开争论。故选D项。
15．细节理解题。根据文章第四段内容“It is important to remain emotionally attached to what the other person is saying, to listen without feeling, to be an objective observer.(重要的是，要对对方所说的话保持情感上的依恋，不带感情地倾听，做一个客观的观察者。)”可知，重要的是要做一个客观的观察者，不带感情地倾听，即，保持理性和冷静。故选C项。
16．推理判断题。通读文章内容可知，文章第二段内容“So what is the possible solution to criticism (那么，应对批评的可能解决方案是什么呢 )”以及文章末尾段内容“In any case, one can learn to be ‘OK’ with criticism and not allow it to negatively impact your life or relationship with the other party.(在任何情况下，一个人都可以学会接受批评，不要让它对你的生活或与对方的关系产生负面影响。)”提出了文章的核心主旨，即，文章主要讨论了应对批评的可能性解决方案：用“OK”来应对批评可以避免一些负面影响的产生。因此可推知，文章的目的是给出面对批评时的建议。故选D项。
（2024·浙江杭州·二模）Is forgiveness against our human nature To answer our question, we need to ask a further question: What is the essence of our humanity For the sake of simplicity, people consider two distinctly different views of humanity. The first view involves dominance and power. In an early paper on the psychology of
forgiveness, Droll (1984) made the interesting claim that humans’ essential nature is more aggressive than forgiving allows. Those who forgive are against their basic nature, much to their harm. In his opinion, forgivers are compromising their well-being as they offer mercy to others, who might then take advantage of them.
The second view involves the theme of cooperation, mutual respect, and even love as the basis of who we are as humans. Researchers find that to fully grow as human beings, we need both to receive love from and offer love to others. Without love, our connections with a wide range of individuals in our lives can fall apart. Even common sense strongly suggests that the will to power over others does not make for harmonious interactions. For example, how well has slavery worked as a mode of social harmony
From this second viewpoint of who we are as humans, forgiveness plays a key role in the biological and psychological integrity of both individuals and communities because one of the outcomes of forgiveness, shown through scientific studies, is the decreasing of hatred and the restoration of harmony. Forgiveness can break the cycle of anger. At least to the extent the people from whom you are estranged accept your love and forgiveness and are prepared to make the required adjustments. Forgiveness can heal relationships and reconnect people.
As an important note, when we take a Classical philosophical perspective, that of Aristotle, we see the distinction between potentiality and actuality. We are not necessarily born with the capacity to forgive, but instead with the potential to learn about it and to grow in our ability to forgive. The actuality of forgiving, its actual appropriation in conflict situations, develops with practice.
17．What is Droll’s idea about forgiveness
A．People should offer mercy to others.
B．Aggressive people should learn to forgive.
C．Forgiveness depends on the nature of humanity.
D．People who forgive can have their own welfare affected.
18．What does the example in paragraph 2 illustrate
A．To forgive is to love. B．To dominate is to harm.
C．To fight is to grow. D．To give is to receive.
19．What is the writer’s attitude toward forgiveness
A．Favorable. B．Reserved. C．Objective. D．Skeptical.
20．What is message of the last paragraph
A．Forgiveness is in our nature. B．Forgiveness grows with time.
C．It takes practice to forgive. D．Actuality is based on potentiality.
【答案】17．D 18．B 19．A 20．C
【导语】本文是一篇议论文。文章围绕“原谅是否违背人类本性”这一主题进行了深入的探讨和论证，通过对比不同的人类本性观点，分析了原谅在个体和社区中的作用和意义。
17．细节理解题。根据文章第一段“In an early paper on the psychology of forgiveness, Droll (1984) made the interesting claim that humans’ essential nature is more aggressive than forgiving allows. Those who forgive are against their basic nature, much to their harm. In his opinion, forgivers are compromising their well-being as they offer mercy to others, who might then take advantage of them.(在一篇关于宽恕心理学的早期论文中，Droll(1984)提出了一个有趣的观点，即人类的本质比宽恕所允许的更具攻击性。那些宽恕的人违背了他们的本性，对他们造成了很大的伤害。在他看来，宽恕者在向他人提供仁慈的同时，也在损害自己的幸福，而这些人可能会利用他们。)”可知，Droll认为宽恕的人违背了他们的本性，对他们造成了很大的伤害，他认为宽恕者在向他人提供仁慈的同时，也在损害自己的幸福。故选D。
18．推理判断题。根据文章第二段所举例子上文“Researchers find that to fully grow as human beings, we need both to receive love from and offer love to others. Without love, our connections with a wide range of individuals in our lives can fall apart. Even common sense strongly suggests that the will to power over others does not make for harmonious interactions.(研究人员发现，为了全面成长为人类，我们既需要从别人那里接受爱，也需要向别人提供爱。没有爱，我们与生活中各种各样的人的联系就会破裂。甚至常识也强烈表明，控制他人的意愿并不会促成和谐的互动。)”可知，没有爱，我们与他人的联系就会破裂，控制他人的意愿并不会促成和谐的互动；奴隶制是一个基于对他人的支配和控制的制度，它造成了大量的伤害和痛苦。“For example, how well has slavery worked as a mode of social harmony (例如，奴隶制作为社会和谐的一种模式发挥了多大的作用 )”通过以奴隶社会举例，以反问的方式，来阐明试图通过支配和权力来控制他人并不能带来真正的和谐或幸福，即控制就是伤害。故选B。
19．推理判断题。根据文章倒数第二段“From this second viewpoint of who we are as humans, forgiveness plays a key role in the biological and psychological integrity of both individuals and communities because one of the outcomes of forgiveness, shown through scientific studies, is the decreasing of hatred and the restoration of harmony. Forgiveness can break the cycle of anger. At least to the extent the people from whom you are estranged accept your love and forgiveness and are prepared to make the required adjustments. Forgiveness can heal
relationships and reconnect people. (从作为人类的第二种观点来看，宽恕在个人和社区的生理和心理完整性方面都起着关键作用，因为科学研究表明，宽恕的结果之一是减少仇恨，恢复和谐。宽恕可以打破愤怒的循环。至少在某种程度上，与你疏远的人接受你的爱和宽恕，并准备做出必要的调整。宽恕可以治愈人际关系，重新连接人际关系。)”可知，作者认为原谅在个体和社区生物学和心理学完整性中的关键作用，指出原谅能够减少仇恨、恢复和谐，并且能够打破愤怒的循环。作者还提到原谅可以治愈关系，让人们重新建立联系。这些观点都表明作者对于原谅持有支持的态度。故选A。
20．主旨大意题。根据文章最后一段“As an important note, when we take a Classical philosophical perspective, that of Aristotle, we see the distinction between potentiality and actuality. We are not necessarily born with the capacity to forgive, but instead with the potential to learn about it and to grow in our ability to forgive. The actuality of forgiving, its actual appropriation in conflict situations, develops with practice.(值得注意的是，当我们从古典哲学的角度，即亚里士多德的角度来看，我们会看到潜在性和现实性之间的区别。我们不一定天生就有宽恕的能力，但我们有潜力去学习宽恕，并在宽恕的能力中成长。宽恕的现实性，它在冲突情境中的实际运用，是随着实践而发展的。)”可知，最后一段主要传达了原谅需要实践的信息。作者通过引用古典哲学中关于潜在性和实际性的观点，指出我们并不是天生就具备原谅的能力，而是需要通过学习和实践来培养和发展这种能力。因此，原谅并不是一种自然而然的行为，而是需要我们付出努力去实践的。故选C。
（2024·山东青岛·一模）At a conference last week, I received an interesting piece of advice: “Assume you are wrong.” The advice came from Brian Nosek, a fellow psychology professor. He wasn’t objecting to any particular claim I’d made — he was offering a strategy for pursuing better science, and for encouraging others to do the same.
To understand the context for Nosek’s advice, we need to take a step back — to the nature of science itself. Despite what many of us learned in elementary school, there is no single scientific method. Just as scientific theories change, so do scientific methods.
Assuming you are right might be a motivating force, sustaining the enormous effort that conducting scientific work requires. But it also makes it easy to interpret criticisms as personal attacks, and for scientific arguments to develop into personal battles. Beginning, instead, from the assumption you are wrong, a criticism is easier to be viewed as a helpful pointer, a constructive suggestion for how to be less wrong — a goal that your critic probably shares.
Nosek’s advice may sound pessimistic, but it’s not so foreign to science. Philosophers of science sometimes refer to the “pessimistic meta-induction (元归纳)” on the history of science: All of our past scientific theories have
been wrong, so surely our current theories will turn out to be wrong, too. That doesn’t mean we haven’t made progress, but it does indicate that there is always room for improvement—ways to be less wrong.
I like the advice because it builds in an awareness of our limitations and a readiness to accept the unknown (“there are things I do not know!”) along with a sense that we can do better (“there are things I do not know yet!”). It also builds in a sense of community — we’re all in the same boat when it comes to falling short of getting things right. Perhaps the focus on a shared goal — our goal as scientists and humans of being less wrong — can help make up for any harm in scientific motivation or communication.
21．Why did Nosek send the advice
A．To express opinions about my claims. B．To remind me to be open to criticism.
C．To encourage me to take up science. D．To better my understanding of psychology.
22．How does assuming you are wrong help
A．It motivates scientists to make efforts. B．It addresses personal attacks and conflicts.
C．It sets a constructive improvement goal. D．It contributes to a deeper insight into yourself.
23．What does the author think of science theories
A．Dynamic. B．Testable. C．Pioneering. D．Well-established.
24．Which of the following is the best title for the text
A．Accept the Unknown B．Aim to Be Less Wrong
C．Get Engaged in Psychology D．Dig into the Nature of Science
【答案】21．B 22．C 23．A 24．B
【导语】本文是一篇议论文，主要讲述了作者对在科学研究中“假设你是错的”这条建议的看法，并肯定了它所带来的好处。
21．推理判断题。根据第一段中的“He wasn’t objecting to any particular claim I’d made—he was offering a strategy for pursuing better science, and for encouraging others to do the same.(他并没有反对我的任何特定主张——他提出了一个追求更好科学的策略，并鼓励其他人也这样做。)”和第三段中的“Beginning, instead, from the assumption you are wrong, a criticism is easier to be viewed as a helpful pointer, a constructive suggestion for how to be less wrong—a goal that your critic probably shares.(相反，从你错了的假设开始，批评更容易被视为一个有用的提示，一个如何减少错误的建设性建议——这是你的批评者可能也有的同样目标)”可知，Nosek提出
的这条建议是一个追求更好科学的策略，从假设自己错了开始，就会更容易接受批评，让自己减少错误，由此可推测出，Nosek提出这条建议是为了提醒作者对批评持开放态度。故选B。
22．推理判断题。根据第三段中的“Beginning, instead, from the assumption you are wrong, a criticism is easier to be viewed as a helpful pointer, a constructive suggestion for how to be less wrong—a goal that your critic probably shares.(相反，从你错了的假设开始，批评更容易被视为一个有用的提示，一个如何减少错误的建设性建议——这是你的批评者可能也有的同样目标)”可知，假设你错了可以帮助你获得如何减少错误的建设性建议，而减少错误或许是你和你的批评者的共同目标，由此可推测出，假设你错了可以帮助设立一个建设性的改进目标。故选C。
23．细节理解题。根据第二段中的“Just as scientific theories change, so do scientific methods.(正如科学理论在变化，科学方法也在变化)”可知，作者认为科学理论是变化的、动态的。故选A。
24．标题归纳题。通读全文，尤其是第一段第一句“At a conference last week, I received an interesting piece of advice: ‘Assume you are wrong.’(在上周的一次会议上，我收到了一条有趣的建议：‘假设你错了。’)”和最后一段最后一句“Perhaps the focus on a shared goal—our goal as scientists and humans of being less wrong—can help make up for any harm in scientific motivation or communication.(也许关注一个共同的目标——我们作为科学家和人类的目标是减少错误——可以帮助弥补科学动机或沟通中的任何伤害)”可知，本文主要讨论了在科学研究中“假设你是错的”这个方法，它有助于让所有人关注减少错误这一共同目标，从而让科学取得进步，由此可推测出，B项“力求减少错误”最适合作本文标题。故选B。
（2024·河南南阳·一模）These days, there’s barely a world leader who doesn’t talk up science. For example, the India’s Prime Minister was the main performer at the annual Indian Science Congress, held in Nagpur, where he encouraged the nation’s researchers to do the science needed to make India self-reliant.
The message to researchers is crystal clear: leaders see science as essential to national prosperity, well-being and, of course, competitiveness. So, is research fit for the challenge of advancing, refining or critiquing these goals Not exactly. And it won’t be until there is fundamental reform to the gateway to a research career: PhD training.
As Nature and other publications have frequently reported, PhD training worldwide has been in trouble for some time. Students’ stipends (生活津贴) are not enough in most countries, creating a cost-of-living crisis. Early-career researchers constantly report concerns about a constant lack of support and poor-quality supervision, with senior researchers rarely trained in mentorship (指导).
Furthermore, PhD candidates are inadequately prepared for the cross-disciplinary working and large teams that characterize cutting-edge science today. This is especially true for careers outside academic research, where the
overwhelming majority of PhD candidates will be heading.
It is not all bad. Universities in a small number of high-income countries have reformed, or are reforming, PhD assessment. But in most places, and especially in low- and middle-income countries, a candidate’s work is still evaluated using a single-authored paper. In many countries, candidates must publish in a journal before they get a PhD, something that critics say could fuel profitable publishing.
The system’s strains have become more obvious because the number of people doing PhD training has been rising sharply. According to the 2022 book Towards a Global Core Value System in Doctoral Education, the number of PhDs awarded in India increased from 17,850 in 2004 to 25,095 in 2016; US figures climbed from 48,500 to 69,525 over the same period. If researchers are to meet society’s expectations, their training and mentoring must escape the nineteenth century.
25．Why is the India’s Prime Minister mentioned in the first paragraph
A．To indicate India’s serious scientific landscape.
B．To imply more researchers are in great demand in India.
C．To show leaders’ emphasis on scientific research.
D．To demonstrate more and more people take an interest in science.
26．What does paragraph 3 mainly talk about
A．The reforms in science. B．The significance of mentorship.
C．The creation of academic culture. D．The issues early-career researchers face.
27．Which of the following best describes the author’s opinion on PhD training
A．Disappointed. B．Satisfied. C．Indifferent. D．Enthusiastic.
28．What does the author mainly intend to express in the last paragraph
A．PhD education is developing gradually.
B．The reforms in PhD training admit of no delay.
C．The number of PhDs awarded has increased in India and the US.
D．The demand for researchers’ meeting society’s expectations is pressing.
【答案】25．C 26．D 27．A 28．B
【导语】本文是一篇议论文。文章指出虽然领导人普遍认为科学对于国家至关重要，但是目前的博士培养
体系存在诸多挑战和困境，主要问题包括学生生活津贴不足导致的生活成本危机、对早期职业研究人员持续缺乏支持和低质量监督、博士候选人对跨学科工作和大型团队准备不足等。文章强调随着攻读博士学位人数的急剧增加，博士培养体系亟需做出改革，才能满足当今社会的期望。
25．推理判断题。根据第一段“These days, there’s barely a world leader who doesn’t talk up science. For example, the India’s Prime Minister was the main performer at the annual Indian Science Congress, held in Nagpur, where he encouraged the nation’s researchers to do the science needed to make India self-reliant. (如今，几乎没有一个世界领导人不谈论科学。例如，印度总理是在那格浦尔举行的年度印度科学大会上的主要表演者，他鼓励该国的科学家从事使印度自力更生所需的科学工作)”可知，本段首先提出世界领导人几乎都会谈论科学，强调其重要性，然后提到印度总理的讲话内容，鼓励科学家从事国家自力更生所需的科学工作。由此推知，印度总理是作为例子来体现领导人对科研的重视。故选C项。
26．主旨大意题。根据第三段“As Nature and other publications have frequently reported, PhD training worldwide has been in trouble for some time. Students’ stipends (生活津贴) are not enough in most countries, creating a cost-of-living crisis. Early-career researchers constantly report concerns about a constant lack of support and poor-quality supervision, with senior researchers rarely trained in mentorship (指导). (正如《自然》和其他出版物经常报道的那样，一段时间以来，世界范围内的博士培养一直陷入困境。在大多数国家，学生的生活津贴不够，造成了生活成本危机。早期职业研究人员不断报告对持续缺乏支持和低质量监督的担忧，而高级研究人员很少接受过指导培养)”可知，本段主要介绍了世界范围内的博士培养陷入的困境，这些早期职业研究人员面临着生活成本危机、缺乏支持、监督低质量等问题。故选D项。
27．推理判断题。根据第二段中“And it won’t be until there is fundamental reform to the gateway to a research career: PhD training. (除非对通往研究职业的大门——博士培养——进行根本性改革，否则这一切都不会发生)”、第三段中“As Nature and other publications have frequently reported, PhD training worldwide has been in trouble for some time. (正如《自然》和其他出版物经常报道的那样，一段时间以来，世界范围内的博士培养一直陷入困境)”和第四段中“Furthermore, PhD candidates are inadequately prepared for the cross-disciplinary working and large teams that characterize cutting-edge science today. (此外，博士候选人对当今尖端科学的跨学科工作和大型团队准备不足)”可知，作者认为博士培养面临着困境，候选人没有为未来的工作做好充分准备，该培养需要进行根本性改革。由此可知，作者对博士培养很失望。故选A项。
28．推理判断题。根据最后一段“The system’s strains have become more obvious because the number of people doing PhD training has been rising sharply. According to the 2022 book Towards a Global Core Value System in Doctoral Education, the number of PhDs awarded in India increased from 17,850 in 2004 to 25,095 in 2016; US
figures climbed from 48,500 to 69,525 over the same period. If researchers are to meet society’s expectations, their training and mentoring must escape the nineteenth century. (由于攻读博士学位的人数急剧上升，这一体系的压力变得更加明显。根据2022年出版的《迈向博士教育的全球核心价值体系》一书，印度获得博士学位的人数从2004年的17850人增加到2016年的25095人；同期，美国的数字从485000攀升至69525。如果研究人员要满足社会的期望，他们的培养和指导必须摆脱19世纪的模式)”可知，作者认为攻读博士学位的人数的上升加剧了博士培养体系的压力，这种体系需要做出改变才能满足社会的期望。由此可知，作者想表达博士培养改革刻不容缓。故选B项。
（2024·新疆塔城·二模）The topic of “crossing your legs” has been hotly discussed on the Internet recently. The truth is that crossing one leg over the other, a common sitting posture preferred by many people, may actually do harm to one’s health. So while seated, try not to do so any more.
Whether it is at the office, in a waiting room or relaxing at home, many people’ s go-to posture is one leg over the other, crossed at the knee. If you’re like many of us, you spend too many hours of your day seated and for most of that time, you have crossed your legs for comfort.
One study found that people who sat with their legs crossed for more than three hours a day were more likely to lean forward and to round their shoulders. But the research relied on people’s own estimations of how long they crossed their legs for.
When you cross your legs, you are putting compression and pressure on your leg and knee joints and nerves. The way you sit is a huge determinant of your health and the way your body moves and functions. Sitting with your legs crossed leaves your hips uneven and forces your pelvic bone (盆骨) to rotate. Therefore, the longer you sit in this uneven position, the more pressure is placed on your knee and spine (脊柱), increasing the likelihood that it will develop into a long-term issue.
If seated long, then more importantly for you, cultivate and develop a healthy habit of sitting position. And here are the followings. Switch sitting positions often. Take brief walks around your office or home. Gently stretch your muscles every so often to help relieve muscle tension. Keep your feet on the floor, with your ankles in front of your knees. Relax your shoulders; they should not be rounded. Keep your elbows in close to your body and let them be bent between 90 and 120 degrees. Make sure that your back, thighs and hips are fully supported. Try doing those and maybe some of them fit you.
29．Why do many people like to be seated “crossing their legs”
A．They do so just for sort of ease.
B．They want their legs to take up more space.
C．They think it’s a power move.
D．It is a common sitting posture preferred by the most.
30．Which of the following may not be the “harm” that the long “cross-legged” position leads to
A．Your hips are in an unbalanced position.
B．Your spine supports more pressure.
C．Your pelvic bone is forced to rotate.
D．You may lean forward.
31．How many proposals does the author speak about to those seated long in the text
A．9. B．7. C．5. D．3.
32．What might the author mainly want to tell us
A．What a common sitting posture is.
B．The cross-legged position is popular.
C．Don’t cross your legs any longer.
D．Being seated long is unhealthy.
【答案】29．A 30．D 31．B 32．C
【导语】这是一篇议论文。本篇文章就“为什么人们爱翘二郎腿”、“翘二郎腿有什么危害”以及“培养健康坐姿习惯”等展开讨论。
29．细节理解题。根据文中第二段的“If you’re like many of us, you spend too many hours of your day seated and for most of that time, you have crossed your legs for comfort.(如果你和我们中的许多人一样，一天中有太多的时间是坐着的，而且在大部分时间里，你都跷二郎腿以求舒适。)”可知，很多人喜欢“翘二郎腿”坐着只是为了舒适。故选A。
30．推理判断题。文章第四段“When you cross your legs, you are putting compression and pressure on your leg and knee joints and nerves. The way you sit is a huge determinant of your health and the way your body moves and functions. Sitting with your legs crossed leaves your hips uneven and forces your pelvic bone (盆骨) to rotate. Therefore, the longer you sit in this uneven position, the more pressure is placed on your knee and spine (脊柱), increasing the likelihood that it will develop into a long-term issue.(当你跷二郎腿时，你是在给你的腿、膝关节
和神经施加压力。你坐的方式对你的健康、身体运动和功能有很大的决定作用。跷二郎腿坐姿会使臀部不均匀，并迫使骨盆骨旋转。因此，你以这种不平衡的姿势坐的时间越长，你的膝盖和脊柱承受的压力就越大，这就增加了它发展成长期问题的可能性。)”和文中第三段的“One study found that people who sat with their legs crossed for more than three hours a day were more likely to lean forward and to round their shoulders.(一项研究发现，每天盘腿坐三小时以上的人更有可能身体前倾，肩膀更圆。)”可知，此句仅仅描述了“长达三小时之久跷二郎腿坐，身体很可能会前倾”，并没有提到前倾坐姿本身对身体的危害性。故选D。
31．细节理解题。本文最后一段“If seated long, then more importantly for you, cultivate and develop a healthy habit of sitting position. And here are the followings. Switch sitting positions often. Take brief walks around your office or home. Gently stretch your muscles every so often to help relieve muscle tension. Keep your feet on the floor, with your ankles in front of your knees. Relax your shoulders; they should not be rounded. Keep your elbows in close to your body and let them be bent between 90 and 120 degrees. Make sure that your back, thighs and hips are fully supported. Try doing those and maybe some of them fit you. (如果久坐，那么对你来说更重要的是，培养和养成一个健康的坐姿习惯。下面就是一些。经常变换坐姿。在办公室或家里散散步。经常轻轻地伸展你的肌肉，帮助缓解肌肉紧张。把脚放在地板上，脚踝放在膝盖前面。放松你的肩膀；它们不应该是圆形的。保持肘部靠近身体，弯曲度在90到120度之间。确保你的背部、大腿和臀部得到充分支撑。试着做这些，也许其中一些适合你。)”可知，作者提了7条建议。故选 B。
32．推理判断题。文章第一段最后两句话“The truth is that crossing one leg over the other, a common sitting posture preferred by many people, may actually do harm to one’s health. So while seated, try not to do so any more.(事实是，许多人喜欢的一种常见坐姿——将一条腿交叉在另一条腿上——实际上可能对健康有害。所以，坐着的时候，尽量不要再这样做了。)”总结本文谈论的话题，2、3、4段分别讲跷二郎腿久坐的对身体健康有危害，则得出作者写此文的意图：“不要再翘二郎腿！”，所以得出选项C. “Don’t Cross Your Legs Any Longer (不要再翘二郎腿)”符合文意，故选C。
（2024·山东济南·一模）Like many people over the past few years, I have found myself turning to audiobooks as my main means of reading literature. I find it far more comfortable to “read with my ears” while my eyes are resting. My consumption of new books has doubled as a result--but a recent paper makes me wonder if this will come at the price of my comprehension.
The study comes from Boaz Keysar and Janet Geipel, both at the University of Chicago, and it draws from the “dual process model” of mental processing. According to this-view, we have two ways of assessing information. System 1 is intuitive (直觉的), relying on natural ability and feeling. It is quick, but likely exposed to
misinformation. System 2 is analytical involving the use of logic reasoning. It is mentally demanding. When it is engaged, we think our way through the material step by step. For decades, psychologists have designed various tests to determine which of these two systems a person is using. As one example, consider the/ following question: How many animals of each kind did Moses take on the Ark (方舟) If you answered two, you were probably only considering the core of the question, which is System 1 thinking. To get to the right answer-zero, you need to think more carefully about the wording, which would allow you to remember it was Noah who built the Ark, not Moses. That is the kind of analytical process.
Keysar and Geipel’s brilliant idea was to investigate whether the sensory form-seeing vs. hearing-of the information would make a difference. They found that it did: when answering these kinds of simple questions, participants were more likely to make errors when the sentences were spoken out loud, rather than written.
A greater reliance on our feelings could be a problem if we are consuming information that needs logical study. For this reason. I will return to reading non-fiction with my eyes rather than my ears. But I won’t stop listening to novels. I am quite happy to go with the flow of my emotions while my critical mind takes a break.
33．What does the author think of listening to audiobooks
A．It is economical. B．It is demanding.
C．It is time-consuming. D．It is relaxing.
34．Which of the following best describes System 2 model
A．Fairly reliable. B．Fully automatic.
C．Question-centered. D．Emotion-involved.
35．Why is the Ark mentioned in Paragraph 3
A．To present a fact. B．To illustrate a view.
C．To introduce a topic. D．To draw a conclusion.
36．What does the author intend to tell us
A．Listening to books comes at a price.
B．Reading non-fiction books benefits.
C．Critical thinking is a must in reading.
D．Ways of processing information differ.
【答案】33．D 34．A 35．B 36．A
【导语】
本文为一篇议论文。文章主要围绕作者使用有声书作为阅读方式的经历和体验展开，并引入了一项关于信息处理方式的研究，以此为基础探讨了有声书对阅读理解可能产生的影响。
33．推理判断题。根据文章第一段“Like many people over the past few years, I have found myself turning to audiobooks as my main means of reading literature. I find it far more comfortable to “read with my ears” while my eyes are resting.(像许多人一样，在过去的几年里，我发现自己把有声读物作为阅读文学作品的主要手段。我发现在眼睛休息的时候“用耳朵阅读”要舒服得多。)”以及最后一段“But I won’t stop listening to novels. I am quite happy to go with the flow of my emotions while my critical mind takes a break.(但我不会停止听小说。当我的批判性思维得到休息时，我很高兴随自己的情绪流动而去。)”可知，作者认为听有声读物会让人放松。故选D。
34．推理判断题。根据文章第二段“System 2 is analytical involving the use of logic reasoning. It is mentally demanding. When it is engaged, we think our way through the material step by step.(系统2是分析性的，涉及逻辑推理的使用。这是精神上的要求。当它参与时，我们一步一步地思考材料。)”可知，System 2涉及使用逻辑推理进行信息处理，它要求精神上的努力，通过一步一步地思考材料来得出结论。因此，System 2的结果相对可靠得多。故选A。
35．推理判断题。根据文章第二段“As one example, consider the/ following question: How many animals of each kind did Moses take on the Ark（方舟） If you answered two, you were probably only considering the core of the question, which is System 1 thinking. To get to the right answer-zero, you need to think more carefully about the wording, which would allow you to remember it was Noah who built the Ark, not Moses. That is the kind of analytical process.(举个例子，考虑下面的问题：摩西带了多少种动物上了方舟？如果你回答了两个，你可能只考虑了问题的核心，即系统1思维。为了得到正确的答案——零，你需要更仔细地思考措辞，这将使你记住是诺亚建造了方舟，而不是摩西。这是一种分析过程。)”可知，作者提到方舟是为了举例说明一个观点，即System 1和System 2在处理信息时的不同方式。通过提出“摩西在方舟上带了多少种动物？”的问题，并解释正确答案是如何通过更仔细地考虑措辞得出的，作者展示了System 2涉及的逻辑推理过程。因此，方舟的提及是为了阐明关于信息处理方式的观点。故选B。
36．推理判断题。根据文章内容可知，作者通过分享自己使用有声书作为阅读方式的经历，以及引入关于信息处理方式的研究，意在表明听书可能会带来理解上的代价。文章提到，尽管听书让作者增加了阅读量，但研究结果显示，听书在处理某些信息时可能不如阅读书面材料准确。特别是对于那些需要逻辑研究的信息，听书可能导致更多的错误。因此，作者认为听书是有代价的，特别是在理解方面。故选A。
（2024·河北邯郸·三模）“Individuals of all ages who have empathy (共情) understand that sometimes telling little white lies can protect other people from getting hurt,” says Barbara Greenberg, a clinical psychologist in Connecticut. “Most people that I have come across tell these little white lies because they understand that 100 percent honesty all the time is not beneficial.” A white lie, she explains, spares people from unnecessary hurt.
At the same time, Dr. Julia Breur, a marriage and family therapist in Florida, emphasizes the importance of paying attention to the way we respond to someone. The fact is that not telling the truth can result in something unpleasant on you; it’s not just about the person the white lie is being told to. For example, she says someone who always tells others that “all is good” when it comes to a sick parent in an effort to avoid discussions about how serious their health issue really is, can eventually face stressful experiences. When that parent eventually passes away, the person who always gave an “all is good” response ends up emotionally broken.
Sometimes, telling white lies often depends on the situation, Dr. Breur says. For example, consider a woman who has not seen her mother for several months. The daughter has gained noticeable weight, yet the mother responds by excitedly declaring that she looks great. “I emphasize during psychotherapy sessions with my patients that context helps define meaning,” Dr. Breur says. “So when we look at the context of a mother saying you look great when she clearly sees that her daughter has gained weight, it can be acceptable. It reflects the intention of the white lie which is kindness, protection and unconditional love. Otherwise, white lies — especially when told to avoid personal accountability — can start a cycle of mistrust between people, ultimately compromising integrity,” she adds.
Therefore, it’s important to ask ourselves when it is and isn’t appropriate to deliver the honest truth, and when it’s best to step back and offer a more delicate response. More often than not, it’s about finding a balance between the two.
37．What can be learned about white lies according to Barbara Greenberg
A．They are short-lived. B．They are unidentifiable.
C．They are trouble-making. D．They are common.
38．What message does Dr. Breur deliver in paragraph 2
A．White lies can harm both the liars and the listeners.
B．We must respond to our family members truthfully.
C．It’s wrong to tell white lies to a seriously ill parent.
D．The “all is good” response is effective in dealing with patients.
39．What is Dr. Breur’s attitude towards the mother’s practice in paragraph 3
A．Uncaring. B．Critical. C．Supportive. D．Doubtful.
40．Which of the following is the best title for the text
A．East or West, White Lies Are the Best
B．Think Twice Before You Tell White Lies
C．White Lies Signify Unconditional Love
D．White Lies Are Empathetic People’s Favorable Choice
【答案】37．D 38．A 39．C 40．B
【导语】
本文是一篇议论文。主要阐述了善意的谎言可以让人们免受不必要的伤害，但有时候，善意的谎言往往取决于具体情况。因此，重要的是要问问自己，什么时候说实话是合适的，什么时候不合适，什么时候最好退一步，做出更微妙的回应。要在两者之间找到平衡。
37．细节理解题。根据第一段中的““Most people that I have come across tell these little white lies because they understand that 100 percent honesty all the time is not beneficial. “A white lie, she explains, spares people from unnecessary hurt. (‘我遇到的大多数人都会说善意的谎言，因为他们明白，一直100%的诚实是无益的。’她解释说，善意的谎言可以让人们免受不必要的伤害。)”可知，根据芭芭拉·格林伯格的说法，善意的谎言很常见。故选D。
38．细节理解题。根据第二段中的“At the same time, Dr. Julia Breur, a marriage and family therapist in Florida, emphasizes the importance of paying attention to the way we respond to someone. The fact is that not telling the truth can result in something unpleasant on you; it’s not just about the person the white lie is being told to. (与此同时，佛罗里达州的婚姻和家庭治疗师Julia Breur博士强调了关注我们回应他人的重要性。事实是，不说实话会让你感到不愉快；不仅仅是谎言的对象感到不愉快。)”可知，善意的谎言给说谎者和听者都会带来伤害。故选A。
39．推理判断题。根据第三段中的““I emphasize during psychotherapy sessions with my patients that context helps define meaning,” Dr. Breur says. “So when we look at the context of a mother saying you look great when she clearly sees that her daughter has gained weight, it can be acceptable. It reflects the intention of the white lie which is kindness, protection and unconditional love. Otherwise, white lies — especially when told to avoid personal accountability — can start a cycle of mistrust between people, ultimately compromising integrity,” she adds. (Breur说：‘在心理治疗过程中，我和病人强调，情境有助于定义意义。’她补充道：‘所以，当我们看到一位母亲
清楚地看到女儿长胖了，却说你看起来很棒时，这是可以接受的。它反映了善意谎言的意图，即善意、保护和无条件的爱。否则，善意的谎言——尤其是为了逃避个人责任而撒的谎言——会引发人与人之间不信任的循环，最终损害诚信。’)”可知，Breur博士对第3段中母亲的做法持支持态度，他认为它反映了善意谎言的意图，即善意、保护和无条件的爱。故选C。
40．主旨大意题。通读全文，尤其根据最后一段中的“Therefore, it’s important to ask ourselves when it is and isn’t appropriate to deliver the honest truth, and when it’s best to step back and offer a more delicate response. More often than not, it’s about finding a balance between the two. (因此，重要的是要问问自己，什么时候说实话是合适的，什么时候不合适，什么时候最好退一步，做出更微妙的回应。通常情况下，这是关于在两者之间找到平衡。)”可知，本文主要讲了善意的谎言可以让人们免受不必要的伤害，但有时候，善意的谎言往往取决于具体情况。因此，在说善意的谎言之前要三思。B项“Think Twice Before You Tell White Lies (说谎之前三思)”最能概括本文主旨，适合作为最佳标题。故选B。押新高考卷第31-35题
阅读理解D篇 说明文或议论文
【三年考情回顾】
D篇
语篇 卷别 体裁 主题内容
2023年新高考卷 D篇 I卷 说明文 “群体智慧”效应
II卷 说明文 城市化让人们越来越难以接触到自然，但一项新研究发现城市中的野生自然对人类健康和幸福感具有重要影响
2022年新高考卷 D篇 I卷 说明文 饮食变化带来发音变化
II卷 说明文 锻炼对于心脏的好处
2021年新高考卷 D篇 I卷 说明文 人与自我：情商是品质还是技能
II卷 说明文 机器人监测牧牛的健康状况
议论文结构特点
结构一 提出论点
论据论证
重申论点
结构二 提出观点
分析观点
总结方法
结构三 呈现话题
甲方观点；乙方观点
作者观点
（2023·全国卷·高考真题）If you want to tell the history of the whole world, a history that does not privilege one part of humanity, you cannot do it through texts alone, because only some of the world has ever had texts, while most of the world, for most of the time, has not. Writing is one of humanity’s later achievements, and until fairly recently even many literate (有文字的) societies recorded their concerns not only in writing but in things.
Ideally a history would bring together texts and objects, and some chapters of this book are able to do just that, but in many cases we simply can’t. The clearest example of this between literate and non-literate history is perhaps the first conflict, at Botany Bay, between Captain Cook’s voyage and the Australian Aboriginals. From the English side, we have scientific reports and the captain’s record of that terrible day. From the Australian side, we have only a wooden shield (盾) dropped by a man in flight after his first experience of gunshot. If we want to reconstruct what was actually going on that day, the shield must be questioned and interpreted as deeply and strictly as the written reports.
In addition to the problem of miscomprehension from both sides, there are victories accidentally or deliberately twisted, especially when only the victors know how to write. Those who are on the losing side often have only their things to tell their stories. The Caribbean Taino, the Australian Aboriginals, the African people of Benin and the Incas, all of whom appear in this book, can speak to us now of their past achievements most powerfully through the objects they made: a history told through things gives them back a voice. When we consider contact (联系) between literate and non-literate societies such as these, all our first-hand accounts are necessarily twisted, only one half of a dialogue. If we are to find the other half of that conversation, we have to read not just the texts, but the objects.
1．What is the first paragraph mainly about
A．How past events should be presented. B．What humanity is concerned about.
C．Whether facts speak louder than words. D．Why written language is reliable.
2．What does the author indicate by mentioning Captain Cook in paragraph 2
A．His report was scientific. B．He represented the local people.
C．He ruled over Botany Bay. D．His record was one-sided.
3．What does the underlined word “conversation” in paragraph 3 refer to
A．Problem. B．History. C．Voice. D．Society.
4．Which of the following books is the text most likely selected from
A． How Maps Tell Stories of the World B． A Short History of Australia
C． A History of the World in 100 Objects D． How Art Works Tell Stories
议论文答题策略
(1)忠实于原文上下文及全篇的逻辑关系，决不能主观臆断。
文章中心是论点，事实细节是论据或主要理由；有关细节问题常对文中某个词语、某句子、某段落等细节及事实进行提问，所提问题一般可直接或间接在文章中找到答案。
提问的特殊疑问词常有：what, who, which, where, how, why 等。
在阅读理解中，要求查找主要事实和特定细节的问题常有以下几种命题方式：
①Which of the following statements is true
②Which of the following is not mentioned in the text
③The author (or the passage) states that __________.
④According to the passage, when (where, why, how, who, what, which, etc.) __________
(2)干扰项：范围过大、过小；偷换概念；正误并存，某个分句是正确的。
阅读理解中细节理解题的干扰项的设置有以下几个原则：
①包含项原则
在答案选项分析中，假如对A选项的理解概括了对其他三项 (或其中某一项)的理解，那么我们就说选项A与其他三项是包含或概括关系，包含项A往往就是正确答案。如在＂花＂与＂玫瑰＂两选项中，正确答案肯定是＂花＂，花包含了玫瑰。
②正反项原则
所谓正反项，是指两选项陈述的命题完全相矛盾。两个相互矛盾的陈述不能都是假的，其中必有一真。所以，假如四选项中A、B互为正反项，那我们通常先排除C、D项，正确答案一般在A、B项当中。
③委婉项原则
所谓委婉，这里是指说话不能说死，要留有余地。阅读理解选项中语气平和、委婉的往往是正确答案。这些选项一般含有不十分肯定或试探性语气的表达，如：probably, possibly, may, usually, might, most of, more
or less, relatively, be likely to, not necessary, although, yet, in addition, tend to等等，而含有绝对语气的表达往往不是正确答案，如：must, always, never, all, every, any, merely, only, completely, none, hardly, already等等。
④同形项原则
命题者往往先将正确答案设置在一个大命题范围，然后通过语言形式的细微变化来考查考生的理解能力与分析能力。同形项原则告诉我们：词汇与句法结构相似的选项中有正确答案的存在。
⑤常识项原则
议论文中，那些符合一般常识、意义深刻富有哲理、符合一般规律、属于普遍现象的往往是正确答案。
⑥因果项原则
阅读理解的逻辑推理基本都是通过因果链进行的，前因后果，一步步循序渐进。然而，在推理题的选项中，有的选项会推理不到位(止于前因)，或者推理过头(止于后果)，这就是所谓的干扰项。因果项原则启示我们：假如四个选项中有两项互为同一事物推理过程中的因果关系，那么正确答案就是两个因果项中的其中之一。如果因项可产生几个结果，那么答案就是因；如果果项可以对应几个原因，那么答案就是果。
解题方法：原文定位法。
查读法：(1)带着问题找答案，把注意力集中在与who, what, when, where问题有关的细节上。
(2)细心!
（2024·安徽池州·二模）How do we come to make sense of our daily lives How can we gain a strong grasp of who we really are and how we fit in the world And how can we naturally connect to important ones in our lives “Life stories are one of the prime tools we have for understanding ourselves and the world around us.” says Robyn Fivush, a professor at Emory University.
Humans are natural storytellers. We use stories to understand our present, draw insights from our past, and anticipate the future. Thus, storytelling is basic to our lives. As a form of rich engagement between family members, family storytelling should be valued more. Sharing bedtime stories and talks after school, or walking through an event that left a young child crying—these are all opportunities for parents and children to become closer through warmth, understanding and support. Fivush and her colleagues have underscored the value of storytelling in parenting. The ways parents support children’s emotions and help them retell more vivid, richly detailed stories have lasting impacts on children’s cognitive(认知的)and emotional development.
Children and teenagers learn how to talk about their lives from family stories. An early example is learning how to present a detailed story with a beginning, a middle, and an end—to give it a clear structure. Further, they learn what is appropriate to talk about or avoid and what feelings are appropriate to share over dinner or out with others.
When growing up, we use our life stories to build complex and stable views of ourselves. Through stories about the traditions maintained over the years, we make connections between past successes and failures, our relationships, and the activities that hold meaning to us to develop our new identities. These identities reflect our roles as family members, community members, co-workers and so on, thus helping us have a more complete view of ourselves.
Having a lasting impact on ourselves and those around us, life stories are filled with meaning, insight, and value. By the way, what’s the story that stands out to you from a recent meal or chat
5．Why does the writer ask three questions in the beginning
A．To explain a general idea.
B．To give background information.
C．To introduce an argument.
D．To report the finding of a study.
6．What does the underlined word “underscored” in Paragraph 2 mean
A．Cast doubt on. B．Attached importance to.
C．Shown concern for. D．Thought poorly of.
7．How can life stories help form a complete view of ourselves according to the writer
A．By maintaining social ties.
B．By rebuilding our identities.
C．By connecting our past and future.
D．By learning from family members.
8．Where is the text most probably taken from
A．A review on a storybook.
B．An advice letter for social life.
C．A guidebook to parenting.
D．An essay on the value of storytelling.
（2024·重庆·二模）Three young American men were on a crowded train when they encountered a heavily armed terrorist. With little regard for their personal safety, they rushed the terrorist and controlled him. Only some people seem capable of this split-second form of heroism. Why some men rise to the occasion — and others don’t — has been a bit tricky to explain. Psychologists have explored this question through biological and personality psychology.
Of course, heroism and courage can appear in many forms, and men and women risk their reputations, health, and social standing to do what they think is right. When it comes to physically risky bravery, people assume that men will take the lead. There are sound biological reasons for this fixed image. One of the most common fears in men is that they’ll be outed as a coward (懦夫), and a man who fails to display physical courage will suffer damage to his reputation in a way that a woman will not. Throughout human history, attaining a position of high status or dominance among one’s peers (同龄人) has been the ticket that needs to get punched for men to attract mates and father children.
People tend to have an idea of what heroes are like. When rating the personalities of movie heroes, participants expected them to be more careful and hard-working, open to experience, agreeable, and emotionally stable than the average person. But some studies indicate that people who exhibit heroic behavior score high on personality usually associated with madmen: risk-taking, sensation seeking, coolness under stress, and a tendency to take over in social situations.
The study of the relationship between personality and heroism is at an early stage. Psychologists are still at a loss to predict in advance who will heroically step up when needed. Often, the hero is an otherwise ordinary person who finds himself in extraordinary circumstances. Meanwhile, some individuals trained to behave heroically might hesitate during a crisis. Future disasters will cry out for further acts of true heroism. Hopefully, the right mix of circumstances and personalities enable courage to carry the day.
9．How is the topic introduced in the first paragraph
A．By giving an example. B．By presenting a concept.
C．By making a comparison. D．By drawing a conclusion.
10．What do the underlined words “get punched” in paragraph 2 mean
A．Be bought. B．Be gifted. C．Be obtained. D．Be abandoned.
11．Why is it difficult to predict who will act heroically in a crisis
A．Heroes and ordinary people are always difficult to tell apart.
B．Heroism is a phenomenon influenced by numerous factors.
C．Unknown circumstances play a crucial role in heroic acts.
D．Individual personality is not a reliable indicator of heroism.
12．Which of the following is the best title for the text
A．How Are Heroes Trained B．Why Are Heroes Important
C．Who Are the True Heroes D．What Makes a Person Heroic
（2024·山东菏泽·一模）As people hold different views on almost anything, we live in a judgmental world where people are quick to point out the faults and imperfections of others, yet seem unaware of their own. Some misguided souls believe they have a duty to help you to be a better person by telling you what a failure you really are first and then offering suggestions as to how you can improve.
So what is the possible solution to criticism
If you are the one forcing others to feel ashamed of themselves, STOP. Make a conscious decision rather than focus on the negative aspect of a person’s performance or attitudes. You are more likely to offer helpful suggestions from the beginning. If you are on the receiving end of criticism, the “OK” response is a perfect solution. When someone comments negatively on a task you are doing or a personality issue of yours, a natural response is to defend and attack. However, this approach is rarely effective as it puts both parties on the defensive. Instead, simply reply with “OK”. This brief one-word response acknowledges the other person’s comment without agreeing with it or feeling necessary to engage in a debate about it.
It is important to remain emotionally attached to what the other person is saying, to listen without feeling, to be an objective observer. In fact, there is much that one can learn from a negative review. You can ask yourself: Did I make a mistake Could I have done better Did I give 100% of myself to the task at hand If so, how can I improve myself As for chronic(习惯性的) criticizers: It is important to set strict boundary with them. Remove yourself from their presence when necessary.
In any case, one can learn to be “OK” with criticism and not allow it to negatively impact your life or relationship with the other party.
13．What may the author think of people who prefer to judge others
A．Warm-hearted. B．Self-centered. C．Talkative. D．Responsible.
14．What does a person probably convey by saying “OK” according to paragraph 3
A．He thinks the suggestions are helpful.
B．He defenses himself with the response.
C．He agrees with the comments completely.
D．He wants to avoid unnecessary arguments.
15．What is the key to making an objective observer according to paragraph 4
A．Having debates. B．Accepting criticism.
C．Keeping calm. D．Avoiding criticizers.
16．What is the purpose of the text
A．To make a judgment on others. B．To explain some social behavior.
C．To call for action against attack. D．To give advice on facing criticism.
（2024·浙江杭州·二模）Is forgiveness against our human nature To answer our question, we need to ask a further question: What is the essence of our humanity For the sake of simplicity, people consider two distinctly different views of humanity. The first view involves dominance and power. In an early paper on the psychology of forgiveness, Droll (1984) made the interesting claim that humans’ essential nature is more aggressive than forgiving allows. Those who forgive are against their basic nature, much to their harm. In his opinion, forgivers are compromising their well-being as they offer mercy to others, who might then take advantage of them.
The second view involves the theme of cooperation, mutual respect, and even love as the basis of who we are as humans. Researchers find that to fully grow as human beings, we need both to receive love from and offer love to others. Without love, our connections with a wide range of individuals in our lives can fall apart. Even common sense strongly suggests that the will to power over others does not make for harmonious interactions. For example, how well has slavery worked as a mode of social harmony
From this second viewpoint of who we are as humans, forgiveness plays a key role in the biological and psychological integrity of both individuals and communities because one of the outcomes of forgiveness, shown through scientific studies, is the decreasing of hatred and the restoration of harmony. Forgiveness can break the cycle of anger. At least to the extent the people from whom you are estranged accept your love and forgiveness and are prepared to make the required adjustments. Forgiveness can heal relationships and reconnect people.
As an important note, when we take a Classical philosophical perspective, that of Aristotle, we see the
distinction between potentiality and actuality. We are not necessarily born with the capacity to forgive, but instead with the potential to learn about it and to grow in our ability to forgive. The actuality of forgiving, its actual appropriation in conflict situations, develops with practice.
17．What is Droll’s idea about forgiveness
A．People should offer mercy to others.
B．Aggressive people should learn to forgive.
C．Forgiveness depends on the nature of humanity.
D．People who forgive can have their own welfare affected.
18．What does the example in paragraph 2 illustrate
A．To forgive is to love. B．To dominate is to harm.
C．To fight is to grow. D．To give is to receive.
19．What is the writer’s attitude toward forgiveness
A．Favorable. B．Reserved. C．Objective. D．Skeptical.
20．What is message of the last paragraph
A．Forgiveness is in our nature. B．Forgiveness grows with time.
C．It takes practice to forgive. D．Actuality is based on potentiality.
（2024·山东青岛·一模）At a conference last week, I received an interesting piece of advice: “Assume you are wrong.” The advice came from Brian Nosek, a fellow psychology professor. He wasn’t objecting to any particular claim I’d made — he was offering a strategy for pursuing better science, and for encouraging others to do the same.
To understand the context for Nosek’s advice, we need to take a step back — to the nature of science itself. Despite what many of us learned in elementary school, there is no single scientific method. Just as scientific theories change, so do scientific methods.
Assuming you are right might be a motivating force, sustaining the enormous effort that conducting scientific work requires. But it also makes it easy to interpret criticisms as personal attacks, and for scientific arguments to develop into personal battles. Beginning, instead, from the assumption you are wrong, a criticism is easier to be viewed as a helpful pointer, a constructive suggestion for how to be less wrong — a goal that your critic probably shares.
Nosek’s advice may sound pessimistic, but it’s not so foreign to science. Philosophers of science sometimes refer to the “pessimistic meta-induction (元归纳)” on the history of science: All of our past scientific theories have been wrong, so surely our current theories will turn out to be wrong, too. That doesn’t mean we haven’t made progress, but it does indicate that there is always room for improvement—ways to be less wrong.
I like the advice because it builds in an awareness of our limitations and a readiness to accept the unknown (“there are things I do not know!”) along with a sense that we can do better (“there are things I do not know yet!”). It also builds in a sense of community — we’re all in the same boat when it comes to falling short of getting things right. Perhaps the focus on a shared goal — our goal as scientists and humans of being less wrong — can help make up for any harm in scientific motivation or communication.
21．Why did Nosek send the advice
A．To express opinions about my claims. B．To remind me to be open to criticism.
C．To encourage me to take up science. D．To better my understanding of psychology.
22．How does assuming you are wrong help
A．It motivates scientists to make efforts. B．It addresses personal attacks and conflicts.
C．It sets a constructive improvement goal. D．It contributes to a deeper insight into yourself.
23．What does the author think of science theories
A．Dynamic. B．Testable. C．Pioneering. D．Well-established.
24．Which of the following is the best title for the text
A．Accept the Unknown B．Aim to Be Less Wrong
C．Get Engaged in Psychology D．Dig into the Nature of Science
（2024·河南南阳·一模）These days, there’s barely a world leader who doesn’t talk up science. For example, the India’s Prime Minister was the main performer at the annual Indian Science Congress, held in Nagpur, where he encouraged the nation’s researchers to do the science needed to make India self-reliant.
The message to researchers is crystal clear: leaders see science as essential to national prosperity, well-being and, of course, competitiveness. So, is research fit for the challenge of advancing, refining or critiquing these goals Not exactly. And it won’t be until there is fundamental reform to the gateway to a research career: PhD training.
As Nature and other publications have frequently reported, PhD training worldwide has been in trouble for some time. Students’ stipends (生活津贴) are not enough in most countries, creating a cost-of-living crisis.
Early-career researchers constantly report concerns about a constant lack of support and poor-quality supervision, with senior researchers rarely trained in mentorship (指导).
Furthermore, PhD candidates are inadequately prepared for the cross-disciplinary working and large teams that characterize cutting-edge science today. This is especially true for careers outside academic research, where the overwhelming majority of PhD candidates will be heading.
It is not all bad. Universities in a small number of high-income countries have reformed, or are reforming, PhD assessment. But in most places, and especially in low- and middle-income countries, a candidate’s work is still evaluated using a single-authored paper. In many countries, candidates must publish in a journal before they get a PhD, something that critics say could fuel profitable publishing.
The system’s strains have become more obvious because the number of people doing PhD training has been rising sharply. According to the 2022 book Towards a Global Core Value System in Doctoral Education, the number of PhDs awarded in India increased from 17,850 in 2004 to 25,095 in 2016; US figures climbed from 48,500 to 69,525 over the same period. If researchers are to meet society’s expectations, their training and mentoring must escape the nineteenth century.
25．Why is the India’s Prime Minister mentioned in the first paragraph
A．To indicate India’s serious scientific landscape.
B．To imply more researchers are in great demand in India.
C．To show leaders’ emphasis on scientific research.
D．To demonstrate more and more people take an interest in science.
26．What does paragraph 3 mainly talk about
A．The reforms in science. B．The significance of mentorship.
C．The creation of academic culture. D．The issues early-career researchers face.
27．Which of the following best describes the author’s opinion on PhD training
A．Disappointed. B．Satisfied. C．Indifferent. D．Enthusiastic.
28．What does the author mainly intend to express in the last paragraph
A．PhD education is developing gradually.
B．The reforms in PhD training admit of no delay.
C．The number of PhDs awarded has increased in India and the US.
D．The demand for researchers’ meeting society’s expectations is pressing.
（2024·新疆塔城·二模）The topic of “crossing your legs” has been hotly discussed on the Internet recently. The truth is that crossing one leg over the other, a common sitting posture preferred by many people, may actually do harm to one’s health. So while seated, try not to do so any more.
Whether it is at the office, in a waiting room or relaxing at home, many people’ s go-to posture is one leg over the other, crossed at the knee. If you’re like many of us, you spend too many hours of your day seated and for most of that time, you have crossed your legs for comfort.
One study found that people who sat with their legs crossed for more than three hours a day were more likely to lean forward and to round their shoulders. But the research relied on people’s own estimations of how long they crossed their legs for.
When you cross your legs, you are putting compression and pressure on your leg and knee joints and nerves. The way you sit is a huge determinant of your health and the way your body moves and functions. Sitting with your legs crossed leaves your hips uneven and forces your pelvic bone (盆骨) to rotate. Therefore, the longer you sit in this uneven position, the more pressure is placed on your knee and spine (脊柱), increasing the likelihood that it will develop into a long-term issue.
If seated long, then more importantly for you, cultivate and develop a healthy habit of sitting position. And here are the followings. Switch sitting positions often. Take brief walks around your office or home. Gently stretch your muscles every so often to help relieve muscle tension. Keep your feet on the floor, with your ankles in front of your knees. Relax your shoulders; they should not be rounded. Keep your elbows in close to your body and let them be bent between 90 and 120 degrees. Make sure that your back, thighs and hips are fully supported. Try doing those and maybe some of them fit you.
29．Why do many people like to be seated “crossing their legs”
A．They do so just for sort of ease.
B．They want their legs to take up more space.
C．They think it’s a power move.
D．It is a common sitting posture preferred by the most.
30．Which of the following may not be the “harm” that the long “cross-legged” position leads to
A．Your hips are in an unbalanced position.
B．Your spine supports more pressure.
C．Your pelvic bone is forced to rotate.
D．You may lean forward.
31．How many proposals does the author speak about to those seated long in the text
A．9. B．7. C．5. D．3.
32．What might the author mainly want to tell us
A．What a common sitting posture is.
B．The cross-legged position is popular.
C．Don’t cross your legs any longer.
D．Being seated long is unhealthy.
（2024·山东济南·一模）Like many people over the past few years, I have found myself turning to audiobooks as my main means of reading literature. I find it far more comfortable to “read with my ears” while my eyes are resting. My consumption of new books has doubled as a result--but a recent paper makes me wonder if this will come at the price of my comprehension.
The study comes from Boaz Keysar and Janet Geipel, both at the University of Chicago, and it draws from the “dual process model” of mental processing. According to this-view, we have two ways of assessing information. System 1 is intuitive (直觉的), relying on natural ability and feeling. It is quick, but likely exposed to misinformation. System 2 is analytical involving the use of logic reasoning. It is mentally demanding. When it is engaged, we think our way through the material step by step. For decades, psychologists have designed various tests to determine which of these two systems a person is using. As one example, consider the/ following question: How many animals of each kind did Moses take on the Ark (方舟) If you answered two, you were probably only considering the core of the question, which is System 1 thinking. To get to the right answer-zero, you need to think more carefully about the wording, which would allow you to remember it was Noah who built the Ark, not Moses. That is the kind of analytical process.
Keysar and Geipel’s brilliant idea was to investigate whether the sensory form-seeing vs. hearing-of the information would make a difference. They found that it did: when answering these kinds of simple questions, participants were more likely to make errors when the sentences were spoken out loud, rather than written.
A greater reliance on our feelings could be a problem if we are consuming information that needs logical study. For this reason. I will return to reading non-fiction with my eyes rather than my ears. But I won’t stop
listening to novels. I am quite happy to go with the flow of my emotions while my critical mind takes a break.
33．What does the author think of listening to audiobooks
A．It is economical. B．It is demanding.
C．It is time-consuming. D．It is relaxing.
34．Which of the following best describes System 2 model
A．Fairly reliable. B．Fully automatic.
C．Question-centered. D．Emotion-involved.
35．Why is the Ark mentioned in Paragraph 3
A．To present a fact. B．To illustrate a view.
C．To introduce a topic. D．To draw a conclusion.
36．What does the author intend to tell us
A．Listening to books comes at a price.
B．Reading non-fiction books benefits.
C．Critical thinking is a must in reading.
D．Ways of processing information differ.
（2024·河北邯郸·三模）“Individuals of all ages who have empathy (共情) understand that sometimes telling little white lies can protect other people from getting hurt,” says Barbara Greenberg, a clinical psychologist in Connecticut. “Most people that I have come across tell these little white lies because they understand that 100 percent honesty all the time is not beneficial.” A white lie, she explains, spares people from unnecessary hurt.
At the same time, Dr. Julia Breur, a marriage and family therapist in Florida, emphasizes the importance of paying attention to the way we respond to someone. The fact is that not telling the truth can result in something unpleasant on you; it’s not just about the person the white lie is being told to. For example, she says someone who always tells others that “all is good” when it comes to a sick parent in an effort to avoid discussions about how serious their health issue really is, can eventually face stressful experiences. When that parent eventually passes away, the person who always gave an “all is good” response ends up emotionally broken.
Sometimes, telling white lies often depends on the situation, Dr. Breur says. For example, consider a woman who has not seen her mother for several months. The daughter has gained noticeable weight, yet the mother responds by excitedly declaring that she looks great. “I emphasize during psychotherapy sessions with my patients
that context helps define meaning,” Dr. Breur says. “So when we look at the context of a mother saying you look great when she clearly sees that her daughter has gained weight, it can be acceptable. It reflects the intention of the white lie which is kindness, protection and unconditional love. Otherwise, white lies — especially when told to avoid personal accountability — can start a cycle of mistrust between people, ultimately compromising integrity,” she adds.
Therefore, it’s important to ask ourselves when it is and isn’t appropriate to deliver the honest truth, and when it’s best to step back and offer a more delicate response. More often than not, it’s about finding a balance between the two.
37．What can be learned about white lies according to Barbara Greenberg
A．They are short-lived. B．They are unidentifiable.
C．They are trouble-making. D．They are common.
38．What message does Dr. Breur deliver in paragraph 2
A．White lies can harm both the liars and the listeners.
B．We must respond to our family members truthfully.
C．It’s wrong to tell white lies to a seriously ill parent.
D．The “all is good” response is effective in dealing with patients.
39．What is Dr. Breur’s attitude towards the mother’s practice in paragraph 3
A．Uncaring. B．Critical. C．Supportive. D．Doubtful.
40．Which of the following is the best title for the text
A．East or West, White Lies Are the Best
B．Think Twice Before You Tell White Lies
C．White Lies Signify Unconditional Love
D．White Lies Are Empathetic People’s Favorable Choice
