2024届高考英语 专题复习 不容忽视的冠词、代词 、数词 和介词(短语) 课件(共117张PPT)
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(共117张PPT)
专题五 不容忽视的冠词、代词 、数词和介词(短语)
考点突破 · 精讲即练
考点一 冠 词
一、不定冠词的3种基本用法和2种灵活用法
1．3种基本用法
(1)表示类指或指某类中的“任何一个”。
It is generally accepted that a boy must learn to stand up and fight like a man.
普遍认为男孩必须学会站起来并像个男子汉一样去奋斗。
(2)表示泛指“某个”。当说话人第一次提及某人或某物时通常用不定冠词。
It was a cold winter night and the moon was shining brightly across the night sky.
那是一个寒冷的冬夜，月亮在夜空中闪耀着。
(3)表示量指。不定冠词表示“一”这个数量，但数量概念没有one强烈。
Rome was not built in a day.
罗马非一日建成。/冰冻三尺，非一日之寒。
2．2种灵活用法
(1)表示“某一个”，相当于some/a certain。
A Mr. Brown came to see you just now.
刚才有一位布朗先生来找你了。
(2)“a(n)＋序数词”表示“又一；再一”；“a most＋形容词”表示“非常；很”。
He missed the gold in the high jump, but will get a second chance in the long jump.
他在跳高比赛中没有赢得金牌，但是，在跳远比赛中他还有一次(赢得金牌的)机会。
二、定冠词的5种基本用法
1．特指某人或某事。
2．用在专有名词前或与世界上独一无二的事物连用。
3．用在序数词和形容词、副词最高级及only, very, same等之前。
4．用在表示计量的名词前，如by the hour, by the day, by the week, by the dozen, by the yard等，但是如果表示单位的名词为不可数名词，之前不用冠词，如by weight/height等。
—It's said John will get a job paying over $600,000 a year.
—Right, he will also get paid by the week.
——据说约翰会得到一份年薪超过六十万美元的工作。
——是的，而且会按周付薪。
5．某些形容词前面加定冠词，表示某类人或物。
The injured were taken to the nearest hospital without delay.
受伤的人被立刻送到了最近的医院。
三、冠词在固定搭配中的用法
1．不定冠词在固定搭配中的用法
have a look 看一下
take a bath/walk/rest冲凉/散步/休息
as a matter of fact事实上
all of a sudden突然
in a hurry匆忙地
do sb a favour帮某人一个忙
keep an eye on留心
2．定冠词在固定搭配中的用法
on the whole总体上
to tell the truth说实话
on the contrary相反
in the end最后
in the charge of由……负责
四、零冠词的3种基本用法
1．在不可数名词或可数名词复数前表示泛指时不用冠词。
2．称呼语及表示独一无二的头衔、职务的名词作表语、宾语补足语或同位语时，不加冠词。
Dr Peter Spence, headmaster of the school, told us, “A fifth of pupils here go on to further study at Oxford and Cambridge.”
这所学校的校长彼得·斯宾塞告诉我们：“这里五分之一的学生将继续到牛津大学或剑桥大学深造。”
3．表示时间、节日、季节、三餐、球类运动、语言、学科的名词前不用冠词。
即时演练(一)
单句语法填空
1．Autumn, a word dating back to the late 1300s, became popular as ____ alternative.
2. When I see a child under this kind of pressure, I think of Tom. He was ___ shy, nervous boy.
3．And without courage, we'll never step into _____ unknown.
4．In fact，communication has been _____ best way to promote each other's understanding and trust.
an
a
the
the
考点二 代 词
一、人称代词与物主代词的4种基本用法
1．人称代词有主格(如I, we, they, he, she等)和宾格(如me, us, them, him, her等)之分。主格在句中通常作主语，宾格在句中通常作宾语、表语或同位语等成分。
2．人称代词指代的数前后要一致。
The students must be made to understand how important each subject is to them.(them指代the students)
必须使学生们明白每门功课对他们来说是多么重要。
3．句中没有谓语动词，人称代词要用宾格。
—I'd like to go to climb the mountain this weekend.
—Me, too.
——这个周末我想去爬山。
——我也想去。
4．形容词性物主代词通常在句中作定语。名词性物主代词相当于“形容词性物主代词＋名词”，可以作主语、宾语和表语，不能用于名词前。注意名词性物主代词在比较级中的用法。
Our room is bigger than theirs.
我们的房间比他们的大。
二、反身代词的基本用法
反身代词常与它所指代的名词或代词形成互指关系，在人称和数上保持一致，在句中可作宾语、表语、同位语等。
人称 数 第一人称 第二人称 第三人称
单数 myself yourself himself, herself, itself
复数 ourselves yourselves themselves
She bought herself a car.
她给自己买了一辆车。(作宾语)
I am not quite myself today.
我今天感觉不舒服。(作表语)
You have to ask the headmaster himself about it.
关于这件事，你必须问校长本人。(作同位语)
三、it的4种基本用法
1．it可作人称代词，主要指某样东西、抽象事物、不知性别的孩子或不明确的人。
2．it也可代指时间、距离、天气等。
3．it作形式主语或形式宾语代指动词不定式、动词-ing形式、名词性从句。
It is a waste of time trying to persuade him to change his mind.
试图说服他改变主意是在浪费时间。
4．表示“喜欢、恨”等心理方面的动词后常接it作形式宾语，然后再接真正的宾语(宾语从句)，这类动词有enjoy, prefer, love, like, hate, dislike, appreciate等。
They would appreciate it, to be frank, if the goods could be delivered as soon as possible.
坦率地讲，如果货物能尽快送到，他们将不胜感激。
四、3组不定代词对比识记
1．either, both, neither, all, none, any
either 肯定意义 表示“(两者中的)任何一个”，作主语时，谓语动词常用单数形式
both 肯定意义 表示“两者(都)”，作主语时，谓语动词常用复数形式
neither 否定意义 表示“(两者)都不”，单独作主语时，谓语动词常用单数形式
all 肯定意义 表示“(三者或以上)全部”，作主语时，谓语动词的人称和数应与all所指代的人或事物保持一致
none 否定意义 表示“(三者或以上)没有”，作主语后接复数名词时，谓语动词可用单数也可用复数；后接不可数名词时，谓语动词用单数
any 肯定意义 表示“(三者或以上)任意一个”，作主语时，谓语动词用单复数均可，常与of连用
As the two dictionaries are useful, I'll take both and either of them is very important to me.
由于这两本词典都有用，我会把它们都买下来，每一本对我来说都非常重要。
Larry asks Bill and Peter to go on a picnic with him, but neither of them wants to, because they have work to do.
拉里让比尔和彼得跟他一起去野餐，但他们两个都不想去，因为他们都有工作要做。
All horses are animals, but not all animals are horses.
所有的马都是动物，但是并不是所有的动物都是马。
【点津】
both, all与not连用表示部分否定；表示全部否定时应用neither, none。
2．none, nobody/no one, nothing
none 既可指人也可指物，多与表示范围的介词of连用；与数量有关，可回答how many或how much类的问句，表示“一个也没有”
nobody/ no one 不能与of连用，只能指人，表示“什么人也没有”，可回答who引导的疑问句
nothing 表示“什么也没有”，用来否定一切，可回答what引导的疑问句
Nobody can do something well for 40 years if he doesn't love it.
没有人能持续四十年把某件事做得很好，除非他热爱这件事。
None of them knew about the plan because it was kept a secret.
他们中没有人知道那项计划，因为它还是个秘密。
3．the other, other, another, others
the other 指“两者中的另一个”，常与one连用，构成one ... the other ...一个……另一个……；作定语修饰复数名词时，特指一定范围内的“其他所有的人或事物”
other 表示“别的；其他的”，不能单独使用，只能修饰名词，表示泛指意义
another 可单独使用，也可修饰名词，泛指三者或三者以上的人或物中的“另一个”，代替或修饰单数可数名词。另外another后可接“基数词/few＋复数名词”形式，表示“另外的……”
others 只能单独使用，表示泛指意义，意为“其他的人或事物”，常与some一起出现；特指“其他的全部人或事物”时用the others
I have two books; one is English, and the other is French.
我有两本书，一本是英语书，另一本是法语书。
Shopping on the Internet enables people not to search for goods from one store to another.
网购使人们不必从一家店到另一家店地寻找商品。
You are a team star! Working with others is really your cup of tea.
你是队里的明星！与别人一起工作的确是你喜欢的事。
五、5个常用替代词对比识记
替代词it和that/those, one/ones
it 代替前面提到过的同一个人或物，即“同名同物”
that/those that可以指代前面出现过的特指的不可数名词或单数可数名词，指代单数可数名词相当于the one，其复数形式为those，相当于the ones
one/ones one用来代替单数可数名词，表泛指，是“同名异物”，其复数形式为ones
The basic design of the car is very similar to that of the earlier model.
这款车的基本设计与之前车型的设计非常相似。
At our factory there are a few machines similar to those described in this magazine.
我们工厂里的一些机器与这本杂志里描述的那些机器很相似。
We've been looking for a cheap house but haven't found one yet.
我们一直在找一个便宜的房子但是还没找到。
即时演练(二)
单句语法填空
1．Several more excellent concerts will be held next month. We can attend all of ______ (they)．
2．My son was excited, but I felt helpless. I didn't have that kind of money. ____ was going to cost $300!
them
It
3．I wish to thank Mr. Smith, and without _____ (he) help I would never have got this far.
4．If you want to go to the party with me, you should behave _________ (you) well.
his
yourself
考点三 数词
数词属于高考试题中的冷考点，主要涉及基数词和序数词的基本用法、序数词前的修饰语以及由基数词构成的短语等。
1．序数词一般由基数词加-th构成。以-y结尾的基数词构成序数词时，先把y变为i，再加-eth。如the twentieth/fiftieth。不规则的序数词有以下几个：first, second, third, fifth, eighth, ninth, twelfth。序数词前通常要加定冠词the，但当序数词不表示顺序而表示“又一”“再一”时，要用不定冠词。
2．年龄、年代的表达：①表达“在某人几十多岁”用“in one's＋逢十的基数词的复数”；②表达“在几十年代”用“in the＋逢十的基数词的复数”。
3．基数词dozen, score, hundred, thousand, million等表示确切数目时不能加-s，其前可用数词或several, some等修饰，此时其后通常不跟of(后有these, those或代词宾格时可跟of)；表示“数以百万计”“数以千计”等笼统数目时，要加-s，其前不能用数词，其后可跟of。
4．基数词可与名词等构成合成形容词，用连字符“-”连接，作前置定语，其中的名词应用单数形式，如a four-hour journey。
5．分数表达法：分子用基数词，分母用序数词。当分子大于一时，分母应用序数词的复数形式，如：two-sevenths七分之二。
即时演练(三)
单句语法填空
1．I've always loved the ocean. In the _______ (nine) grade, I started volunteering at the Monterey Bay Aquarium in California.
2．In the summer holiday following my ____________ (eighteen) birthday, I took driving lessons.
ninth
eighteenth
3．About two-________ (three) of the students are going to attend the meeting.
4．Though in her ___________ (seventy), she still worked 8 hours a day in the pet shop.
thirds
seventies
考点四 介词和介词短语
一、常考介词
1．表示时间和方位的介词
类别 介词 用法
表 示 时 间 at, in, on ①at表示时间点；②in表示时间段，与表示较长一段时间的词搭配；③on 表示在特定的日子、具体的日期、星期几、具体的某一天或某些节日；也可表示在具体的某一天的上午、下午或晚上
类别 介词 用法
表 示 时 间 in, after 两者均可接时间段，表示“在……之后”，但“in＋时间段”常与将来时连用，“after＋时间段”常与过去时连用
类别 介词 用法
表 示 时 间 for, since， from ①“for＋时间段”表示某行为或状态持续了一段时间；②“since＋时间点”强调自过去某时延续至今的一段时间；③“from＋时间点”表示行为或状态的起始点
before, by 两者均可表示“在……之前”，但 by 表示“不迟于某时”，包括某时在内
类别 介词 用法
表 示 方 位 on, above， over ①on指在某物的表面上，其反义词是beneath；②above指离开物体表面而在其上方，不一定是垂直向上，其反义词是below；③over指离开物体表面而在其正上方，其反义词是under, over 还可以表示“越过……”
类别 介词 用法
表 示 方 位 across, through, past, over，along，by， beside ①across指从一平面上“横穿”或“在……对面”；②through指从人群或物体内部“穿过；贯穿”；③past 表示动态的动作发生在某人/某物的旁边；④over表示从上方越过；⑤along表示“沿着”；⑥by与beside 均表示“在……旁边”，by含有“倚；凭靠”的意思，beside指两者位置关系
类别 介词 用法
表 示 方 位 at, in，on ①at后接较小的地方或门牌号码；②in后接较大的地方；③on一般指与面或线接触
in, on， to, off ①in表示在某一范围之内；②on表示与某一地区“毗邻；接壤”；③to表示在某范围之外；④off表示“(时空上)离；距”
He climbed over the wall.
他爬过了那堵墙。
In fact, half of the 6,000 to 7,000 languages spoken around the world today will likely die out by the next century, according to the UNESCO.
根据联合国教科文组织的说法，事实上，全球范围内的六千至七千种语言中，有一半到下个世纪可能会消失。
即时演练(四)
单句语法填空
1．It began on 19 January and finished ____ the early morning of 20 January.
2．The Xi'an City Wall is the most complete city wall that has survived China's long history. It was built originally to protect the city ____ the Tang Dynasty and has now been completely restored.
on
in
3．The new boy looked at the teacher _____ a few seconds and all the other students wondered what the boy would do.
4．“Speed up. 70 km/h isn't fast enough.You are holding up traffic，” ordered another voice from the seat next ____ me.
for
to
【点津】
(1)在以下短语中，at表示时间段。
at dinner time 在(吃)晚饭时
at weekends/the weekend在周末
(2)当时间名词前有this, that, last, next, every, each, some等词修饰时，通常不用任何介词。
this morning今天上午
last year去年
(3)“on＋名词或动词-ing形式”结构可以表示“一……就……”。
On my arrival/arriving home, I discovered they had gone.
我一到家就发现他们已经离开了。
2．其他常用介词
介词 用法
against 反对，违背，与……相反；触；碰撞；紧靠，倚靠；与……竞争，对阵；以……为背景
at ①用在表示某地点、场合、方位等的名词前；②用在表示时刻、钟点、期间、……岁、时节等的名词前；③以，按(价格、速度、数量等)；④朝、向、对着某人/某物的方向
介词 用法
beyond (指程度)深于；(指范围)超出；(指可能性、理解力、能力等)非……可及；(时间)晚于
by (时间)不迟于，在……之前；常用于结构“by＋the＋单数名词”，表示“按……计算”；(表示程度、数量)相差；经过，经由；通过(某种方法、手段)
介词 用法
for ①(表示目的或功能)为了；②(表示对象或用途)给，对；③(表示原因)因为，由于；④(表示时间、距离、数量)达，计；⑤支持，赞成；⑥至于，关于， 就……而言；⑦(表示去向)往，向；⑧(表示陈述或问题的对象)对于
in ①(表示地点、场所、位置等)在……里面；在……内；②(表示时间)在……期间；在(一段时间)以内；在……之后；③(表示某人或某物的状态、情况)处于……中；④关于；在……方面
介词 用法
on ①(表示接触或由某一表面支撑着)在……上；②(表示时间)在……时候；③关于，有关；④借助于，通过……，以……方式
with 和……一起，和，同，跟；(伴)随着；具有，带有；由于，因为；(表示方式)用
3.表示“除了”的介词(短语)
介词(短语) 用法
besides 除……之外(还有)，包括后面所提到的人或物，相当于in addition to
介词(短语) 用法
except 除……之外(其他的都)，不包括后面所提到的人或物，表示同类之间的关系。除了接名词、代词、动词-ing形式之外，其后还可接副词、介词短语以及 that, what, when, where等引导的从句。
He is never late except when he is ill.
他从不迟到，生病的时候除外。
3.表示“除了”的介词(短语)
介词(短语) 用法
except for 除……之外，排除的部分与前面的内容不属于同一类，着重用于对个别状况的补充说明。
During her time in the cave, Stefania had been completely alone except for two white mice.
斯特凡尼娅在山洞里的时候，除了两只白鼠，她完全是独自一人。
介词(短语) 用法
but 除……之外(＝except)，常用于nobody, none, no one, nothing, anything, everyone, all 之后。
There's no one here but me.
这里除了我没有别人。
apart from 既可相当于besides或in addition to，也可相当于 except for。
Apart from the ending, it's a really good film.
除了结局，这部电影确实不错。(相当于except for)
【点津】
besides还可作副词，意为“另外；而且”，在句中常作插入语。
I don't want to go; besides, it's too late now.
我不想去；而且现在太晚了。
二、介词短语
1．“at＋名词”表示状态
at a loss 不知所措
at dinner在吃晚餐
at peace处于和平中
at dawn在黎明
at war在战争中
at work在工作
2．“by＋名词”表示方式
by accident偶然地
by chance偶然地
by force用暴力
by hand手工地
by mistake错误地
by the month按月算
3．“beyond＋名词”表示状态
beyond comparison无与伦比
beyond control失控
beyond description难以描述
beyond doubt毋庸置疑
beyond expression难以表达
beyond(one's) reach够不到
4．“in＋名词”表示状态
in bed在床上
in danger处于危险中
in debt负债
in difficulty处境困难
in high spirits情绪高昂
in need在危难中；在穷困中的
in order整齐；井然有序
in surprise吃惊地
in trouble在困境中
in use使用中
5．“on＋名词”表示状态
on a trip在旅行
on business出差
on display/show在展出
on duty在值班
on holiday/vacation在度假
on sale在出售
on strike在罢工
on the way在途中
6．“out of＋名词”表示状态
out of balance失去平衡
out of control失去控制
out of danger脱离危险
out of date过期
out of order出故障
out of work失业
7．“under＋名词”表示状态
under consideration在考虑中
under construction在建造中
under control在控制之下
under discussion在讨论中
under pressure在压力下
under repair在修理中
under treatment在治疗中
8．其他高频介词短语
against time争分夺秒
at the sight of一看到……
at the age of在……岁时
in the face of面对；面临
in addition(to)另外；除了
in case of万一
in charge of负责；主管
in favour of赞成；支持
in need of需要
in no time立刻
in a hurry匆忙
in preparation for为……做准备
in return for作为回报
of help/use有帮助的/有用的
of importance重要的
on behalf of代表
即时演练(五)
单句语法填空
1．The most important thing is to practice. You can do this ____ joining such kind of clubs.
2．Chopsticks are not used everywhere in Asia. In India, for example, most people traditionally eat ______ their hands.
3．You'll succeed ____ time as long as you love it with passion because life will give back what you put into it.
by
with
in
4．You don't look very surprised ____ the good news.
5．There are a number of things we can do by learning a few life-saving skills for conditions ________ our control.
6．Ancient architecture in China stands out _____ its fine wooden structures, the elegant outside and beautiful decoration.
at
beyond
for
集训夯基 · 素养提能
Ⅰ.单句语法填空
1．(2023·新课标Ⅰ卷)There you will find them prepared differently—more dumpling and less soup，and the wrappers are pressed ____ hand rather than rolled.
解析：考查介词。by hand“用手”是固定搭配。故填by。
by
2．(2023·新课标Ⅰ卷)Nanxiang aside，the best Xiao long bao have a fine skin，allowing them to be lifted out of the steamer basket without tearing or spilling any of _______(they) contents.
解析：考查代词。修饰后面的名词contents需用形容词性物主代词。故填their。
3．(2023·新课标Ⅰ卷)The meat should be fresh with ___ touch of sweetness and the soup hot，clear and delicious.
解析：考查冠词。a touch of意为“一点点；稍许”，为常用搭配，touch“轻微；稍许”常用作单数。故填a。
their
a
4．(2022·新高考Ⅱ卷)And who do they speak English __________
解析：考查介词。根据句意可知，应用speak English with/to sb.，意为“与某人用英语交谈”。故填with/to。
5．(2022·新高考Ⅱ卷)Not the pandas，even though _____ language used for the medical training instructions is actually English.
解析：考查冠词。分析句子结构可知，此处特指用于医学训练指导使用的语言，应用定冠词修饰。故填the。
with/to
the
6．(2023·全国乙卷)Beijing is a city bridging the ancient and the modern.From Buddhist temples to museums，narrow hutong ____ royal palaces，it is home to more than 3,000 years of glorious history even down to its layout，with the city keeping its carefully built system of ring roads.
解析：考查介词。根据上文的“From Buddhist temples to museums”可知，空处和上文保持一致，表示“从……到……”，用介词to。故填to。
to
7．(2023·全国甲卷)Fables were part of the oral tradition of many early cultures，and the well-known Aesop's fables date to the _______(six) century，B.C.Yet，the form of the fable still has values today, as Rachel Carson says in “A Fable for Tomorrow.”
解析：考查数词。century“世纪”前面要用序数词形式。故填sixth。
sixth
8．(2023·浙江1月卷)Thanks to Beijing's long history ___ capital of China，almost every hutong has its stories，and some are even associated with historic events. In contrast to the court life and upper-class culture represented by the Forbidden City，the Summer Palace，and the Temple of Heaven，the hutongs reflect _____ culture of grassroots Beijingers.
解析：第一空考查介词。空白处所在部分意为“由于北京……中国首都的悠久历史”。介词as在此意为“作为”，符合句子结构和语境。第二空考查冠词。空白处后指的是“北京普通民众的文化”，此处填定冠词the表示特指。故填as；the。
as
the
9．(2022·新高考Ⅰ卷)Covering an area about three times _____size of Yellowstone National Park, the GPNP will be one of the first national parks in the country.
解析： 考查冠词。“倍数＋the size (width, length...) of”是固定用法，意为“……是……的……倍”。故填the。
the
10．(2022·新高考Ⅰ卷)Giant pandas also serve ____an umbrella species (物种), bringing protection to a host of plants and animals in the southwestern and northwestern parts of China.
解析： 考查固定搭配。serve as为固定搭配，意为“充当，担任”。故填as。
as
11．(2022·新高考Ⅱ卷)_____ Brown family live in an apartment building outside Toronto.On the day of the accident, Mrs.Brown was at work and Eric was at home with his father.
解析： 考查冠词。分析句子结构可知，设空处应用冠词与Brown family 构成名词短语作主语。the＋姓氏，意为“某某一家人”；同时该单词置于句首，首字母应大写。故填The。
The
12．(2022·全国甲卷)___ friend of his, Wu Fan, volunteered to be his companion during the trip.
解析： 考查冠词。根据语境可知，此处泛指“他的一个朋友”，且空后的名词friend的发音以辅音音素开头，所以应用不定冠词a；且设空处位于句首。故填A。
A
13．(2022·全国乙卷)To celebrate _____ festival, a number of events took place at the Chinese Businessman Museum in Beijing on Thursday.
解析： 考查冠词。设空处特指第一个国际茶日，应用定冠词the。故填the。
14．(2022·全国乙卷)The Chinese Ancient Tea Museum was officially unveiled (揭幕) at the ceremony, opening _____(it) first exhibition: The Avenue of Truth—A Special Exhibition of Pu'er Tea.
解析： 考查代词。分析句子结构可知，空后有名词exhibition，应用形容词性物主代词its。故填its。
the
its
15．(2021·新高考Ⅰ卷)As the song goes, this long and winding road “will never disappear”， and it will always stick in the visitor's memory. It sure does in ______(I)．
解析： 考查代词。根据上文中的in the visitor's memory可知，in ______对应的是in my memory，设空处指的是“在我的记忆中”。故填mine。
mine
16．(2021·新高考Ⅰ卷)While you're in China, Mount Huangshan is ___must to visit!
解析： 考查冠词。must在这里作可数名词，意为“必须做(或看、买等)的事”；a must在文中指“一个必游之地”，且must的发音是以辅音音素开头的。故填a。
a
17．(2022·全国甲卷) He flew 4, 700 kilometers ______ Xi'an to Kashgar on Sept. 20, planning to hike back to Xi'an in five months.
解析：考查介词。句意：9月20日，他从4 700公里外的西安飞到了喀什，计划在五个月内徒步回到西安。根据句意和Xi'an to Kashgar 可知，此处表示“从西安飞往喀什”，应用介词from，固定搭配from...to...表示“从……到……”。故填from。
from
18．(2022·全国乙卷)May 21st this year marks the first International Tea Day, which was named officially ____ the United Nations on November 27th, 2019.
解析：考查介词。句意：2019年11月27日，联合国正式将5月21日定为第一个国际茶日。根据句意可知，此处表达“被联合国在2019年11月27日命名”。表示被动，使用固定结构“be＋过去分词＋by”。故填by。
by
19．(2021·浙江卷) _____ Lincolns enlarged the house to a full two stories in 1856 to meet the needs of their growing family.
解析：考查冠词。句意：林肯夫妇在1856年把房子扩大到了整整两层，以满足他们日益增长的家庭的需要。根据句意可知，此处意为“林肯一家”；根据设空后的Lincolns可知，此处考查“the＋姓氏复数”，表示夫妇俩，或者一家人。设空处位于句首，所以首字母要大写。故填The。
The
20．(2021·全国乙卷)Ecotourism has _____ (it) origin with the environmental movement of the 1970s.
解析：考查代词。句意：生态旅游业起源于20世纪70年代的环保运动。空格所填词与空后的origin一起作has的宾语；同时与空后的origin构成限定关系，因此应填形容词物主代词。故填its。
its
21．(2021·浙江卷)She was extremely pretty, and her house was a reflection of _________ (she), everything in good taste and in perfect order.
解析：考查反身代词。句意：她非常漂亮，并且她的房子就是她的写照，每件东西都摆放整齐，品味也很好。故填herself。
22．(2021·全国甲卷)It was built originally to protect the city ____ the Tang Dynasty and has now been completely restored(修复)．
解析：考查介词。唐朝the Tang Dynasty，是段时间。因此，在唐朝，应用in the Tang Dynasty。故填in。
herself
in
23．(2021·全国乙卷) Due to the growing popularity of environmentally-related and adventure travel, various types ____ trips are now being classified as ecotourism.
解析：考查介词。句意：……各种各样的旅行被归类于生态旅行。根据空格前后为名词并具有所属关系。故填of。
of
24．(2021·浙江卷)The study found that between 1985 and 2017, average rural BMI increased ____ 2.1 in women and men.
解析：考查介词。句意：研究发现1985－2017年间，农村男人和女人BMI的平均数值上升了2.1。increase by＋数值表示增长了多少。故填by。
by
25．(2021·浙江卷) In 1844 they bought it _____$1,200 and some land.
解析：考查介词。句意：1844年，他们以1,200美元的价格购买了它(这个房子)和一些地。buy sth. for ＋价格，表示以什么价格购买某物。故填for。
26．(2020·新课标Ⅱ卷)The plum trees are _____ first to flower even as the snow is melting(融化).
解析：考查冠词。句意：雪还在融化时，梅花是第一个开花的。这里表示特指，所以序数词first前要加定冠词the。故填the。
for
the
27．(2020·浙江卷)Then，with _____ rise of science，changes began.
解析：考查冠词。句意：随着科学的崛起，事情发生了变化。with the rise of 译为“随着……的崛起”是固定短语。故填the。
28．(2020·浙江卷)A child born in the US today has ___ very realistic chance of living beyond 100 and needs to plan accordingly.
解析：考查冠词。句意：今天在美国出生的孩子有非常现实的机会活到100岁以上，因此需要做出相应的计划。chance为可数名词，此处表示泛指应用不定冠词，且very为辅音音素开头的单词。故填a。
the
a
29．(2020·全国Ⅰ卷)Data about the moon's composition, such as how much ice and other treasures it contains, could help China decide whether _____ (it) plans for a future lunar (月球的) base are practical.
解析：考查代词。句意：关于月亮构成的数据，比如它含有多少冰和其他财富，可以帮助中国决定它未来月球基地的计划是否实用。根据空后的名词plans可知，此处应使用形容词性物主代词its。故填its。
its
30．(2020·山东卷)As well as looking at exhibits, visitors can play with computer simulations (模拟) and imagine ____________ (they) living at a different time in history or walking through a rainforest.
解析：考查反身代词。句意：除了观赏展品，游客还可以玩电脑模拟游戏，想象自己生活在一个不同的历史时期，或者漫步在热带雨林中。此处指代visitors，意为“他们自己”，应使用反身代词。故填themselves。
themselves
31．(2020·新课标Ⅲ卷)The artist was finally humbled (谦卑) by the greatest artist ____ earth, Mother Nature.
解析：考查介词。句意：这位艺术家最终被世界上最伟大的艺术家——大自然母亲所折服。结合句意表示“在世界上”短语为on earth。故填on。
on
32．(2020·山东卷)Museums must compete _____ people's spare time and money with other amusements.
解析：考查介词。句意：博物馆必须和其他娱乐活动竞争人们的业余时间和金钱。此处是固定短语：compete for，意为“为了……竞争”。故填for。
for
Ⅱ.语法填空
Passage 1 冠词与代词专练
(全国Ⅲ卷改编)
On our way to the house，______ was raining so hard that we couldn't help wondering how long ______ would take to get there.It was in the middle of Pearl City.
1.it
2.it
We were first greeted with the barking by_____ pack of dogs，seven to be exact. ________(them) were well trained by their masters who had great experience with caring for _________(this) animals.Our hosts shared many of _________(they) experiences and recommended wonderful places to eat，shop，and visit.For breakfast，we were able to eat papaya(木瓜) and other fruits from their trees in _______ backyard.
3.a
4.They
5.these
6.their
7.the
When they were free from work，they invited______(we) to local events and let us know of ______ interesting competition to watch，together with the story behind it.They also shared with us many traditional stories about Hawaii that were hugely popular with tourists.On ________ last day of our week-long stay，we were invited to attend a private concert on a beautiful farm on the North Shore under the stars，listening to musicians and meeting interesting locals.
语篇导读：本文是一篇记叙文。讲述了作者在美国夏威夷的一次旅行经历。
8.us
9.an
10.the
解析：
1．考查代词。句意：在我们去那座房子的路上，雨下得如此大以至于我们忍不住去想还要多久才能到达那里。it 可以指天气。故填it。
2．考查代词。句意同上题。此处是句式It takes (sb.)some time to do sth.，it为形式主语，to do不定式为真正的主语。故填it。
3．考查冠词。a pack of意为“一群”。故填a。
4．考查代词。句意：它们被它们的主人训练得很好，它们的主人在照顾这些动物方面很有经验。它们(狗儿们)在这里作主语；位于句首，大写首字母。故填They。
5．考查代词。句意同上题。因为animals是复数形式，故填指示代词these。故填these。
6．考查代词。experience是名词，前面需要一个形容词性物主代词来修饰它。故填their。
7．考查冠词。空处修饰名词backyard，是特指的他们的院子。故填the。
8．考查代词。空处作invited的宾语，应用宾格形式。故填us。
9．考查冠词。空后interesting的发音以元音音素开头，此处泛指一场有趣的比赛。故填an。
10．考查冠词。on the last day在最后一天。故填the。
Passage 2 动词与介词专练
(全国Ⅲ卷改编)
She looks like any other schoolgirl，fresh-faced and full______ life.Sarah Thomas is looking forward ______ the challenge of her new A-level course.But unlike her school friends,16-year-old Sarah is not spending half-term ___________(rest)．Instead，she is earning ￡6,500 a day as a model in New York.
1.of
2.to
3.resting
Sarah was told that she could be Britain's new supermodel，earning a million dollars in the next year.Her father Peter,44，wants her to give______ school to model full-time.But Sarah，who has taken part ______ shows along with top models，wants to prove that she has brains as well as beauty.She is determined to carry ______ with her education.
4.up
5.in
6.on
She has turned________ several invitations to star at shows in order to concentrate on her studies.After school she plans to take a year _______ to model full-time before going to university to get a degree ______ engineering or architecture.
7.down
8.off
9.in
Sarah says，“My dad thinks I should take the offer now.But at the moment，school __________(come) first.I don't want to get too absorbed in modeling.It is certainly fun but the lifestyle is a little unreal.I don't want to have nothing else to fall back on when I can't model any more.”
语篇导读：本文是一篇记叙文。主要介绍了Sarah Thomas在学业和诱人的职业面前所做出的选择，她认为在青少年时期要把学业放在首位。
es
解析：
1．考查介词。固定短语： full of life充满活力。故填of。
2．考查介词。固定短语：look forward to (doing) sth.盼望(做)某事。故填to。
3．考查非谓语动词。固定短语：spend time (in) doing sth.花费时间做某事。故填resting。
4．考查动词短语。固定短语：give up (doing) sth.放弃(做)某事。故填up。
5．考查动词短语。固定短语：take part in sth.参加……活动。故填in。
6．考查动词短语。固定短语：carry on with sth.继续某事。 故填on。
7．考查动词短语。固定短语：turn down 拒绝。故填down。
8．考查动词短语。固定短语：take some time off 请假一段时间。故填off。
9．考查介词。in表示“在某方面”，get a degree in...意为“在某方面获得某项学位”。故填in。
10．考查动词的时态。根据语境可知，Sarah认为当下应该是学业第一，说明现在的情况应该用一般现在时。故填comes。
专题五 不容忽视的冠词、代词 、数词和介词(短语)
考点突破 · 精讲即练
考点一 冠 词
一、不定冠词的3种基本用法和2种灵活用法
1．3种基本用法
(1)表示类指或指某类中的“任何一个”。
It is generally accepted that a boy must learn to stand up and fight like a man.
普遍认为男孩必须学会站起来并像个男子汉一样去奋斗。
(2)表示泛指“某个”。当说话人第一次提及某人或某物时通常用不定冠词。
It was a cold winter night and the moon was shining brightly across the night sky.
那是一个寒冷的冬夜，月亮在夜空中闪耀着。
(3)表示量指。不定冠词表示“一”这个数量，但数量概念没有one强烈。
Rome was not built in a day.
罗马非一日建成。/冰冻三尺，非一日之寒。
2．2种灵活用法
(1)表示“某一个”，相当于some/a certain。
A Mr. Brown came to see you just now.
刚才有一位布朗先生来找你了。
(2)“a(n)＋序数词”表示“又一；再一”；“a most＋形容词”表示“非常；很”。
He missed the gold in the high jump, but will get a second chance in the long jump.
他在跳高比赛中没有赢得金牌，但是，在跳远比赛中他还有一次(赢得金牌的)机会。
二、定冠词的5种基本用法
1．特指某人或某事。
2．用在专有名词前或与世界上独一无二的事物连用。
3．用在序数词和形容词、副词最高级及only, very, same等之前。
4．用在表示计量的名词前，如by the hour, by the day, by the week, by the dozen, by the yard等，但是如果表示单位的名词为不可数名词，之前不用冠词，如by weight/height等。
—It's said John will get a job paying over $600,000 a year.
—Right, he will also get paid by the week.
——据说约翰会得到一份年薪超过六十万美元的工作。
——是的，而且会按周付薪。
5．某些形容词前面加定冠词，表示某类人或物。
The injured were taken to the nearest hospital without delay.
受伤的人被立刻送到了最近的医院。
三、冠词在固定搭配中的用法
1．不定冠词在固定搭配中的用法
have a look 看一下
take a bath/walk/rest冲凉/散步/休息
as a matter of fact事实上
all of a sudden突然
in a hurry匆忙地
do sb a favour帮某人一个忙
keep an eye on留心
2．定冠词在固定搭配中的用法
on the whole总体上
to tell the truth说实话
on the contrary相反
in the end最后
in the charge of由……负责
四、零冠词的3种基本用法
1．在不可数名词或可数名词复数前表示泛指时不用冠词。
2．称呼语及表示独一无二的头衔、职务的名词作表语、宾语补足语或同位语时，不加冠词。
Dr Peter Spence, headmaster of the school, told us, “A fifth of pupils here go on to further study at Oxford and Cambridge.”
这所学校的校长彼得·斯宾塞告诉我们：“这里五分之一的学生将继续到牛津大学或剑桥大学深造。”
3．表示时间、节日、季节、三餐、球类运动、语言、学科的名词前不用冠词。
即时演练(一)
单句语法填空
1．Autumn, a word dating back to the late 1300s, became popular as ____ alternative.
2. When I see a child under this kind of pressure, I think of Tom. He was ___ shy, nervous boy.
3．And without courage, we'll never step into _____ unknown.
4．In fact，communication has been _____ best way to promote each other's understanding and trust.
an
a
the
the
考点二 代 词
一、人称代词与物主代词的4种基本用法
1．人称代词有主格(如I, we, they, he, she等)和宾格(如me, us, them, him, her等)之分。主格在句中通常作主语，宾格在句中通常作宾语、表语或同位语等成分。
2．人称代词指代的数前后要一致。
The students must be made to understand how important each subject is to them.(them指代the students)
必须使学生们明白每门功课对他们来说是多么重要。
3．句中没有谓语动词，人称代词要用宾格。
—I'd like to go to climb the mountain this weekend.
—Me, too.
——这个周末我想去爬山。
——我也想去。
4．形容词性物主代词通常在句中作定语。名词性物主代词相当于“形容词性物主代词＋名词”，可以作主语、宾语和表语，不能用于名词前。注意名词性物主代词在比较级中的用法。
Our room is bigger than theirs.
我们的房间比他们的大。
二、反身代词的基本用法
反身代词常与它所指代的名词或代词形成互指关系，在人称和数上保持一致，在句中可作宾语、表语、同位语等。
人称 数 第一人称 第二人称 第三人称
单数 myself yourself himself, herself, itself
复数 ourselves yourselves themselves
She bought herself a car.
她给自己买了一辆车。(作宾语)
I am not quite myself today.
我今天感觉不舒服。(作表语)
You have to ask the headmaster himself about it.
关于这件事，你必须问校长本人。(作同位语)
三、it的4种基本用法
1．it可作人称代词，主要指某样东西、抽象事物、不知性别的孩子或不明确的人。
2．it也可代指时间、距离、天气等。
3．it作形式主语或形式宾语代指动词不定式、动词-ing形式、名词性从句。
It is a waste of time trying to persuade him to change his mind.
试图说服他改变主意是在浪费时间。
4．表示“喜欢、恨”等心理方面的动词后常接it作形式宾语，然后再接真正的宾语(宾语从句)，这类动词有enjoy, prefer, love, like, hate, dislike, appreciate等。
They would appreciate it, to be frank, if the goods could be delivered as soon as possible.
坦率地讲，如果货物能尽快送到，他们将不胜感激。
四、3组不定代词对比识记
1．either, both, neither, all, none, any
either 肯定意义 表示“(两者中的)任何一个”，作主语时，谓语动词常用单数形式
both 肯定意义 表示“两者(都)”，作主语时，谓语动词常用复数形式
neither 否定意义 表示“(两者)都不”，单独作主语时，谓语动词常用单数形式
all 肯定意义 表示“(三者或以上)全部”，作主语时，谓语动词的人称和数应与all所指代的人或事物保持一致
none 否定意义 表示“(三者或以上)没有”，作主语后接复数名词时，谓语动词可用单数也可用复数；后接不可数名词时，谓语动词用单数
any 肯定意义 表示“(三者或以上)任意一个”，作主语时，谓语动词用单复数均可，常与of连用
As the two dictionaries are useful, I'll take both and either of them is very important to me.
由于这两本词典都有用，我会把它们都买下来，每一本对我来说都非常重要。
Larry asks Bill and Peter to go on a picnic with him, but neither of them wants to, because they have work to do.
拉里让比尔和彼得跟他一起去野餐，但他们两个都不想去，因为他们都有工作要做。
All horses are animals, but not all animals are horses.
所有的马都是动物，但是并不是所有的动物都是马。
【点津】
both, all与not连用表示部分否定；表示全部否定时应用neither, none。
2．none, nobody/no one, nothing
none 既可指人也可指物，多与表示范围的介词of连用；与数量有关，可回答how many或how much类的问句，表示“一个也没有”
nobody/ no one 不能与of连用，只能指人，表示“什么人也没有”，可回答who引导的疑问句
nothing 表示“什么也没有”，用来否定一切，可回答what引导的疑问句
Nobody can do something well for 40 years if he doesn't love it.
没有人能持续四十年把某件事做得很好，除非他热爱这件事。
None of them knew about the plan because it was kept a secret.
他们中没有人知道那项计划，因为它还是个秘密。
3．the other, other, another, others
the other 指“两者中的另一个”，常与one连用，构成one ... the other ...一个……另一个……；作定语修饰复数名词时，特指一定范围内的“其他所有的人或事物”
other 表示“别的；其他的”，不能单独使用，只能修饰名词，表示泛指意义
another 可单独使用，也可修饰名词，泛指三者或三者以上的人或物中的“另一个”，代替或修饰单数可数名词。另外another后可接“基数词/few＋复数名词”形式，表示“另外的……”
others 只能单独使用，表示泛指意义，意为“其他的人或事物”，常与some一起出现；特指“其他的全部人或事物”时用the others
I have two books; one is English, and the other is French.
我有两本书，一本是英语书，另一本是法语书。
Shopping on the Internet enables people not to search for goods from one store to another.
网购使人们不必从一家店到另一家店地寻找商品。
You are a team star! Working with others is really your cup of tea.
你是队里的明星！与别人一起工作的确是你喜欢的事。
五、5个常用替代词对比识记
替代词it和that/those, one/ones
it 代替前面提到过的同一个人或物，即“同名同物”
that/those that可以指代前面出现过的特指的不可数名词或单数可数名词，指代单数可数名词相当于the one，其复数形式为those，相当于the ones
one/ones one用来代替单数可数名词，表泛指，是“同名异物”，其复数形式为ones
The basic design of the car is very similar to that of the earlier model.
这款车的基本设计与之前车型的设计非常相似。
At our factory there are a few machines similar to those described in this magazine.
我们工厂里的一些机器与这本杂志里描述的那些机器很相似。
We've been looking for a cheap house but haven't found one yet.
我们一直在找一个便宜的房子但是还没找到。
即时演练(二)
单句语法填空
1．Several more excellent concerts will be held next month. We can attend all of ______ (they)．
2．My son was excited, but I felt helpless. I didn't have that kind of money. ____ was going to cost $300!
them
It
3．I wish to thank Mr. Smith, and without _____ (he) help I would never have got this far.
4．If you want to go to the party with me, you should behave _________ (you) well.
his
yourself
考点三 数词
数词属于高考试题中的冷考点，主要涉及基数词和序数词的基本用法、序数词前的修饰语以及由基数词构成的短语等。
1．序数词一般由基数词加-th构成。以-y结尾的基数词构成序数词时，先把y变为i，再加-eth。如the twentieth/fiftieth。不规则的序数词有以下几个：first, second, third, fifth, eighth, ninth, twelfth。序数词前通常要加定冠词the，但当序数词不表示顺序而表示“又一”“再一”时，要用不定冠词。
2．年龄、年代的表达：①表达“在某人几十多岁”用“in one's＋逢十的基数词的复数”；②表达“在几十年代”用“in the＋逢十的基数词的复数”。
3．基数词dozen, score, hundred, thousand, million等表示确切数目时不能加-s，其前可用数词或several, some等修饰，此时其后通常不跟of(后有these, those或代词宾格时可跟of)；表示“数以百万计”“数以千计”等笼统数目时，要加-s，其前不能用数词，其后可跟of。
4．基数词可与名词等构成合成形容词，用连字符“-”连接，作前置定语，其中的名词应用单数形式，如a four-hour journey。
5．分数表达法：分子用基数词，分母用序数词。当分子大于一时，分母应用序数词的复数形式，如：two-sevenths七分之二。
即时演练(三)
单句语法填空
1．I've always loved the ocean. In the _______ (nine) grade, I started volunteering at the Monterey Bay Aquarium in California.
2．In the summer holiday following my ____________ (eighteen) birthday, I took driving lessons.
ninth
eighteenth
3．About two-________ (three) of the students are going to attend the meeting.
4．Though in her ___________ (seventy), she still worked 8 hours a day in the pet shop.
thirds
seventies
考点四 介词和介词短语
一、常考介词
1．表示时间和方位的介词
类别 介词 用法
表 示 时 间 at, in, on ①at表示时间点；②in表示时间段，与表示较长一段时间的词搭配；③on 表示在特定的日子、具体的日期、星期几、具体的某一天或某些节日；也可表示在具体的某一天的上午、下午或晚上
类别 介词 用法
表 示 时 间 in, after 两者均可接时间段，表示“在……之后”，但“in＋时间段”常与将来时连用，“after＋时间段”常与过去时连用
类别 介词 用法
表 示 时 间 for, since， from ①“for＋时间段”表示某行为或状态持续了一段时间；②“since＋时间点”强调自过去某时延续至今的一段时间；③“from＋时间点”表示行为或状态的起始点
before, by 两者均可表示“在……之前”，但 by 表示“不迟于某时”，包括某时在内
类别 介词 用法
表 示 方 位 on, above， over ①on指在某物的表面上，其反义词是beneath；②above指离开物体表面而在其上方，不一定是垂直向上，其反义词是below；③over指离开物体表面而在其正上方，其反义词是under, over 还可以表示“越过……”
类别 介词 用法
表 示 方 位 across, through, past, over，along，by， beside ①across指从一平面上“横穿”或“在……对面”；②through指从人群或物体内部“穿过；贯穿”；③past 表示动态的动作发生在某人/某物的旁边；④over表示从上方越过；⑤along表示“沿着”；⑥by与beside 均表示“在……旁边”，by含有“倚；凭靠”的意思，beside指两者位置关系
类别 介词 用法
表 示 方 位 at, in，on ①at后接较小的地方或门牌号码；②in后接较大的地方；③on一般指与面或线接触
in, on， to, off ①in表示在某一范围之内；②on表示与某一地区“毗邻；接壤”；③to表示在某范围之外；④off表示“(时空上)离；距”
He climbed over the wall.
他爬过了那堵墙。
In fact, half of the 6,000 to 7,000 languages spoken around the world today will likely die out by the next century, according to the UNESCO.
根据联合国教科文组织的说法，事实上，全球范围内的六千至七千种语言中，有一半到下个世纪可能会消失。
即时演练(四)
单句语法填空
1．It began on 19 January and finished ____ the early morning of 20 January.
2．The Xi'an City Wall is the most complete city wall that has survived China's long history. It was built originally to protect the city ____ the Tang Dynasty and has now been completely restored.
on
in
3．The new boy looked at the teacher _____ a few seconds and all the other students wondered what the boy would do.
4．“Speed up. 70 km/h isn't fast enough.You are holding up traffic，” ordered another voice from the seat next ____ me.
for
to
【点津】
(1)在以下短语中，at表示时间段。
at dinner time 在(吃)晚饭时
at weekends/the weekend在周末
(2)当时间名词前有this, that, last, next, every, each, some等词修饰时，通常不用任何介词。
this morning今天上午
last year去年
(3)“on＋名词或动词-ing形式”结构可以表示“一……就……”。
On my arrival/arriving home, I discovered they had gone.
我一到家就发现他们已经离开了。
2．其他常用介词
介词 用法
against 反对，违背，与……相反；触；碰撞；紧靠，倚靠；与……竞争，对阵；以……为背景
at ①用在表示某地点、场合、方位等的名词前；②用在表示时刻、钟点、期间、……岁、时节等的名词前；③以，按(价格、速度、数量等)；④朝、向、对着某人/某物的方向
介词 用法
beyond (指程度)深于；(指范围)超出；(指可能性、理解力、能力等)非……可及；(时间)晚于
by (时间)不迟于，在……之前；常用于结构“by＋the＋单数名词”，表示“按……计算”；(表示程度、数量)相差；经过，经由；通过(某种方法、手段)
介词 用法
for ①(表示目的或功能)为了；②(表示对象或用途)给，对；③(表示原因)因为，由于；④(表示时间、距离、数量)达，计；⑤支持，赞成；⑥至于，关于， 就……而言；⑦(表示去向)往，向；⑧(表示陈述或问题的对象)对于
in ①(表示地点、场所、位置等)在……里面；在……内；②(表示时间)在……期间；在(一段时间)以内；在……之后；③(表示某人或某物的状态、情况)处于……中；④关于；在……方面
介词 用法
on ①(表示接触或由某一表面支撑着)在……上；②(表示时间)在……时候；③关于，有关；④借助于，通过……，以……方式
with 和……一起，和，同，跟；(伴)随着；具有，带有；由于，因为；(表示方式)用
3.表示“除了”的介词(短语)
介词(短语) 用法
besides 除……之外(还有)，包括后面所提到的人或物，相当于in addition to
介词(短语) 用法
except 除……之外(其他的都)，不包括后面所提到的人或物，表示同类之间的关系。除了接名词、代词、动词-ing形式之外，其后还可接副词、介词短语以及 that, what, when, where等引导的从句。
He is never late except when he is ill.
他从不迟到，生病的时候除外。
3.表示“除了”的介词(短语)
介词(短语) 用法
except for 除……之外，排除的部分与前面的内容不属于同一类，着重用于对个别状况的补充说明。
During her time in the cave, Stefania had been completely alone except for two white mice.
斯特凡尼娅在山洞里的时候，除了两只白鼠，她完全是独自一人。
介词(短语) 用法
but 除……之外(＝except)，常用于nobody, none, no one, nothing, anything, everyone, all 之后。
There's no one here but me.
这里除了我没有别人。
apart from 既可相当于besides或in addition to，也可相当于 except for。
Apart from the ending, it's a really good film.
除了结局，这部电影确实不错。(相当于except for)
【点津】
besides还可作副词，意为“另外；而且”，在句中常作插入语。
I don't want to go; besides, it's too late now.
我不想去；而且现在太晚了。
二、介词短语
1．“at＋名词”表示状态
at a loss 不知所措
at dinner在吃晚餐
at peace处于和平中
at dawn在黎明
at war在战争中
at work在工作
2．“by＋名词”表示方式
by accident偶然地
by chance偶然地
by force用暴力
by hand手工地
by mistake错误地
by the month按月算
3．“beyond＋名词”表示状态
beyond comparison无与伦比
beyond control失控
beyond description难以描述
beyond doubt毋庸置疑
beyond expression难以表达
beyond(one's) reach够不到
4．“in＋名词”表示状态
in bed在床上
in danger处于危险中
in debt负债
in difficulty处境困难
in high spirits情绪高昂
in need在危难中；在穷困中的
in order整齐；井然有序
in surprise吃惊地
in trouble在困境中
in use使用中
5．“on＋名词”表示状态
on a trip在旅行
on business出差
on display/show在展出
on duty在值班
on holiday/vacation在度假
on sale在出售
on strike在罢工
on the way在途中
6．“out of＋名词”表示状态
out of balance失去平衡
out of control失去控制
out of danger脱离危险
out of date过期
out of order出故障
out of work失业
7．“under＋名词”表示状态
under consideration在考虑中
under construction在建造中
under control在控制之下
under discussion在讨论中
under pressure在压力下
under repair在修理中
under treatment在治疗中
8．其他高频介词短语
against time争分夺秒
at the sight of一看到……
at the age of在……岁时
in the face of面对；面临
in addition(to)另外；除了
in case of万一
in charge of负责；主管
in favour of赞成；支持
in need of需要
in no time立刻
in a hurry匆忙
in preparation for为……做准备
in return for作为回报
of help/use有帮助的/有用的
of importance重要的
on behalf of代表
即时演练(五)
单句语法填空
1．The most important thing is to practice. You can do this ____ joining such kind of clubs.
2．Chopsticks are not used everywhere in Asia. In India, for example, most people traditionally eat ______ their hands.
3．You'll succeed ____ time as long as you love it with passion because life will give back what you put into it.
by
with
in
4．You don't look very surprised ____ the good news.
5．There are a number of things we can do by learning a few life-saving skills for conditions ________ our control.
6．Ancient architecture in China stands out _____ its fine wooden structures, the elegant outside and beautiful decoration.
at
beyond
for
集训夯基 · 素养提能
Ⅰ.单句语法填空
1．(2023·新课标Ⅰ卷)There you will find them prepared differently—more dumpling and less soup，and the wrappers are pressed ____ hand rather than rolled.
解析：考查介词。by hand“用手”是固定搭配。故填by。
by
2．(2023·新课标Ⅰ卷)Nanxiang aside，the best Xiao long bao have a fine skin，allowing them to be lifted out of the steamer basket without tearing or spilling any of _______(they) contents.
解析：考查代词。修饰后面的名词contents需用形容词性物主代词。故填their。
3．(2023·新课标Ⅰ卷)The meat should be fresh with ___ touch of sweetness and the soup hot，clear and delicious.
解析：考查冠词。a touch of意为“一点点；稍许”，为常用搭配，touch“轻微；稍许”常用作单数。故填a。
their
a
4．(2022·新高考Ⅱ卷)And who do they speak English __________
解析：考查介词。根据句意可知，应用speak English with/to sb.，意为“与某人用英语交谈”。故填with/to。
5．(2022·新高考Ⅱ卷)Not the pandas，even though _____ language used for the medical training instructions is actually English.
解析：考查冠词。分析句子结构可知，此处特指用于医学训练指导使用的语言，应用定冠词修饰。故填the。
with/to
the
6．(2023·全国乙卷)Beijing is a city bridging the ancient and the modern.From Buddhist temples to museums，narrow hutong ____ royal palaces，it is home to more than 3,000 years of glorious history even down to its layout，with the city keeping its carefully built system of ring roads.
解析：考查介词。根据上文的“From Buddhist temples to museums”可知，空处和上文保持一致，表示“从……到……”，用介词to。故填to。
to
7．(2023·全国甲卷)Fables were part of the oral tradition of many early cultures，and the well-known Aesop's fables date to the _______(six) century，B.C.Yet，the form of the fable still has values today, as Rachel Carson says in “A Fable for Tomorrow.”
解析：考查数词。century“世纪”前面要用序数词形式。故填sixth。
sixth
8．(2023·浙江1月卷)Thanks to Beijing's long history ___ capital of China，almost every hutong has its stories，and some are even associated with historic events. In contrast to the court life and upper-class culture represented by the Forbidden City，the Summer Palace，and the Temple of Heaven，the hutongs reflect _____ culture of grassroots Beijingers.
解析：第一空考查介词。空白处所在部分意为“由于北京……中国首都的悠久历史”。介词as在此意为“作为”，符合句子结构和语境。第二空考查冠词。空白处后指的是“北京普通民众的文化”，此处填定冠词the表示特指。故填as；the。
as
the
9．(2022·新高考Ⅰ卷)Covering an area about three times _____size of Yellowstone National Park, the GPNP will be one of the first national parks in the country.
解析： 考查冠词。“倍数＋the size (width, length...) of”是固定用法，意为“……是……的……倍”。故填the。
the
10．(2022·新高考Ⅰ卷)Giant pandas also serve ____an umbrella species (物种), bringing protection to a host of plants and animals in the southwestern and northwestern parts of China.
解析： 考查固定搭配。serve as为固定搭配，意为“充当，担任”。故填as。
as
11．(2022·新高考Ⅱ卷)_____ Brown family live in an apartment building outside Toronto.On the day of the accident, Mrs.Brown was at work and Eric was at home with his father.
解析： 考查冠词。分析句子结构可知，设空处应用冠词与Brown family 构成名词短语作主语。the＋姓氏，意为“某某一家人”；同时该单词置于句首，首字母应大写。故填The。
The
12．(2022·全国甲卷)___ friend of his, Wu Fan, volunteered to be his companion during the trip.
解析： 考查冠词。根据语境可知，此处泛指“他的一个朋友”，且空后的名词friend的发音以辅音音素开头，所以应用不定冠词a；且设空处位于句首。故填A。
A
13．(2022·全国乙卷)To celebrate _____ festival, a number of events took place at the Chinese Businessman Museum in Beijing on Thursday.
解析： 考查冠词。设空处特指第一个国际茶日，应用定冠词the。故填the。
14．(2022·全国乙卷)The Chinese Ancient Tea Museum was officially unveiled (揭幕) at the ceremony, opening _____(it) first exhibition: The Avenue of Truth—A Special Exhibition of Pu'er Tea.
解析： 考查代词。分析句子结构可知，空后有名词exhibition，应用形容词性物主代词its。故填its。
the
its
15．(2021·新高考Ⅰ卷)As the song goes, this long and winding road “will never disappear”， and it will always stick in the visitor's memory. It sure does in ______(I)．
解析： 考查代词。根据上文中的in the visitor's memory可知，in ______对应的是in my memory，设空处指的是“在我的记忆中”。故填mine。
mine
16．(2021·新高考Ⅰ卷)While you're in China, Mount Huangshan is ___must to visit!
解析： 考查冠词。must在这里作可数名词，意为“必须做(或看、买等)的事”；a must在文中指“一个必游之地”，且must的发音是以辅音音素开头的。故填a。
a
17．(2022·全国甲卷) He flew 4, 700 kilometers ______ Xi'an to Kashgar on Sept. 20, planning to hike back to Xi'an in five months.
解析：考查介词。句意：9月20日，他从4 700公里外的西安飞到了喀什，计划在五个月内徒步回到西安。根据句意和Xi'an to Kashgar 可知，此处表示“从西安飞往喀什”，应用介词from，固定搭配from...to...表示“从……到……”。故填from。
from
18．(2022·全国乙卷)May 21st this year marks the first International Tea Day, which was named officially ____ the United Nations on November 27th, 2019.
解析：考查介词。句意：2019年11月27日，联合国正式将5月21日定为第一个国际茶日。根据句意可知，此处表达“被联合国在2019年11月27日命名”。表示被动，使用固定结构“be＋过去分词＋by”。故填by。
by
19．(2021·浙江卷) _____ Lincolns enlarged the house to a full two stories in 1856 to meet the needs of their growing family.
解析：考查冠词。句意：林肯夫妇在1856年把房子扩大到了整整两层，以满足他们日益增长的家庭的需要。根据句意可知，此处意为“林肯一家”；根据设空后的Lincolns可知，此处考查“the＋姓氏复数”，表示夫妇俩，或者一家人。设空处位于句首，所以首字母要大写。故填The。
The
20．(2021·全国乙卷)Ecotourism has _____ (it) origin with the environmental movement of the 1970s.
解析：考查代词。句意：生态旅游业起源于20世纪70年代的环保运动。空格所填词与空后的origin一起作has的宾语；同时与空后的origin构成限定关系，因此应填形容词物主代词。故填its。
its
21．(2021·浙江卷)She was extremely pretty, and her house was a reflection of _________ (she), everything in good taste and in perfect order.
解析：考查反身代词。句意：她非常漂亮，并且她的房子就是她的写照，每件东西都摆放整齐，品味也很好。故填herself。
22．(2021·全国甲卷)It was built originally to protect the city ____ the Tang Dynasty and has now been completely restored(修复)．
解析：考查介词。唐朝the Tang Dynasty，是段时间。因此，在唐朝，应用in the Tang Dynasty。故填in。
herself
in
23．(2021·全国乙卷) Due to the growing popularity of environmentally-related and adventure travel, various types ____ trips are now being classified as ecotourism.
解析：考查介词。句意：……各种各样的旅行被归类于生态旅行。根据空格前后为名词并具有所属关系。故填of。
of
24．(2021·浙江卷)The study found that between 1985 and 2017, average rural BMI increased ____ 2.1 in women and men.
解析：考查介词。句意：研究发现1985－2017年间，农村男人和女人BMI的平均数值上升了2.1。increase by＋数值表示增长了多少。故填by。
by
25．(2021·浙江卷) In 1844 they bought it _____$1,200 and some land.
解析：考查介词。句意：1844年，他们以1,200美元的价格购买了它(这个房子)和一些地。buy sth. for ＋价格，表示以什么价格购买某物。故填for。
26．(2020·新课标Ⅱ卷)The plum trees are _____ first to flower even as the snow is melting(融化).
解析：考查冠词。句意：雪还在融化时，梅花是第一个开花的。这里表示特指，所以序数词first前要加定冠词the。故填the。
for
the
27．(2020·浙江卷)Then，with _____ rise of science，changes began.
解析：考查冠词。句意：随着科学的崛起，事情发生了变化。with the rise of 译为“随着……的崛起”是固定短语。故填the。
28．(2020·浙江卷)A child born in the US today has ___ very realistic chance of living beyond 100 and needs to plan accordingly.
解析：考查冠词。句意：今天在美国出生的孩子有非常现实的机会活到100岁以上，因此需要做出相应的计划。chance为可数名词，此处表示泛指应用不定冠词，且very为辅音音素开头的单词。故填a。
the
a
29．(2020·全国Ⅰ卷)Data about the moon's composition, such as how much ice and other treasures it contains, could help China decide whether _____ (it) plans for a future lunar (月球的) base are practical.
解析：考查代词。句意：关于月亮构成的数据，比如它含有多少冰和其他财富，可以帮助中国决定它未来月球基地的计划是否实用。根据空后的名词plans可知，此处应使用形容词性物主代词its。故填its。
its
30．(2020·山东卷)As well as looking at exhibits, visitors can play with computer simulations (模拟) and imagine ____________ (they) living at a different time in history or walking through a rainforest.
解析：考查反身代词。句意：除了观赏展品，游客还可以玩电脑模拟游戏，想象自己生活在一个不同的历史时期，或者漫步在热带雨林中。此处指代visitors，意为“他们自己”，应使用反身代词。故填themselves。
themselves
31．(2020·新课标Ⅲ卷)The artist was finally humbled (谦卑) by the greatest artist ____ earth, Mother Nature.
解析：考查介词。句意：这位艺术家最终被世界上最伟大的艺术家——大自然母亲所折服。结合句意表示“在世界上”短语为on earth。故填on。
on
32．(2020·山东卷)Museums must compete _____ people's spare time and money with other amusements.
解析：考查介词。句意：博物馆必须和其他娱乐活动竞争人们的业余时间和金钱。此处是固定短语：compete for，意为“为了……竞争”。故填for。
for
Ⅱ.语法填空
Passage 1 冠词与代词专练
(全国Ⅲ卷改编)
On our way to the house，______ was raining so hard that we couldn't help wondering how long ______ would take to get there.It was in the middle of Pearl City.
1.it
2.it
We were first greeted with the barking by_____ pack of dogs，seven to be exact. ________(them) were well trained by their masters who had great experience with caring for _________(this) animals.Our hosts shared many of _________(they) experiences and recommended wonderful places to eat，shop，and visit.For breakfast，we were able to eat papaya(木瓜) and other fruits from their trees in _______ backyard.
3.a
4.They
5.these
6.their
7.the
When they were free from work，they invited______(we) to local events and let us know of ______ interesting competition to watch，together with the story behind it.They also shared with us many traditional stories about Hawaii that were hugely popular with tourists.On ________ last day of our week-long stay，we were invited to attend a private concert on a beautiful farm on the North Shore under the stars，listening to musicians and meeting interesting locals.
语篇导读：本文是一篇记叙文。讲述了作者在美国夏威夷的一次旅行经历。
8.us
9.an
10.the
解析：
1．考查代词。句意：在我们去那座房子的路上，雨下得如此大以至于我们忍不住去想还要多久才能到达那里。it 可以指天气。故填it。
2．考查代词。句意同上题。此处是句式It takes (sb.)some time to do sth.，it为形式主语，to do不定式为真正的主语。故填it。
3．考查冠词。a pack of意为“一群”。故填a。
4．考查代词。句意：它们被它们的主人训练得很好，它们的主人在照顾这些动物方面很有经验。它们(狗儿们)在这里作主语；位于句首，大写首字母。故填They。
5．考查代词。句意同上题。因为animals是复数形式，故填指示代词these。故填these。
6．考查代词。experience是名词，前面需要一个形容词性物主代词来修饰它。故填their。
7．考查冠词。空处修饰名词backyard，是特指的他们的院子。故填the。
8．考查代词。空处作invited的宾语，应用宾格形式。故填us。
9．考查冠词。空后interesting的发音以元音音素开头，此处泛指一场有趣的比赛。故填an。
10．考查冠词。on the last day在最后一天。故填the。
Passage 2 动词与介词专练
(全国Ⅲ卷改编)
She looks like any other schoolgirl，fresh-faced and full______ life.Sarah Thomas is looking forward ______ the challenge of her new A-level course.But unlike her school friends,16-year-old Sarah is not spending half-term ___________(rest)．Instead，she is earning ￡6,500 a day as a model in New York.
1.of
2.to
3.resting
Sarah was told that she could be Britain's new supermodel，earning a million dollars in the next year.Her father Peter,44，wants her to give______ school to model full-time.But Sarah，who has taken part ______ shows along with top models，wants to prove that she has brains as well as beauty.She is determined to carry ______ with her education.
4.up
5.in
6.on
She has turned________ several invitations to star at shows in order to concentrate on her studies.After school she plans to take a year _______ to model full-time before going to university to get a degree ______ engineering or architecture.
7.down
8.off
9.in
Sarah says，“My dad thinks I should take the offer now.But at the moment，school __________(come) first.I don't want to get too absorbed in modeling.It is certainly fun but the lifestyle is a little unreal.I don't want to have nothing else to fall back on when I can't model any more.”
语篇导读：本文是一篇记叙文。主要介绍了Sarah Thomas在学业和诱人的职业面前所做出的选择，她认为在青少年时期要把学业放在首位。
es
解析：
1．考查介词。固定短语： full of life充满活力。故填of。
2．考查介词。固定短语：look forward to (doing) sth.盼望(做)某事。故填to。
3．考查非谓语动词。固定短语：spend time (in) doing sth.花费时间做某事。故填resting。
4．考查动词短语。固定短语：give up (doing) sth.放弃(做)某事。故填up。
5．考查动词短语。固定短语：take part in sth.参加……活动。故填in。
6．考查动词短语。固定短语：carry on with sth.继续某事。 故填on。
7．考查动词短语。固定短语：turn down 拒绝。故填down。
8．考查动词短语。固定短语：take some time off 请假一段时间。故填off。
9．考查介词。in表示“在某方面”，get a degree in...意为“在某方面获得某项学位”。故填in。
10．考查动词的时态。根据语境可知，Sarah认为当下应该是学业第一，说明现在的情况应该用一般现在时。故填comes。