2024届高考英语语法专题突破 专题4 第1讲 名词课件(共53张PPT)

(共53张PPT)
第一讲　名词
考点突破 · 精讲即练
考点一　名词的构词规律
1．动词变名词的后缀
类别 例词
-al表示人、物、行为、状态(特殊：去e＋-al) approve→approval, survive→survival，arrive→
arrival，refuse→refusal，propose→proposal
类别 例词
-ance/-ence表示性质、状态或行为 appear→appearance，perform→performance，exist→existence，prefer→preference，refer→
reference，depend→dependence，guide→
guidance
类别 例词
-ion/-tion/-ation表示状态或行为 direct→direction，expect→expectation，explain→
explanation，invite→invitation，solve→solution，compete→competition，pronounce→pronunciation，describe→description，repeat→repetition
类别 例词
-s(s)ion表示行为或状态 discuss→discussion，admit→admission，decide→
decision
-ing表示具有…… (特征的) hear→hearing，listen→listening，begin→beginning
-ment表示行为、结果等 achieve→achievement，develop→development，argue→argument
类别 例词
-ure/-ture表示行为或状态 fail→failure，press→pressure，mix→mixture，expose→exposure
-y表示“……的动作(或过程)” recover→recovery，discover→discovery
其他常见变化 choose→choice，vary→variety，tend→tendency，grow→growth，marry→marriage，carry→carriage，pack→package，post→postage，store→storage
2．形容词变名词的后缀
类别 例词
-cy表示性质、状态 fluent→fluency，accurate→accuracy，private→
privacy，efficient→efficiency
-dom表示地位、状况等 free→freedom, wise→wisdom
-ness表示性质、状态 dark→darkness，weak→weakness，kind→kindness，cold→coldness，aware→awareness
类别 例词
-th表示结果、过程、性质、状态 warm→warmth, true→truth, deep→depth，strong→
strength，long→length, wide→width
-y/-ty/-ity表示性质或状态 difficult→difficulty，honest→honesty，safe→
safety，cruel→cruelty，responsible→responsibility
类别 例词
-ent→-ence, -ant→-ance, -nd→-nse different→difference，silent→silence，respond→response，patient→patience，absent→absence，present→presence，confident→confidence，convenient→convenience，important→importance，defend→defense
即时演练(一)
单句语法填空
1．I had to refuse your invitation because of a precious ____________ (engage)．
2．A collection of archaeological evidence has confirmed the _________ (exist) of rhinos in ancient China.
3．The company's silence on the subject has been taken as an ________ (admit) of guilt.
engagement
existence
admission
4. What made her succeed later on was the kindness and ____________ (consider) she showed to all her patients.
5．Meanwhile, a big tourism company said its rural tourism business has shown significant potential for future ________ (grow) in the recent three years.
consideration
growth
考点二　名词的数
1．可数名词的6种复数变化形式
变化规则 例词
一般情况下 在词尾直接加-s house→houses
map→maps
以-s，-x，-ch，-sh结尾的名词 在词尾加-es box→boxes
brush→brushes
以辅音字母＋-y结尾的名词 变y为i再加-es city→cities
party→parties
变化规则 例词
以元音字母＋-y结尾的名词 在词尾直接加-s holiday→holidays
monkey→monkeys
以-o结尾的名词 一般在词尾加-s photo→photos
有些在词尾加-es hero→heroes potato→potatoes tomato→tomatoes
变化规则 例词
以-o结尾的名词 既可以在词尾加-es，也可以加-s zero→zeros/zeroes
mosquito→mosquitos/mosquitoes
volcano→volcanos/volcanoes
以-f, -fe 结尾的名词 一般要变f或fe为v再加-es self→selves
wolf→wolves
少数直接加-s belief→beliefs
2.有些可数名词复数形式不是以加-s或-es构成，它们的构成形式不规则
变化规则 例词
变内部元音 man→men, woman→women，foot→feet, mouse→mice, goose→geese, tooth→teeth
词尾加-en 或-ren ox→oxen, child→children
单复数同形 sheep, deer, means, series, Chinese， Swiss
【点津】
fish表示“鱼肉”时，为不可数名词；表示“鱼的条数”时，其复数形式与单数形式相同；但表示“不同种类的鱼”时，其复数形式为fishes。
3．合成可数名词的复数
(1)若有中心词，则把中心词变成复数；若无中心词，则把最后一个词变成复数。
passer-by→passers-by, sister-in-law→sisters-in-law, grown-up→grown-ups
(2)“man/woman＋中心名词”变复数时，作定语的man/woman和中心名词都要变复数。
woman engineer→women engineers
4．常见的10个不可数名词
fun乐趣
progress进步
work工作
advice建议
information信息
homework家庭作业
equipment设备
weather天气
housework家务
furniture家具
5．抽象名词具体化
抽象名词(不可数) 具体化(表达个体概念时，是可数名词)
surprise惊讶 a surprise一件令人惊讶的事
success成功 a success一个(件)成功的人(事)
honour荣誉 an honour一个(件)令人尊敬的人(事)
failure失败 a failure一个(件)失败的人(事)
beauty美；美丽 a beauty美丽的人或事物
pleasure快乐 a pleasure一件乐事
即时演练(二)
单句语法填空
1．Therefore, daily _________ (supply) were sent to me by my children so I could avoid going out.
2．And outstanding or gifted players will also have the chance to join inter-school teams for regional ______________ (compete) and even national summer camps.
supplies
competitions
3．And one of his songs, Let the World Be Filled with Love, has enjoyed great popularity all over the country for _________ (decade)．
4．My mother would sit by the window, watching the falling ________ (leaf) from the trees floating in the air.
5．In addition to books, many libraries also offer digital ________ (copy) of books, audiobooks, movies, and more through Internet platforms.
decades
leaves
copies
考点三　名词所有格及名词作定语
一、名词所有格
1．-'s所有格
(1)and连接的并列名词表示各自的所有关系时，要分别在并列名词后加-'s 或'；表示共同的所有关系时，只在最后一个名词后加-'s或'。
Tom's and Jim's rooms汤姆和吉姆(各自)的房间
Tom and Jim's room汤姆和吉姆(共同)的房间
(2)表示店铺、办公室或某人的家时，名词所有格后被修饰的名词一般省略。
at the barber's在理发店
2．of所有格
无生命的事物的名词通常用of所有格表示所有关系；名词短语或有定语修饰的有生命的名词也常用of所有格。
the name of the girl over there
那边那个女孩的名字
3．双重所有格
“名词＋of＋名词所有格”或“名词＋of＋名词性物主代词”。
a photo of mine我的一张照片
a play of Shakespeare's莎士比亚的一个戏剧
二、名词作定语
名词作定语可以用来修饰另一个名词，表示材料、类别、用途等，作定语的名词有以下三种形式：
1．一般用单数形式。
a stone bridge 一座石桥
a meeting room一间会议室
morning exercise早操
London Airport伦敦机场
a story book一本故事书
a shoe shop一家鞋店
2．man，woman要与所修饰的名词的数保持一致。
a woman teacher一位女教师
two women teachers两位女教师
3．sports, sales, clothes, goods, arts, customs等一般用复数形式。
a sports meet运动会
a goods train货运列车
a customs officer海关官员
a sales manager销售部经理
即时演练(三)
单句语法填空/完成句子
1．There is a nice picture in the little ________ (girl) bedroom. She likes it very much.
2．He goes to work by car. His house is two ________ (hour) drive from his office in the city.
3．It was a good opportunity for me to experience the __________ (nation) diverse customs and traditions.
girl's
hours'
nation's
4．Unlike older generations who might favor Western culture and brands，Chinese youth were born and raised when the ___________ (country) economy was taking off, so they tend to have strong confidence in their national identity and culture.
5．______________________ (约翰和玛丽的妈妈) was unconscious for five hours after being admitted to hospital.
6．____________________ (两位女老师) and four girl students were praised at the meeting yesterday.
country's
John and Mary's mother
Two women teachers
集训夯基 · 素养提能
Ⅰ.单句语法填空
1．(2023·全国甲卷)However，Carson's theme is a more weighty _________(warn) about environmental destruction.
解析：考查名词。形容词weighty后接名词形式。根据句中不定冠词a可知，此处用可数名词的单数形式。故填warning。
warning
2．(2023·全国乙卷)But for all its ancient buildings，Beijing is also a place which welcomes the fast-paced development of modern life，with 21st-century architectural _________(wonder) standing side by side with historical buildings of the past.
解析：考查名词复数。分析句子成分可知，空处为名词形式；根据下文的“historical buildings of the past”可知，空处为名词的复数形式。故填wonders。
wonders
3．(2023·浙江1月卷)Thanks to Beijing's long history as capital of China，almost every hutong has its stories，and some are even associated with historic ________(event)．
解析：考查名词复数。event(事件)在此为可数名词，因historic 前面没有不定冠词，故event应用复数形式。故填events。
events
4．(2022·新高考Ⅰ卷)The GPNP's main goal is to improve connectivity between separate _____________(population) and homes of giant pandas, and eventually achieve a desired level of population in the wild.
解析：考查名词复数。population在此处表示“种群”，为可数名词；根据空前的separate“不同的；分开的”可知，此处应用名词的复数形式。故填populations。
populations
5．(2022·全国甲卷) Cao and Wu also collected garbage along the road, in order to promote environmental ____________(protect).
解析：考查名词。空前是形容词environmental，修饰名词，故填protection。
protection
6．(2024·浙江1月卷)Many supermarkets are no longer doing “buy on get on free” promotions because of the ___________(criticize) that they lead to waste.
解析：考查词性转换。句意：许多超市不再进行“买一送一”的促销活动，因为有人批评这种活动会造成浪费。由句意可知，此处应填名词criticism表示“批评”作介词of的宾语。
criticism
7．(2022·新高考Ⅱ卷)He saved my _______ (son) life, said Mrs. Brown.
解析：考查名词所有格。句意：他拯救了我儿子的生命。根据句意，life与提示词son之间是所属关系，故应该使用名词所有格。故填son's。
8．(2022·浙江卷)When the answer was no, she declined the ________ (invite)．
解析：考查名词。句意：当答案是否定的时候，她拒绝了那个邀请。此处需填入名词作动词decline的宾语。故填invitation。
son's
invitation
9．(2021·新高考Ⅰ卷)The rolling sea of clouds you see once you are at the top will remind you how tiny we ________ (human) are.
解析：考查名词复数。句意：一旦你到达山顶，你所看到的滚滚云海将提醒你我们人类是多么渺小。表示“人类”，常用复数名词humans，此处作we的同位语。故填humans。
humans
10．(2021·新高考Ⅱ卷)A company _______________ (represent) wrote back and told me the airline was switching over from plastic to paper cups on all of its 1,200 daily flights.
解析：考查名词。句意：一位公司代表回信告诉我，该航空公司将把每天1 200个航班的塑料杯换成纸杯。该空作句子主语，用名词，前面有不定冠词a修饰，用名词单数。故填representative。
representative
11．(2021·浙江卷)In 1844 they bought it for $1,200 and some land from Charles Dresser, who performed their __________ (marry)ceremony in 1842.
解析：考查名词。句意：1844年，他们以1 200美元的价格从查尔斯·德莱瑟手中买下了它(这座房子)和一些土地，查尔斯·德莱瑟在1842年举行了他们的婚礼。结合设空前的形容词性物主代词可知，此处要用名词形式；结合设空处后的ceremony，可知此处意为“婚礼”；提示词marry为动词，其名词形式为marriage，marriage ceremony意为“婚礼”。故填marriage。
marriage
12．(2021·浙江1月卷)It is calculated by dividing a __________ (person) weight in kg by their height in meters squared, and a BMI of between 19 and 25 is considered healthy.
解析：考查名词所有格。句意：它的计算方法是用一个人的体重(公斤)除以身高(米)的平方，BMI在19到25之间被认为是健康的。分析句子结构可知，person是修饰weight的，要用 person的名词所有格person's。故填person's。
person's
13．(2022·新高考Ⅰ卷)It will really help connect our residents through a shared __________ (interesting) and creative activities.
解析：考查名词。句意：这将真正有助于通过共同的兴趣和创造性的活动来凝聚我们的居民。根据空前的形容词shared以及shared前的a可知，空处应填单数可数名词。故填interest。
interest
14．(2022·新高考Ⅰ卷)You might think about posting what you looking for on social media, but it probably won't result in a useful __________ (respond)．
解析：考查名词。句意：你可能会考虑在社交媒体上发布你正在寻找的事情，但它可能不会导致一个有用的回应。不定冠词a后接名词形式。故填response。
response
15．(2020·浙江卷)Later，they learned to work with the _________ (season)，planting at the right time and，in dry areas, making use of annual floods to irrigate(灌溉)their fields.
解析：考查名词复数。句意：后来，他们学会了因地制宜，在适当的时间播种，在干旱地区，利用每年的洪水来灌溉农田。分析句子，提示词的词性为可数名词，应用复数形式。故填seasons。
seasons
16．(2020·浙江1月卷)For Japan, the _________(number)are more striking—22 in 1950, 46 today and 53 in 2050.
解析：考查名词复数。句意：对日本来说，这个数字更加惊人——1950年是22岁，今天是46岁，2050年是53岁。number为可数名词表示“数字”，且根据下文are可知主语应用复数形式。故填numbers。
numbers
Ⅱ.语法填空
名词专练
Decorating with Plants，Fruits and Flowers for Chinese New Year
Chinese New Year is a_______________(celebrate) marking the end of the winter season and the __________(begin) of spring.This is why decorating with plants，fruits and flowers carries special _____________(significant)．
They represent the earth coming back to ________(live) and best wishes for new beginnings.
1.celebration
2.beginning
3.significance
4.life
These are some of the most popular in many parts of the country：
Oranges：Orange trees are more than ______________(decorate)；they are a symbol of good fortune and __________(wealthy)．They make great gifts and you see them many _________(time) decorated with red envelopes and messages of good fortune.
5.decoration
6.wealth
7.times
Bamboo：Chinese love their“Lucky Bamboo” plants and you will see them often in their homes and offices.Certainly during the holiday period，this plant is_____ must.Bamboo plants are associated with health，abundance and a happy home.They are easy to care for and make great ______________
(present)．
8.a
9.presents
_____________(branch) of Plum Blossoms(梅花)：The beautiful long branches covered with pink-colored buds(蓓蕾) make fantastic decorations.The plum trees are the first to flower even as the snow is melting(融化)．They represent the promise of spring and a renewal of life.
语篇导读：本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了中国新年常见的三种装饰物——橘子树、富贵竹和梅花枝，以及它们的美好寓意。
10.Branches
解析：
1．考查名词。由空前的不定冠词a可知，后接名词形式。故填celebration。
2．考查名词。和前面的“the end of the winter season”并列，是名词词组，begin的名词形式为beginning。故填beginning。
3．考查名词。此处作谓语动词carries的宾语，应该用名词形式。故填significance。
4．考查名词。作介词to的宾语，用名词或动名词形式，结合句意可知填life。故填life。
5．考查名词。根据句意以及句子结构可知，应用名词形式。故填decoration。
6．考查名词。与good fortune共同作of的宾语，所以用名词形式。故填wealth。
7．考查名词复数。time表示次数，是可数名词，用在many 之后。故填times。
8．考查冠词。must此处表示“必须做(或看、买等)的事”，是可数名词，且发音以辅音音素开头。故填a。
9．考查名词复数。present作“礼物，礼品”讲，是可数名词，此处表示泛指。故填presents。
10．考查名词复数。可数名词出现时，要么前面加冠词，要么用复数形式表泛指。此处branch前面没有冠词及其他限定词，所以只能用其复数形式。位于句首，注意首字母大写。故填Branches。