2024届高考英语语法专题突破 定语从句课件(共60张PPT)

(共60张PPT)
第二讲　定语从句
考点突破 · 精讲即练
考点一　关系代词的用法
一、关系代词that与which的用法
1．只用that的情况
(1)当先行词为all，everything, anything, nothing, little, much, few等不定代词时；
(2)当先行词被all，some，every，any，no，little，much，few等修饰时；
(3)先行词被序数词、形容词最高级修饰，或先行词本身是序数词或形容词最高级时；
(4)先行词被the only, the very (正是；恰是), the same, the last等修饰时；
(5)先行词中既有人也有物时；
(6)在which、who或what引导的特殊疑问句中含有定语从句时；
(7)先行词是the way，并在定语从句中充当状语时，关系代词用that/in which或省略关系词。
This is the very film that I want to see.
这正是我想看的一部影片。
The famous writer and his book that you referred to just now are well-known now.
你刚才提到的那位著名作家和他的书现在非常有名。
2．只用which的情况
(1)引导非限制性定语从句时；
(2)关系代词充当介词的宾语，且介词位于关系代词之前时；
(3)当先行词本身为that时。
The result was not the same as they had expected, which was rather disappointing.
结果与当初预料的不一样，这让人觉得很失望。
二、which与as引导非限制性定语从句的区别
which as
位置上 只能放在主句的后面 位置灵活，可位于句首、句中，也可位于句末
搭配上 无动词的限制 谓语动词通常是表示感觉或心理活动的动词，如see, hear, know, expect, remember等
意思上 这一点 正如……；正像……的那样
She married again, which was unexpected.
她再婚了，这是始料不及的。
She married again, as we expected.
正如我们预料的那样，她再婚了。
三、其他关系代词的用法辨析
关系代词 先行词 在从句中所作成分
who 人 主语、宾语(限制性定语从句中可省略)、表语
whom 人 宾语(限制性定语从句中可省略)
whose(＝of whom/ of which) 人或物 定语
Each graduate standing on the playground, who was accompanied by a parent, would be awarded a diploma by the headmaster.
每个毕业生都由父亲或母亲陪伴着站在操场上，等待校长给他们颁发毕业证书。
My daughter, whose job requires her to do a lot of travelling, is always away from home.
我的女儿总不在家，她的工作需要经常出差。
即时演练(一)
单句语法填空
1．I'm grateful that the assistant responded in a way ____________ made me rethink the power of my words.
2．The woman said that her husband had died some months before and that she didn't have anyone else in her family _____ could help her.
3．First, we went to Mount Tai, _______ is a very famous tourist spot in China.
that/which
who
which
4．The air quality in the city, ____ is shown in the report, has improved over the past two years.
5．This story about self-respect and self-love, _______ characters are Chinese, is set in Europe.
as
whose
考点二　关系副词的用法
关系副词指代的先行词及其作用
关系 副词 先行词 在从句中的作用 与“介词＋关系代词”的关系
when 表示时间的名词：time, day, year等 作时间状语 相当于at/in/on/during which
关系 副词 先行词 在从句 中的作用 与“介词＋关系代词”的关系
where 表示地点的名词：park, place, country, city, house等 作地点状语 相当于in/at/to/on which
why 表示原因的名词：the reason 作原因状语 相当于
for which
We live in an age when more information is available with great ease than ever before.
我们生活在一个比以往任何时候都更容易获得更多信息的时代。
Ancient China was a place where states were often at war with each other.
古代的中国是各诸侯国之间经常发生战争的地方。
Can you tell me the reason why (＝for which) you are late again
你能告诉我你又迟到的原因吗？
【点津】
(1)先行词为抽象名词point，position，situation, stage, state, case, scene 等后也常用where引导定语从句。
He said if we really got to the point where we needed to use life jackets, he would have already died of terror.
他说如果我们真到了需要用救生衣的地步，他早就吓死了。
(2)表时间和表地点的名词以及reason作先行词时，若引导词在从句中作主语或宾语，定语从句要用that或which引导。
The boss doesn't want to hear any reason (that/which) you give.
老板不想听你所给的任何理由。
即时演练(二)
单句语法填空
1．The Double Ninth Festival is also a time ______ the chrysanthemum (菊花) blooms.
2．I enjoyed my stay in the library _______ I could read various books I was interested in.
3．The reason _____ all people present are opposed to the project is that it will cause much pollution.
when
where
why
4．She is going to settle in Shanghai, _______ she has some close friends.
5．Next month, ______ we will spend our winter holidays in our hometown, is approaching.
where
when
考点三　“介词＋关系代词”引导定语从句
一、“介词＋关系代词”引导定语从句的用法
“介词＋关系代词”既能引导限制性定语从句，又能引导非限制性定语从句。先行词指物时，关系代词用which；先行词指人时，关系代词用whom；关系代词whose与所修饰的名词也可同时放在介词之后。
The USA is a large country in which many different dialects are spoken.
美国是一个大国，有着许许多多不同的方言。
He is the person on whom you can depend.
他是一个你可以信赖的人。
He was the man from whose room the thief had stolen his bag.
他就是被小偷从房间里偷走包的那个人。
二、“介词＋关系代词”结构中介词的确定
1．根据定语从句中动词、形容词所需要的某种习惯搭配来确定。
In the dark street, there wasn't a single person to whom she could turn for help.
在黑暗的街道上，没有一个她可以求助的人。(turn to sb for help)
Physics is the subject in which every student in our school is interested.
物理是我们学校每个学生都很感兴趣的课程。(be interested in)
2．根据与先行词搭配的具体含义而定。
I'll never forget the time during which I spent my childhood in the country.
我永远不会忘记我童年时在乡下度过的那段时光。(during the time)
3．根据所表达的意思来确定。
The colorless gas, without which we can't live, is called oxygen.
这种无色的气体就是氧气，没有它我们无法生存。(without the colorless gas)
三、“介词＋关系代词”结构的变式
1．“介词＋关系代词”引导的定语从句有时可以与“介词＋关系代词＋动词不定式”转换。
She must have time in which she could grow calm (＝in which to grow calm)．
她需要时间冷静。
Frank's dream is to have his own garden in which he can grow many beautiful flowers (＝in which to grow many beautiful flowers)．
弗兰克的梦想是拥有自己的花园，在里面可以种植许多漂亮的花。
2．“名词/代词/数词＋介词＋关系代词”结构。
He told us a story in English, the meaning of which I couldn't understand completely.
他用英语给我们讲了一个故事，我不能完全理解它的意思。
There are about 400 students in our grade, most of whom are from Haidian District.
我们年级大约有400名学生，其中大多数来自海淀区。
即时演练(三)
单句语法填空
1．I'll never forget the day ____ which we worked together in the countryside.
2．Yesterday we visited the Baotu Spring _____ which Jinan is famous.
3．In the fast moving information age, teenagers should keep pace with the media environment ____ which they communicate with the outside world.
on
for
in
4．I don't agree with the climate ____ which they've been accustomed for years.
5．For instance, in Lima, the capital of Peru, there are more than 50 Chinese medicine clinics, about 70 percent of _______ were set up by local doctors.
to
which
集训夯基 · 素养提能
Ⅰ.单句语法填空
1．(2023·全国乙卷)But for all its ancient buildings，Beijing is also a place ____________ welcomes the fast-paced development of modern life，with 21st-century architectural wonders standing side by side with historical buildings of the past.
解析：考查定语从句。句中先行词为“a place”，空处关系词在定语从句中作主语，所以用关系代词which或that引导。故填which/that。
which/that
2．(2023·全国甲卷)There was once a town in the heart of America，_______ all life seemed to enjoy peaceful existence with its surroundings.
解析：考查定语从句。句中先行词为town，空处关系词在非限制性定语从句中作地点状语，所以用关系副词where引导。故填where。
where
3．(2023·全国甲卷) Fables(寓言) were part of the oral tradition of many early cultures, and the well-known Aesop's fables date to the sixth century, B．C． Yet, the form of the fable still has values today, ____ Rachel
Carson says in “A Fable for Tomorrow.”
解析：考查定语从句。关系词引导非限制性定语从句，且有“正如”之意，用关系代词as。故填as。
as
4．(2023·北京卷)Nina recently finished her year-long series of runs in Chicago, _______ thousands were attending a water conference.
解析：考查定语从句。句意：最近，尼娜在芝加哥结束了长达一年的系列跑步活动，数千人在那里参加了一个水会议。非限制性定语从句修饰先行词Chicago，关系词在从句中作地点状语，故填where。
where
5．(2022·新高考Ⅰ卷)The GPNP is intended to provide stronger protection for all the species ______ live within the Giant Panda Range and significantly improve the health of the ecosystem in the area.
解析： 考查定语从句。此处that引导定语从句，先行词为the species，被all修饰，关系代词只能用that不用which。故填that。
that
6．(2022·全国甲卷)On the 1,100-kilometer journey, the man Cao Shengkang, _____lost his eyesight at the age of eight in a car accident, crossed 40 cities and counties in three provinces.
解析：考查定语从句。分析句子结构可知，设空处引导非限制性定语从句，修饰先行词Cao Shengkang。该定语从句缺少主语，且先行词指人，应用who来引导该定语从句。故填who。
who
7．(2022·浙江卷)Kim Cobb, a professor at the Georgia Institute of Technology in Atlanta, is one of a small but growing minority of academics __________ are cutting back on their air travel because of climate change.
解析：考查定语从句。句意：亚特兰大佐治亚科技研究院的教授Kim Cobb是一个少数但是不断增加的少数学者中的一员，因为气候变化，他们正在削减他们的飞机旅行。名词academics后为定语从句且空处关系词在从句中作主语，应使用关系代词引导定语从句。故填that/who。
that/who
8．(2021·新高考Ⅱ卷)I decided that if I learned of a company ____________ used a lot of plastic, I'd send it an email urging it to cut back.
解析：考查定语从句。句意：我决定，如果我知道有哪家公司大量使用塑料，我就给它发邮件，敦促它减少使用塑料。分析句子结构，________ used a lot of plastic是一个定语从句，修饰先行词a company，关系词在从句中作主语，指物，用which或that引导该从句。故填which/that。
which/that
9．(2021·天津卷)William Hastie once suggested that history informs us of past mistakes from _______ we can learn without repeating them.
解析：考查定语从句。句意：William Hastie曾经说过，历史会告诉我们过去的错误，从过去的错误中我们可以吸取教训而不重蹈覆辙。分析句子结构可知，设空处引导定语从句，先行词为past mistakes，指物。此处定语从句由from＋which组成的“介词＋关系代词”引导。故填which。
which
10．(2021·浙江1月卷)BMI is an internationally recognized measurement tool ____________ gives an indication of whether someone is a healthy weight.
解析：考查定语从句。分析句子结构可知，空格后是定语从句，tool是先行词，且关系词在从句中作主语。故填that/which。
that/which
11．(2021·天津3月卷)At the Chinese art festival, there are different stands _______ artists demonstrate their skills and teach the visitors.
解析：考查定语从句。句意：在中国艺术节上有不同的展台，在那里艺术家可以展示他们的技巧并教给参观者。分析句子可知，空处引导一个定语从句，先行词是stands，关系词替代先行词在从句中作地点状语，应用where引导。故填where。
where
12．(2020·全国Ⅲ卷)In ancient China lived an artist _______ paintings were almost lifelike.
解析：考查定语从句。此处为定语从句，修饰先行词artist，且空处关系词在从句中作定语，故应用关系代词whose。故填whose。
whose
13．(2020·新高考全国Ⅰ卷)The 80,000 objects collected by Sir Hans Sloane，for example，formed the core collection of the British Museum ____________ opened in 1759.
解析：考查定语从句。此处是限制性定语从句，先行词是the British Museum，关系词在从句中作主语，应使用关系代词which/that引导。故填which/that。
which/that
14．(2020·全国Ⅱ卷)Thank you for your letter，_______ really made me happy.
解析：考查定语从句。分析句子，逗号后的从句为非限制性定语从句，修饰先行词your letter，关系词在从句中作主语，指物。故填which。
15．(2020·全国Ⅲ卷)Understanding her good intentions，I eat all the food ______ is provided by Mom with appreciation.
解析：考查定语从句。food后是定语从句，先行词是all the food，关系词在从句中作主语，指物，先行词又被all所修饰。故填that。
which
that
16．(北京卷)The students benefiting most from college are those _____ are totally engaged(参与) in academic life，taking full advantage of the college's chances and resources(资源)．
解析：考查定语从句。______ are totally engaged(参与) in academic life是定语从句，修饰先行词those，且空格处在从句中作主语，指代人。故填who。
who
17．(天津卷)Their child is at the stage _______ she can say individual words but not full sentences.
解析：考查定语从句。分析句子可知，设空处引导定语从句，先行词是the stage，且关系词在从句中作地点状语，故填关系副词where，相当于in which。故填where。
18．(全国Ⅲ卷)In the cafe，customers will enjoy themselves in the historical environment ____________ is created for them.
解析：考查定语从句。分析句子结构可知，此处为定语从句，关系词在定语从句中作主语，先行词为environment，指物。故填that/which。
where
that/which
19．(全国Ⅰ卷)One afternoon ______ I was in primary school，I was walking by the school playground.
解析：考查定语从句。先行词为One afternoon，且关系词在定语从句中作时间状语。故填when。
when
20．(全国Ⅱ卷)The Chinese Ministry of Agriculture finds that between 2005—when the government started a soil-testing program ____________ gives specific fertilizer recommendations to farmers—and 2011，fertilizer use dropped by 7.7 million tons.
解析：考查定语从句。设空处引导定语从句，空处关系词在从句中作主语，修饰a soil-testing program，先行词表示物。故填that/which。
that/which
21．(浙江卷)Many westerners __________ come to China cook much less than in their own countries once they realize how cheap it can be to eat out.
解析：考查定语从句。空处引导限制性定语从句，先行词指人，空处关系词在从句中作主语，故用who/that 引导定语从句。故填who/that。
who/that
22．(江苏卷)Self-driving is an area _______ China and the rest of the world are on the same starting line.
解析：考查定语从句。设空处引导的是定语从句，修饰先行词an area。将先行词代入定语从句后为China and the rest of the world are on the same starting line in the area，由此可知，关系词代替先行词在定语从句中作地点状语。故填where。
where
23．(全国Ⅲ卷)But Sarah，_____ has taken part in shows along with top models，wants to prove that she has brains as well as beauty.
解析：考查定语从句。分析句子结构可知，此处是一个非限制性定语从句，先行词是Sarah，指人，空处关系词在从句中作主语。故填who。
who
24．(全国Ⅲ卷)Around me in the picture are the things ____________ were very important in my life at that time：car magazines and musical instruments.
解析：考查定语从句。分析句子结构可知，things是其后定语从句的先行词，指物，关系词在从句中作主语。故填that/which。
that/which
Ⅱ.语法填空
定语从句专练
There was a time________ I was tired of learning English and disliked to speak English.And this was the reason _______ my father forced me to join in a 30-day training in an English club before I went to senior high school.When I first came to the club，_________ I met many strangers，I missed my parents very much. So I packed up my things and wanted to go home.Fortunately，my guide，_________ teacher was Yu Minhong，communicated with me face to face.He，from ________ I gained some useful instructions，also showed me a good partner，and we got along well with each other.
1.when
2.why
3.where
4.whose
5.whom
Gradually I adapted to the life there.Every day I would like to talk to other teenagers and set down a series of activities ______________we did.I should be grateful to my father and the guide，_______ encouraged me to fall in love with English. Now I feel it interesting to learn English，into _________ I put my entire energy. Every day I read my words and passages aloud.In class I join in English discussions.Before I go to sleep，I recall the passages，through _________ I can memorize a large number of new words._______ our English teacher says，“As long as you form the habit of learning English every day and have perseverance，you will conquer English sooner or later.”
6.that/which
7.who
8.which
9.which
10.As
语篇导读：本文是一篇记叙文。文章叙述了作者参加英语俱乐部的难忘经历。在那里作者遇到了一位好老师，那位老师使作者对英语学习产生了兴趣，同时作者还养成了学习英语的好习惯。
解析：
1．考查定语从句。先行词是时间time，定语从句中不缺主语、宾语或表语。故填when。
2．考查定语从句。先行词是原因reason，定语从句中不缺主语或宾语。故填why。
3．考查定语从句。先行词是地点club，定语从句不缺主语或宾语。故填where。
4．考查定语从句。先行词是guide，空格后面的teacher与其构成所属关系。故填whose。
5．考查定语从句。此处为非限制性定语从句，结合句意及空前的介词from可知用whom。故填whom。
6．考查定语从句。定语从句中用关系词指代先行词activities，并在定语从句中作宾语。故填that/which。
7．考查定语从句。非限制性定语从句中用关系词指代先行词my father and the guide，指人，并在定语从句中作主语。故填who。
8．考查定语从句。非限制性定语从句中用关系词指代先行词English，并在定语从句中作介词into的宾语。故填which。
9．考查定语从句。非限制性定语从句，先行词为前面的名词passages。故填which。
10．考查定语从句。根据句子结构和语境可知，此为非限制性定语从句且关系词指代后面的句子“As long as you form the habit of learning English every day and have perseverance，you will conquer English sooner or later.”因此要用as引导定语从句，意为“正如”。故填As。
Ⅲ.写作运用(根据汉语提示完成下面短文，注意定语从句的运用)
1．____________________________________________ (众所周知), high school life is an important turning point and 2._____________________
__________________________________________ (高中校园是学生学习和生活的重要场所)．My classmates and I decided to do something for the coming graduation.Having had a heated discussion, we agreed on making a video to record 3.___________________________ (我们的在校经历).
As is universally known/As is known to all
high school campus is
an important place where students study and live
our experiences at school
Material collecting took us a whole week, 4._______________________
_____________________________________________________ (在此期间，我们采访了我们的老师，并拍摄了学校生活的各个方面)．Some compromises were unavoidable, but the video turned out perfect.5._________
_______________________ (播放录像的那一天), it was well received.The students and teachers shared a great time, 6.___________________________
______________ (这当然给了我们很大的成就感).
during which we interviewed our teachers and took pictures of every aspect of our school lives
That day
when the video was played
which surely gave us a great sense
of achievement