08.应对肥胖问题
一、阅读理解
1
Plastic, which is now common, contains endocrine-disrupting chemicals, or EDCs (内分泌干扰物), that has been linked to increased risk of many chronic diseases. Parental exposure to EDCs, for example, has been shown to cause metabolic (新陈代谢的) disorders, including obesity and diabetes, in the later generations.
Led by Changcheng Zhou, a professor of biomedical sciences in the School of Medicine at the University of California, the researchers investigated the impact of fathers’ exposure to a phthalate called dicyclohexyl phthalate, or DCHP (邻苯二甲酸二环己酯), on the metabolic health of first generation (F1) and second generation (F2) in mice. Phthalates are chemicals used to make plastic more durable.
The researchers found that fathers’ DCHP exposure for four weeks led to high insulin (胰岛素) resistance and impaired insulin signaling in F1. The same effect, but weaker, was seen in F2 .
“We found fathers’ exposure to EDCs may have intergenerational and transgenerational detrimental effects on the metabolic health of their later generations, ”Zhou said. “To the best of our knowledge, our study is the first to demonstrate this.”
In the case of fathers’ exposure in the study, intergenerational effects are changes that occur due to direct exposure to a stressor, such as exposure to DCHP of fathers (F0 generation) and his F1 generation. Transgenerational effects are changes passed down to later generations that are not directly exposed to the stressor (for example, F2 generation).
“This suggests that fathers’ DCHP exposure can lead to sex-specific transgenerational effects on the metabolic health of their later generations,” Zhou said.
Zhou stressed that the impact of exposure to DCHP on human health is not well understood, even though DCHP is widely used in a variety of plastic products and has been detected in food, water, and indoor particulate matter.
“It’s best to minimize our use of plastic products,” Zhou said. “This can also help reduce plastic pollution, one of our most pressing environmental issues.”
1. Why are phthalates added to plastic
A. To beautify it. B. To make it long-lasting.
C. To reduce its cost. D. To increase its weight.
2. What does the underlined word “detrimental” in paragraph 4 probably mean
A. Negative. B. External. C. Distinct. D. Adventurous.
3. What did Zhou advise people to do
A. Bury plastic waste. B. Watch out for the food they eat.
C. Use fewest plastic products. D. Never produce plastic products.
4. What can be a suitable title for the text
A. Plastic contains endocrine disrupting chemicals
B. Plastic pollution is a pressing environmental issue
C. DCHP is widely used in a variety of plastic products
D. Chemicals in plastic may impact two generations’ health
【答案】1. B 2. A 3. C 4. D
【解析】本文是一篇说明文。研究发现，塑料中含有内分泌干扰物，如邻苯二甲酸二环己酯(DCHP)，父代暴露于这种物质可能导致后代代谢健康问题。
1. 细节理解题。根据第二段中“Phthalates are chemicals used to make plastic more durable.(邻苯二甲酸二环己酯是用来使塑料更耐用的化学物质)”可知，在塑料中加入邻苯二甲酸二环己酯可以让它更耐用，让它用得更久。故选B项。
2. 词句猜测题。根据第一段中“Parental exposure to EDCs, for example, has been shown to cause metabolic (新陈代谢的) disorders, including obesity and diabetes, in the later generations.(例如，研究表明，父母接触EDCs会导致后代代谢紊乱，包括肥胖和糖尿病)”可知，父母接触EDCs会导致后代代谢紊乱，对健康造成伤害，所以划线词所在句“We found fathers’ exposure to EDCs may have intergenerational and transgenerational detrimental effects on the metabolic health of their later generations (我们发现父亲接触EDCs可能会对后代的代谢健康产生代际和跨代的detrimental影响)”中“detrimental effects”是指“有害影响”，detrimental与negative同义。故选A项。
3. 细节理解题。根据最后一段中““It’s best to minimize our use of plastic products,” Zhou said. “This can also help reduce plastic pollution, one of our most pressing environmental issues.”(“我们最好尽量减少塑料制品的使用，”周说。“这也有助于减少塑料污染，这是我们最紧迫的环境问题之一。”)”可知，周建议人们少用塑料制品。故选C项。
4. 主旨大意题。通读全文，结合第一段中“Plastic, which is now common, contains endocrine-disrupting chemicals, or EDCs (内分泌干扰物), that has been linked to increased risk of many chronic diseases. Parental exposure to EDCs, for example, has been shown to cause metabolic (新陈代谢的) disorders, including obesity and diabetes, in the later generations.(塑料，现在很常见，含有内分泌干扰化学物质，或EDCs，与许多慢性疾病的风险增加有关。例如，父母接触EDCs已被证明会导致后代的代谢紊乱，包括肥胖和糖尿病)”可知，文章报道研究发现，塑料中含有内分泌干扰物，父代暴露于这种物质可能导致后代代谢健康问题。所以“Chemicals in plastic may impact two generations’ health(塑料中的化学物质可能会影响两代人的健康)”是文章最佳标题。故选D项。
2
The Government’s sugar tax on soft drinks has brought in half as much money as Ministers first predicted it would generate, the first official data on the policy has shown.
First announced in April, 2016, the tax which applies to soft drinks containing more than 5g of sugar per 100ml, was introduced to help reduce childhood obesity (肥胖). It is believed that today’s children and teenagers are consuming three times the recommended level of sugar, putting them at a higher risk of the disease.
Initially the sugar tax was expected to make 520M a year for the Treasury. However, data of the first six months showed it would make less than half this amount. At present it is expected to generate 240M for the year ending in April 2019, which will go to school sports.
It comes after more than half of soft drinks sold in shops have had their sugar levels cut by manufacturers (制造商) so they can avoid paying the tax. Drinks now contain 45 million fewer kilos of sugar as a result of manufacturers’ efforts to avoid the charge, according to Treasury figures. Since April drinks companies have been forced to pay between 18p and 24p for every liter of sugary drink they produce or import, depending on the sugar content.
However, some high sugar brands, like Classic Coca Cola, have accepted the sugar tax and are refusing to change for fear of upsetting consumers. Fruit juices, milk-based drinks and most alcoholic drinks are free of the tax, as are small companies manufacturing fewer than 1M liters per year.
Today’s figures, according to one government official, show the positive influence the sugar tax is having by raising millions of pounds for sports facilities (设施) and healthier eating in schools. Helping the next generation to have a healthy and active childhood is of great importance, and the industry is playing its part.
5. How did the Government protect children’s health
A. By collecting money for schools. B. By forcing on sugar tax on soft drinks.
C. By improving the quality of drinks. D. By encouraging research in education.
6. What measures did manufacturers take to the Government’s policy
A. Exploring overseas markets. B. Cutting down on their production.
C. Lowering their products’ sugar content. D. Putting up the qualities of their products.
7. What can we learn about Classic Coca Cola
A. It refused to accept the sugar tax.
B. It focuses on consumers’ feelings.
C. It worries about losing local customers.
D. It opposed free of the tax to alcoholic drinks.
8. What does the author intend to express in the last paragraph
A. Comments of manufacturers. B. Influence of government officials.
C. Desire for healthy next generation. D. Success of the sugar tax policy.
【答案】5. B 6. C 7. B 8. D
【解析】这是一篇说明文。主要介绍了政府通过征收饮料糖税来控制儿童的摄糖量从而帮助减少肥胖，并且取得了很好的效果。
5. 细节理解题。根据第二段“First announced in April, 2016, the tax which applies to soft drinks containing more than 5g of sugar per 100ml, was introduced to help reduce childhood obesity (肥胖). (该税于2016年4月首次宣布，适用于每100毫升含糖超过5克的软饮料，旨在帮助减少儿童肥胖。)”可知，政府通过对软饮料征收糖税来保护孩子的健康。故选B。
6. 细节理解题。根据第四段“It comes after more than half of soft drinks sold in shops have had their sugar levels cut by manufacturers (制造商) so they can avoid paying the tax. (此前，超过一半在商店出售的软饮料的含糖量被制造商降低，以避免支付税收。)”可知，应对政府的糖果税，糖果制造商采取的措施是降低糖果的糖含量。故选C。
7. 细节理解题。根据第四五段“However, some high sugar brands, like Classic Coca Cola, have accepted the sugar tax and are refusing to change for fear of upsetting consumers. (然而，一些高糖品牌，如经典可口可乐，已经接受了糖税，并拒绝改变，因为担心会让消费者感到不安。)”可知，经典的可口可乐公司很注重消费者的感受。故选B。
8. 推理判断题。根据最后一段“Today’s figures, according to one government official, show the positive influence the sugar tax is having by raising millions of pounds for sports facilities (设施) and healthier eating in schools. Helping the next generation to have a healthy and active childhood is of great importance, and the industry is playing its part. (然而，一些高糖品牌，如经典可口可乐，已经接受了糖税，并拒绝改变，因为担心会让消费者感到不安。据一位政府官员称，今天的数据显示，糖税正在产生积极影响，为体育设施和学校的健康饮食筹集数百万英镑。帮助下一代拥有一个健康和活跃的童年是非常重要的，这个行业正在发挥自己的作用。)”可知，作者在最后一段想要说明糖税政策取得成功。故选D。
3
Scientists are increasingly looking at the mind-body connection, including how heart health might affect brain function. Past studies of adults have linked poor cardiovascular (心血管的) health to a higher risk of cognitive (认知的) decline, but there’s been little research on how heart health affects young brains.
A new research analyzed the health data of 987 children, aged 11 and 12, from 21 US cities. The children took part in the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development study, the largest long-term study of brain development and health in children in the United States. Researchers measured participants’ cardiovascular health using a tool known as Life’s Essential 8, a list for improving and maintaining cardiovascular health. Developed by the American Heart Association ( AHA), the list includes a healthy diet, not smoking, being physically active, getting enough sleep, keeping a healthy weight and controlling blood pressure, cholesterol and blood sugar.
Researchers looked at how the children’s cardiovascular health scores matched up with their scores from a cognitive test. They found that children with better cardiovascular health behaviors —— the list items related to diet, physical activity, smoking and sleep —— showed slightly better cognitive function. At the same time, children with better overall cardiovascular health that included all eight item s on the list also had higher cognitive function.
Dr. Augusto Cé sar F. De Moraes, the study’s lead researcher, said that the message of the study was “that if you see children with high blood pressure or obesity, it’s important to look at their brain health as well.” The findings, which were presented on November 11in Philadelphia at the American Heart Association’s Scientific Sessions conference, are considered preliminary (初步的) until full results are published in a peer-reviewed journal.
9. What is the second paragraph mainly about
A. The method of the research. B. The participants of the research.
C. The findings of the research. D. T he background of the research.
10. Which of the following may contribute to cardiovascular health according to AHA
A. Going on a diet. B. Keeping active works.
C. Going to bed early. D. Keeping lower blood pressure.
11. What can we learn about the new research
A. It draws attention to children’s problem of obesity.
B. The participants are chosen from different countries.
C. The full findings have not been made public so far.
D. The researchers look at the mind-body connection in adults.
12. What’s the main idea of this passage
A. High blood pressure is affecting children’s brain health.
B. Better heart health may improve kids’ cognitive function.
C. Life’s Essential 8 is an important tool in cognitive research.
D. Cognitive decline will influence children’s cardiovascular health.
【答案】9. A 10. B 11. C 12. B
【解析】这是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了一项新的研究，该研究表明更好的心血管健康可以改善孩子的认知功能。
9. 主旨大意题。由文章第二段中“A new research analyzed the health data of 987 children, aged 11 and 12, from 21 US cities. The children took part in the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development study, the largest long-term study of brain development and health in children in the United States. Researchers measured participants’ cardiovascular health using a tool known as Life’s Essential 8, a list for improving and maintaining cardiovascular health. Developed by the American Heart Association ( AHA), the list includes a healthy diet, not smoking, being physically active, getting enough sleep, keeping a healthy weight and controlling blood pressure, cholesterol and blood sugar. (一项新的研究分析了来自美国21个城市的987名11至12岁儿童的健康数据。这些孩子参加了青少年大脑认知发展研究，这是美国最大的儿童大脑发育和健康的长期研究。研究人员使用一种名为Life ' s Essential 8的工具来衡量参与者的心血管健康状况，这是一份改善和维持心血管健康的清单。这份清单由美国心脏协会（AHA）制定，包括健康饮食、不吸烟、积极锻炼、睡眠充足、保持健康体重、控制血压、胆固醇和血糖。)”可知，第二段主要讲了该研究的方法。故选A。
10. 细节理解题。由文章第二段中“Developed by the American Heart Association ( AHA), the list includes a healthy diet, not smoking, being physically active, getting enough sleep, keeping a healthy weight and controlling blood pressure, cholesterol and blood sugar. (这份清单由美国心脏协会（AHA）制定，包括健康饮食、不吸烟、积极锻炼、睡眠充足、保持健康体重、控制血压、胆固醇和血糖。)”可知，积极的锻炼有助于心血管健康。故选B。
11. 细节理解题。由文章最后一段中“The findings, which were presented on November 11in Philadelphia at the American Heart Association’s Scientific Sessions conference, are considered preliminary (初步的) until full results are published in a peer-reviewed journal. (研究结果于11月11日在费城的美国心脏协会科学会议上公布，在完整的研究结果发表在同行评议的期刊上之前，研究结果被认为是初步的。)”可知，到目前为止，完整的调查结果还没有公开。故选C。
12. 主旨大意题。通读全文，尤其是由文章倒数第二段“Researchers looked at how the children’s cardiovascular health scores matched up with their scores from a cognitive test. They found that children with better cardiovascular health behaviors —— the list items related to diet, physical activity, smoking and sleep —— showed slightly better cognitive function. At the same time, children with better overall cardiovascular health that included all eight item s on the list also had higher cognitive function. (研究人员观察了儿童的心血管健康得分与他们在认知测试中的得分是如何匹配的。他们发现，心血管健康行为更好的儿童——与饮食、体育活动、吸烟和睡眠有关的清单项目——表现出稍好的认知功能。与此同时，心血管整体健康状况较好的儿童，包括清单上的所有八个项目，也有更高的认知功能。)”可知，文章主要介绍了一项新的研究，该研究表明更好的心血管健康可以改善孩子的认知功能。故选B。
4
Bed rotting — the practice of spending long periods of time just staying under the covers with snacks, screens and other creature comforts — is gaining popularity on social media. Some Generation Z trend followers are now viewing it as a form of self-care, but doctors warn too much could be “sign of depression”. Are these extended breaks really wise for one’s mental health — or could they be a cause for concern
Dr. Ryan Sultan, a professor at Columbia University in New York, who treats many young people, called the bed rotting trend attractive. “In our culture today, with too much to do, too many expectations and too much productivity, many young individuals (个人) are feeling burned out and often aren’t getting enough sleep. It’s easy to see why taking time off to lie around is attractive,” Sultan said. “In many ways, this is beneficial. It’s a chance to get away from real-life problems and clear your head before returning to life in a better state of mind, ” he added.
For the downside, however, he said a long-term need or desire for bed rotting could do harm to one’s physical health. Spending too many daytime hours in bed — awake or not — could destroy sleep schedules. Our brains are fine-tuned for sleep in darkness and alertness in light. Lying in bed half-asleep during the day will worsen sleep schedules — once that happens, it is a challenge to fix. It could also lead to blood pressure problems and obesity (肥胖).
Long-term need or desire for bed rotting could also be a warning sign of depression, according to a mental health expert. Dr. Marc Siegel, professor of medicine at NYU Langone Medical Center and a Fox News medical contributor, agreed that while some downtime can be useful in terms of de-stressing and rejuvenation (更新), too much bed rotting is a bad health practice. In addition to increasing the risk of depression, it contributes to decreased motivation (动力) as well.
Instead of bed rotting, Siegel recommends regular exercise as a better form of de-stressing. While the occasional lazy day can be beneficial, too much could have the opposite effect. If it happens every day, that’s a fairly sensitive test for depression. Those who lack the motivation to get out of bed could also try calling or texting a family member for support, socializing with close friends, finding a small task to complete, or reaching out to a medical professional for help.
13. According to Dr. Ryan Sultan, why do young people like bed rotting
A. They are fond of what is popular on social media. B. They are unwilling to socialize with friends.
C. Bed rotting is away to escape stress. D. Bed rotting helps fix sleep schedules.
14. What does the word “fine-tuned” underlined in Paragraph 3 probably mean
A. Quickly-activated. B. Well-trained.
C. Badly-needed. D. Ill-equipped.
15. What can we learn from the passage
A. Being lazy from time to time can be good for individuals.
B. Sleeping in light can increase the risk of depression.
C. Bed rotting can allow people to avoid expectations.
D. Feeling down leads to decreased motivation.
16. What is the passage mainly talking about
A. Different opinions on how to become motivated.
B. Main causes of the long-term need for bed rotting.
C. Practical suggestions for young people to deal with stress.
D. Possible problems from lying in bed for extended periods of time.
【答案】13. C 14. B 15. A 16. D
【解析】这是一篇说明文。文章主要说明了年轻人喜欢躺尸来逃避压力，但专家指出长期需要或渴望躺尸可能会损害一个人的身体健康。
13. 推断判断题。根据第二段““In our culture today, with too much to do, too many expectations and too much productivity, many young individuals (个人) are feeling burned out and often aren’t getting enough sleep. It’s easy to see why taking time off to lie around is attractive,” Sultan said. “In many ways, this is beneficial. It’s a chance to get away from real-life problems and clear your head before returning to life in a better state of mind, ” he added.( Sultan说：“在我们今天的文化中，有太多的事情要做，太多的期望和太多的生产力，许多年轻人感到精疲力竭，往往睡眠不足。很容易看出为什么抽出时间来躺一躺是有吸引力的。”他补充道“在很多方面，这是有益的。这是一个机会，让你远离现实生活中的问题，在以更好的心态回归生活之前理清你的头脑”)”可知，根据瑞安·苏尔坦博士的说法，年轻人喜欢躺尸是因为这是逃避压力的一种方式。故选C。
14. 词句猜测题。根据划线词前文“Spending too many daytime hours in bed — awake or not — could destroy sleep schedules. (白天在床上呆太长时间——不管醒不醒——都会破坏睡眠时间安排。)”和后文“Lying in bed half-asleep during the day will worsen sleep schedules — once that happens, it is a challenge to fix.(白天躺在床上半睡半醒会使睡眠时间安排变差——一旦出现这种情况，就很难解决了)”以及“for sleep in darkness and alertness in light”可推断，我们的大脑被训练为在黑暗中睡觉，在光明中保持警觉。故划线词意思是“训练有素的”。故选B。
15. 细节理解题。根据最后一段“While the occasional lazy day can be beneficial, too much could have the opposite effect.(偶尔偷懒一天是有益的，但偷懒太多则会产生相反的效果)”可知，偶尔懒惰对个人是有好处的。故选A。
16. 主旨大意题。根据第一段“Some Generation Z trend followers are now viewing it as a form of self-care, but doctors warn too much could be “sign of depression”. Are these extended breaks really wise for one’s mental health — or could they be a cause for concern (一些Z世代的潮流追随者现在将其视为一种自我保健方式，但医生警告说，过度躺尸可能是“抑郁症的征兆”。这些延长的休息时间真的对一个人的心理健康有益吗？还是会引起人们的担忧？)”结合接下来的分析内容可知，文章主要说明了年轻人喜欢躺尸来逃避压力，但专家指出长期需要或渴望躺尸可能会损害一个人的身体健康。可知，这篇文章主要讲的是长时间躺在床上可能产生的问题。故选D。
5
The “diet” in diet drinks may be a false promise for some soda lovers. A study published recently in JAMA Network Open adds to the evidence that drinks made with sucralose (蔗糖素) may stimulate the appetite, at least among some people.
“We found that females and people with obesity (肥胖) had greater brain reward activity after consuming the artificial sweetener,” says study author Katie Page. “What was most surprising was the impact of body weight and biological sex. They were very important factors in the way that the brain responded to the artificial sweetener.”
Both groups also had a reduction in the hormone that inhibits (抑制) appetite, and they ate more food after they consumed drinks with sucralose, compared with after regular sugar-sweetened drinks. In contrast, the study found males and people of healthy weight did not have an increase in either brain reward activity or hunger response, suggesting they’re not affected in the same way.
Page and her team measured the response to diet soda in three ways. They used brain images of the 74 study participants to document the activation of parts of the brain linked to appetite. They used blood samples to measure blood sugar and hormones that can drive hunger. And they also tracked how much participants ate at a buffet table at the end of each study session.
“These results are consistent with patterns that we’ve actually seen in my lab in animal studies,” says Susan Swithers, a behavioral scientist at Purdue University.
“You are supposed to get sugar after something tastes sweet. Your body has been accustomed to that,” explains Swithers. But diet soda may lead to a disconnect. The sugar never arrives, and “that could decrease the body’s efficiency in metabolizing (新陈代谢) sugar the next time.”
17. What did Page find might affect the brain’s response to diet soda
A. The artificial sweetener. B. The drinker’s sex and weight.
C. The reduction in hormones. D. The amount of sweet drinks.
18. What can we learn from paragraph four
A. The methods of the study. B. The impacts of diet soda.
C. The causes of overeating. D. The responses of participants.
19. What is Swithers’ attitude toward Page’s study
A. Unclear. B. Approving. C. Doubtful. D. Unsatisfied.
20. Where can you find this text
A. A story collection. B. A travel journal.
C. A consumer guide. D. A health magazine.
【答案】17. B 18. A 19. B 20. D
【解析】本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍了最新研究表明喝无糖汽水不但不会减肥，反而会刺激女性和肥胖者的食欲，吃得更多。
17. 细节理解题。根据第二段“ “We found that females and people with obesity (肥胖) had greater brain reward activity after consuming the artificial sweetener,” says study author Katie Page. “What was most surprising was the impact of body weight and biological sex. They were very important factors in the way that the brain responded to the artificial sweetener.”(“我们发现女性和肥胖者在食用人工甜味剂后，大脑的奖励活动更大，”研究报告的作者凯蒂·佩奇说。“最令人惊讶的是体重和生理性别的影响。它们是大脑对人工甜味剂做出反应的重要因素。”)”可知，佩奇的研究结果表明体重和性别是影响大脑对人造甜味剂反应的两个重要因素。故选B项。
18. 主旨大意题。根据第四段“Page and her team measured the response to diet soda in three ways. They used brain images of the 74 study participants to record the activities of parts of the brain linked to appetite. They used blood samples to measure blood sugar and hormones that can drive hunger. And they also tracked how much participants ate at a buffet table at the end of each study session.(佩奇和她的团队用三种方式测量了人们对无糖汽水的反应。他们使用74名研究参与者的大脑图像来记录大脑中与食欲有关的部分的活动。他们使用血液样本来测量血糖和能导致饥饿感的激素。他们还追踪了参与者在每次学习结束时在自助餐桌上吃了多少)”可知，本段主要介绍了佩奇使用了三种方法来测量大脑对无糖汽水的反应，所以从本段我们可以了解到其研究方法。故选A项。
19. 推理判断题。根据倒数第二段““These results are consistent with patterns that we’ve actually seen in my lab in animal studies,” says Susan Swithers, a behavioral scientist at Purdue University.(“这些结果与我们在实验室的动物研究中实际看到的模式一致，”普渡大学的行为科学家苏珊·斯威瑟斯说)”可知，斯威瑟斯认为佩奇的研究与自己在实验室的动物研究中看到的模式一致。由此推知，她认可佩奇的研究。故选B项。
20. 推理判断题。通读全文，结合第一段“The “diet” in diet drinks may be a false promise for some soda lovers. A study published recently in JAMA Network Open adds to the evidence that drinks made with sucralose (蔗糖素) may stimulate the appetite, at least among some people.(对于一些苏打爱好者来说，无糖饮料中的“减肥”可能是一个虚假的承诺。最近发表在《美国医学会杂志网络公开版》上的一项研究进一步证明，用三氯蔗糖制成的饮料可能会刺激食欲，至少对某些人来说是这样)”可知，文章介绍了关于无糖汽水的最新研究成果。无糖汽水会使女性和肥胖消费 者吃的更多，起不到减肥效果。由此推知，文章可能出自与健康相关的杂志。故选D项。
6
When I was a young postdoctoral researcher at Cambridge, I met a bearded professor at a fancy dinner. He asked me, “So young man, what do you do ” I told him I was working on the genetics (遗传学) of childhood obesity (肥胖症). “Ha! Do you know what your problem is ” he replied. “You give fat people an excuse.”
The professor’s reply threw me. I was about to push back, when it occurred to me that this view was shared by much of society. Obesity is seen as a problem of physics; people just need to eat less and move more. But although how we get to our body weight is reliant on physics, the real question is why Why do some people love food, while for others it’s simply fuel Besides powerful societal and cultural influences, there are equally powerful genetic factors that influence our eating, and hence our body weight.
Large population-based studies, such as UK Biobank, a survey of nearly half a million adults, have helped to reveal the genetic architecture underlying differences in body size. Butthe childhood obesity data do not exist. And that’s a problem, because we know that children with obesity probably will grow into adults with obesity. Thus, understanding the genetics and natural history of childhood obesity will play a key role in its treatment and prevention.
Luckily, there is hope. D-CYPHR, a genetics research programme, is open to every child. It aims to create a truly inclusive research sample and investigate a range of conditions, for which obesity is a major contributing factor. D-CYPHR is ambitious and will face challenges in creating a truly inclusive research sample. But if it does, it will circumvent many of the problems in adult health research by building inclusivity in from the beginning.
You can help pioneer new treatments for millions of people by helping unlock the power hiding in your DNA. Now, a nationwide movement for ages 0—15 is being held and all you need to do is spit (吐) in a tube and complete a short health and lifestyle questionnaire.
21. What’s the tone carried in the professor’s reply
A. Dismissive.
B. Sympathetic.
C. Delighted.
D. Admiring
22. What is a limitation of the previous studies on obesity
A. Limited size of participants. B. Inaccurate sample analysis.
C. Lack of data on childhood obesity. D. Failure to map adults’ genetic code.
23. Which is closest in meaning to “circumvent” in paragraph 4
A. Discuss.
B. Face.
C. Avoid.
D. Create.
24. What does the author want to do in the last paragraph
A. To call for action.
B. To draw a conclusion.
C. To sum up the text.
D. To criticize misconduct.
【答案】21. A 22. C 23. C 24. A
【解析】本文是说明文。作者在剑桥遇到质疑其肥胖症遗传学研究的教授，引发对肥胖症背后复杂因素的思考。文章将探讨遗传、文化和社会因素如何影响体重，并介绍D-CYPHR项目。呼吁参与研究，为肥胖症治疗和预防做出贡献。
21. 推理判断题。根据第一段“When I was a young postdoctoral researcher at Cambridge, I met a bearded professor at a fancy dinner. He asked me, “So young man, what do you do ” I told him I was working on the genetics (遗传学) of childhood obesity (肥胖症). “Ha! Do you know what your problem is ” he replied. “You give fat people an excuse.”(当我还是剑桥大学年轻的博士后研究员时，我在一次高档晚宴上遇到了一位大胡子教授。他问我：“年轻人，你是做什么的 ”我告诉他，我正在研究儿童肥胖的遗传学。“哈!你知道你的问题是什么吗 ”他回答说。“你给了胖子一个借口。”)”可知，教授认为作者的研究给了胖子一个借口，教授不认可作者的研究，所以是轻蔑的的语气。故选A项。
22. 细节理解题。根据第三段“Large population-based studies, such as UK Biobank, a survey of nearly half a million adults, have helped to reveal the genetic architecture underlying differences in body size. Butthe childhood obesity data do not exist. And that’s a problem, because we know that children with obesity probably will grow into adults with obesity. Thus, understanding the genetics and natural history of childhood obesity will play a key role in its treatment and prevention.(大型人群研究，如英国生物银行，一项对近50万成年人的调查，有助于揭示体型差异的基因结构。但是儿童肥胖的数据并不存在。这是一个问题，因为我们知道患有肥胖症的儿童长大后可能会患有肥胖症。因此，了解儿童肥胖的遗传和自然历史将在其治疗和预防中发挥关键作用)”可知，以前关于肥胖的研究缺乏关于儿童肥胖的数据。故选C项。
23. 词句猜测题。根据前文“Luckily, there is hope. D-CYPHR, a genetics research programme, is open to every child. It aims to create a truly inclusive research sample and investigate a range of conditions, for which obesity is a major contributing factor.(幸运的是，还有希望。D-CYPHR是一个遗传学研究项目，对每个孩子开放。它旨在创建一个真正具有包容性的研究样本，并调查一系列疾病，其中肥胖是一个主要因素)”可知，D-CYPHR的目的是创建一个真正具有包容性的研究样本，从而避免相关问题，所以推知circumvent是“避免”意思，和C项意思相近。故选C项。
24. 推理判断题。根据最后一段“You can help pioneer new treatments for millions of people by helping unlock the power hiding in your DNA. Now, a nationwide movement for ages 0—15 is being held and all you need to do is spit (吐) in a tube and complete a short health and lifestyle questionnaire.(通过释放隐藏在你DNA中的力量，你可以帮助开拓数百万人的新疗法。现在，一场针对0-15岁青少年的全国性运动正在进行，你所要做的就是在管子里吐口水，然后完成一份简短的健康和生活方式问卷)”可知，此处作者在号召完成一份简短的健康和生活方式问卷。故选A项。
二、七选五
Obesity (肥胖症), A Global Problem
Andrew Wilson was always a big kid. During his 20s and 30s he kept his weight in control by playing sport. 25
After that, he was trying to lose weight. He watched what he ate and exercised. 26 He tried many diets. He would lose 10 to 20 kilograms, but then the weight would return, and more.
Andrew is certainly not alone. Obesity affects all areas of society. 27 In South and Southeast Asia, the number of people suffering from obesity is predicted to double between 2010 and 2030.
How did all this come about The problem is that in recent decades our lifestyle has changed dramatically. Most people in the world are eating high-energy diets. 28 Think of a photo from Asia in the 1970s—everyone was on a bicycle. Today they’re riding in cars.
The good news is, there’s plenty that can be done. While the main treatment for obesity is still surgery, new medicines are coming available. 29 Governments also provide us with green open spaces to do physical activity. Another effective solution overseas is to introduce a tax on sugary drinks.
A. At the same time we’re moving less.
B. Still, his weight increased to 200 kilograms.
C. Humans aren’t meant to have diets like that.
D. People everywhere are living with extra weight or obesity.
E. Soon, experts predict, obesity will be commonly treated with regular pills.
F. Most people have a feeling of having finished a meal, but he always felt hungry.
G. However, when his family hit a trouble and he was under pressure, he put on weight quickly.
【答案】25. G 26. B 27. D 28. A 29. E
【解析】本文是一篇说明文，主要讲的是肥胖产生的原因和解决肥胖的方法。
25. 空前“During his 20s and 30s he kept his weight in control by playing sport.(在他二三十岁的时候，他通过运动来控制体重。)”说明他想控制体重，空后“After that, he was trying to lose weight.(从那以后，他一直在努力减肥。)”说明他要减肥，空格处应该说他长胖，G选项“However, when his family hit a trouble and he was under pressure, he put on weight quickly.(然而，当他的家庭遇到麻烦，他承受压力时，他的体重很快就增加了。)”说明他长胖了，因此承上启下，符合语境，故选G。
26. 空前“After that, he was trying to lose weight. He watched what he ate and exercised.(从那以后，他一直在努力减肥。他注意饮食和锻炼。)”说明了他努力减肥，空格处应该说他减肥是否有效，空后“He tried many diets. He would lose 10 to 20 kilograms, but then the weight would return, and more.(他尝试了许多饮食方法。他会减掉10到20公斤，但随后体重会反弹，甚至更多。)”说明他减肥是无效的，空格处应该说他减肥没有用，B选项“Still, his weight increased to 200 kilograms.(但是，他的体重增加到了200公斤。)”说明他体重增加了，也就是减肥没有效果，因此承上启下，符合语境，故选B。
27. 空前“Andrew is certainly not alone. Obesity affects all areas of society.(安德鲁当然不是一个人。肥胖影响着社会的各个领域。)”说明肥胖影响很多方面，空格处应该详细阐述这种广泛的影响，D选项“People everywhere are living with extra weight or obesity.(世界各地的人们都超重或肥胖。)”说明了肥胖的影响面很广，因此承接上文，符合语境，故选D。
28. 空前“The problem is that in recent decades our lifestyle has changed dramatically. Most people in the world are eating high-energy diets.(问题是近几十年来我们的生活方式发生了巨大的变化。世界上大多数人都在吃高能量饮食。)”说明了近几十年我们生活方式上发生的巨大变化，空格处也应该是某种生活方式的变化，A选项“At the same time we’re moving less.(与此同时，我们运动地更少了。)”说明了我们活动更少了，是生活方式上的变化，因此承接上文，符合语境，故选A。
29. 空前“While the main treatment for obesity is still surgery, new medicines are coming available.(虽然治疗肥胖的主要方法仍然是手术，但新的药物正在出现。)”说明了新的药物正在出现，空格处应该说这种药物会有什么好处，E选项“Soon, experts predict, obesity will be commonly treated with regular pills.(专家预测，不久以后，肥胖将普遍使用常规药物治疗。)”说明将来人们会用药来治疗肥胖，承接上文，符合语境，故选E。
三、完形填空
There are too many fat people in America, so many Americans are fighting against overweight. But the 30 thing is that the French, who consume rich food, continue to stay thin. Now a research by Cornell University suggests how life style and decisions about 31 may affect weight. Researchers concluded that the French tend to stop eating when they feel 32 . However, Americans tend to stop when their 33 are empty or their favorite TV show is over.
According to Dr. Joseph Mercola, a(n) 34 expert, the French see eating as an important part of their life style. They enjoy food and therefore spend a 35 time at the table, while Americans see eating as something to be 36 between the other daily activities. Mercola believes Americans lose the ability to 37 when they are actually full. So, they keep eating long after the French would have 38 . In addition, he points out that Americans drive to huge supermarkets to buy canned and frozen foods for the week. The French, however tend to shop daily, walking to small shops and farmers’ markets where they have a(an) 39 of fresh fruits, vegetables, and eggs as well as high-quality meats for each meal.
After a visit to the United States, Mireille Guiliano, author of French Women Don’t Get Fat, decided to write about the importance of knowing when to stop 40 suggesting how to avoid food. Today she continues to stay slim and 41 goes to the gym.
In spite of all these differences, evidence shows that recent life style 42 may be affecting French eating habits. Today the rate of obesity — or extreme 43 — among adults is only 6%. However, as American fast-food gains 44 and the young reject older traditions, the obesity rate among French children has reached 17% — and is growing.
30. A. present B. natural C. strange D. modern
31. A. working B. living C. studying D. eating
32. A. sensitive B. sad C. happy D. full
33. A. pockets B. refrigerators C. houses D. plates
34. A. education B. health C. literature D. speech
35. A. fairly long B. fairly short C. very exciting D. rather fast
36. A. littered B. squeezed C. cut D. shared
37. A. sense B. show C. understand D. get
38. A. kept B. enjoyed C. went D. stopped
39. A. choice B. message C. order D. number
40. A. other than B. in addition to C. except for D. rather than
41. A. often B. rarely C. constantly D. almost
42. A. examples B. tradition C. changes D. stories
43. A. heavy B. thin C. overweight D. underweight
44. A. failure B. success C. acceptance D. rejection
【答案】
30. C 31. D 32. D 33. D 34. B 35. A 36. B 37. A 38. D 39. A 40. D 41. B 42. C 43. C 44. C
【解析】这是一篇说明文。文章主要结合学者研究结果，介绍了“同吃油腻食品，美国人肥胖率极高而法国人则不然”这一奇怪的现象及其背后的原因，并就未来的变化做出讨论、预测。
30. 考查形容词词义辨析。句意：但奇怪的是，吃油腻食品的法国人却能继续保持瘦（的身材）。A. present目前的；B. natural自然的；C. strange奇怪的；D. modern现代的。结合上一句“There are too many fat people in America, so many Americans are fighting against overweight.(美国有太多的胖子，所以很多美国人都在与超重作斗争)”及生活常识，美国人喜欢吃油腻食品，肥胖率也很高，而这事到了法国人身上却不成立，很“奇怪”，故选C。
31. 考查动词词义辨析。句意：现在，康奈尔大学的一项研究表明，生活方式和饮食决定可能会影响体重。A. working工作；B. living生活；C. studying学习；D. eating饮食。根据后文“tend to stop eating ”可知，此处指对于饮食做出的决定。故选D。
32. 考查形容词词义辨析。句意：研究人员得出结论，当法国人感到饱的时候，他们就会倾向于停止饮食。A. sensitive敏感的；B. sad悲伤的；C. happy开心的；D. full饱的。根据上文“the French tend to stop eating”可知，当法国人感到饱的时候，他们就会倾向于停止饮食，故选D。
33. 考查名词词义辨析。句意：然而，只有当美国人发现盘子空了或者最喜欢的电视节目结束了的时候，他们才会停止饮食。A. pockets口袋；B. refrigerators冰箱；C. houses房子；D. plates盘子。结合语境，这里是进行美国人和法国人的对比，法国人会主观上“感到饱了”并停止饮食，而美国人则更像“无意识地，心不在焉地”不停吃吃吃，只有外部客观条件才会迫使他们停下来，这里的客观条件之一是“盘子空了”，故选D。
34. 考查名词词义辨析。句意：根据健康专家约瑟夫·默科拉博士的说法，法国人将饮食视为他们生活方式的重要组成部分。A. education教育；B. health健康；C. literature文学；D. speech演讲。根据下文中的“the French see eating as an important part of their life style.”可知，此处讲述Dr. Joseph Mercola的观点，因此他是一位健康专家。故选B项。
35. 考查形容词短语词义辨析。句意：他们享受食物，也因此在餐桌上花了相当长的时间，然而美国人把吃饭视作一件要在其他日常活动中挤出时间（来完成）的事。A. fairly long相当长的；B. fairly short相当短的；C. very exciting十分刺激的；D. rather fast相当快的。根据上文“They enjoy food”可知，法国人是把吃饭当做享受的，因此在餐桌上花的时间也是相当长的（慢慢品味、享受），故选A。
36. 考查动词词义辨析。句意：他们享受食物，也因此在餐桌上花了相当长的时间，然而美国人把吃饭视作一件要在其他日常活动中挤出时间（来完成）的事。A. littered乱扔垃圾；B. squeezed挤压；C. cut切割；D. shared分享。根据后文“between the other daily activities”可知美国人把吃饭视作一件要在其他日常活动中挤出时间（来完成）的事。故选B。
37. 考查动词词义辨析。句意：Mercola认为美国人失去了在他们确实饱了的时候感知的能力。A. sense感觉；B. show展示；C. understand理解；D. get得到。结合上下文语境，专家认为美国人“不知饱”，盘子空了亦或是电视节目结束了才知道停下，因此这里说他们失去了感知能力，故选A。
38. 考查动词词义辨析。句意：所以，在法国人停止进食很久之后，他们还在继续进食。A. kept保持；B. enjoyed享受；C. went去；D. stopped停止。上文提到“Mercola 认为美国人失去了在他们确实饱了的时候感知的能力”，主语they指代美国人，所以是指在法国人停止进食很久之后，美国人还在继续进食。后文“decided to write about the importance of knowing when to stop”也是提示。故选D。
39. 考查名词词义辨析。句意：相反，法国人倾向于每天购物，步行到小商店和农贸市场，在那里他们可以选择新鲜的水果、蔬菜、鸡蛋以及每餐的优质肉类。A. choice选择；B. message信息；C. order命令；D. number数目。根据前文“tend to shop daily, walking to small shops and farmers’ markets”可知，法国人每天都去购物，因此法国人能选择新鲜水果、蔬菜和鸡蛋等食物。故选A项。
40. 考查介词短语辨析。句意：《法国女人不会发胖》一书的作者米雷耶·吉里亚诺在访问美国后，决定写一篇关于知道何时停止而不是建议如何避免食物的重要性的文章。A. other than除了；B. in addition to除了，另外；C. except for除……之外；D. rather than而不是。根据上文“decided to write about the importance of knowing when to stop”可知，她的文章主要关于何时停止吃东西，而不是建议如何避免食物的。故选D。
41. 考查副词词义辨析。句意：如今，她仍然保持着苗条的身材，很少去健身房。A. often经常；B. rarely很少；C. constantly总是；D. almost几乎。根据上文“she continues to stay slim and”以及她主要是通过饮食来控制身材的，所以是很少去健身房。故选B。
42. 考查名词词义辨析。句意：尽管存在这些差异，但有证据表明，最近生活方式的变化可能正在影响法国人的饮食习惯。A. examples例子；B. tradition传统；C. changes变化；D. stories故事。根据后文“the young reject older traditions, the obesity rate among French children has reached 17% — and is growing”可知，法国年轻人不再遵循以前的生活方式，使得他们的肥胖率在增加，因此是生活方式的改变影响了他们的饮食习惯。故选C项。
43. 考查形容词词义辨析。句意：如今，成年人中肥胖或极度超重的比例仅为6%。A. heavy重的；B. thin瘦的；C. overweight超重的；D. underweight重量不足的。根据上文“the rate of obesity — or extreme”可知，此处指法国肥胖或极度超重的比例。故选C。
44. 考查名词词义辨析。句意：然而，随着美国快餐逐渐被接受，年轻人拒绝更古老的传统，法国儿童的肥胖率已经达到17%，并且还在增长。A. failure失败；B. success成功；C. acceptance接受；D. rejection拒绝。根据下文的“the young reject older traditions”可知，法国的年轻人拒绝传统生活方式，由此可知，他们越来越接受美国的快餐。故选C项。
四、语法填空
阅读下面短文，在空白处填入1个适当的单词或括号内单词的正确形式。
By the 1980s, doctors, federal health experts, the food industry 45 the news media were reporting that a low-fat diet could benefit everyone, even though there was no solid evidence 46 doing so would prevent heart disease, obesity and other health 47 (issue).
As a result, said Vijaya Surampudi, 48 assistant professor of medicine at the University of California, Los Angeles, many people and food manufacturers replaced calories from fat 49 calories from refined carbohydrates (碳水化合物) such as white flour and added sugar.
In reality, not all fats are bad. 50 certain types, such as trans fats (反式脂肪), can increase your risk for heart disease or stroke, healthy fats help reduce your risk, 51 include monounsaturated fats (单不饱和脂肪酸) (found in olive oil and certain nuts and seeds) and polyunsaturated fats (多不饱和脂肪酸) (found in sunflower oil, walnuts, fish and flaxseed). Good fats are also important for supplying energy, producing important hormones, supporting cell function and aiding in the 52 (absorb) of some nutrients.
If you see a product 53 (label) “fat free,” don’t 54 (automatic) assume it is healthy, Dr Surampudi said. Instead, prioritize products with simple ingredients and no added sugars.
【答案】
45. and 46. that 47. issues 48. an 49. with/by 50. While/Though/Although 51. which 52. absorption 53. labeled/labelled 54. automatically
【解析】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了尽管医生、联邦卫生专家、食品行业等都认为低脂饮食有益于身体健康，但是健康的、好的脂肪能够帮助降低风险，对提供能量、产生重要的激素、支持细胞生长也很重要。
45. 考查连词。句意：到20世纪80年代，医生、联邦卫生专家、食品行业和新闻媒体都在报道，低脂饮食可以使每个人受益，尽管没有确凿的证据表明这样做可以预防心脏病、肥胖和其他健康问题。设空处连接“doctors, federal health experts, the food industry”以及“the news media”作主语，为并列关系，应用连词and。故填and。
46. 考查同位语从句。句意：到20世纪80年代，医生、联邦卫生专家、食品行业和新闻媒体都在报道，低脂饮食可以使每个人受益，尽管没有确凿的证据表明这样做可以预防心脏病、肥胖和其他健康问题。设空处引导名词性从句，作evidence的同位语，设空处在从句中不充当语法成分，无词汇意义，填连接词that。故填that。
47. 考查名词复数。句意：到20世纪80年代，医生、联邦卫生专家、食品行业和新闻媒体都在报道，低脂饮食可以使每个人受益，尽管没有确凿的证据表明这样做可以预防心脏病、肥胖和其他健康问题。issue“问题”为可数名词，结合空前“other health”以及句意可知此处表复数概念，应填名词复数形式issues。故填issues。
48. 考查冠词。句意：加州大学洛杉矶分校的医学助理教授Vijaya Surampudi说，结果是，许多人和食品制造商用精制碳水化合物，如白面粉和添加糖，来代替脂肪中的卡路里。assistant professor为可数名词，此处表泛指，空后assistant 为元音音素开头，此空填不定冠词an。故填an。
49. 考查介词。句意：加州大学洛杉矶分校的医学助理教授Vijaya Surampudi说，结果是，许多人和食品制造商用精制碳水化合物，如白面粉和添加糖，来代替脂肪中的卡路里。固定搭配replace…with/by…意为“用……替换……”符合句意，设空处填介词with/by。故填with/by。
50. 考查连词。句意：虽然某些类型的脂肪，如反式脂肪，会增加你患心脏病或中风的风险，但健康的脂肪有助于降低风险，包括单不饱和脂肪酸（存在于橄榄油和某些坚果和种子中）和多不饱和脂肪酸（存在于葵花籽油、核桃、鱼和亚麻籽中）。由句意可知，上文“certain types, such as trans fats (反式脂肪), can increase your risk for heart disease or stroke”与下文“healthy fats help reduce your risk”之间为转折关系，设空处填连词while/though/although“尽管，虽然”引导让步状语从句，设空处置于句首，首字母大写。故填While/Though/Although。
51. 考查非限制性定语从句。句意：虽然某些类型的脂肪，如反式脂肪，会增加你患心脏病或中风的风险，但健康的脂肪有助于降低风险，包括单不饱和脂肪酸（存在于橄榄油和某些坚果和种子中）和多不饱和脂肪酸（存在于葵花籽油、核桃、鱼和亚麻籽中）。设空处引导非限制性定语从句，设空处指代先行词healthy fats在从句中作主语，指物，用关系代词which。故填which。
52. 考查名词。句意：好的脂肪在提供能量、产生重要的激素、支持细胞功能和帮助吸收某些营养物质方面也很重要。设空处作宾语，用名词absorption“吸收”，为不可数名词。故填absorption。
53. 考查非谓语动词。句意：如果你看到一种标有“无脂肪”的产品，不要想当然地认为它是健康的，Surampudi博士说。设空处作后置定语修饰名词a product，a product与动词label之间为逻辑上的被动关系，填过去分词labeled/labelled。故填labeled/labelled。
54. 考查副词。句意：如果你看到标有“无脂肪”的产品，不要想当然地认为它是健康的，Surampudi博士说。设空处修饰动词assume，应填副词automatically作状语。故填automatically。
五、书信写作
55. 假定你是李华，你的美国笔友Linda因为肥胖问题（obesity）而遭到同学的嘲笑，为此她感到非常苦恼，写信向你求助。请你给她写一封回信，内容包括：
1. 给予安慰；
2. 提供建议。
注意：
1. 词数80左右；
2. 请按如下格式在答题卡的对应位置作答。
Dear Linda,
__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Yours,
Li Hua
【参考范文】
Dear Linda,
I’m sorry to hear that you’re upset at being laughed at by your classmates because of your obesity. But I think it unnecessary for you to care about that.
In my opinion, you are great as you are. After all, it is what you are rather than how you look that counts. On the other hand, I have some advice for you if you want to lose some weight. Firstly, change your eating habits and keep a balanced diet, which will help prevent diseases. Secondly, take exercise regularly, which is a good way for you to get rid of your obesity. Thirdly, make sure you get enough sleep.
If you follow my advice, you are sure to look nice and feel good. I hope you can get out of trouble soon.
Yours,
Li Hua
【写作分析】本篇书面表达属于应用文。题目要求考生给因为肥胖问题受到同学嘲笑的笔友Linda写一封信，需对她的苦恼进行安慰，并为她提供建议。
【解析】1. 词汇积累
烦恼的：upset→distressed, unsettled
因为：because of→due to, owing to, on account of
没必要的：unnecessary→inessential, needless, dispensable
在我看来：in my opinion→from my perspective, as far as I am concerned, from my point of view
2. 句式拓展
简单句变复合句
原句：But I think it unnecessary for you to care about that.
拓展句：But I think (that) it is unnecessary for you to care about that.
【高分句型1】After all, it is what you are rather than how you look that counts.（运用了what引导名词性从句作is的表语，how引导名词性从句作rather than的宾语，it is… that…的强调句型）
【高分句型2】I have some advice for you if you want to lose some weight.（运用了if引导的条件状语从句）
【高分句型3】Firstly, change your eating habits and keep a balanced diet, which will help prevent diseases.（运用了which引导的非限制性定语从句）08.应对肥胖问题
一、阅读理解
1
Plastic, which is now common, contains endocrine-disrupting chemicals, or EDCs (内分泌干扰物), that has been linked to increased risk of many chronic diseases. Parental exposure to EDCs, for example, has been shown to cause metabolic (新陈代谢的) disorders, including obesity and diabetes, in the later generations.
Led by Changcheng Zhou, a professor of biomedical sciences in the School of Medicine at the University of California, the researchers investigated the impact of fathers’ exposure to a phthalate called dicyclohexyl phthalate, or DCHP (邻苯二甲酸二环己酯), on the metabolic health of first generation (F1) and second generation (F2) in mice. Phthalates are chemicals used to make plastic more durable.
The researchers found that fathers’ DCHP exposure for four weeks led to high insulin (胰岛素) resistance and impaired insulin signaling in F1. The same effect, but weaker, was seen in F2 .
“We found fathers’ exposure to EDCs may have intergenerational and transgenerational detrimental effects on the metabolic health of their later generations, ”Zhou said. “To the best of our knowledge, our study is the first to demonstrate this.”
In the case of fathers’ exposure in the study, intergenerational effects are changes that occur due to direct exposure to a stressor, such as exposure to DCHP of fathers (F0 generation) and his F1 generation. Transgenerational effects are changes passed down to later generations that are not directly exposed to the stressor (for example, F2 generation).
“This suggests that fathers’ DCHP exposure can lead to sex-specific transgenerational effects on the metabolic health of their later generations,” Zhou said.
Zhou stressed that the impact of exposure to DCHP on human health is not well understood, even though DCHP is widely used in a variety of plastic products and has been detected in food, water, and indoor particulate matter.
“It’s best to minimize our use of plastic products,” Zhou said. “This can also help reduce plastic pollution, one of our most pressing environmental issues.”
1. Why are phthalates added to plastic
A. To beautify it. B. To make it long-lasting.
C. To reduce its cost. D. To increase its weight.
2. What does the underlined word “detrimental” in paragraph 4 probably mean
A. Negative. B. External. C. Distinct. D. Adventurous.
3. What did Zhou advise people to do
A. Bury plastic waste. B. Watch out for the food they eat.
C. Use fewest plastic products. D. Never produce plastic products.
4. What can be a suitable title for the text
A. Plastic contains endocrine disrupting chemicals
B. Plastic pollution is a pressing environmental issue
C. DCHP is widely used in a variety of plastic products
D. Chemicals in plastic may impact two generations’ health
2
The Government’s sugar tax on soft drinks has brought in half as much money as Ministers first predicted it would generate, the first official data on the policy has shown.
First announced in April, 2016, the tax which applies to soft drinks containing more than 5g of sugar per 100ml, was introduced to help reduce childhood obesity (肥胖). It is believed that today’s children and teenagers are consuming three times the recommended level of sugar, putting them at a higher risk of the disease.
Initially the sugar tax was expected to make 520M a year for the Treasury. However, data of the first six months showed it would make less than half this amount. At present it is expected to generate 240M for the year ending in April 2019, which will go to school sports.
It comes after more than half of soft drinks sold in shops have had their sugar levels cut by manufacturers (制造商) so they can avoid paying the tax. Drinks now contain 45 million fewer kilos of sugar as a result of manufacturers’ efforts to avoid the charge, according to Treasury figures. Since April drinks companies have been forced to pay between 18p and 24p for every liter of sugary drink they produce or import, depending on the sugar content.
However, some high sugar brands, like Classic Coca Cola, have accepted the sugar tax and are refusing to change for fear of upsetting consumers. Fruit juices, milk-based drinks and most alcoholic drinks are free of the tax, as are small companies manufacturing fewer than 1M liters per year.
Today’s figures, according to one government official, show the positive influence the sugar tax is having by raising millions of pounds for sports facilities (设施) and healthier eating in schools. Helping the next generation to have a healthy and active childhood is of great importance, and the industry is playing its part.
5. How did the Government protect children’s health
A. By collecting money for schools. B. By forcing on sugar tax on soft drinks.
C. By improving the quality of drinks. D. By encouraging research in education.
6. What measures did manufacturers take to the Government’s policy
A. Exploring overseas markets. B. Cutting down on their production.
C. Lowering their products’ sugar content. D. Putting up the qualities of their products.
7. What can we learn about Classic Coca Cola
A. It refused to accept the sugar tax.
B. It focuses on consumers’ feelings.
C. It worries about losing local customers.
D. It opposed free of the tax to alcoholic drinks.
8. What does the author intend to express in the last paragraph
A. Comments of manufacturers. B. Influence of government officials.
C. Desire for healthy next generation. D. Success of the sugar tax policy.
3
Scientists are increasingly looking at the mind-body connection, including how heart health might affect brain function. Past studies of adults have linked poor cardiovascular (心血管的) health to a higher risk of cognitive (认知的) decline, but there’s been little research on how heart health affects young brains.
A new research analyzed the health data of 987 children, aged 11 and 12, from 21 US cities. The children took part in the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development study, the largest long-term study of brain development and health in children in the United States. Researchers measured participants’ cardiovascular health using a tool known as Life’s Essential 8, a list for improving and maintaining cardiovascular health. Developed by the American Heart Association ( AHA), the list includes a healthy diet, not smoking, being physically active, getting enough sleep, keeping a healthy weight and controlling blood pressure, cholesterol and blood sugar.
Researchers looked at how the children’s cardiovascular health scores matched up with their scores from a cognitive test. They found that children with better cardiovascular health behaviors —— the list items related to diet, physical activity, smoking and sleep —— showed slightly better cognitive function. At the same time, children with better overall cardiovascular health that included all eight item s on the list also had higher cognitive function.
Dr. Augusto Cé sar F. De Moraes, the study’s lead researcher, said that the message of the study was “that if you see children with high blood pressure or obesity, it’s important to look at their brain health as well.” The findings, which were presented on November 11in Philadelphia at the American Heart Association’s Scientific Sessions conference, are considered preliminary (初步的) until full results are published in a peer-reviewed journal.
9. What is the second paragraph mainly about
A. The method of the research. B. The participants of the research.
C. The findings of the research. D. T he background of the research.
10. Which of the following may contribute to cardiovascular health according to AHA
A. Going on a diet. B. Keeping active works.
C. Going to bed early. D. Keeping lower blood pressure.
11. What can we learn about the new research
A. It draws attention to children’s problem of obesity.
B. The participants are chosen from different countries.
C. The full findings have not been made public so far.
D. The researchers look at the mind-body connection in adults.
12. What’s the main idea of this passage
A. High blood pressure is affecting children’s brain health.
B. Better heart health may improve kids’ cognitive function.
C. Life’s Essential 8 is an important tool in cognitive research.
D. Cognitive decline will influence children’s cardiovascular health.
4
Bed rotting — the practice of spending long periods of time just staying under the covers with snacks, screens and other creature comforts — is gaining popularity on social media. Some Generation Z trend followers are now viewing it as a form of self-care, but doctors warn too much could be “sign of depression”. Are these extended breaks really wise for one’s mental health — or could they be a cause for concern
Dr. Ryan Sultan, a professor at Columbia University in New York, who treats many young people, called the bed rotting trend attractive. “In our culture today, with too much to do, too many expectations and too much productivity, many young individuals (个人) are feeling burned out and often aren’t getting enough sleep. It’s easy to see why taking time off to lie around is attractive,” Sultan said. “In many ways, this is beneficial. It’s a chance to get away from real-life problems and clear your head before returning to life in a better state of mind, ” he added.
For the downside, however, he said a long-term need or desire for bed rotting could do harm to one’s physical health. Spending too many daytime hours in bed — awake or not — could destroy sleep schedules. Our brains are fine-tuned for sleep in darkness and alertness in light. Lying in bed half-asleep during the day will worsen sleep schedules — once that happens, it is a challenge to fix. It could also lead to blood pressure problems and obesity (肥胖).
Long-term need or desire for bed rotting could also be a warning sign of depression, according to a mental health expert. Dr. Marc Siegel, professor of medicine at NYU Langone Medical Center and a Fox News medical contributor, agreed that while some downtime can be useful in terms of de-stressing and rejuvenation (更新), too much bed rotting is a bad health practice. In addition to increasing the risk of depression, it contributes to decreased motivation (动力) as well.
Instead of bed rotting, Siegel recommends regular exercise as a better form of de-stressing. While the occasional lazy day can be beneficial, too much could have the opposite effect. If it happens every day, that’s a fairly sensitive test for depression. Those who lack the motivation to get out of bed could also try calling or texting a family member for support, socializing with close friends, finding a small task to complete, or reaching out to a medical professional for help.
13. According to Dr. Ryan Sultan, why do young people like bed rotting
A. They are fond of what is popular on social media. B. They are unwilling to socialize with friends.
C. Bed rotting is away to escape stress. D. Bed rotting helps fix sleep schedules.
14. What does the word “fine-tuned” underlined in Paragraph 3 probably mean
A. Quickly-activated. B. Well-trained.
C. Badly-needed. D. Ill-equipped.
15. What can we learn from the passage
A. Being lazy from time to time can be good for individuals.
B. Sleeping in light can increase the risk of depression.
C. Bed rotting can allow people to avoid expectations.
D. Feeling down leads to decreased motivation.
16. What is the passage mainly talking about
A. Different opinions on how to become motivated.
B. Main causes of the long-term need for bed rotting.
C. Practical suggestions for young people to deal with stress.
D. Possible problems from lying in bed for extended periods of time.
5
The “diet” in diet drinks may be a false promise for some soda lovers. A study published recently in JAMA Network Open adds to the evidence that drinks made with sucralose (蔗糖素) may stimulate the appetite, at least among some people.
“We found that females and people with obesity (肥胖) had greater brain reward activity after consuming the artificial sweetener,” says study author Katie Page. “What was most surprising was the impact of body weight and biological sex. They were very important factors in the way that the brain responded to the artificial sweetener.”
Both groups also had a reduction in the hormone that inhibits (抑制) appetite, and they ate more food after they consumed drinks with sucralose, compared with after regular sugar-sweetened drinks. In contrast, the study found males and people of healthy weight did not have an increase in either brain reward activity or hunger response, suggesting they’re not affected in the same way.
Page and her team measured the response to diet soda in three ways. They used brain images of the 74 study participants to document the activation of parts of the brain linked to appetite. They used blood samples to measure blood sugar and hormones that can drive hunger. And they also tracked how much participants ate at a buffet table at the end of each study session.
“These results are consistent with patterns that we’ve actually seen in my lab in animal studies,” says Susan Swithers, a behavioral scientist at Purdue University.
“You are supposed to get sugar after something tastes sweet. Your body has been accustomed to that,” explains Swithers. But diet soda may lead to a disconnect. The sugar never arrives, and “that could decrease the body’s efficiency in metabolizing (新陈代谢) sugar the next time.”
17. What did Page find might affect the brain’s response to diet soda
A. The artificial sweetener. B. The drinker’s sex and weight.
C. The reduction in hormones. D. The amount of sweet drinks.
18. What can we learn from paragraph four
A. The methods of the study. B. The impacts of diet soda.
C. The causes of overeating. D. The responses of participants.
19. What is Swithers’ attitude toward Page’s study
A. Unclear. B. Approving. C. Doubtful. D. Unsatisfied.
20. Where can you find this text
A. A story collection. B. A travel journal.
C. A consumer guide. D. A health magazine.
6
When I was a young postdoctoral researcher at Cambridge, I met a bearded professor at a fancy dinner. He asked me, “So young man, what do you do ” I told him I was working on the genetics (遗传学) of childhood obesity (肥胖症). “Ha! Do you know what your problem is ” he replied. “You give fat people an excuse.”
The professor’s reply threw me. I was about to push back, when it occurred to me that this view was shared by much of society. Obesity is seen as a problem of physics; people just need to eat less and move more. But although how we get to our body weight is reliant on physics, the real question is why Why do some people love food, while for others it’s simply fuel Besides powerful societal and cultural influences, there are equally powerful genetic factors that influence our eating, and hence our body weight.
Large population-based studies, such as UK Biobank, a survey of nearly half a million adults, have helped to reveal the genetic architecture underlying differences in body size. Butthe childhood obesity data do not exist. And that’s a problem, because we know that children with obesity probably will grow into adults with obesity. Thus, understanding the genetics and natural history of childhood obesity will play a key role in its treatment and prevention.
Luckily, there is hope. D-CYPHR, a genetics research programme, is open to every child. It aims to create a truly inclusive research sample and investigate a range of conditions, for which obesity is a major contributing factor. D-CYPHR is ambitious and will face challenges in creating a truly inclusive research sample. But if it does, it will circumvent many of the problems in adult health research by building inclusivity in from the beginning.
You can help pioneer new treatments for millions of people by helping unlock the power hiding in your DNA. Now, a nationwide movement for ages 0—15 is being held and all you need to do is spit (吐) in a tube and complete a short health and lifestyle questionnaire.
21. What’s the tone carried in the professor’s reply
A. Dismissive.
B. Sympathetic.
C. Delighted.
D. Admiring
22. What is a limitation of the previous studies on obesity
A. Limited size of participants. B. Inaccurate sample analysis.
C. Lack of data on childhood obesity. D. Failure to map adults’ genetic code.
23. Which is closest in meaning to “circumvent” in paragraph 4
A. Discuss.
B. Face.
C. Avoid.
D. Create.
24. What does the author want to do in the last paragraph
A. To call for action.
B. To draw a conclusion.
C. To sum up the text.
D. To criticize misconduct.
二、七选五
Obesity (肥胖症), A Global Problem
Andrew Wilson was always a big kid. During his 20s and 30s he kept his weight in control by playing sport. 25
After that, he was trying to lose weight. He watched what he ate and exercised. 26 He tried many diets. He would lose 10 to 20 kilograms, but then the weight would return, and more.
Andrew is certainly not alone. Obesity affects all areas of society. 27 In South and Southeast Asia, the number of people suffering from obesity is predicted to double between 2010 and 2030.
How did all this come about The problem is that in recent decades our lifestyle has changed dramatically. Most people in the world are eating high-energy diets. 28 Think of a photo from Asia in the 1970s—everyone was on a bicycle. Today they’re riding in cars.
The good news is, there’s plenty that can be done. While the main treatment for obesity is still surgery, new medicines are coming available. 29 Governments also provide us with green open spaces to do physical activity. Another effective solution overseas is to introduce a tax on sugary drinks.
A. At the same time we’re moving less.
B. Still, his weight increased to 200 kilograms.
C. Humans aren’t meant to have diets like that.
D. People everywhere are living with extra weight or obesity.
E. Soon, experts predict, obesity will be commonly treated with regular pills.
F. Most people have a feeling of having finished a meal, but he always felt hungry.
G. However, when his family hit a trouble and he was under pressure, he put on weight quickly.
三、完形填空
There are too many fat people in America, so many Americans are fighting against overweight. But the 30 thing is that the French, who consume rich food, continue to stay thin. Now a research by Cornell University suggests how life style and decisions about 31 may affect weight. Researchers concluded that the French tend to stop eating when they feel 32 . However, Americans tend to stop when their 33 are empty or their favorite TV show is over.
According to Dr. Joseph Mercola, a(n) 34 expert, the French see eating as an important part of their life style. They enjoy food and therefore spend a 35 time at the table, while Americans see eating as something to be 36 between the other daily activities. Mercola believes Americans lose the ability to 37 when they are actually full. So, they keep eating long after the French would have 38 . In addition, he points out that Americans drive to huge supermarkets to buy canned and frozen foods for the week. The French, however tend to shop daily, walking to small shops and farmers’ markets where they have a(an) 39 of fresh fruits, vegetables, and eggs as well as high-quality meats for each meal.
After a visit to the United States, Mireille Guiliano, author of French Women Don’t Get Fat, decided to write about the importance of knowing when to stop 40 suggesting how to avoid food. Today she continues to stay slim and 41 goes to the gym.
In spite of all these differences, evidence shows that recent life style 42 may be affecting French eating habits. Today the rate of obesity — or extreme 43 — among adults is only 6%. However, as American fast-food gains 44 and the young reject older traditions, the obesity rate among French children has reached 17% — and is growing.
30. A. present B. natural C. strange D. modern
31. A. working B. living C. studying D. eating
32. A. sensitive B. sad C. happy D. full
33. A. pockets B. refrigerators C. houses D. plates
34. A. education B. health C. literature D. speech
35. A. fairly long B. fairly short C. very exciting D. rather fast
36. A. littered B. squeezed C. cut D. shared
37. A. sense B. show C. understand D. get
38. A. kept B. enjoyed C. went D. stopped
39. A. choice B. message C. order D. number
40. A. other than B. in addition to C. except for D. rather than
41. A. often B. rarely C. constantly D. almost
42. A. examples B. tradition C. changes D. stories
43. A. heavy B. thin C. overweight D. underweight
44. A. failure B. success C. acceptance D. rejection
四、语法填空
阅读下面短文，在空白处填入1个适当的单词或括号内单词的正确形式。
By the 1980s, doctors, federal health experts, the food industry 45 the news media were reporting that a low-fat diet could benefit everyone, even though there was no solid evidence 46 doing so would prevent heart disease, obesity and other health 47 (issue).
As a result, said Vijaya Surampudi, 48 assistant professor of medicine at the University of California, Los Angeles, many people and food manufacturers replaced calories from fat 49 calories from refined carbohydrates (碳水化合物) such as white flour and added sugar.
In reality, not all fats are bad. 50 certain types, such as trans fats (反式脂肪), can increase your risk for heart disease or stroke, healthy fats help reduce your risk, 51 include monounsaturated fats (单不饱和脂肪酸) (found in olive oil and certain nuts and seeds) and polyunsaturated fats (多不饱和脂肪酸) (found in sunflower oil, walnuts, fish and flaxseed). Good fats are also important for supplying energy, producing important hormones, supporting cell function and aiding in the 52 (absorb) of some nutrients.
If you see a product 53 (label) “fat free,” don’t 54 (automatic) assume it is healthy, Dr Surampudi said. Instead, prioritize products with simple ingredients and no added sugars.
五、书信写作
55. 假定你是李华，你的美国笔友Linda因为肥胖问题（obesity）而遭到同学的嘲笑，为此她感到非常苦恼，写信向你求助。请你给她写一封回信，内容包括：
1. 给予安慰；
2. 提供建议。
注意：
1. 词数80左右；
2. 请按如下格式在答题卡的对应位置作答。
Dear Linda,
__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Yours,
Li Hua
