Unit 5 Revealing nature-2023-2024学年高二下册英语（外研版2019选择性必修第一册）
Unit 5 话题 认识与探索自然
词汇 distant, disgrace, sample, evolve, suspect, evolution, generate, characteristic, decline, blame, primitive, worldwide, giant, myth, detect, root, link, centimetre
短语 date back to, be a disgrace, answer the call, of all time, in question, be crowded with, come to exist, be similar to, adapt to, be native to, by contrast, carry out, drive away, serve as, side by side
句型 1. 强调句型：It is/was+被强调部分+that/who+其余部分 2. do you think作插入语 3. 主语+be+adj.+动词不定式
语法 过去完成时
写作 植物观察日记
考点1.. date back to 起源于，追溯到
The oldest discovered fossil of the modern platypus dates back to about 100,000 years ago. 已发现的最古老的现代鸭嘴兽的化石可以追溯到大约10万年前。
date back to = date from，常用一般现在时，一般不用于进行时态。作后置定语时，常用动词-ing形式
完成句子
我从学生时代就开始爱好集邮。
My interest in stamp collecting _________________ / _________________my schooldays.
那个专家说这座寺庙历史悠久,可追溯到初唐时期。
According to the expert, the temple has a history ______________ / _____________the early Tang Dynasty.
【答案】1. dates from; dates back to 2. dating from; dating back to
考点2.. exist vi. 存在；生存；生活
come to exist 开始形成，出现
As he studied these, he asked himself the question: how did different species come to exist 当他研究这些时，他问自己一个问题：不同的物种是如何形成的？
exist on 靠……生活
existence n. 存在;生存 bring/call into existence 使产生;使成立
come into existence 开始存在;产生;成立 in existence 存在的;现存的;现有的
put out of existence 消灭;灭绝;杀死
选词填空: defend, guard, protect
世界是什么时候产生的
__________________________________________________________________________
我靠我挣的工资简直难以糊口,根本无钱享受。
__________________________________________________________________________
【答案】1. When did the world come into existence
2. I can hardly exist on the wage I’m getting; there is no money for luxuries.
考点3.. adapt v. 适应；改编
adapt (oneself) to (使……)适应于……
Maybe animals evolved as they adapted to their changing environments 也许动物是在适应不断变化的环境时进化了
adapt sth. from 根据……改编某物 adapt...for... 为……而改写/改编……
adaptable adj. 能适应的;可修改的
adaptation n. 适应;改编;改写本
完成句子
他适应了寒冷的天气。
He __________________________________the cold weather.
据说这部新影片是根据简·奥斯丁的一本小说改编而成的。
This new film is said to __________________________________a novel by Jane Austen.
关于孩子们,好的一点是他们很容易适应新环境。
The good thing about children is that they __________________________________the new environment.
【答案】1. adapted himself to 2. be adapted from 3. adapt very easily to
考点4.. suspect v. 猜想；怀疑；n. 嫌疑犯；adj. 可疑的，不可信的
Darwin suspected that the finches had evolved from a common ancestor, which had arrived on the islands a long time before. 达尔文猜想这些雀鸟是从一个共同的祖先进化而来的,这个祖先很久以前就来到了这些岛屿上。
suspect sb. to be 猜想某人…… suspect sb. of (doing) sth. 怀疑某人(做)某事
suspicious adj. 有疑心的;表示怀疑的 be suspicious of 对……起疑
suspiciously adv. 怀疑地;猜疑地
单句语法填空
The customs officer inspected my passport _______________(suspicious).
A man was hanging about the house in a _______________(suspect) manner.
The police suspected him _______________concealing information important to the case.
【答案】1. suspiciously 2. suspicious 3. of
考点5.. convincing adj. 有说服力的；令人信服的
But Darwin’s scientific studies were so convincing that more and more people started to believe his theory. 但是达尔文的科学研究是如此令人信服,以至于越来越多的人开始相信他的理论。
(1) convince vt. 使确信,使信服;说服
convince sb of sth. 使某人相信某事 convince sb to do sth. 说服某人做某事
(2) convinced adj. 确信的;坚信的
be convinced of 确信;坚信 be convinced that... 坚信……
单句语法填空
Many people were influenced by her _______________(convince) arguments.
_______________ (convince) of the accuracy of the data, they stuck to their opinion.
Robert’s expression had obviously convinced her _______________his innocence.
【答案】1. convincing 2. Convinced 3. of
考点6.. be regarded as 被看作
Today, On the Origin of Species is regarded as one of the most important works ever written. 今天,《物种起源》被认为是有史以来最重要的著作之一。
regard v. 把……看作;注重;考虑;看待;尊敬 n. 注意;尊重;问候;凝视
regard...as 把……看作
in/with regard to=regarding 关于,至于 in this/that regard 在这/那方面;在这/那一点上
give sb my regards 请代我问候(某人);请代我(向某人)致意
regardless of 不管,不顾
单句语法填空
不管他们同不同意我都去。
I shall go ___________________whether they agree or not.
他把我当成家人一样对待。
He ___________________me ___________________one of his family.
关于那件事我没什么要说的。
I have nothing to say ___________________that matter.
【答案】1. regardless of 2. regards; as 3. in/with regard to
考点7.. characteristic n. 特征,特性；adj. 典型的;特有的;表示特性的
Gregor Mendal chose to study pea plants because their characteristics were easy to control. 格雷戈尔·孟德尔选择研究豌豆植物是因为它们的特性易于控制。
characteristically adv. 典型地;表示特性地
character n. 性格,品质;特性;角色
用character的适当形式填空
What does your __________________do
His line of argument is also __________________simplistic.
There is an outline of each cloud’s __________________we integrated.
【答案】1. character 2. characteristically 3. characteristic
考点8.. blame v. 把……归咎于,责怪；n. 责备,责怪
The extinction of the Pinta Island tortoise is blamed on humans.平塔岛龟的灭绝被归咎于人类。
(1) be to blame for 为……负责任 blame sb for sth. 因某事责备某人
blame sth. on sb. 把某事怪到某人头上,把责任归咎于某人
take the blame for 为……承担责任
(2) blameless adj. 清白的;无可责备的;无过失的
单句语法填空
You can hardly blame Peter __________________being angry with him.
No lie was found in their mouths; they were __________________ (blame).
Whenever something goes wrong, everyone blames it __________________me.
【答案】1. for 2. blameless 3. on
考点9.. decline v. 减少;衰落,衰败;婉言谢绝,拒绝；n. 减少;下降;衰落
After goats in particular had been brought to the island, the Pinta Island tortoise population declined. 特别是山羊被带到岛上之后,平塔岛龟的数量下降了。
in decline 在衰退中 on the decline 在衰退中,走下坡路
fall into decline 衰落
decline to do sth. 拒绝做某事 decline from...to... 从……下降到……
完成句子
I __________________ (拒绝讨论)my dealings with him or anyone.
By that point, popular interest in the Amazon was __________________ (在衰退).
The intense competition from overseas has caused the textile industry to __________________ (衰落).
【答案】1. decline(d) to discuss 2. on the decline 3. fall into decline
考点10.. survive vt. 幸存;艰难度过；vi. 幸存,活下来
This tiny organism can survive temperatures from 150 ℃ to a below freezing -272 ℃. 这种微小的生物可以在150 ℃到零下272 ℃的温度下生存。
(1) survive sth. 从……中幸存下来 survive on sth. 靠……存活下来
survive sb. by... 比某人活得长……
(2) survivor n. 幸存者;生还者
(3) survival n. 幸存
用survive的适当形式填空
Officials said there were no ____________in the plane crash.
The ____________from the disaster made him live another six years.
After the traffic accident, no one ____________except a few people who were badly injured.
【答案】1. survivors 2. survival 3. survived
考点11.. as well as 和,也,以及
Many cultures have stories of talking trees that give advice as well as warnings to people. 许多文化中都有会说话的树的故事,它给人们提供建议和警告。
(1) besides/in addition to除……之外(还)
(2) as well as可以用于同级比较,意为“和……一样好”。
(3) as well as作介词相当于besides,意思为“除……之外,还有”,后面通常接名词或动词-ing形式,尤其是位于句首时。
(4) as well是副词短语,其意思为“也”,相当于too,它一般放在句末,有时和连词and或but搭配使用。
(5) as well as连接两个并列成分作主语时,句子的谓语动词应与前面那个名词或代词的人称和数保持一致。
He as well as his classmates is going shopping this Sunday.
完成句子
他的妻子和他的孩子们都被邀请去参加聚会了。
His wife as well as his children __________________ to the party.
除了工作上的压力之外,她还要承担照顾生病母亲的责任。
_________________ the stress and pressure from her job, she bore the burden of caring for her sick mother.
【答案】1. was invited 2. As well as/In addition to
考点12.. amounts of + 不可数名词 大量的
The plant releases tiny amounts of chemicals from the leaves that are being eaten. 这种植物从被吃掉的叶子中释放出微量的化学物质。
the amount of...……的数量
a large/great amount of+n.[U] 大量的……(作主语时,谓语用单数)
large amounts of+n.[U] 大量的……(作主语时,谓语用复数)
in amount (=in all) 总之,总计;在数量上 large/small amount大/少量地;大/小批地
amount to总计,合计(amount为动词)
单句语法填空
Proper amount of sleep along with regular exercise ___________important for your health.
The singer’ earnings ___________ (amount) to millions of yuan last year.
Large amounts of money ___________ (be) donated to the stricken area.
【答案】1. is 2. amounted 3. were
考点13.. drive away 使离去,赶走;驱车离开
Some of these chemicals drive insects away. 其中一些化学物质能驱走昆虫。
drive up 驱车来到 drive into 赶进;灌输
drive back 驱车返回;迫使后退 drive off 开走;击退
drive sb. crazy/mad 使某人发疯/发狂 drive sb. to do sth. 促使某人做某事
单句语法填空
The enemies were driven ___________ from the city.
Just then a friend drove___________ and gave me a ride.
He was cruel because he wanted to drive me ___________.
【答案】1. off 2. up 3. away
考点14.. link v. 把……联系起来;连接；n. 联系;连接
Most surprisingly of all, plants have an amazing system of communication that can link nearly every plant in a forest. 最令人惊讶的是,植物有一个惊人的交流系统,可以把森林里几乎所有的植物联系起来。
be linked to/with 与……有联系;与……连接 link A with/to B 把A与B连接起来
link up (with) sb./sth. 与……结合/联系
单句语法填空
心脏病和饮食结构之间有直接联系。
There is _________________________________diet and heart disease.
We offer advice to Asian companies that want to ___________________ (与……联系) Western companies.
【答案】1. a direct link between 2. link up with
考点15.. similar adj. 相似的,类似的
It is in some ways similar to the Internet we use. 它在某些方面类似于我们使用的互联网。
be similar to 与……相似 be similar in 在……上相似
similarly adv. 相似地,类似地;同样地
similarity n. 相似,类似;相似之处
单句语法填空
The two boys are similar ___________ age and appearance.
The accident was similar ___________ the one that happened in 2013.
There were significant ___________ (similarity) between the mother and the son.
【答案】1. in 2. to 3. similarities
考点16.. benefit n. 益处,实惠,好处；v. 得益;获利;有益于
What do you think are the benefits of studying plant communication (教材P58)你认为学习植物交流有什么好处
(1) be of benefit to 对……有好处 for the benefit of 为了……的好处
to one’s benefit 对某人有利 benefit from 从……中获益
(2) beneficial adj. 有用的,有益的,有好处的 be beneficial to 对……有好处
单句语法填空
新规章对我们大家都会大有好处。
The new regulations will be __________________________________ us all.
千千万万的人已经受益于这种新的疗法。
Many thousands __________________________________ the new treatment.
你们需要为社区谋利益的人。
You need people working __________________________________ the community.
【答案】1. of great benefit to 2. have benefited from 3. for the benefit of
考点17.. ...but it was the birds that interested him the most. ……但使他最感兴趣的是那些鸟。
强调句型：It is/was+被强调部分+that/who+其余部分
(1) 被强调的部分通常是句子的主语、宾语和状语;被强调部分如果是人,用that和who都可以,如果强调的是人以外的其他成分,则只能用that。
(2) 如果强调not...until...句型中until引导的时间状语,not要放到until前面。
(3) 强调句型的一般疑问句是把is或was提前;其特殊疑问句结构为:特殊疑问词+be+it+that/who+其余部分。
(4) 强调句型的辨别方式为:把it is/was及that去掉,依然是一个完整的句子;否则,就不是强调句型。
完成句子
我与她初次见面是在十年以前。
__________________________________ I met her for the first time.
是孩子们在花园里吵闹。
__________________________________ are making so much noise in the garden.
他什么时候加入那个俱乐部的
__________________________________ he joined the club
直到她摘下墨镜我才认出她来。
__________________________________ she took off her sunglasses that I recognized her.
【答案】1. It was ten years ago that 2. It is the children that/who
3. When was it that 4. It was not until
考点18.. How do you think the human species will evolve in the future 你认为人类物种将来会如何进化
do you think作插入语
(1)作主语的疑问词+do you think/suppose/believe/imagine/say/suggest+谓语+其他。
(2)非主语的疑问词+do you think/suppose/believe/imagine/say/suggest+主语+谓语+其他。
(3)该句型不受do you think的影响,始终用陈述句语序。
(4)如果插入语是do you suggest时,句子的谓语要用(should+) do。
(5)不能用yes或no来回答这样的特殊疑问句,应用完整的句子来回答。
完成句子
你认为哪一个是最佳答案 (do you think)
__________________________________________________________________________
你建议派谁去那里工作 (do you suggest)
__________________________________________________________________________
你想我们会邀请谁来参加我们的宴会 (do you suppose)
__________________________________________________________________________
你认为我们今天晚上应该什么时间出发 (do you believe)
__________________________________________________________________________
【答案】1. Which of the answers do you think is the best one
2. Who do you suggest (should) be sent to work there
3. Who do you suppose we shall invite to attend our party
4. When do you believe we should start out this evening
考点19.. Gregor Mendel chose to study pea plants because their characteristics were easy to control.
格雷戈尔·孟德尔选择研究豌豆植物是因为它们的特性易于控制。
主语+be+adj.+动词不定式
(1) 用于该句型的形容词多为表示主语性质、特征的词,如hard, difficult, pleasant, easy, comfortable, interesting等。
(2) 动词不定式和句子主语在逻辑上为动宾关系,但不定式用主动形式表示被动意义;当不定式中的动词为不及物动词时,要加上适当的介词。
(3) 不定式有时会带上自己的逻辑主语,并由for引出。
单句语法填空
This new machine is very easy _______________(operate).
The question is not very hard for him _______________(answer) in a short time.
Take care! The thin ice is dangerous to skate _______________.
The room is too small and it is not fit to work _______________.
【答案】1. to operate 2. to answer 3. on 4. in
1．He said he had worked in that school since 1990.
2．When I work up, it had already stopped raining.
3．I returned the book that I had borrowed.
4．She found the key that she had lost.
5．He said that he had known her well.
1．所有画线部分都是用的过去完成时。
2．过去完成时是由had＋动词过去分词构成。
过去完成时表示过去的过去，其构成形式是“had+过去分词”。
表示在过去某一时刻或某个动作之前已经发生或完成的动作或存在的状态。这个过去的时刻常用by, before, until等引导的短语或时间状语从句来表示，也可以通过一个表示过去的动作或上下文来表示。
By nine o'clock last night, we had finished most of the work. 到昨晚9点钟，我们已经完成了大部分的工作。
She had learnt about 500 English words before she went to middle school. 在上中学之前，她已经学
了大约500个英语单词。
表示过去某一时间之前发生的动作或存在的状态一直持续到那时，并可能继续下去，常同由for或since引导的表示一段时间的短语或从句连用。
I had been at the bus stop for 30 minutes when a bus finally came. 当一辆公共汽车最终来的时候，我已在车站等了30分钟。
She said she had made great progress since she came here. 她说自从她来到这儿，她已经取得了很大的进步。
在含有定语从句的主从复合句中，如果主从复合句叙述的是过去的事，则先发生的动作常用过去完成时。
She returned the book that she had borrowed. 她归还了她借的那本书。
过去完成时常常用在宾语从句(或间接引语)中，这时从句谓语表示的动作发生在主句谓语表示的动作(过去时)之前。
I thought that I had seen him before. 我觉得我以前见过他。
在含有时间、条件、原因、方式等状语从句的复合句中，若主从句动作的发生有先后顺序，动作在前的要用过去完成时，动作在后的要用一般过去时。
I had finished cooking dinner before you came back. 我在你回来之前就已经做好晚饭了。
want, hope, mean, plan, intend等动词的过去完成时可以用来表示过去未曾实现的想法、希望、打算或意图，意为“本来……”。
I had hoped to be back last night, but I didn't catch the train. 我本来希望昨晚回来的，但我没赶上火车。
We had intended to come and see you. 我们本来打算来看你的。
过去完成时常用于某些固定句型：
(1) 在“hardly...when/no sooner...than/scarcely...when”句型中，主句用过去完成时，从句用一般过去时。
I had no sooner reached home than it began to rain.(＝No sooner had I reached home than it began to rain.) 我刚到家就开始下雨了。
(2) It was＋一段时间＋since从句(从句用过去完成时)
It was at least three months since I had left Beijing. 我离开北京至少有3个月了。
(3) It was the first/second/...time＋(that)从句(从句用过去完成时)
It was the first time that I had chatted online in English. 那是我第一次用英语在网上聊天。
(4) by the time＋表示过去的从句＋主句(过去完成时)
By the time I got to the station, the train had already gone. 我到车站时，火车已经离开了。
(5) by the end of＋表示过去的时间＋句子(过去完成时)
By the end of last term we had learned 12 units. 到上学期期末为止，我们已经学了12个单元。
过去完成时用于虚拟语气中，在wish, as if/as though, if, if only, would rather sb. had done sth.结构或从句中，常用过去完成时来表示与过去事实相反的假设。
If he had caught the early bus this morning, he would not have been late for class. 如果他今天早上赶上了早班车，他上课就不会迟到了。
I would rather she hadn't done that. 我宁愿她没做那件事。
单句语法填空
After they were given an invitation to appear live on BBC, the Beatles quickly became famous in Britain with nationwide tours. By mid1963, the Beatles ________ (be) extremely popular in England.
We found that the least well-liked teens ________ (become) more aggressive over time toward their classmates.
—Did you have difficulty finding Ann's house —Not really. She ________ (give) us clear directions and we were able to find it easily.
A rescue worker risked his life saving two tourists who ______________ (trap) in the mountains for two days.
The twins, who ___________ (finish) their homework, were allowed to play badminton on the playground.
I was sent to the village last month to see how the development plan ______________ (carry) out in the past two years.
A few months after he ________ (arrive) in China, Mr. Smith fell in love with the people and culture there.
I found the lecture hard to follow because it ________ (start) when I arrived.
They might have found a better hotel if they ________ (drive)a few more kilometers.
If we ________ (catch) the flight yesterday, we would be enjoying our holiday on the beach now.
【答案】1. had been 2. had become 3. had given 4. had been trapped 5. had finished
6. had been carried 7. had arrived 8. had started 9. had driven 10. had caught
观察日记的写作不仅能培养学生的观察能力，也能锻炼学生描写具体细节的写作能力。观察的对象可
以是人、动物、植物或其他物品。本单元所要求写作的植物观察日记要求学生能够用具体且科学的语言描绘植物的生长过程。
写植物观察日记要注意以下四点：
1．观察日记要体现时间上的逻辑性。在写植物类观察日记时，一般将植物的生长过程分为不同的阶段，因此在写作的过程中要恰当使用表达时间顺序的词、短语或句子。
2．语言要准确。观察日记有很强的科学性，因此措辞要准确。
3．观察的内容要细致全面，抓住植物生长不同阶段的主要特征，并在细节处加以描写。这样可以使表达的内容更加丰富。
4．主体人称是第三人称，主体时态是一般现在时。
常用表达：
1．种植及发芽阶段：
...has/have been planted in soil (a pot/flowerpot/flowerbed/...)
...need (s) watering regularly.
I water it every three days.
It is necessary to keep the soil damp/put them in the shade/put them in a cool place/...
The seed sprouts two days after...
2．生长发育阶段：
I'll cover it when the weather is cold.
New leaves sprout from the stem.
A flower bud is growing at the top of the stem.
...come(s) out.
A bud gradually becomes a flower.
The roots grow deeper into the soil.
3．成熟、结果阶段：
...grow(s) into...
Each stem produces a single flower.
As time goes by, it goes/runs to seed.
...grow (s) taller and stronger...
...flower (s) the following day.
The white flowers have fallen from the stem.
I carefully divided the garlic bulbs into cloves and planted them side by side in a round plastic bowl, and the pointed ends faced up. 我小心地把蒜头分成蒜瓣，并排地种在一个圆形塑料碗里，尖头朝上。
With the garlic growing, the roots grow longer and longer. 随着大蒜的生长，根长得越来越长。
The roots look like the white beard of Grandpa. 根看起来像爷爷的白胡子。
The garlic sprouts are growing higher and higher day by day, and they have grown to about 20 centimetres. 蒜苗一天天长得越来越高，已经长到20厘米左右了。
Let me tell you how to plant a tree. 让我告诉你如何种树。
Dig a hole large enough for the tree, but the hole should not be too deep. 给树挖一个足够大的坑，但坑不应该太深。
You must place it where there is enough sunshine. 你必须把它放在阳光充足的地方。
The leaves of the seedlings gradually grow into larger umbrella-shaped leaves after they have been planted in the soil for two weeks. 在土壤中种植两周后，幼苗的叶子逐渐生长成较大的伞形叶子。
Watching their growth process is as interesting as enjoying the flowers. 观看它们的生长过程就像欣赏花朵一样有趣。
The pink flower attracts several bees, which are dancing around it. 这朵粉红色的花吸引了几只蜜蜂，它们围着花儿跳舞。
假设你是李华，英语老师让你观察某种植物的生长过程。请根据你所拍摄的图片写一篇观察日记，记述蒜苗的生长过程，以便在英语课上跟大家分享。内容包括：
1.播种方式； 2.生长过程； 3.生长结果。
注意：
1.词数80左右; 2.可以适当增加细节，以使行文连贯。
参考词汇: 蒜瓣 garlic clove; 嫩芽 tender shoot; 蒜苗 garlic sprout
用with的复合结构改写第1句。
I carefully divided the garlic bulbs into cloves and planted them side by side in a round plastic bowl, with the pointed ends facing up.
用定语从句合并第2句和第3句
With the garlic growing, the roots grow longer and longer, which look like the white beard of Grandpa.
January 8
I carefully divided the garlic bulbs into cloves and planted them side by side in a round plastic bowl, with the pointed ends facing up. Then I poured enough water into the bowl and put it in a sunny place. Every day, I water them on time.
January 16
Many light green tender shoots are getting out of the cloves. With the garlic growing, the roots grow longer and longer, which look like the white bear d of Grandpa.
January 24
The garlic sprouts are growing higher and higher day by day, and they have grown to about20 centimetres. All of them look very beautiful, and are not less beautiful than daffodils.
"Look deep into nature, and then you will understand everything better." 审视自然，你将对一切有更深的感悟。 ——Albert Einstein（阿尔伯特·爱因斯坦）
"Nature, to be commanded, must be obeyed." 欲驾驭自然，必先顺应自然。
——Francis Bacon（弗朗西斯·培根）
"Accuse not Nature, she hath done her part; Do thou but thine." 别责怪天地，她已尽其职；你应好自为之。 ——John Milton（约翰·弥尔顿）
"If we destroy the environment, we won't have a society." 如果我们毁坏了环境，社会也就不复存在。
——Margaret Mead（玛格丽特·米德）
"Only to obey nature in order to overcome nature." 要征服自然，只能遵从自然。
——Charles Darwin（查尔斯·达尔文）
"Never does nature say one thing and wisdom another." 自然与智慧永不相悖。
——Juvenal（朱韦纳尔）
"The only way to do great work is to love what you do." 成就伟业的唯一途径是热爱自己的事业。
——Steve Jobs（史蒂夫·乔布斯）
"In nature, there are neither rewards nor punishments; there are consequences." 在大自然中，没有奖惩，只有结果。 ——Robert G. Ingersoll（罗伯特·G·英格索尔）
"Nature is a mutable cloud which is always and never the same." 自然是一朵多变的云，它永远相同，又永远不同。
——Ralph Waldo Emerson（拉尔夫·沃尔多·爱默生）
"The best way to predict the future is to invent it." 预测未来的最好方法就是去创造它。
——Alan Kay（艾伦·凯）Unit 5 Revealing nature-2023-2024学年高二下册英语（外研版2019选择性必修第一册）
Unit 5 话题 认识与探索自然
词汇 distant, disgrace, sample, evolve, suspect, evolution, generate, characteristic, decline, blame, primitive, worldwide, giant, myth, detect, root, link, centimetre
短语 date back to, be a disgrace, answer the call, of all time, in question, be crowded with, come to exist, be similar to, adapt to, be native to, by contrast, carry out, drive away, serve as, side by side
句型 1. 强调句型：It is/was+被强调部分+that/who+其余部分 2. do you think作插入语 3. 主语+be+adj.+动词不定式
语法 过去完成时
写作 植物观察日记
考点1.. date back to 起源于，追溯到
The oldest discovered fossil of the modern platypus dates back to about 100,000 years ago. 已发现的最古老的现代鸭嘴兽的化石可以追溯到大约10万年前。
date back to = _____________，常用________，一般不用于________。作后置定语时，常用__________形式
完成句子
我从学生时代就开始爱好集邮。
My interest in stamp collecting _________________ / _________________my schooldays.
那个专家说这座寺庙历史悠久,可追溯到初唐时期。
According to the expert, the temple has a history ______________ / _____________the early Tang Dynasty.
考点2.. exist vi. 存在；生存；生活
come to exist 开始形成，出现
As he studied these, he asked himself the question: how did different species come to exist 当他研究这些时，他问自己一个问题：不同的物种是如何形成的？
exist on ____________________
existence n. ____________________ bring/call into existence ______________
come into existence ____________________ in existence ______________________
put out of existence ________________
选词填空: defend, guard, protect
世界是什么时候产生的
__________________________________________________________________________
我靠我挣的工资简直难以糊口,根本无钱享受。
__________________________________________________________________________
考点3.. adapt v. 适应；改编
adapt (oneself) to (使……)适应于……
Maybe animals evolved as they adapted to their changing environments 也许动物是在适应不断变化的环境时进化了
adapt sth. from __________________ adapt...for... ______________________
adaptable adj. __________________
adaptation n. __________________
完成句子
他适应了寒冷的天气。
He __________________________________the cold weather.
据说这部新影片是根据简·奥斯丁的一本小说改编而成的。
This new film is said to __________________________________a novel by Jane Austen.
关于孩子们,好的一点是他们很容易适应新环境。
The good thing about children is that they __________________________________the new environment.
考点4.. suspect v. 猜想；怀疑；n. 嫌疑犯；adj. 可疑的，不可信的
Darwin suspected that the finches had evolved from a common ancestor, which had arrived on the islands a long time before. 达尔文猜想这些雀鸟是从一个共同的祖先进化而来的,这个祖先很久以前就来到了这些岛屿上。
suspect sb. to be ____________________ suspect sb. of (doing) sth. __________________
suspicious adj. ______________________ be suspicious of ____________________
suspiciously adv. ______________
单句语法填空
The customs officer inspected my passport _______________(suspicious).
A man was hanging about the house in a _______________(suspect) manner.
The police suspected him _______________concealing information important to the case.
考点5.. convincing adj. 有说服力的；令人信服的
But Darwin’s scientific studies were so convincing that more and more people started to believe his theory. 但是达尔文的科学研究是如此令人信服,以至于越来越多的人开始相信他的理论。
(1) convince vt. ____________________
convince sb of sth. ______________ convince sb to do sth. ______________
(2) convinced adj. ______________
be convinced of __________ be convinced that... ________
单句语法填空
Many people were influenced by her _______________(convince) arguments.
_______________ (convince) of the accuracy of the data, they stuck to their opinion.
Robert’s expression had obviously convinced her _______________his innocence.
考点6.. be regarded as 被看作
Today, On the Origin of Species is regarded as one of the most important works ever written. 今天,《物种起源》被认为是有史以来最重要的著作之一。
regard v. __________________________________ n. ______________________
regard...as __________
in/with regard to=regarding __________ in this/that regard _____________________
give sb my regards ________________________
regardless of __________
单句语法填空
不管他们同不同意我都去。
I shall go ___________________whether they agree or not.
他把我当成家人一样对待。
He ___________________me ___________________one of his family.
关于那件事我没什么要说的。
I have nothing to say ___________________that matter.
考点7.. characteristic n. 特征,特性；adj. 典型的;特有的;表示特性的
Gregor Mendal chose to study pea plants because their characteristics were easy to control. 格雷戈尔·孟德尔选择研究豌豆植物是因为它们的特性易于控制。
characteristically adv. __________________
character n. ______________________
用character的适当形式填空
What does your __________________do
His line of argument is also __________________simplistic.
There is an outline of each cloud’s __________________we integrated.
考点8.. blame v. 把……归咎于,责怪；n. 责备,责怪
The extinction of the Pinta Island tortoise is blamed on humans.平塔岛龟的灭绝被归咎于人类。
(1) be to blame for ____________ blame sb for sth. ______________
blame sth. on sb. ____________________________________
take the blame for ______________
(2) blameless adj. ____________________________
单句语法填空
You can hardly blame Peter __________________being angry with him.
No lie was found in their mouths; they were __________________ (blame).
Whenever something goes wrong, everyone blames it __________________me.
考点9.. decline v. 减少;衰落,衰败;婉言谢绝,拒绝；n. 减少;下降;衰落
After goats in particular had been brought to the island, the Pinta Island tortoise population declined. 特别是山羊被带到岛上之后,平塔岛龟的数量下降了。
in decline ________ on the decline __________________
fall into decline __________
decline to do sth. __________ decline from...to... ________________
完成句子
I __________________ (拒绝讨论)my dealings with him or anyone.
By that point, popular interest in the Amazon was __________________ (在衰退).
The intense competition from overseas has caused the textile industry to __________________ (衰落).
考点10.. survive vt. 幸存;艰难度过；vi. 幸存,活下来
This tiny organism can survive temperatures from 150 ℃ to a below freezing -272 ℃. 这种微小的生物可以在150 ℃到零下272 ℃的温度下生存。
(1) survive sth. ________________ survive on sth. ______________
survive sb. by... ________________
(2) survivor n. ______________
(3) survival n. ____
用survive的适当形式填空
Officials said there were no ____________in the plane crash.
The ____________from the disaster made him live another six years.
After the traffic accident, no one ____________except a few people who were badly injured.
考点11.. as well as 和,也,以及
Many cultures have stories of talking trees that give advice as well as warnings to people. 许多文化中都有会说话的树的故事,它给人们提供建议和警告。
(1) besides/in addition to________________
(2) as well as可以用于同级比较,意为“____________”。
(3) as well as作介词相当于besides,意思为“除……之外,还有”,后面通常接名词或动词-ing形式,尤其是位于句首时。
(4) as well是副词短语,其意思为“______”,相当于too,它一般放在____,有时和连词and或but搭配使用。
(5) as well as连接两个并列成分作主语时,句子的谓语动词应与____________________________保持一致。
He as well as his classmates is going shopping this Sunday.
完成句子
他的妻子和他的孩子们都被邀请去参加聚会了。
His wife as well as his children __________________ to the party.
除了工作上的压力之外,她还要承担照顾生病母亲的责任。
_________________ the stress and pressure from her job, she bore the burden of caring for her sick mother.
考点12.. amounts of + 不可数名词 大量的
The plant releases tiny amounts of chemicals from the leaves that are being eaten. 这种植物从被吃掉的叶子中释放出微量的化学物质。
the amount of...__________
a large/great amount of+n.[U] __________(作主语时,谓语用__数)
large amounts of+n.[U] __________(作主语时,谓语用__数)
in amount (=in all) ____________________ large/small amount______________________
amount to__________(amount为动词)
单句语法填空
Proper amount of sleep along with regular exercise ___________important for your health.
The singer’ earnings ___________ (amount) to millions of yuan last year.
Large amounts of money ___________ (be) donated to the stricken area.
考点13.. drive away 使离去,赶走;驱车离开
Some of these chemicals drive insects away. 其中一些化学物质能驱走昆虫。
drive up ________ drive into __________
drive back __________________ drive off __________
drive sb. crazy/mad ________________ drive sb. to do sth. ________________单句语法填空
The enemies were driven ___________ from the city.
Just then a friend drove___________ and gave me a ride.
He was cruel because he wanted to drive me ___________.
考点14.. link v. 把……联系起来;连接；n. 联系;连接
Most surprisingly of all, plants have an amazing system of communication that can link nearly every plant in a forest. 最令人惊讶的是,植物有一个惊人的交流系统,可以把森林里几乎所有的植物联系起来。
be linked to/with ________________________ link A with/to B ________________
link up (with) sb./sth. ________________
单句语法填空
心脏病和饮食结构之间有直接联系。
There is _________________________________diet and heart disease.
We offer advice to Asian companies that want to ___________________ (与……联系) Western companies.
考点15.. similar adj. 相似的,类似的
It is in some ways similar to the Internet we use. 它在某些方面类似于我们使用的互联网。
be similar to __________ be similar in ____________
similarly adv. ______________________
similarity n. ____________________
单句语法填空
The two boys are similar ___________ age and appearance.
The accident was similar ___________ the one that happened in 2013.
There were significant ___________ (similarity) between the mother and the son.
考点16.. benefit n. 益处,实惠,好处；v. 得益;获利;有益于
What do you think are the benefits of studying plant communication (教材P58)你认为学习植物交流有什么好处
(1) be of benefit to ____________ for the benefit of ______________
to one’s benefit __________ benefit from ____________
(2) beneficial adj. ________________________ be beneficial to ____________
单句语法填空
新规章对我们大家都会大有好处。
The new regulations will be __________________________________ us all.
千千万万的人已经受益于这种新的疗法。
Many thousands __________________________________ the new treatment.
你们需要为社区谋利益的人。
You need people working __________________________________ the community.
考点17.. ...but it was the birds that interested him the most. ……但使他最感兴趣的是那些鸟。
强调句型：It is/was+被强调部分+that/who+其余部分
(1) 被强调的部分通常是句子的主语、宾语和状语;被强调部分如果是人,用that和who都可以,如果强调的是人以外的其他成分,则只能用that。
(2) 如果强调not...until...句型中until引导的时间状语,not要放到until前面。
(3) 强调句型的一般疑问句是把is或was提前;其特殊疑问句结构为:特殊疑问词+be+it+that/who+其余部分。
(4) 强调句型的辨别方式为:把it is/was及that去掉,依然是一个完整的句子;否则,就不是强调句型。
完成句子
我与她初次见面是在十年以前。
__________________________________ I met her for the first time.
是孩子们在花园里吵闹。
__________________________________ are making so much noise in the garden.
他什么时候加入那个俱乐部的
__________________________________ he joined the club
直到她摘下墨镜我才认出她来。
__________________________________ she took off her sunglasses that I recognized her.
考点18.. How do you think the human species will evolve in the future 你认为人类物种将来会如何进化
do you think作插入语
(1)作主语的疑问词+do you think/suppose/believe/imagine/say/suggest+谓语+其他。
(2)非主语的疑问词+do you think/suppose/believe/imagine/say/suggest+主语+谓语+其他。
(3)该句型不受do you think的影响,始终用陈述句语序。
(4)如果插入语是do you suggest时,句子的谓语要用(should+) do。
(5)不能用yes或no来回答这样的特殊疑问句,应用完整的句子来回答。
完成句子
你认为哪一个是最佳答案 (do you think)
__________________________________________________________________________
你建议派谁去那里工作 (do you suggest)
__________________________________________________________________________
你想我们会邀请谁来参加我们的宴会 (do you suppose)
__________________________________________________________________________
你认为我们今天晚上应该什么时间出发 (do you believe)
__________________________________________________________________________
考点19.. Gregor Mendel chose to study pea plants because their characteristics were easy to control.
格雷戈尔·孟德尔选择研究豌豆植物是因为它们的特性易于控制。
主语+be+adj.+动词不定式
(1) 用于该句型的形容词多为表示主语性质、特征的词,如hard, difficult, pleasant, easy, comfortable, interesting等。
(2) 动词不定式和句子主语在逻辑上为动宾关系,但不定式用主动形式表示被动意义;当不定式中的动词为不及物动词时,要加上适当的介词。
(3) 不定式有时会带上自己的逻辑主语,并由for引出。
单句语法填空
This new machine is very easy _______________(operate).
The question is not very hard for him _______________(answer) in a short time.
Take care! The thin ice is dangerous to skate _______________.
The room is too small and it is not fit to work _______________.
1．He said he had worked in that school since 1990.
2．When I work up, it had already stopped raining.
3．I returned the book that I had borrowed.
4．She found the key that she had lost.
5．He said that he had known her well.
1．所有画线部分都是用的过去完成时。
2．过去完成时是由had＋动词过去分词构成。
过去完成时表示__________，其构成形式是“________________”。
表示在过去某一时刻或某个动作之前已经发生或完成的动作或存在的状态。这个过去的时刻常用by, before, until等引导的短语或时间状语从句来表示，也可以通过一个表示过去的动作或上下文来表示。
By nine o'clock last night, we had finished most of the work. 到昨晚9点钟，我们已经完成了大部分的工作。
She had learnt about 500 English words before she went to middle school. 在上中学之前，她已经学
了大约500个英语单词。
表示过去某一时间之前发生的动作或存在的状态一直持续到那时，并可能继续下去，常同由for或since引导的表示一段时间的短语或从句连用。
I had been at the bus stop for 30 minutes when a bus finally came. 当一辆公共汽车最终来的时候，我已在车站等了30分钟。
She said she had made great progress since she came here. 她说自从她来到这儿，她已经取得了很大的进步。
在含有定语从句的主从复合句中，如果主从复合句叙述的是过去的事，则先发生的动作常用过去完成时。
She returned the book that she had borrowed. 她归还了她借的那本书。
过去完成时常常用在宾语从句(或间接引语)中，这时从句谓语表示的动作发生在主句谓语表示的动作(过去时)之前。
I thought that I had seen him before. 我觉得我以前见过他。
在含有时间、条件、原因、方式等状语从句的复合句中，若主从句动作的发生有先后顺序，动作在前的要用过去完成时，动作在后的要用一般过去时。
I had finished cooking dinner before you came back. 我在你回来之前就已经做好晚饭了。
want, hope, mean, plan, intend等动词的过去完成时可以用来表示过去未曾实现的想法、希望、打算或意图，意为“________”。
I had hoped to be back last night, but I didn't catch the train. 我本来希望昨晚回来的，但我没赶上火车。
We had intended to come and see you. 我们本来打算来看你的。
过去完成时常用于某些固定句型：
(1) 在“________________________________________________________________________________”句型中，主句用__________，从句用__________。
I had no sooner reached home than it began to rain.(＝No sooner had I reached home than it began to rain.) 我刚到家就开始下雨了。
(2) It was＋一段时间＋since从句(从句用过去完成时)
It was at least three months since I had left Beijing. 我离开北京至少有3个月了。
(3) It was the first/second/...time＋(that)从句(从句用过去完成时)
It was the first time that I had chatted online in English. 那是我第一次用英语在网上聊天。
(4) by the time＋表示过去的从句＋主句(过去完成时)
By the time I got to the station, the train had already gone. 我到车站时，火车已经离开了。
(5) by the end of＋表示过去的时间＋句子(过去完成时)
By the end of last term we had learned 12 units. 到上学期期末为止，我们已经学了12个单元。
过去完成时用于虚拟语气中，在wish, as if/as though, if, if only, would rather sb. had done sth.结构或从句中，常用过去完成时来表示与过去事实相反的假设。
If he had caught the early bus this morning, he would not have been late for class. 如果他今天早上赶上了早班车，他上课就不会迟到了。
I would rather she hadn't done that. 我宁愿她没做那件事。
单句语法填空
After they were given an invitation to appear live on BBC, the Beatles quickly became famous in Britain with nationwide tours. By mid1963, the Beatles ________ (be) extremely popular in England.
We found that the least well-liked teens ________ (become) more aggressive over time toward their classmates.
—Did you have difficulty finding Ann's house —Not really. She ________ (give) us clear directions and we were able to find it easily.
A rescue worker risked his life saving two tourists who ______________ (trap) in the mountains for two days.
The twins, who ___________ (finish) their homework, were allowed to play badminton on the playground.
I was sent to the village last month to see how the development plan ______________ (carry) out in the past two years.
A few months after he ________ (arrive) in China, Mr. Smith fell in love with the people and culture there.
I found the lecture hard to follow because it ________ (start) when I arrived.
They might have found a better hotel if they ________ (drive)a few more kilometers.
If we ________ (catch) the flight yesterday, we would be enjoying our holiday on the beach now.
观察日记的写作不仅能培养学生的观察能力，也能锻炼学生描写具体细节的写作能力。观察的对象可以是人、动物、植物或其他物品。本单元所要求写作的植物观察日记要求学生能够用具体且科学的语言描绘植物的生长过程。
写植物观察日记要注意以下四点：
1．观察日记要体现时间上的逻辑性。在写植物类观察日记时，一般将植物的生长过程分为不同的阶段，因此在写作的过程中要恰当使用表达时间顺序的词、短语或句子。
2．语言要准确。观察日记有很强的科学性，因此措辞要准确。
3．观察的内容要细致全面，抓住植物生长不同阶段的主要特征，并在细节处加以描写。这样可以使表达的内容更加丰富。
4．主体人称是第三人称，主体时态是一般现在时。
常用表达：
1．种植及发芽阶段：
...has/have been planted in soil (a pot/flowerpot/flowerbed/...)
...need (s) watering regularly.
I water it every three days.
It is necessary to keep the soil damp/put them in the shade/put them in a cool place/...
The seed sprouts two days after...
2．生长发育阶段：
I'll cover it when the weather is cold.
New leaves sprout from the stem.
A flower bud is growing at the top of the stem.
...come(s) out.
A bud gradually becomes a flower.
The roots grow deeper into the soil.
3．成熟、结果阶段：
...grow(s) into...
Each stem produces a single flower.
As time goes by, it goes/runs to seed.
...grow (s) taller and stronger...
...flower (s) the following day.
The white flowers have fallen from the stem.
I carefully divided the garlic bulbs into cloves and __________________________________________________ in a round plastic bowl, and the pointed ends ________________. 我小心地把蒜头分成蒜瓣，并排地种在一个圆形塑料碗里，尖头朝上。
With the garlic ______________, the roots grow __________________________________. 随着大蒜的生长，根长得越来越长。
The roots __________________ the white beard of Grandpa. 根看起来像爷爷的白胡子。
The garlic sprouts are growing higher and higher ____________________, and they __________________________ about 20 centimetres. 蒜苗一天天长得越来越高，已经长到20厘米左右了。
Let me tell you ______________________________________. 让我告诉你如何种树。
____________________ large enough for the tree, but the hole should not be too deep. 给树挖一个足够大的坑，但坑不应该太深。
You must place it ____________________________________________________________. 你必须把它放在阳光充足的地方。
The leaves of the seedlings gradually grow into larger umbrella-shaped leaves after they have been ______________________________________ for two weeks. 在土壤中种植两周后，幼苗的叶子逐渐生长成较大的伞形叶子。
Watching ________________________________________ is __________________________________ enjoying the flowers. 观看它们的生长过程就像欣赏花朵一样有趣。
The pink flower ________________ several bees, which are dancing around it. 这朵粉红色的花吸引了几只蜜蜂，它们围着花儿跳舞。
假设你是李华，英语老师让你观察某种植物的生长过程。请根据你所拍摄的图片写一篇观察日记，记述蒜苗的生长过程，以便在英语课上跟大家分享。内容包括：
1.播种方式； 2.生长过程； 3.生长结果。
注意：
1.词数80左右; 2.可以适当增加细节，以使行文连贯。
参考词汇: 蒜瓣 garlic clove; 嫩芽 tender shoot; 蒜苗 garlic sprout
用with的复合结构改写第1句。
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用定语从句合并第2句和第3句
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"Look deep into nature, and then you will understand everything better." 审视自然，你将对一切有更深的感悟。 ——Albert Einstein（阿尔伯特·爱因斯坦）
"Nature, to be commanded, must be obeyed." 欲驾驭自然，必先顺应自然。
——Francis Bacon（弗朗西斯·培根）
"Accuse not Nature, she hath done her part; Do thou but thine." 别责怪天地，她已尽其职；你应好自为之。 ——John Milton（约翰·弥尔顿）
"If we destroy the environment, we won't have a society." 如果我们毁坏了环境，社会也就不复存在。
——Margaret Mead（玛格丽特·米德）
"Only to obey nature in order to overcome nature." 要征服自然，只能遵从自然。
——Charles Darwin（查尔斯·达尔文）
"Never does nature say one thing and wisdom another." 自然与智慧永不相悖。
——Juvenal（朱韦纳尔）
"The only way to do great work is to love what you do." 成就伟业的唯一途径是热爱自己的事业。
——Steve Jobs（史蒂夫·乔布斯）
"In nature, there are neither rewards nor punishments; there are consequences." 在大自然中，没有奖惩，只有结果。 ——Robert G. Ingersoll（罗伯特·G·英格索尔）
"Nature is a mutable cloud which is always and never the same." 自然是一朵多变的云，它永远相同，又永远不同。
——Ralph Waldo Emerson（拉尔夫·沃尔多·爱默生）
"The best way to predict the future is to invent it." 预测未来的最好方法就是去创造它。
——Alan Kay（艾伦·凯）
