2024届高考英语 二轮复习 热考主题 社会现象与热点 阅读训练（含答案）
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| 名称 | 2024届高考英语 二轮复习 热考主题 社会现象与热点 阅读训练（含答案） |  | |
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| 资源类型 | 教案 | ||
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| 科目 | 英语 | ||
| 更新时间 | 2024-04-23 17:31:11 | ||
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热考主题 社会现象与热点
Passage 1
Live with roommates Have friends and family around you Chances are that if you’re looking to live a more sustainable lifestyle, not everyone around you will be ready to jump on that bandwagon.
I experienced this when I started switching to a zero waste lifestyle five years ago, as I was living with my parents, and I continue to experience this with my husband, as he is not completely zero waste like me. I’ve learned a few things along the way though, which I hope you’ll find encouraging if you’re doing your best to figure out how you can make the change in a not-always-supportive household.
Zero waste was a radical lifestyle movement a few years back. I remember showing my parents a video of Bea Johnson, sharing how cool I thought it would be to buy groceries with jars, and have so little trash! A few days later, I came back with my first jars of zero waste groceries, and my dad commented on how silly it was for me to carry jars everywhere. It came off as a bit discouraging.
Yet as the months of reducing waste continued, I did what I could that was within my own reach. I had my own bedroom, so I worked on removing things I didn’t need. Since I had my own toiletries(洗漱用品), I was able to start personalising my routine to be more sustainable. I also offered to cook every so often, so I portioned out a bit of the cupboard for my own zero waste groceries. Perhaps your household won’t entirely make the switch, but you may have some control over your own personal spaces to make the changes you desire.
As you make your lifestyle changes, you may find yourself wanting to speak up for yourself if others comment on what you’re doing, which can turn itself into a whole household debate. If you have individuals who are not on board, your words probably won’t do much and can often leave you feeling more discouraged.
So here is my advice: Lead by action.
1.What do the underlined words "jump on that bandwagon" mean in the first paragraph
A.Share an apartment with you. B.Join you in what you’re doing.
C.Transform your way of living. D.Help you to make the decision.
2.What was the attitude of the author’s father toward buying groceries with jars
A.He disapproved of it. B.He was sympathetic to it.
C.He was tolerant of it. D.He didn’t care about it.
3.What can we infer about the author
A.She is quite good at cooking. B.She respects others’privacy.
C.She enjoys being a housewife. D.She is a determined person.
4.What is the text mainly about
A.How to get on well with other family members.
B.How to have one’s own personal space at home.
C.How to live a zero waste lifestyle in a household.
D.How to control the budget when buying groceries.
Passage 2
The Government’s sugar tax on soft drinks has brought in half as much money as Ministers first predicted it would generate, the first official data on the policy has shown.
First announced in April, 2016, the tax which applies to soft drinks containing more than 5g of sugar per 100ml, was introduced to help reduce childhood obesity(肥胖).It is believed that today’s children and teenagers are consuming three times the recommended level of sugar, putting them at a higher risk of the disease.
Initially the sugar tax was expected to make ￡520m a year for the Treasury. However, data of the first six months showed it would make less than half this amount.At present it is expected to generate ￡240m for the year ending in April 2019, which will go to school sports.
It comes after more than half of soft drinks sold in shops have had their sugar levels cut by manufacturers(制造商) so they can avoid paying the tax. Drinks now contain 45 million fewer kilos of sugar as a result of manufacturers’efforts to avoid the charge, according to Treasury figures. Since April drinks companies have been forced to pay between 18p and 24p for every litre of sugary drink they produce or import, depending on the sugar content.
However, some high sugar brands, like Classic Coca Cola, have accepted the sugar tax and are refusing to change for fear of upsetting consumers. Fruit juices, milk-based drinks and most alcoholic drinks are free of the tax, as are small companies manufacturing fewer than 1m litres per year.
Today’s figures, according to one government official, show the positive influence the sugar tax is having by raising millions of pounds for sports facilities(设施) and healthier eating in schools. Helping the next generation to have a healthy and active childhood is of great importance, and the industry is playing its part.
1.Why was the sugar tax introduced
A.To collect money for schools. B.To improve the quality of drinks.
C.To protect children’s health. D.To encourage research in education.
2.How did some drinks companies respond to the sugar tax
A.They turned to overseas markets. B.They raised the prices of their products.
C.They cut down on their production. D.They reduced their products’sugar content.
3.From which of the following is the sugar tax collected
A.Most alcoholic drinks. B.Milk-based drinks.
C.Fruit juices. D.Classic Coke.
4.What can be inferred about the adoption of the sugar tax policy
A.It is a short-sighted decision. B.It is a success story.
C.It benefits manufacturers. D.It upsets customers.
Passage 3
Who is a genius This question has greatly interested humankind for centuries.
Let’s state clearly:Einstein was a genius. His face is almost the international symbol for genius.But we want to go beyond one man and explore the nature of genius itself.Why is it that some people are so much more intelligent or creative than the rest of us And who are they
In the sciences and arts,those praised as geniuses were most often white men, of European origin. Perhaps this is not a surprise. It’s said that history is written by the victors,and those victors set the standards for admission to the genius club. When contributions were made by geniuses outside the club — women,or people of a different color or belief — they were unacknowledged and rejected by others.
A study recently published by Science found that as young as age six,girls are less likely than boys to say that members of their gender(性别)are "really, really smart." Even worse,the study found that girls act on that belief:Around age six they start to avoid activities said to be for children who are "really,really smart."Can our planet afford to have any great thinkers become discouraged and give up It doesn’t take a genius to know the answer:absolutely not.
Here’s the good news. In a wired world with constant global communication, we’re all positioned to see flashes of genius wherever they appear. And the more we look,the more we will see that social factors(因素)like gender, race, and class do not determine the appearance of genius. As a writer says,future geniuses come from those with "intelligence, creativity, perseverance(毅力), and simple good fortune, who are able to change the world."
1.What does the author think of victors’standards for joining the genius club
A.They’re unfair. B.They’re conservative.
C.They’re objective. D.They’re strict.
2.What can we infer about girls from the study in Science
A.They think themselves smart.
B.They look up to great thinkers.
C.They see gender differences earlier than boys.
D.They are likely to be influenced by social beliefs.
3.Why are more geniuses known to the public
A.Improved global communication. B.Less discrimination against women.
C.Acceptance of victors’concepts. D.Changes in people’s social positions.
4.What is the best title for the text
A.Geniuses Think Alike B.Genius Takes Many Forms
C.Genius and Intelligence D.Genius and Luck
Passage 4
We live in a town with three beaches. There are two parks less than 10 minutes’walk from home where neighbourhood children gather to play. However, what my children want to do after school is pick up a screen — any screen — and stare at it for hours. They are not alone. Today’s children spend an average of four and a half hours a day looking at screens, split between watching television and using the Internet.
In the past few years, an increasing number of people and organisations have begun coming up with plans to counter this trend. A couple of years ago,film-maker David Bond realised that his children, then aged five and three, were attached to screens to the point where he was able to say "chocolate" into his three-year-old son’s ear without getting a response. He realised that something needed to change, and, being a London media type, appointed himself "marketing director for Nature". He documented his journey as he set about treating nature as a brand to be marketed to young people. The result was Project Wild Thing, a film which charts the birth of the Wild Network, a group of organisations with the common goal of getting children out into nature.
"Just five more minutes outdoors can make a difference," David Bond says. "There is a lot of really interesting evidence which seems to be suggesting that if children are inspired up to the age of seven, then being outdoors will be a habit for life." His own children have got into the habit of playing outside now:"We just send them out into the garden and tell them not to come back in for a while."
Summer is upon us. There is an amazing world out there, and it needs our children as much as they need it. Let us get them out and let them play.
1.What is the problem with the author’s children
A.They often annoy the neighbours. B.They are tired of doing their homework.
C.They have no friends to play with. D.They stay in front of screens for too long.
2.How did David Bond advocate his idea
A.By making a documentary film. B.By organizing outdoor activities.
C.By advertising in London media. D.By creating a network of friends.
3.Which of the following can replace the underlined word "charts" in paragraph 2
A.records B.predicts C.delays D.confirms
4.What can be a suitable title for the text
A.Let Children Have Fun B.Young Children Need More Free Time
C.Market Nature to Children D.David Bond:A Role Model for Children
Passage 5
When John Todd was a child, he loved to explore the woods around his house, observing how nature solved problems. A dirty stream, for example, often became clear after flowing through plants and along rocks where tiny creatures lived. When he got older, John started to wonder if this process could be used to clean up the messes people were making.
After studying agriculture, medicine, and fisheries in college, John went back to observing nature and asking questions. Why can certain plants trap harmful bacteria(细菌) Which kinds of fish can eat cancer-causing chemicals With the right combination of animals and plants, he figured, maybe he could clean up waste the way nature did. He decided to build what he would later call an eco-machine.
The task John set for himself was to remove harmful substances from some sludge(污泥). First, he constructed a series of clear fiberglass tanks connected to each other. Then he went around to local ponds and streams and brought back some plants and animals. He placed them in the tanks and waited. Little by little, these different kinds of life got used to one another and formed their own ecosystem. After a few weeks, John added the sludge.
He was amazed at the results. The plants and animals in the eco-machine took the sludge as food and began to eat it! Within weeks, it had all been digested, and all that was left was pure water.
Over the years,John has taken on many big jobs. He developed a greenhouse-like facility that treated sewage(污水) from 1,600 homes in South Burlington. He also designed an eco-machine to clean canal water in Fuzhou, a city in southeast China.
"Ecological design" is the name John gives to what he does."Life on Earth is kind of a box of spare parts for the inventor," he says."You put organisms in new relationships and observe what’s happening. Then you let these new systems develop their own ways to self-repair."
1.What can we learn about John from the first two paragraphs
A.He was fond of traveling. B.He enjoyed being alone.
C.He had an inquiring mind. D.He longed to be a doctor.
2.Why did John put the sludge into the tanks
A.To feed the animals. B.To build an ecosystem.
C.To protect the plants. D.To test the eco-machine.
3.What is the author’s purpose in mentioning Fuzhou
A.To review John’s research plans. B.To show an application of John’s idea.
C.To compare John’s different jobs. D.To erase doubts about John’s invention.
4.What is the basis for John’s work
A.Nature can repair itself. B.Organisms need water to survive.
C.Life on Earth is diverse. D.Most tiny creatures live in groups.
Passage 6
On March 7, 1907, the English statistician Francis Galton published a paper which illustrated what has come to be known as the "wisdom of crowds" effect. The experiment of estimation he conducted showed that in some cases, the average of a large number of independent estimates could be quite accurate.
This effect capitalizes on the fact that when people make errors, those errors aren’t always the same. Some people will tend to overestimate, and some to underestimate. When enough of these errors are averaged together, they cancel each other out, resulting in a more accurate estimate. If people are similar and tend to make the same errors, then their errors won’t cancel each other out. In more technical terms, the wisdom of crowds requires that people’s estimates be independent. If for whatever reasons, people’s errors become correlated or dependent, the accuracy of the estimate will go down.
But a new study led by Joaquin Navajas offered an interesting twist(转折) on this classic phenomenon. The key finding of the study was that when crowds were further divided into smaller groups that were allowed to have a discussion, the averages from these groups were more accurate than those from an equal number of independent individuals. For instance, the average obtained from the estimates of four discussion groups of five was significantly more accurate than the average obtained from 20 independent individuals.
In a follow-up study with 100 university students, the researchers tried to get a better sense of what the group members actually did in their discussion. Did they tend to go with those most confident about their estimates Did they follow those least willing to change their minds This happened some of the time, but it wasn’t the dominant response. Most frequently, the groups reported that they "shared arguments and reasoned together." Somehow, these arguments and reasoning resulted in a global reduction in error.
Although the studies led by Navajas have limitations and many questions remain, the potential implications for group discussion and decision-making are enormous.
1.What is paragraph 2 of the text mainly about
A.The methods of estimation. B.The underlying logic of the effect.
C.The causes of people’s errors. D.The design of Galton’s experiment.
2.Navajas’study found that the average accuracy could increase even if __________.
A.the crowds were relatively small
B.there were occasional underestimates
C.individuals did not communicate
D.estimates were not fully independent
3.What did the follow-up study focus on
A.The size of the groups. B.The dominant members.
C.The discussion process. D.The individual estimates.
4.What is the author’s attitude toward Navajas’studies
A.Unclear. B.Dismissive. C.Doubtful. D.Approving.
Passage 7
Human speech contains more than 2,000 different sounds, from the common "m" and "a" to the rare clicks of some southern African languages. But why are certain sounds more common than others A ground-breaking, five-year study shows that diet-related changes in human bite led to new speech sounds that are now found in half the world’s languages.
More than 30 years ago, the scholar Charles Hockett noted that speech sounds called labiodentals, such as "f" and "v", were more common in the languages of societies that ate softer foods. Now a team of researchers led by Damián Blasi at the University of Zurich, Switzerland, has found how and why this trend arose.
They discovered that the upper and lower front teeth of ancient human adults were aligned(对齐), making it hard to produce labiodentals, which are formed by touching the lower lip to the upper teeth. Later, our jaws changed to an overbite structure(结构), making it easier to produce such sounds.
The team showed that this change in bite was connected with the development of agriculture in the Neolithic period. Food became easier to chew at this point. The jawbone didn’t have to do as much work and so didn’t grow to be so large.
Analyses of a language database also confirmed that there was a global change in the sound of world languages after the Neolithic age, with the use of "f" and "v" increasing remarkably during the last few thousand years. These sounds are still not found in the languages of many hunter-gatherer people today.
This research overturns the popular view that all human speech sounds were present when human beings evolved around 300,000 years ago. "The set of speech sounds we use has not necessarily remained stable since the appearance of human beings, but rather the huge variety of speech sounds that we find today is the product of a complex interplay of things like biological change and cultural evolution," said Steven Moran, a member of the research team.
1.Which aspect of the human speech sound does Damián Blasi’s research focus on
A.Its variety. B.Its distribution. C.Its quantity. D.Its development.
2.Why was it difficult for ancient human adults to produce labiodentals
A.They had fewer upper teeth than lower teeth. B.They could not open and close their lips easily.
C.Their jaws were not conveniently structured. D.Their lower front teeth were not large enough.
3.What is paragraph 5 mainly about
A.Supporting evidence for the research results. B.Potential application of the research findings.
C.A further explanation of the research methods. D.A reasonable doubt about the research process.
4.What does Steven Moran say about the set of human speech sounds
A.It is key to effective communication. B.It contributes much to cultural diversity.
C.It is a complex and dynamic system. D.It drives the evolution of human beings.
Passage 8
]Over the last seven years, most states have banned texting by drivers, and public service campaigns have tried a wide range of methods to persuade people to put down their phones when they are behind the wheel.
Yet the problem, by just about any measure, appears to be getting worse. Americans are still texting while driving, as well as using social networks and taking photos. Road accidents, which had fallen for years, are now rising sharply.
That is partly because people are driving more, but Mark Rosekind, the chief of the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, said distracted(分心)driving was "only increasing, unfortunately."
"Big change requires big ideas," he said in a speech last month, referring broadly to the need to improve road safety. So to try to change a distinctly modern behavior, lawmakers and public health experts are reaching back to an old approach: They want to treat distracted driving like drunk driving.
An idea from lawmakers in New York is to give police officers a new device called the Textalyzer. It would work like this: An officer arriving at the scene of a crash could ask for the phones of the drivers and use the Textalyzer to check in the operating system for recent activity. The technology could determine whether a driver had just texted, emailed or done anything else that is not allowed under New York’s hands-free driving laws.
"We need something on the books that can change people’s behavior," said Félix W. Ortiz, who pushed for the state’s 2001 ban on hand-held devices by drivers. "If the Textalyzer bill becomes law," he said, "people are going to be more afraid to put their hands on the cell phone."
1.Which of the following best describes the ban on drivers’texting in the US
A.Ineffective. B.Unnecessary. C.Inconsistent. D.Unfair.
2.What can the Textalyzer help a police officer find out
A.Where a driver came from.
B.Whether a driver used their phone.
C.How fast a driver was going.
D.When a driver arrived at the scene.
3.What does the underlined word "something" in the last paragraph refer to
A.Advice. B.Data. C.Tests. D.Laws.
4.What is a suitable title for the text
A.To Drive or Not to Drive Think Before You Start
B.Texting and Driving Watch Out for the Textalyzer
C.New York Banning Hand-Held Devices by Drivers
D.The Next Generation Cell Phone: The Textalyzer
Passage 9
Can a small group of drones(无人机) guarantee the safety and reliability of railways and, at the same time, help railway operators save billions of euros each year That is the very likely future of applying today’s "eyes in the sky" technology to making sure that the millions of kilometres of rail tracks and infrastructure(基础设施) worldwide are safe for trains on a 24/7 basis.
Drones are already being used to examine high-tension electrical lines. They could do precisely the same thing to inspect railway lines and other vital aspects of rail infrastructure such as the correct position of railway tracks and switching points. The more regularly they can be inspected, the more railway safety, reliability and on-time performance will be improved. Costs would be cut and operations would be more efficient(高效) across the board.
That includes huge savings in maintenance costs and better protection of railway personnel safety. It is calculated that European railways alone spend approximately 20 billion euros a year on maintenance, including sending maintenance staff, often at night, to inspect and repair the rail infrastructure. That can be dangerous work that could be avoided with drones assisting the crews’efforts.
By using the latest technologies, drones could also start providing higher-value services for railways, detecting faults in the rail or switches, before they can cause any safety problems. To perform these tasks, drones for rail don’t need to be flying overhead. Engineers are now working on a new concept:the rail drones of the future. They will be moving on the track ahead of the train, and programmed to run autonomously. Very small drones with advanced sensors and AI and travelling ahead of the train could guide it like a co-pilot. With their ability to see ahead, they could signal any problem, so that fast-moving trains would be able to react in time.
1.What makes the application of drones to rail lines possible
A.The use of drones in checking on power lines.
B.Drones’ability to work at high altitudes.
C.The reduction of cost in designing drones.
D.Drones’reliable performance in remote areas.
2.What does "maintenance" underlined in paragraph 3 refer to
A.Personnel safety. B.Assistance from drones.
C.Inspection and repair. D.Construction of infrastructure.
3.What function is expected of the rail drones
A.To provide early warning. B.To make trains run automatically.
C.To earn profits for the crews. D.To accelerate transportation.
4.Which is the most suitable title for the text
A.What Faults Can Be Detected with Drones
B.How Production of Drones Can Be Expanded
C.What Difficulty Drone Development Will Face
D.How Drones Will Change the Future of Railways
Passage 10
Goffin’s cockatoos, a kind of small parrot native to Australasia, have been shown to have similar shape-recognition abilities to a human two-year-old. Though not known to use tools in the wild, the birds have proved skilful at tool use while kept in the cage. In a recent experiment, cockatoos were presented with a box with a nut inside it. The clear front of the box had a "keyhole" in a geometric shape, and the birds were given five differently shaped "keys" to choose from. Inserting the correct "key" would let out the nut.
In humans, babies can put a round shape in a round hole from around one year of age, but it will be another year before they are able to do the same with less symmetrical(对称的)shapes. This ability to recognize that a shape will need to be turned in a specific direction before it will fit is called an "allocentric frame of reference". In the experiment, Goffin’s cockatoos were able to select the right tool for the job, in most cases, by visual recognition alone. Where trial-and-error was used, the cockatoos did better than monkeys in similar tests. This indicates that Goffin’s cockatoos do indeed possess an allocentric frame of reference when moving objects in space, similar to two-year-old babies.
The next step, according to the researchers, is to try and work out whether the cockatoos rely entirely on visual clues(线索), or also use a sense of touch in making their shape selections.
1.How did the cockatoos get the nut from the box in the experiment
A.By following instructions. B.By using a tool.
C.By turning the box around. D.By removing the lid.
2.Which task can human one-year-olds most likely complete according to the text
A.Using a key to unlock a door.
B.Telling parrots from other birds.
C.Putting a ball into a round hole.
D.Grouping toys of different shapes.
3.What does the follow-up test aim to find out about the cockatoos
A.How far they are able to see.
B.How they track moving objects.
C.Whether they are smarter than monkeys.
D.Whether they use a sense of touch in the test.
4.Which can be a suitable title for the text
A.Cockatoos: Quick Error Checkers
B.Cockatoos: Independent Learners
C.Cockatoos: Clever Signal-Readers
D.Cockatoos: Skilful Shape-Sorters
【解析】 作者在最开始尝试"零浪费"生活方式时，家人并不理解她的做法，但她仍然坚持并建议读者用行动引领生活方式的转变。
1.B 理解词汇 根据画线部分前的"Live with roommates ""Have friends and family around you "及"looking to live a more sustainable lifestyle"提及的对更加可持续的生活方式的渴望，再根据下文描述的作者在生活方式的选择上与家人不同时的经历可推断，此处表示当你想选择更加可持续的生活方式时，不是身边的所有人都会加入其中，故B项与画线词组的意思最为接近。
2.A 理解观点、态度 根据第三段中的"my dad commented on...jars everywhere"可知，父亲对作者在"零浪费"生活方式上做的尝试并不赞同，故A项正确。
3.D 推断 根据第三段中的"how silly it was""a bit discouraging"可知，作者在最开始尝试可持续生活方式时并不顺利，未获得家人支持。根据第二段中的"I experienced this...zero waste like me"及下文内容可知，作者仍然坚持自己的"零浪费"生活方式。由此可知，虽然在生活方式上的转变未获得家人的支持，但她依然坚持，可见她是一个意志坚定的人，故D项正确。
4.C 理解主旨要义(文章大意) 文章第一、二段讲述了在家庭生活中实行"零浪费"生活方式可能遭遇反对，第三、四段讲述了作者自身如何通过行动在家庭中改变生活方式，第五段讲述了当你改变生活方式时，你可能遭遇的情况，第六段讲述了作者给读者的建议，再根据第二段尾句中的"how you can make the change in a not-always-supportive household"可知，文章主要内容与如何在家庭生活中实现"零浪费"生活方式有关，故C项正确。
【二次精读】
核心单词：radical adj. 全新的；彻底的；激进的
核心短语：comment on 作出评论 portion sth. out 把……分成若干份 speak up for 明确表态；说好话，辩护 on board 支持
词缀变形：sustainable adj. 不破坏生态平衡的；可持续的→sustain v. 维持，使保持 personalise v. 为个人特制→personalised adj. 个性化的
【解析】 本文介绍了英国政府通过对部分软饮料征收含糖税来降低儿童肥胖率，并直接将税收用于改进学校体育设施和保证更健康的饮食。
1.C 理解具体信息 根据第二段中的"First announced in April, 2016, the tax which applies to soft drinks containing more than 5g of sugar per 100ml,was introduced to help reduce childhood obesity(肥胖)"可知，征收含糖税是为了保护孩子的健康。
2.D 理解具体信息 根据第四段中的"It comes after more than half of soft drinks sold in shops have had their sugar levels cut by manufacturers(制造商)so they can avoid paying the tax"可知，一些饮料制造商为避税，降低了所生产饮料的含糖量。
3.D 理解具体信息 根据第五段中的"However, some high sugar brands, like Classic Coca Cola"以及"Fruit juices, milk-based drinks and most alcoholic drinks are free of the tax"可知，果汁饮料、奶制品饮料、大部分含酒精饮料是免征含糖税的，而可口可乐公司是一些高含糖量饮料的生产商，由此推断出Classic Coke是需要缴税的。
4.B 推断 根据最后一段首句可以推测出含糖税的征收是一个成功的案例。
【二次精读】
核心单词：consume v. 消耗；吃；喝 initially adv. 开始；最初
核心短语：bring in 赚得；挣 apply to适用于；申请 for fear of唯恐，以免
词缀变形：adoption n. 采用；领养→adopt v. 正式通过，表决采纳；采用； 领养
熟词生义：content 常用义：n. 内容；目录
She hadn’t read the letter and so was unaware of its contents. 她没有看过那封信，所以对其内容一无所知。
文章义：n. 含量；容量
Don’t choose food with a high fat content. 不要选择脂肪含量高的食物。
【解析】 本文首先讲述了过去人们对于天才的认定以及社会观念对天才的影响，但是，随着时代的发展、全球交流的加强，天才可以是各行各业任意一个能够改变世界的人。
1.A 推断 根据第三段"In the sciences and arts...women, or people of a different color or belief — they were unacknowledged and rejected by others"可知，历史是由胜利者书写的，被认定为天才的大多是有欧洲血统的白人男性，而做出贡献的女人或不同肤色的人则不被认可，因此作者认为这样的标准并不公平，故A项正确。conservative adj."保守的"；objective adj."客观的"。
2.D 推断 根据第四段中的"A study recently published by Science found that as young as age six, girls are less likely than boys to say that members of their gender(性别)are ‘really, really smart.’ Even worse, the study found that girls act on that belief... smart’"可知，研究发现女孩受到社会观念的影响，从六岁起就不怎么说其他女孩"非常非常聪明"，也会避免参加一些据说是"针对非常非常聪明的孩子"的活动，故D项正确。look up to"仰慕"。
3.A 理解具体信息 根据最后一段中的"In a wired world with constant global communication, we’re all positioned to see flashes of genius wherever they appear"可知,现代社会的全球通信使得越来越多的天才能够为人所知，故A项正确。discrimination n."歧视"。
4.B 理解主旨要义(标题判断) 本文在第一段提出了数百年来人们一直关注的问题：什么是天才。接着作者讲述了过去人们对天才的认定以及社会观念对天才的影响，最后作者讲到随着时代的发展、全球通信的加强，天才可以是各行各业任意一个能够改变世界的人，故B项适合作本文的标题。
【二次精读】
核心单词：wired adj.(与计算机系统)联网的；(设备、网络)有线的
核心短语：be praised as被誉为 act on对……起作用；按照……行事
词缀变形：admission n.承认；入场费；进入许可→admit v.承认；准许进入；可容纳
难句分析：A study recently published by Science found that as young as age six, girls are less likely than boys to say that members of their gender(性别) are "really, really smart."
分析：本句是一个主从复合句。recently published by Science为过去分词作后置定语，修饰前面的名词study;that as young as age six, girls are less likely than boys to say..."really, really smart."为动词found的宾语从句；that members of their gender(性别) are "really, really smart."为动词say的宾语从句。
译文：最近发表在《科学》上的一项研究发现，比起男孩来，早在六岁，女孩就不太可能说其他女孩"非常非常聪明"。
【解析】 文章讲述了电影制作人David Bond看到许多孩子沉迷于电子产品，于是他通过影片，鼓励孩子们走进大自然。
1.D 理解具体信息 根据文章第一段中的"However, what my children...pick up a screen — any screen — and stare at it for hours"可知，作者的孩子长时间看电子产品(屏幕)，这引起了作者的担忧，故答案选D项。
2.A 理解具体信息 根据文章第二段中的"He realised that something needed to change...He documented his journey ...The result was Project Wild Thing"可知,为了改变孩子们长时间看电子产品的现状，David Bond利用自身的职业优势，制作了纪录片Project Wild Thing，故选A项。
3.A 理解词汇 根据文章第二段中的"a film which charts the birth of the Wild Network, a group of organisations"可知，这部纪录片记录了Wild Network的诞生，chart此处意为"记录，跟踪"，意思同record，故选A项。
4.C 理解主旨要义(标题判断) 根据文章内容尤其是最后一段可知，本文主要提倡让孩子们走出家门，摆脱电子产品的诱惑，走向大自然，故C项能较好地概括全文，适合作文章标题。
【二次精读】
核心单词：trend n. 趋势 chart v. 记录
核心短语：an average of 平均 get into the habit of... 养成……的习惯
难句分析：The result was Project Wild Thing, a film which charts the birth of the Wild Network, a group of organisations with the common goal of getting children out into nature.
分析：本句是复合句，主句是The result was Project Wild Thing，而a film是Project Wild Thing的同位语，其后which引导定语从句，修饰a film；与此同时，a group of organisations...是the Wild Network的同位语。
译文：其结果是Project Wild Thing的诞生，这是一部记录Wild Network诞生的电影。Wild Network是一个以让孩子们走出来并进入大自然为共同目标的组织团体。
【解析】 John Todd从小就喜欢观察大自然，并被自然的自净能力折服。大学时期经过专业的学习之后，John通过实验找到了合适的生态组合，发明出了"生态设计"，并解决了很多实际的污水净化问题。
【考情速递】
高考语篇在选材上积极引导同学们关注人类社会所面临的热点问题——环境问题，使同学们能够增强责任感、紧迫感和使命感。本篇阅读就以个人发明对环境作出的贡献为主题，旨在倡导考生为环保贡献自己的力量。
1.C 理解具体信息 根据第一段中的"observing how nature solved problems"和"When he got older, John started to wonder if this process could be used to clean up the messes people were making"和第二段中的"John went back to observing nature and asking questions"以及第二段中的两个问题可以看出，John是一个喜欢刨根问底、喜欢探索的人，故C项正确。long to do sth. "渴望做某事"。
2.D 推断 根据第三段中的"The task John set for himself was to remove harmful substances from some sludge(污泥)...placed them in the tanks"可知，John修建水箱是为了清理污泥中的有害物质，为此，他在水箱里放了一些动植物。第四段中的"all that was left was pure water"表明了将污泥放入水箱之后的变化。据此可以推断，John在水箱里放入污泥是为了检验他的生态机器的效果，故D项正确。
【考情速递】
本题属于跨语段综合推断的漂移题，同学们需要综合两段信息进行推断，增加了推断题的难度。
3.B 推断 上文讲到了John的发明成功了，根据第五段的中心句"Over the years, John has taken on many big jobs"可知，多年来，John做了很多重大的工作。本段提到净化福州的运河水是为了举例说明John的发明及其理念在实践中的应用，故B项正确。A"为了回顾John的研究计划"；B"为了展示John的理念的实际应用"；C"为了比较John的不同工作"；D"为了消除对John的发明的怀疑"。
4.A 推断 本文主要围绕John的疑问"A dirty stream, for example, often became clear after flowing through plants and along rocks where tiny creatures lived...if this process could be used to clean up the messes people were making"展开，即一条肮脏的溪流在穿过植物和流过微生物居住的岩石后，往往会变得清澈，这个过程是否可以用来清理人们制造的脏乱呢？正是在这个疑问的指引下，John发明了"生态设计"，因此，John发明的根源就在于自然的自我修复能力，且最后一段中的"Then you let these new systems develop their own ways to self-repair"也印证了John的工作依据就在于"自我修复"这一理念，故A项正确。
【二次精读】
核心单词：fishery n.水产业 substance n.物质；物品；东西 fiberglass n.玻璃纤维 tank n.(贮放液体或气体的)箱，槽，罐 digest v.消化 canal n.运河
核心短语：a series of一系列 take...as把……当作 take on承担
译文：当John长大后，他开始想要知道这个过程是否可以用来清理人们制造的脏乱。
【解析】 作者从几个角度探讨群体智慧，指出群体讨论的结果比个人思考的结果更准确。
【考情速递】
高考的选材注重启发考生独立思考与判断，运用科学的思维方式发现问题、分析问题并解决问题的意识和能力，着眼于考查考生在逻辑性、批判性和创新性等方面的思维品质。本篇以"群体智慧效应"为话题，展示人们对该效应的不同角度的理解，而在试题的设计上，强调对重点信息的纵深性理解，注重考查语篇能力，鼓励同学们以系统和辩证的视角进行篇章解读，挖掘篇章的深层含义，读懂言外之意，领会文章的主旨要义。
1.B 理解段落主旨要义 第二段主要解释了为什么大量独立估算的平均值在某些情况下可以相当准确，这是由于人们估算的误差并不总是相同的，当这些误差足够多,并被平均开来时，它们会互相抵消，从而得出更准确的估算值，这就是群体智慧效应的基本逻辑。故选B项。
2.D 推断 结合第二段中的"In more technical terms, the wisdom of crowds requires that people’s estimates be independent"和第三段中的"when crowds were further divided into smaller groups that were allowed to have a discussion...independent individuals"可知，Navajas的研究发现，即使团队成员的估计不是完全独立的，平均正确度依旧会提升。故选D项。
【考情速递】
高考在命题形式上注重灵活性和创新性。本题题干并非以往的疑问式题干，而是在复合句中挖空的陈述式题干，这是自2020年新高考以来在高考卷中首次出现。
3.C 理解具体信息 第四段说在随后对100名大学生的研究中，研究人员发现，团队讨论中起决定作用的是队员们能一起讨论和推理(shared arguments and reasoned together)，因此选C。
4.D 理解观点、态度 最后一段作者说，虽然Navajas领导的研究有局限性和很多问题，但对团队讨论和决策的潜在影响是巨大的，由此判断作者对Navajas的研究持支持态度。
【二次精读】
核心单词： illustrate v.阐明 correlated adj.相互关联的 follow-up adj.后续的 dominant adj.占优势的，占支配地位的 implication n.可能的影响；暗示 enormous adj.巨大的
核心短语：capitalize on利用，从……中获得好处 cancel sth. out 抵消
熟词生义：average 常用义：n.平均水平；平均数 adj.平均的；一般的 文章义：v.计算出……的平均数
Earnings are averaged over the whole period.所计算的是整个时期的平均收入。
难句分析：The key fingding of the study was that｛when crowds were further divided into smaller groups
that引导表语从句，其中when引导时间状语从句
(that were allowed to have a discussion)}, the averages from these groups were more accurate than those from
that引导定语从句
an equal number of independent individuals.
译文：该项研究的核心发现是,当人群被进一步分成更小的组，并且允许进行讨论的时候，这些小组得出的平均估计比同样数量的独立个体的估计更准确。
【解析】 本文介绍人类语音的演变与人类的饮食变化之间的关联研究。
1.D 理解具体信息 题干问的是"Damián Blasi的研究集中在人类语音的哪个方面 "，通读全文尤其是最后一段内容可知，Damián Blasi的研究集中在语音的发展。故选D项。
2.C 理解具体信息 题干问的是"为什么古代成年人很难发出唇齿音 "，根据题干可将解题信息定位到文章的第三段。根据第三段的内容可知,他们发现古代成人的上下门牙是对齐的，很难发出唇齿音，而唇齿音由下唇接触上牙产生。后来，我们的下巴变成了覆咬合结构，这让我们更容易产生这样的声音。由此可知，他们的下巴构造使他们很难发出唇齿音。故选C项。
3.A 理解主旨要义(段落大意) 题干问的是"第五段主要讲的是什么 "，根据题干可将解题信息定位到文章的第五段。由第五段内容可知，对语言数据库的分析也证实，新石器时代之后，国际语言的发音发生了全球性的变化。故第五段主要为上文的研究结果提供证据。故选A项。
4.C 推断 题干问的是"Steven Moran对人类语音有什么看法 "，根据题干可将解题信息定位到文章的最后一段。Steven Moran认为：自从人类出现以来,我们使用的语音不一定保持稳定，今天我们发现的各种语音是生物变化和文化进化之类的事物的一种复杂的相互作用的产物。由此可推知，它是一个复杂的动态系统。故选C项。
【二次精读】
核心单词：trend n. 趋势 confirm v. 证实 overturn v. 推翻 complex adj.复杂的
词缀变形：remarkably adv.不寻常地，惊人地→remarkable adj.非凡的，引人注目的
难句分析：This research overturns the popular view that all human speech sounds were present when human beings evolved around 300, 000 years ago.
分析：本句是主从复合句。that all human speech sounds...ago是同位语从句。从句中含有when 引导的时间状语从句。
译文：这项研究推翻了这种流行的观点，即在大约30万年前人类进化时，所有的人类语音都已经存在。
【解析】 为解决司机在开车时使用手机造成分心从而引发交通事故的问题，纽约的立法者提出使用 Textalyzer这一设备来监控司机在开车的时候是否使用了手机。
1.A 推断 根据第一段内容可知，在过去的七年里，大多数州都禁止司机发短信,公共服务活动也尝试了多种方法来说服人们在开车时放下手机。再根据第二段第一句"Yet the problem...to be getting worse"可知，虽然几乎使用了各种各样的方法，但是情况却似乎越来越糟糕了。所以这些方法是无效的。故选A项。
2.B 理解具体信息 根据第五段最后一句"The technology could... hands-free driving laws"可知，这项技术可以确定司机是否发了短信、发了邮件，或者做了纽约免提驾驶法不允许的其他事情。由此可知， Textalyzer能够帮警官查明司机是否使用了手机。故选B项。
3.D 理解词汇(代词指代) 根据最后一段的最后一句可知，如果Textalyzer法案成为法律，人们将更害怕从而不敢在开车时使用手机，即人们将改变自己的行为。由此可推知，something在此处指代的是法律。故选D项。
4.B 理解主旨要义(标题判断) 综观全文内容可知，本文主要讲了为解决司机在开车时使用手机造成分心从而引发交通事故的问题，纽约的立法者提出使用Textalyzer这一设备来监控司机在开车的时候是否使用了手机。故B项最适合作本文标题。
【二次精读】
核心单词：ban v. 明令禁止；取缔 distinctly adv.清楚地，明显地；很，十分
核心短语：refer to 提到，谈及，说起 push for 反复要求，施压争取
【解析】 无人机在保证铁路安全可靠的同时，还能帮助铁路运营商每年节省数十亿欧元。
1.A 理解具体信息 题干问什么使无人机在铁路线路中的应用成为可能。根据文章第二段中的"Drones are already being used to examine high-tension electrical lines. They could do precisely the same thing to inspect railway lines and other vital aspects of rail infrastructure"可知，无人机现在已经用来检测高压电力线路，它们可以做同样的事情来检查铁路线路以及铁路基础设施的其他重要方面。故A项正确。
【干扰项分析】
B、C、D项都属于"无中生有"，文中没有提到无人机在高海拔地区工作，也没有提及无人机在偏远地区的可靠性能，故B和D项都可排除；C项无人机设计成本降低，文中无相关信息。
2.C 理解词汇 题干问"maintenance"是什么意思。根据画线词出现的语境"节省______费用"以及该词在下文中的语境，即第三段第二句"It is calculated that European railways alone spend approximately 20 billion euros a year on maintenance, including sending maintenance staff, often at night, to inspect and repair the rail infrastructure"(据计算，单是欧洲铁路一年就要在维护上面花费约200亿欧元，其中包括常常在夜里派遣维护员工去检查和修复铁路基础设施)可知，铁路"maintenance"包括检查和修复铁路基础设施。故C项正确。
3.A 理解具体信息 题干问的是期待铁路无人机有什么样的功能。根据文章最后一段最后一句"With their ability to see ahead, they could signal any problem, so that fast-moving trains would be able to react in time"(因为能提前看到，无人机可以感知到任何问题,这样快速前进的列车就可以及时作出反应)可知，期待铁路无人机具有的功能是提前发现问题，并给列车发出警告。故A项正确。
【干扰项分析】
B项"使火车自动运行"是偷换概念，原文最后一段中的"programmed to run autonomously"指的是无人机可以自动运行，而不是火车；C项"为全体工作人员挣得利润"和D项"加快交通运输"是无中生有，文章没有提及。
4.D 理解主旨要义(标题判断) 题干问的是本文最佳标题是什么。第一段是导入，综述无人机在铁路运营方面的应用前景；第二段主要讲述无人机在铁路运营中的部分功能和作用；第三段主要讲了无人机在降低铁路维护成本和维护铁路职员人身安全方面的作用；第四段讲无人机还能为铁路运营做的事情。由此可知本篇文章主要讲的是无人机将如何改变铁路的未来。故D项正确。
【二次精读】
核心单词：guarantee v.保证； 担保；保障 precisely adv.恰好地；正是；精确地 inspect v.检查；查看； 审视；视察
词缀变形：reliable adj. 可信赖的，可依靠的→reliability n.可靠性 operate v. 工作；操作；控制；使运行; (被)使用；(使)运转；经营，营业；动手术→operator n. 操作人员；技工；经营者→operation n. (有组织的)活动；手术；运转；操作 maintain v. 维持；维修；保养→maintenance n. 维护，保养
【解析】 实验表明，一种生长于澳大拉西亚的凤头鹦鹉擅长识别物体的形状。
1.B 理解具体信息 根据第一段中的"Though not known...the birds have proved skilful at tool use while kept in the cage"和"the birds were given five differently shaped...let out the nut"可知，凤头鹦鹉在笼子里时可以熟练地使用工具，给它们不同形状的"钥匙"以供选择，插入正确的"钥匙"就能拿到盒子里的果仁。由此可知，实验中凤头鹦鹉通过使用工具拿到了盒子里的果仁，故选B项。
2.C 推断 根据第二段首句"In humans, babies can put a round shape in a round hole from around one year of age"可知,在大约一岁时，婴儿就能将圆形物体放入圆孔中，由此可推知C项正确。
3.D 理解具体信息 根据最后一段信息可知，研究人员下一步将查明凤头鹦鹉是否完全依靠视觉线索，还是也需要使用触觉来对物体的形状作出选择。
【名师点津】
题干中的follow-up意为"进一步的"，与最后一段中的next吻合。
4.D 理解主旨要义(标题判断) 综观全文，尤其是根据文章首句"Goffin’s cockatoos, a kind of small parrot native to Australasia, have been shown to have similar shape-recognition abilities to a human two-year-old"可知，文章主要讲述凤头鹦鹉出色的形状识别能力。故D项作文章标题最佳。
【二次精读】
核心单词：visual adj.视觉的 trial-and-error n. 反复试验，不断摸索
核心短语：shape-recognition abilities 识别形状的能力
难句分析：This ability to recognize that a shape will need to be turned in a specific direction before it will fit is called an "allocentric frame of reference".
分析：全句的主要结构为This ability is called an "allocentric frame of reference" 。句中动词不定式短语作后置定语修饰句子主语This ability,recognize后的宾语从句中包含一个时间状语从句。
译文：这种辨别形状在装入前需要从特定方向转动的能力被叫作"物体参照系"。
Passage 1
Live with roommates Have friends and family around you Chances are that if you’re looking to live a more sustainable lifestyle, not everyone around you will be ready to jump on that bandwagon.
I experienced this when I started switching to a zero waste lifestyle five years ago, as I was living with my parents, and I continue to experience this with my husband, as he is not completely zero waste like me. I’ve learned a few things along the way though, which I hope you’ll find encouraging if you’re doing your best to figure out how you can make the change in a not-always-supportive household.
Zero waste was a radical lifestyle movement a few years back. I remember showing my parents a video of Bea Johnson, sharing how cool I thought it would be to buy groceries with jars, and have so little trash! A few days later, I came back with my first jars of zero waste groceries, and my dad commented on how silly it was for me to carry jars everywhere. It came off as a bit discouraging.
Yet as the months of reducing waste continued, I did what I could that was within my own reach. I had my own bedroom, so I worked on removing things I didn’t need. Since I had my own toiletries(洗漱用品), I was able to start personalising my routine to be more sustainable. I also offered to cook every so often, so I portioned out a bit of the cupboard for my own zero waste groceries. Perhaps your household won’t entirely make the switch, but you may have some control over your own personal spaces to make the changes you desire.
As you make your lifestyle changes, you may find yourself wanting to speak up for yourself if others comment on what you’re doing, which can turn itself into a whole household debate. If you have individuals who are not on board, your words probably won’t do much and can often leave you feeling more discouraged.
So here is my advice: Lead by action.
1.What do the underlined words "jump on that bandwagon" mean in the first paragraph
A.Share an apartment with you. B.Join you in what you’re doing.
C.Transform your way of living. D.Help you to make the decision.
2.What was the attitude of the author’s father toward buying groceries with jars
A.He disapproved of it. B.He was sympathetic to it.
C.He was tolerant of it. D.He didn’t care about it.
3.What can we infer about the author
A.She is quite good at cooking. B.She respects others’privacy.
C.She enjoys being a housewife. D.She is a determined person.
4.What is the text mainly about
A.How to get on well with other family members.
B.How to have one’s own personal space at home.
C.How to live a zero waste lifestyle in a household.
D.How to control the budget when buying groceries.
Passage 2
The Government’s sugar tax on soft drinks has brought in half as much money as Ministers first predicted it would generate, the first official data on the policy has shown.
First announced in April, 2016, the tax which applies to soft drinks containing more than 5g of sugar per 100ml, was introduced to help reduce childhood obesity(肥胖).It is believed that today’s children and teenagers are consuming three times the recommended level of sugar, putting them at a higher risk of the disease.
Initially the sugar tax was expected to make ￡520m a year for the Treasury. However, data of the first six months showed it would make less than half this amount.At present it is expected to generate ￡240m for the year ending in April 2019, which will go to school sports.
It comes after more than half of soft drinks sold in shops have had their sugar levels cut by manufacturers(制造商) so they can avoid paying the tax. Drinks now contain 45 million fewer kilos of sugar as a result of manufacturers’efforts to avoid the charge, according to Treasury figures. Since April drinks companies have been forced to pay between 18p and 24p for every litre of sugary drink they produce or import, depending on the sugar content.
However, some high sugar brands, like Classic Coca Cola, have accepted the sugar tax and are refusing to change for fear of upsetting consumers. Fruit juices, milk-based drinks and most alcoholic drinks are free of the tax, as are small companies manufacturing fewer than 1m litres per year.
Today’s figures, according to one government official, show the positive influence the sugar tax is having by raising millions of pounds for sports facilities(设施) and healthier eating in schools. Helping the next generation to have a healthy and active childhood is of great importance, and the industry is playing its part.
1.Why was the sugar tax introduced
A.To collect money for schools. B.To improve the quality of drinks.
C.To protect children’s health. D.To encourage research in education.
2.How did some drinks companies respond to the sugar tax
A.They turned to overseas markets. B.They raised the prices of their products.
C.They cut down on their production. D.They reduced their products’sugar content.
3.From which of the following is the sugar tax collected
A.Most alcoholic drinks. B.Milk-based drinks.
C.Fruit juices. D.Classic Coke.
4.What can be inferred about the adoption of the sugar tax policy
A.It is a short-sighted decision. B.It is a success story.
C.It benefits manufacturers. D.It upsets customers.
Passage 3
Who is a genius This question has greatly interested humankind for centuries.
Let’s state clearly:Einstein was a genius. His face is almost the international symbol for genius.But we want to go beyond one man and explore the nature of genius itself.Why is it that some people are so much more intelligent or creative than the rest of us And who are they
In the sciences and arts,those praised as geniuses were most often white men, of European origin. Perhaps this is not a surprise. It’s said that history is written by the victors,and those victors set the standards for admission to the genius club. When contributions were made by geniuses outside the club — women,or people of a different color or belief — they were unacknowledged and rejected by others.
A study recently published by Science found that as young as age six,girls are less likely than boys to say that members of their gender(性别)are "really, really smart." Even worse,the study found that girls act on that belief:Around age six they start to avoid activities said to be for children who are "really,really smart."Can our planet afford to have any great thinkers become discouraged and give up It doesn’t take a genius to know the answer:absolutely not.
Here’s the good news. In a wired world with constant global communication, we’re all positioned to see flashes of genius wherever they appear. And the more we look,the more we will see that social factors(因素)like gender, race, and class do not determine the appearance of genius. As a writer says,future geniuses come from those with "intelligence, creativity, perseverance(毅力), and simple good fortune, who are able to change the world."
1.What does the author think of victors’standards for joining the genius club
A.They’re unfair. B.They’re conservative.
C.They’re objective. D.They’re strict.
2.What can we infer about girls from the study in Science
A.They think themselves smart.
B.They look up to great thinkers.
C.They see gender differences earlier than boys.
D.They are likely to be influenced by social beliefs.
3.Why are more geniuses known to the public
A.Improved global communication. B.Less discrimination against women.
C.Acceptance of victors’concepts. D.Changes in people’s social positions.
4.What is the best title for the text
A.Geniuses Think Alike B.Genius Takes Many Forms
C.Genius and Intelligence D.Genius and Luck
Passage 4
We live in a town with three beaches. There are two parks less than 10 minutes’walk from home where neighbourhood children gather to play. However, what my children want to do after school is pick up a screen — any screen — and stare at it for hours. They are not alone. Today’s children spend an average of four and a half hours a day looking at screens, split between watching television and using the Internet.
In the past few years, an increasing number of people and organisations have begun coming up with plans to counter this trend. A couple of years ago,film-maker David Bond realised that his children, then aged five and three, were attached to screens to the point where he was able to say "chocolate" into his three-year-old son’s ear without getting a response. He realised that something needed to change, and, being a London media type, appointed himself "marketing director for Nature". He documented his journey as he set about treating nature as a brand to be marketed to young people. The result was Project Wild Thing, a film which charts the birth of the Wild Network, a group of organisations with the common goal of getting children out into nature.
"Just five more minutes outdoors can make a difference," David Bond says. "There is a lot of really interesting evidence which seems to be suggesting that if children are inspired up to the age of seven, then being outdoors will be a habit for life." His own children have got into the habit of playing outside now:"We just send them out into the garden and tell them not to come back in for a while."
Summer is upon us. There is an amazing world out there, and it needs our children as much as they need it. Let us get them out and let them play.
1.What is the problem with the author’s children
A.They often annoy the neighbours. B.They are tired of doing their homework.
C.They have no friends to play with. D.They stay in front of screens for too long.
2.How did David Bond advocate his idea
A.By making a documentary film. B.By organizing outdoor activities.
C.By advertising in London media. D.By creating a network of friends.
3.Which of the following can replace the underlined word "charts" in paragraph 2
A.records B.predicts C.delays D.confirms
4.What can be a suitable title for the text
A.Let Children Have Fun B.Young Children Need More Free Time
C.Market Nature to Children D.David Bond:A Role Model for Children
Passage 5
When John Todd was a child, he loved to explore the woods around his house, observing how nature solved problems. A dirty stream, for example, often became clear after flowing through plants and along rocks where tiny creatures lived. When he got older, John started to wonder if this process could be used to clean up the messes people were making.
After studying agriculture, medicine, and fisheries in college, John went back to observing nature and asking questions. Why can certain plants trap harmful bacteria(细菌) Which kinds of fish can eat cancer-causing chemicals With the right combination of animals and plants, he figured, maybe he could clean up waste the way nature did. He decided to build what he would later call an eco-machine.
The task John set for himself was to remove harmful substances from some sludge(污泥). First, he constructed a series of clear fiberglass tanks connected to each other. Then he went around to local ponds and streams and brought back some plants and animals. He placed them in the tanks and waited. Little by little, these different kinds of life got used to one another and formed their own ecosystem. After a few weeks, John added the sludge.
He was amazed at the results. The plants and animals in the eco-machine took the sludge as food and began to eat it! Within weeks, it had all been digested, and all that was left was pure water.
Over the years,John has taken on many big jobs. He developed a greenhouse-like facility that treated sewage(污水) from 1,600 homes in South Burlington. He also designed an eco-machine to clean canal water in Fuzhou, a city in southeast China.
"Ecological design" is the name John gives to what he does."Life on Earth is kind of a box of spare parts for the inventor," he says."You put organisms in new relationships and observe what’s happening. Then you let these new systems develop their own ways to self-repair."
1.What can we learn about John from the first two paragraphs
A.He was fond of traveling. B.He enjoyed being alone.
C.He had an inquiring mind. D.He longed to be a doctor.
2.Why did John put the sludge into the tanks
A.To feed the animals. B.To build an ecosystem.
C.To protect the plants. D.To test the eco-machine.
3.What is the author’s purpose in mentioning Fuzhou
A.To review John’s research plans. B.To show an application of John’s idea.
C.To compare John’s different jobs. D.To erase doubts about John’s invention.
4.What is the basis for John’s work
A.Nature can repair itself. B.Organisms need water to survive.
C.Life on Earth is diverse. D.Most tiny creatures live in groups.
Passage 6
On March 7, 1907, the English statistician Francis Galton published a paper which illustrated what has come to be known as the "wisdom of crowds" effect. The experiment of estimation he conducted showed that in some cases, the average of a large number of independent estimates could be quite accurate.
This effect capitalizes on the fact that when people make errors, those errors aren’t always the same. Some people will tend to overestimate, and some to underestimate. When enough of these errors are averaged together, they cancel each other out, resulting in a more accurate estimate. If people are similar and tend to make the same errors, then their errors won’t cancel each other out. In more technical terms, the wisdom of crowds requires that people’s estimates be independent. If for whatever reasons, people’s errors become correlated or dependent, the accuracy of the estimate will go down.
But a new study led by Joaquin Navajas offered an interesting twist(转折) on this classic phenomenon. The key finding of the study was that when crowds were further divided into smaller groups that were allowed to have a discussion, the averages from these groups were more accurate than those from an equal number of independent individuals. For instance, the average obtained from the estimates of four discussion groups of five was significantly more accurate than the average obtained from 20 independent individuals.
In a follow-up study with 100 university students, the researchers tried to get a better sense of what the group members actually did in their discussion. Did they tend to go with those most confident about their estimates Did they follow those least willing to change their minds This happened some of the time, but it wasn’t the dominant response. Most frequently, the groups reported that they "shared arguments and reasoned together." Somehow, these arguments and reasoning resulted in a global reduction in error.
Although the studies led by Navajas have limitations and many questions remain, the potential implications for group discussion and decision-making are enormous.
1.What is paragraph 2 of the text mainly about
A.The methods of estimation. B.The underlying logic of the effect.
C.The causes of people’s errors. D.The design of Galton’s experiment.
2.Navajas’study found that the average accuracy could increase even if __________.
A.the crowds were relatively small
B.there were occasional underestimates
C.individuals did not communicate
D.estimates were not fully independent
3.What did the follow-up study focus on
A.The size of the groups. B.The dominant members.
C.The discussion process. D.The individual estimates.
4.What is the author’s attitude toward Navajas’studies
A.Unclear. B.Dismissive. C.Doubtful. D.Approving.
Passage 7
Human speech contains more than 2,000 different sounds, from the common "m" and "a" to the rare clicks of some southern African languages. But why are certain sounds more common than others A ground-breaking, five-year study shows that diet-related changes in human bite led to new speech sounds that are now found in half the world’s languages.
More than 30 years ago, the scholar Charles Hockett noted that speech sounds called labiodentals, such as "f" and "v", were more common in the languages of societies that ate softer foods. Now a team of researchers led by Damián Blasi at the University of Zurich, Switzerland, has found how and why this trend arose.
They discovered that the upper and lower front teeth of ancient human adults were aligned(对齐), making it hard to produce labiodentals, which are formed by touching the lower lip to the upper teeth. Later, our jaws changed to an overbite structure(结构), making it easier to produce such sounds.
The team showed that this change in bite was connected with the development of agriculture in the Neolithic period. Food became easier to chew at this point. The jawbone didn’t have to do as much work and so didn’t grow to be so large.
Analyses of a language database also confirmed that there was a global change in the sound of world languages after the Neolithic age, with the use of "f" and "v" increasing remarkably during the last few thousand years. These sounds are still not found in the languages of many hunter-gatherer people today.
This research overturns the popular view that all human speech sounds were present when human beings evolved around 300,000 years ago. "The set of speech sounds we use has not necessarily remained stable since the appearance of human beings, but rather the huge variety of speech sounds that we find today is the product of a complex interplay of things like biological change and cultural evolution," said Steven Moran, a member of the research team.
1.Which aspect of the human speech sound does Damián Blasi’s research focus on
A.Its variety. B.Its distribution. C.Its quantity. D.Its development.
2.Why was it difficult for ancient human adults to produce labiodentals
A.They had fewer upper teeth than lower teeth. B.They could not open and close their lips easily.
C.Their jaws were not conveniently structured. D.Their lower front teeth were not large enough.
3.What is paragraph 5 mainly about
A.Supporting evidence for the research results. B.Potential application of the research findings.
C.A further explanation of the research methods. D.A reasonable doubt about the research process.
4.What does Steven Moran say about the set of human speech sounds
A.It is key to effective communication. B.It contributes much to cultural diversity.
C.It is a complex and dynamic system. D.It drives the evolution of human beings.
Passage 8
]Over the last seven years, most states have banned texting by drivers, and public service campaigns have tried a wide range of methods to persuade people to put down their phones when they are behind the wheel.
Yet the problem, by just about any measure, appears to be getting worse. Americans are still texting while driving, as well as using social networks and taking photos. Road accidents, which had fallen for years, are now rising sharply.
That is partly because people are driving more, but Mark Rosekind, the chief of the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, said distracted(分心)driving was "only increasing, unfortunately."
"Big change requires big ideas," he said in a speech last month, referring broadly to the need to improve road safety. So to try to change a distinctly modern behavior, lawmakers and public health experts are reaching back to an old approach: They want to treat distracted driving like drunk driving.
An idea from lawmakers in New York is to give police officers a new device called the Textalyzer. It would work like this: An officer arriving at the scene of a crash could ask for the phones of the drivers and use the Textalyzer to check in the operating system for recent activity. The technology could determine whether a driver had just texted, emailed or done anything else that is not allowed under New York’s hands-free driving laws.
"We need something on the books that can change people’s behavior," said Félix W. Ortiz, who pushed for the state’s 2001 ban on hand-held devices by drivers. "If the Textalyzer bill becomes law," he said, "people are going to be more afraid to put their hands on the cell phone."
1.Which of the following best describes the ban on drivers’texting in the US
A.Ineffective. B.Unnecessary. C.Inconsistent. D.Unfair.
2.What can the Textalyzer help a police officer find out
A.Where a driver came from.
B.Whether a driver used their phone.
C.How fast a driver was going.
D.When a driver arrived at the scene.
3.What does the underlined word "something" in the last paragraph refer to
A.Advice. B.Data. C.Tests. D.Laws.
4.What is a suitable title for the text
A.To Drive or Not to Drive Think Before You Start
B.Texting and Driving Watch Out for the Textalyzer
C.New York Banning Hand-Held Devices by Drivers
D.The Next Generation Cell Phone: The Textalyzer
Passage 9
Can a small group of drones(无人机) guarantee the safety and reliability of railways and, at the same time, help railway operators save billions of euros each year That is the very likely future of applying today’s "eyes in the sky" technology to making sure that the millions of kilometres of rail tracks and infrastructure(基础设施) worldwide are safe for trains on a 24/7 basis.
Drones are already being used to examine high-tension electrical lines. They could do precisely the same thing to inspect railway lines and other vital aspects of rail infrastructure such as the correct position of railway tracks and switching points. The more regularly they can be inspected, the more railway safety, reliability and on-time performance will be improved. Costs would be cut and operations would be more efficient(高效) across the board.
That includes huge savings in maintenance costs and better protection of railway personnel safety. It is calculated that European railways alone spend approximately 20 billion euros a year on maintenance, including sending maintenance staff, often at night, to inspect and repair the rail infrastructure. That can be dangerous work that could be avoided with drones assisting the crews’efforts.
By using the latest technologies, drones could also start providing higher-value services for railways, detecting faults in the rail or switches, before they can cause any safety problems. To perform these tasks, drones for rail don’t need to be flying overhead. Engineers are now working on a new concept:the rail drones of the future. They will be moving on the track ahead of the train, and programmed to run autonomously. Very small drones with advanced sensors and AI and travelling ahead of the train could guide it like a co-pilot. With their ability to see ahead, they could signal any problem, so that fast-moving trains would be able to react in time.
1.What makes the application of drones to rail lines possible
A.The use of drones in checking on power lines.
B.Drones’ability to work at high altitudes.
C.The reduction of cost in designing drones.
D.Drones’reliable performance in remote areas.
2.What does "maintenance" underlined in paragraph 3 refer to
A.Personnel safety. B.Assistance from drones.
C.Inspection and repair. D.Construction of infrastructure.
3.What function is expected of the rail drones
A.To provide early warning. B.To make trains run automatically.
C.To earn profits for the crews. D.To accelerate transportation.
4.Which is the most suitable title for the text
A.What Faults Can Be Detected with Drones
B.How Production of Drones Can Be Expanded
C.What Difficulty Drone Development Will Face
D.How Drones Will Change the Future of Railways
Passage 10
Goffin’s cockatoos, a kind of small parrot native to Australasia, have been shown to have similar shape-recognition abilities to a human two-year-old. Though not known to use tools in the wild, the birds have proved skilful at tool use while kept in the cage. In a recent experiment, cockatoos were presented with a box with a nut inside it. The clear front of the box had a "keyhole" in a geometric shape, and the birds were given five differently shaped "keys" to choose from. Inserting the correct "key" would let out the nut.
In humans, babies can put a round shape in a round hole from around one year of age, but it will be another year before they are able to do the same with less symmetrical(对称的)shapes. This ability to recognize that a shape will need to be turned in a specific direction before it will fit is called an "allocentric frame of reference". In the experiment, Goffin’s cockatoos were able to select the right tool for the job, in most cases, by visual recognition alone. Where trial-and-error was used, the cockatoos did better than monkeys in similar tests. This indicates that Goffin’s cockatoos do indeed possess an allocentric frame of reference when moving objects in space, similar to two-year-old babies.
The next step, according to the researchers, is to try and work out whether the cockatoos rely entirely on visual clues(线索), or also use a sense of touch in making their shape selections.
1.How did the cockatoos get the nut from the box in the experiment
A.By following instructions. B.By using a tool.
C.By turning the box around. D.By removing the lid.
2.Which task can human one-year-olds most likely complete according to the text
A.Using a key to unlock a door.
B.Telling parrots from other birds.
C.Putting a ball into a round hole.
D.Grouping toys of different shapes.
3.What does the follow-up test aim to find out about the cockatoos
A.How far they are able to see.
B.How they track moving objects.
C.Whether they are smarter than monkeys.
D.Whether they use a sense of touch in the test.
4.Which can be a suitable title for the text
A.Cockatoos: Quick Error Checkers
B.Cockatoos: Independent Learners
C.Cockatoos: Clever Signal-Readers
D.Cockatoos: Skilful Shape-Sorters
【解析】 作者在最开始尝试"零浪费"生活方式时，家人并不理解她的做法，但她仍然坚持并建议读者用行动引领生活方式的转变。
1.B 理解词汇 根据画线部分前的"Live with roommates ""Have friends and family around you "及"looking to live a more sustainable lifestyle"提及的对更加可持续的生活方式的渴望，再根据下文描述的作者在生活方式的选择上与家人不同时的经历可推断，此处表示当你想选择更加可持续的生活方式时，不是身边的所有人都会加入其中，故B项与画线词组的意思最为接近。
2.A 理解观点、态度 根据第三段中的"my dad commented on...jars everywhere"可知，父亲对作者在"零浪费"生活方式上做的尝试并不赞同，故A项正确。
3.D 推断 根据第三段中的"how silly it was""a bit discouraging"可知，作者在最开始尝试可持续生活方式时并不顺利，未获得家人支持。根据第二段中的"I experienced this...zero waste like me"及下文内容可知，作者仍然坚持自己的"零浪费"生活方式。由此可知，虽然在生活方式上的转变未获得家人的支持，但她依然坚持，可见她是一个意志坚定的人，故D项正确。
4.C 理解主旨要义(文章大意) 文章第一、二段讲述了在家庭生活中实行"零浪费"生活方式可能遭遇反对，第三、四段讲述了作者自身如何通过行动在家庭中改变生活方式，第五段讲述了当你改变生活方式时，你可能遭遇的情况，第六段讲述了作者给读者的建议，再根据第二段尾句中的"how you can make the change in a not-always-supportive household"可知，文章主要内容与如何在家庭生活中实现"零浪费"生活方式有关，故C项正确。
【二次精读】
核心单词：radical adj. 全新的；彻底的；激进的
核心短语：comment on 作出评论 portion sth. out 把……分成若干份 speak up for 明确表态；说好话，辩护 on board 支持
词缀变形：sustainable adj. 不破坏生态平衡的；可持续的→sustain v. 维持，使保持 personalise v. 为个人特制→personalised adj. 个性化的
【解析】 本文介绍了英国政府通过对部分软饮料征收含糖税来降低儿童肥胖率，并直接将税收用于改进学校体育设施和保证更健康的饮食。
1.C 理解具体信息 根据第二段中的"First announced in April, 2016, the tax which applies to soft drinks containing more than 5g of sugar per 100ml,was introduced to help reduce childhood obesity(肥胖)"可知，征收含糖税是为了保护孩子的健康。
2.D 理解具体信息 根据第四段中的"It comes after more than half of soft drinks sold in shops have had their sugar levels cut by manufacturers(制造商)so they can avoid paying the tax"可知，一些饮料制造商为避税，降低了所生产饮料的含糖量。
3.D 理解具体信息 根据第五段中的"However, some high sugar brands, like Classic Coca Cola"以及"Fruit juices, milk-based drinks and most alcoholic drinks are free of the tax"可知，果汁饮料、奶制品饮料、大部分含酒精饮料是免征含糖税的，而可口可乐公司是一些高含糖量饮料的生产商，由此推断出Classic Coke是需要缴税的。
4.B 推断 根据最后一段首句可以推测出含糖税的征收是一个成功的案例。
【二次精读】
核心单词：consume v. 消耗；吃；喝 initially adv. 开始；最初
核心短语：bring in 赚得；挣 apply to适用于；申请 for fear of唯恐，以免
词缀变形：adoption n. 采用；领养→adopt v. 正式通过，表决采纳；采用； 领养
熟词生义：content 常用义：n. 内容；目录
She hadn’t read the letter and so was unaware of its contents. 她没有看过那封信，所以对其内容一无所知。
文章义：n. 含量；容量
Don’t choose food with a high fat content. 不要选择脂肪含量高的食物。
【解析】 本文首先讲述了过去人们对于天才的认定以及社会观念对天才的影响，但是，随着时代的发展、全球交流的加强，天才可以是各行各业任意一个能够改变世界的人。
1.A 推断 根据第三段"In the sciences and arts...women, or people of a different color or belief — they were unacknowledged and rejected by others"可知，历史是由胜利者书写的，被认定为天才的大多是有欧洲血统的白人男性，而做出贡献的女人或不同肤色的人则不被认可，因此作者认为这样的标准并不公平，故A项正确。conservative adj."保守的"；objective adj."客观的"。
2.D 推断 根据第四段中的"A study recently published by Science found that as young as age six, girls are less likely than boys to say that members of their gender(性别)are ‘really, really smart.’ Even worse, the study found that girls act on that belief... smart’"可知，研究发现女孩受到社会观念的影响，从六岁起就不怎么说其他女孩"非常非常聪明"，也会避免参加一些据说是"针对非常非常聪明的孩子"的活动，故D项正确。look up to"仰慕"。
3.A 理解具体信息 根据最后一段中的"In a wired world with constant global communication, we’re all positioned to see flashes of genius wherever they appear"可知,现代社会的全球通信使得越来越多的天才能够为人所知，故A项正确。discrimination n."歧视"。
4.B 理解主旨要义(标题判断) 本文在第一段提出了数百年来人们一直关注的问题：什么是天才。接着作者讲述了过去人们对天才的认定以及社会观念对天才的影响，最后作者讲到随着时代的发展、全球通信的加强，天才可以是各行各业任意一个能够改变世界的人，故B项适合作本文的标题。
【二次精读】
核心单词：wired adj.(与计算机系统)联网的；(设备、网络)有线的
核心短语：be praised as被誉为 act on对……起作用；按照……行事
词缀变形：admission n.承认；入场费；进入许可→admit v.承认；准许进入；可容纳
难句分析：A study recently published by Science found that as young as age six, girls are less likely than boys to say that members of their gender(性别) are "really, really smart."
分析：本句是一个主从复合句。recently published by Science为过去分词作后置定语，修饰前面的名词study;that as young as age six, girls are less likely than boys to say..."really, really smart."为动词found的宾语从句；that members of their gender(性别) are "really, really smart."为动词say的宾语从句。
译文：最近发表在《科学》上的一项研究发现，比起男孩来，早在六岁，女孩就不太可能说其他女孩"非常非常聪明"。
【解析】 文章讲述了电影制作人David Bond看到许多孩子沉迷于电子产品，于是他通过影片，鼓励孩子们走进大自然。
1.D 理解具体信息 根据文章第一段中的"However, what my children...pick up a screen — any screen — and stare at it for hours"可知，作者的孩子长时间看电子产品(屏幕)，这引起了作者的担忧，故答案选D项。
2.A 理解具体信息 根据文章第二段中的"He realised that something needed to change...He documented his journey ...The result was Project Wild Thing"可知,为了改变孩子们长时间看电子产品的现状，David Bond利用自身的职业优势，制作了纪录片Project Wild Thing，故选A项。
3.A 理解词汇 根据文章第二段中的"a film which charts the birth of the Wild Network, a group of organisations"可知，这部纪录片记录了Wild Network的诞生，chart此处意为"记录，跟踪"，意思同record，故选A项。
4.C 理解主旨要义(标题判断) 根据文章内容尤其是最后一段可知，本文主要提倡让孩子们走出家门，摆脱电子产品的诱惑，走向大自然，故C项能较好地概括全文，适合作文章标题。
【二次精读】
核心单词：trend n. 趋势 chart v. 记录
核心短语：an average of 平均 get into the habit of... 养成……的习惯
难句分析：The result was Project Wild Thing, a film which charts the birth of the Wild Network, a group of organisations with the common goal of getting children out into nature.
分析：本句是复合句，主句是The result was Project Wild Thing，而a film是Project Wild Thing的同位语，其后which引导定语从句，修饰a film；与此同时，a group of organisations...是the Wild Network的同位语。
译文：其结果是Project Wild Thing的诞生，这是一部记录Wild Network诞生的电影。Wild Network是一个以让孩子们走出来并进入大自然为共同目标的组织团体。
【解析】 John Todd从小就喜欢观察大自然，并被自然的自净能力折服。大学时期经过专业的学习之后，John通过实验找到了合适的生态组合，发明出了"生态设计"，并解决了很多实际的污水净化问题。
【考情速递】
高考语篇在选材上积极引导同学们关注人类社会所面临的热点问题——环境问题，使同学们能够增强责任感、紧迫感和使命感。本篇阅读就以个人发明对环境作出的贡献为主题，旨在倡导考生为环保贡献自己的力量。
1.C 理解具体信息 根据第一段中的"observing how nature solved problems"和"When he got older, John started to wonder if this process could be used to clean up the messes people were making"和第二段中的"John went back to observing nature and asking questions"以及第二段中的两个问题可以看出，John是一个喜欢刨根问底、喜欢探索的人，故C项正确。long to do sth. "渴望做某事"。
2.D 推断 根据第三段中的"The task John set for himself was to remove harmful substances from some sludge(污泥)...placed them in the tanks"可知，John修建水箱是为了清理污泥中的有害物质，为此，他在水箱里放了一些动植物。第四段中的"all that was left was pure water"表明了将污泥放入水箱之后的变化。据此可以推断，John在水箱里放入污泥是为了检验他的生态机器的效果，故D项正确。
【考情速递】
本题属于跨语段综合推断的漂移题，同学们需要综合两段信息进行推断，增加了推断题的难度。
3.B 推断 上文讲到了John的发明成功了，根据第五段的中心句"Over the years, John has taken on many big jobs"可知，多年来，John做了很多重大的工作。本段提到净化福州的运河水是为了举例说明John的发明及其理念在实践中的应用，故B项正确。A"为了回顾John的研究计划"；B"为了展示John的理念的实际应用"；C"为了比较John的不同工作"；D"为了消除对John的发明的怀疑"。
4.A 推断 本文主要围绕John的疑问"A dirty stream, for example, often became clear after flowing through plants and along rocks where tiny creatures lived...if this process could be used to clean up the messes people were making"展开，即一条肮脏的溪流在穿过植物和流过微生物居住的岩石后，往往会变得清澈，这个过程是否可以用来清理人们制造的脏乱呢？正是在这个疑问的指引下，John发明了"生态设计"，因此，John发明的根源就在于自然的自我修复能力，且最后一段中的"Then you let these new systems develop their own ways to self-repair"也印证了John的工作依据就在于"自我修复"这一理念，故A项正确。
【二次精读】
核心单词：fishery n.水产业 substance n.物质；物品；东西 fiberglass n.玻璃纤维 tank n.(贮放液体或气体的)箱，槽，罐 digest v.消化 canal n.运河
核心短语：a series of一系列 take...as把……当作 take on承担
译文：当John长大后，他开始想要知道这个过程是否可以用来清理人们制造的脏乱。
【解析】 作者从几个角度探讨群体智慧，指出群体讨论的结果比个人思考的结果更准确。
【考情速递】
高考的选材注重启发考生独立思考与判断，运用科学的思维方式发现问题、分析问题并解决问题的意识和能力，着眼于考查考生在逻辑性、批判性和创新性等方面的思维品质。本篇以"群体智慧效应"为话题，展示人们对该效应的不同角度的理解，而在试题的设计上，强调对重点信息的纵深性理解，注重考查语篇能力，鼓励同学们以系统和辩证的视角进行篇章解读，挖掘篇章的深层含义，读懂言外之意，领会文章的主旨要义。
1.B 理解段落主旨要义 第二段主要解释了为什么大量独立估算的平均值在某些情况下可以相当准确，这是由于人们估算的误差并不总是相同的，当这些误差足够多,并被平均开来时，它们会互相抵消，从而得出更准确的估算值，这就是群体智慧效应的基本逻辑。故选B项。
2.D 推断 结合第二段中的"In more technical terms, the wisdom of crowds requires that people’s estimates be independent"和第三段中的"when crowds were further divided into smaller groups that were allowed to have a discussion...independent individuals"可知，Navajas的研究发现，即使团队成员的估计不是完全独立的，平均正确度依旧会提升。故选D项。
【考情速递】
高考在命题形式上注重灵活性和创新性。本题题干并非以往的疑问式题干，而是在复合句中挖空的陈述式题干，这是自2020年新高考以来在高考卷中首次出现。
3.C 理解具体信息 第四段说在随后对100名大学生的研究中，研究人员发现，团队讨论中起决定作用的是队员们能一起讨论和推理(shared arguments and reasoned together)，因此选C。
4.D 理解观点、态度 最后一段作者说，虽然Navajas领导的研究有局限性和很多问题，但对团队讨论和决策的潜在影响是巨大的，由此判断作者对Navajas的研究持支持态度。
【二次精读】
核心单词： illustrate v.阐明 correlated adj.相互关联的 follow-up adj.后续的 dominant adj.占优势的，占支配地位的 implication n.可能的影响；暗示 enormous adj.巨大的
核心短语：capitalize on利用，从……中获得好处 cancel sth. out 抵消
熟词生义：average 常用义：n.平均水平；平均数 adj.平均的；一般的 文章义：v.计算出……的平均数
Earnings are averaged over the whole period.所计算的是整个时期的平均收入。
难句分析：The key fingding of the study was that｛when crowds were further divided into smaller groups
that引导表语从句，其中when引导时间状语从句
(that were allowed to have a discussion)}, the averages from these groups were more accurate than those from
that引导定语从句
an equal number of independent individuals.
译文：该项研究的核心发现是,当人群被进一步分成更小的组，并且允许进行讨论的时候，这些小组得出的平均估计比同样数量的独立个体的估计更准确。
【解析】 本文介绍人类语音的演变与人类的饮食变化之间的关联研究。
1.D 理解具体信息 题干问的是"Damián Blasi的研究集中在人类语音的哪个方面 "，通读全文尤其是最后一段内容可知，Damián Blasi的研究集中在语音的发展。故选D项。
2.C 理解具体信息 题干问的是"为什么古代成年人很难发出唇齿音 "，根据题干可将解题信息定位到文章的第三段。根据第三段的内容可知,他们发现古代成人的上下门牙是对齐的，很难发出唇齿音，而唇齿音由下唇接触上牙产生。后来，我们的下巴变成了覆咬合结构，这让我们更容易产生这样的声音。由此可知，他们的下巴构造使他们很难发出唇齿音。故选C项。
3.A 理解主旨要义(段落大意) 题干问的是"第五段主要讲的是什么 "，根据题干可将解题信息定位到文章的第五段。由第五段内容可知，对语言数据库的分析也证实，新石器时代之后，国际语言的发音发生了全球性的变化。故第五段主要为上文的研究结果提供证据。故选A项。
4.C 推断 题干问的是"Steven Moran对人类语音有什么看法 "，根据题干可将解题信息定位到文章的最后一段。Steven Moran认为：自从人类出现以来,我们使用的语音不一定保持稳定，今天我们发现的各种语音是生物变化和文化进化之类的事物的一种复杂的相互作用的产物。由此可推知，它是一个复杂的动态系统。故选C项。
【二次精读】
核心单词：trend n. 趋势 confirm v. 证实 overturn v. 推翻 complex adj.复杂的
词缀变形：remarkably adv.不寻常地，惊人地→remarkable adj.非凡的，引人注目的
难句分析：This research overturns the popular view that all human speech sounds were present when human beings evolved around 300, 000 years ago.
分析：本句是主从复合句。that all human speech sounds...ago是同位语从句。从句中含有when 引导的时间状语从句。
译文：这项研究推翻了这种流行的观点，即在大约30万年前人类进化时，所有的人类语音都已经存在。
【解析】 为解决司机在开车时使用手机造成分心从而引发交通事故的问题，纽约的立法者提出使用 Textalyzer这一设备来监控司机在开车的时候是否使用了手机。
1.A 推断 根据第一段内容可知，在过去的七年里，大多数州都禁止司机发短信,公共服务活动也尝试了多种方法来说服人们在开车时放下手机。再根据第二段第一句"Yet the problem...to be getting worse"可知，虽然几乎使用了各种各样的方法，但是情况却似乎越来越糟糕了。所以这些方法是无效的。故选A项。
2.B 理解具体信息 根据第五段最后一句"The technology could... hands-free driving laws"可知，这项技术可以确定司机是否发了短信、发了邮件，或者做了纽约免提驾驶法不允许的其他事情。由此可知， Textalyzer能够帮警官查明司机是否使用了手机。故选B项。
3.D 理解词汇(代词指代) 根据最后一段的最后一句可知，如果Textalyzer法案成为法律，人们将更害怕从而不敢在开车时使用手机，即人们将改变自己的行为。由此可推知，something在此处指代的是法律。故选D项。
4.B 理解主旨要义(标题判断) 综观全文内容可知，本文主要讲了为解决司机在开车时使用手机造成分心从而引发交通事故的问题，纽约的立法者提出使用Textalyzer这一设备来监控司机在开车的时候是否使用了手机。故B项最适合作本文标题。
【二次精读】
核心单词：ban v. 明令禁止；取缔 distinctly adv.清楚地，明显地；很，十分
核心短语：refer to 提到，谈及，说起 push for 反复要求，施压争取
【解析】 无人机在保证铁路安全可靠的同时，还能帮助铁路运营商每年节省数十亿欧元。
1.A 理解具体信息 题干问什么使无人机在铁路线路中的应用成为可能。根据文章第二段中的"Drones are already being used to examine high-tension electrical lines. They could do precisely the same thing to inspect railway lines and other vital aspects of rail infrastructure"可知，无人机现在已经用来检测高压电力线路，它们可以做同样的事情来检查铁路线路以及铁路基础设施的其他重要方面。故A项正确。
【干扰项分析】
B、C、D项都属于"无中生有"，文中没有提到无人机在高海拔地区工作，也没有提及无人机在偏远地区的可靠性能，故B和D项都可排除；C项无人机设计成本降低，文中无相关信息。
2.C 理解词汇 题干问"maintenance"是什么意思。根据画线词出现的语境"节省______费用"以及该词在下文中的语境，即第三段第二句"It is calculated that European railways alone spend approximately 20 billion euros a year on maintenance, including sending maintenance staff, often at night, to inspect and repair the rail infrastructure"(据计算，单是欧洲铁路一年就要在维护上面花费约200亿欧元，其中包括常常在夜里派遣维护员工去检查和修复铁路基础设施)可知，铁路"maintenance"包括检查和修复铁路基础设施。故C项正确。
3.A 理解具体信息 题干问的是期待铁路无人机有什么样的功能。根据文章最后一段最后一句"With their ability to see ahead, they could signal any problem, so that fast-moving trains would be able to react in time"(因为能提前看到，无人机可以感知到任何问题,这样快速前进的列车就可以及时作出反应)可知，期待铁路无人机具有的功能是提前发现问题，并给列车发出警告。故A项正确。
【干扰项分析】
B项"使火车自动运行"是偷换概念，原文最后一段中的"programmed to run autonomously"指的是无人机可以自动运行，而不是火车；C项"为全体工作人员挣得利润"和D项"加快交通运输"是无中生有，文章没有提及。
4.D 理解主旨要义(标题判断) 题干问的是本文最佳标题是什么。第一段是导入，综述无人机在铁路运营方面的应用前景；第二段主要讲述无人机在铁路运营中的部分功能和作用；第三段主要讲了无人机在降低铁路维护成本和维护铁路职员人身安全方面的作用；第四段讲无人机还能为铁路运营做的事情。由此可知本篇文章主要讲的是无人机将如何改变铁路的未来。故D项正确。
【二次精读】
核心单词：guarantee v.保证； 担保；保障 precisely adv.恰好地；正是；精确地 inspect v.检查；查看； 审视；视察
词缀变形：reliable adj. 可信赖的，可依靠的→reliability n.可靠性 operate v. 工作；操作；控制；使运行; (被)使用；(使)运转；经营，营业；动手术→operator n. 操作人员；技工；经营者→operation n. (有组织的)活动；手术；运转；操作 maintain v. 维持；维修；保养→maintenance n. 维护，保养
【解析】 实验表明，一种生长于澳大拉西亚的凤头鹦鹉擅长识别物体的形状。
1.B 理解具体信息 根据第一段中的"Though not known...the birds have proved skilful at tool use while kept in the cage"和"the birds were given five differently shaped...let out the nut"可知，凤头鹦鹉在笼子里时可以熟练地使用工具，给它们不同形状的"钥匙"以供选择，插入正确的"钥匙"就能拿到盒子里的果仁。由此可知，实验中凤头鹦鹉通过使用工具拿到了盒子里的果仁，故选B项。
2.C 推断 根据第二段首句"In humans, babies can put a round shape in a round hole from around one year of age"可知,在大约一岁时，婴儿就能将圆形物体放入圆孔中，由此可推知C项正确。
3.D 理解具体信息 根据最后一段信息可知，研究人员下一步将查明凤头鹦鹉是否完全依靠视觉线索，还是也需要使用触觉来对物体的形状作出选择。
【名师点津】
题干中的follow-up意为"进一步的"，与最后一段中的next吻合。
4.D 理解主旨要义(标题判断) 综观全文，尤其是根据文章首句"Goffin’s cockatoos, a kind of small parrot native to Australasia, have been shown to have similar shape-recognition abilities to a human two-year-old"可知，文章主要讲述凤头鹦鹉出色的形状识别能力。故D项作文章标题最佳。
【二次精读】
核心单词：visual adj.视觉的 trial-and-error n. 反复试验，不断摸索
核心短语：shape-recognition abilities 识别形状的能力
难句分析：This ability to recognize that a shape will need to be turned in a specific direction before it will fit is called an "allocentric frame of reference".
分析：全句的主要结构为This ability is called an "allocentric frame of reference" 。句中动词不定式短语作后置定语修饰句子主语This ability,recognize后的宾语从句中包含一个时间状语从句。
译文：这种辨别形状在装入前需要从特定方向转动的能力被叫作"物体参照系"。