鄢陵一高2023级高一下学期开学考试英语试卷
第二部分 阅读理解 (共两节，满分50分)
第一节 (共15小题;每小题2. 5分，满分37. 5分)
阅读下列短文，从每题所给的四个选项 (A、B、C和D) 中，选出最佳选项，并在答题卡上将该项涂黑。
A
Four Books about Super Scientists
You’ll find the lives of these top minds to be as inspiring as they are exciting in the following books.
The Extraordinary Life of Alan Turing
Second World War code-breaker Alan Turing features on the Bank of England’s new 50 note as a computer pioneer. This biography follows him from his childhood as a quiet boy who loved maths to becoming one of the most important scientists in history.
100 Scientists Who Made History
Bringing together mini-biographies of 100 scientists and innovators, this book will give you an overview of the history of science. Including astronauts, biologists, chemists, coders, doctors and physicists, it features fun facts about everyone from Hippocrates and Leonardo da Vinci through to Marie Curie and Stephen Hawking.
Rosalind Franklin: A Life Story
Rosalind Franklin was the scientist whose contribution to a crucial discovery in DNA — the chemical that tells your body how to grow and develop — was not recognized until after her death. This book shines a light on the extraordinary story of her life and achievements, using timelines, illustrations and fascinating facts.
40 Inspiring Icons: Super Scientists
Each part of this colourful illustrated book introduces you to a different “super scientist” and their discoveries. This is a fun and easy way to learn about all sorts of ideas, including Louis Pasteur’s vaccinations and Ada Lovelace’s invention of mysterious codes.
1. Which book will attract readers who are interested in computer science
A. Rosalind Franklin: A Life Story B. 100 Scientists Who Made History
C. 40 Inspiring Icons: Super Scientists D. The Extraordinary Life of Alan Turing
2. Whose contribution was recognised after death
A Marie Curie’s. B. Louis Pasteur’s.
C. Rosalind Franklin’s. D. Stephen Hawking’s.
3. Where can the text probably be found
A. In a novel. B. In a magazine.
C. In a biography. D. In a diary.
【答案】1. D 2. C 3. B
【解析】
【导语】这是一篇应用文。文章主要介绍了四本与顶级科学家相关书籍。
【1题详解】
推理判断题。根据文章第一个小标题下面“Second World War code-breaker Alan Turing features on the Bank of England’s new 50 note as a computer pioneer. This biography follows him from his childhood as a quiet boy who loved maths to becoming one of the most important scientists in history.(第二次世界大战密码破译者艾伦·图灵作为计算机先驱出现在英格兰银行新版50英镑纸币上。这本传记讲述了他从一个热爱数学的安静男孩到成为历史上最重要的科学家之一的故事。)”可知，这本书是讲述一个历史上伟大的计算机科学家艾伦·图灵的事迹，所以可推知，这本书会吸引对计算机科学感兴趣的读者。故选D项。
【2题详解】
细节理解题。根据文章第三个小标题下面“Rosalind Franklin was the scientist whose contribution to a crucial discovery in DNA — the chemical that tells your body how to grow and develop — was not recognized until after her death.(罗莎琳德·富兰克林是一位科学家，她对DNA的重大发现做出了贡献——DNA是一种告诉你的身体如何生长和发育的化学物质——直到她去世后才得到认可。)”可知，罗莎琳德·富兰克林的贡献在她去世以后才被承认。故选C项。
【3题详解】
推理判断题。分析全文内容可知，文章主要介绍了四本与顶级科学家相关的书籍，让读者大致了解了每本书的主要内容和书中所记载的科学家及他们的发明，所以可推知本文可能来自一篇杂志。故选B项。
B
In 1968 Robert Rosenthal and Lenore Jacobson set an intelligence test for a class of primary school children at "Oak School" (an invented name) in San Francisco. The teachers were told that the intelligence test bad two purposes. Firstly, it would measure the IQ of the children and secondly it would predict 20% of students who, no matter what their performance to date was like, would be likely to make the most progress during the next school year. The teachers were then told who the predicted top improvers would be.
At the end of the school year, eight months later, the intelligence test was carried out again and, perhaps not surprisingly, the results showed that the 20% of children who had been predicted to improve the most, did in fact do so. They showed, on average, an increase of 12 IQ points on the test, compared with an increase of only 8 points for the other children.
But the fact is that no results of any test were used to predict who would be the top performers. Instead, the lucky children who the teachers were told would be the top improvers were given this label as a matter of chance. This study shows that the label that you are given, and your interaction(互动) with others who notice that label, can have a big influence on the results that you achieve. This phenomenon(现象)has been called the Rosenthal effect. It is also known as the Pygmalion effect, related most famously to the George Bernard Show play Pygmalion , which shows the effect that two men have in changing an untidy flower girl into a well-spoken lady.
For ethical (道德的)reasons the researchers at "Oak School!" only concentrated on trying to produce positive results in the children's performance. However, it is worth asking yourself what the effects on 20% of students considered least likely to improve in the following school year might have been. A frightening thought.
4. What did the study find about the predicted top performers at the end of the school year
A. They showed more interest in tests. B. They really made the most progress.
C. They became less confident than before. D. They were as intelligent as the other children.
5. How were the top performers chosen
A. According to the teachers' judgement. B. Based on the test results.
C. By chance. D. Openly.
6. What can we infer about the 20% of students mentioned in the last paragraph
A. They might be willing to accept positive results.
B. They would likely have frightening thoughts.
C. They would likely make the least progress.
D. They might work much harder than before.
7. What is the text mainly about
A. The Rosenthal effect B. A play by Bernard Shaw.
C. A school in San Francisco. D. The labels given to children.
【答案】4. B 5. C 6. C 7. A
【解析】
【分析】本文是说明文。文章介绍了赏识教育的理论基础——罗森塔尔效应。
【4题详解】
细节理解题。由第二段中的At the end of the school year ... the results showed that the 20% of children who had been predicted to improve the most, did in fact do so可知，那个学年结束之后，研究发现那20%的孩子确实取得了最大的进步，和预测的一样。故选B。
【5题详解】
细节理解题。由第三段中的the top improvers were given this label as a matter of chance可知，这些研究者随机选择了那些被说成是进步最大的学生。故选C。
【6题详解】
推理判断题。根据全文，特别是最后一段首句和末句可推断，如果把这种赏识效应反其道用之：预言20%的学生取得进步的可能性最小，那么这种预言所带来的后果让人细思极恐。故选C。
【7题详解】
主旨大意题。本文第一、二段介绍了实验的过程，第三、四段解释了实验的真相和效果，最后一段是作者对这一实验的反思。全文围绕罗森塔尔效应这一主旨展开。故选A。
C
Over the next 20 years, we are going to send more and better robots to Mars. Those robots will send back better pictures, maps, samples, and weather reports. There is a limit to what robots can tell us, though, so eventually we will have to send people to study the planet. Before people can visit Mars, we need to invent a spaceship that can take us there. Mars is very far away. Depending on where Mars and Earth are in their orbits (轨道) around the sun, it could take between six months to a year to get there.
The moon is much closer, and we were there, 25 years ago. Over the next 10 years, we are going to work on building a new spacecraft that can go to the moon. Using this craft, we will practise the skills we need to go to Mars.
Once we get to the moon, we are going to build a station so that people can live and work on the moon for months at a time. This is important so that we have a place to start from when we want to visit Mars, but it is also important because it gives us practice with living away from Earth.
By the time you are old enough to be an astronaut, we will have people spending months on the moon. By the time you are old enough to be a commander of a space mission we will be taking trips to Mars. By the time your kids are old enough to be astronauts, we may have people living on Mars. Wouldn’t it be cool to get a postcard from someone who was building a house on Mars Wouldn’t it be cooler if it was you who sent the postcard
8. We eventually have to send people to Mars because_________.
A. the pictures that robots have sent back are not very clear
B. robots can’t tell us all we want to know
C. robots are controlled by us humans
D. the samples robots have sent back are not good enough
9. From the first paragraph we can see the distance between Earth and Mars________ .
A. is not always the same
B. is nearly the same
C. is unchangeable
D. never changes very much
10. A space station on the moon is important because________ .
A. people can learn to adapt to living on other planets
B. people can practise planting crops in it
C. the new spacecraft can only land in it
D. astronauts can practise skills they need to go to Mars
11. The author of the passage________.
A. thinks that trips to the moon are an unrealistic dream
B. encourages kids to be astronauts
C. hopes to receive a postcard from Mars
D. is sure people’s dream of living on Mars will come true
【答案】8. B 9. A 10. A 11. D
【解析】
【导语】本文是一篇说明文，介绍人类对火星的探索，并对未来予以憧憬。
【8题详解】
细节理解题。根据第一段的第三句“There is a limit to what robots can tell us, though, so eventually we will have to send people to study the planet.(然而，机器人能够告诉我们的信息是有限的，所以我们最终还是要将人类送上火星，研究火星)”可知，我们之所以需要将人类送上火星，是因为仅凭机器人，我们所掌握的信息是有限的。故选B项。
【9题详解】
推理判断题。根据第一段的最后一句“Depending on where Mars and Earth are in their orbits (轨道) around the sun, it could take between six months to a year to get there.(按照火星和地球围绕太阳时的轨道，到达火星需要6至12个月的时间)”可知，从地球到火星需要6至12个月的时间，由此可知，火星和地球之间的距离是不定的。故选A项。
【10题详解】
推理判断题。根据倒数第二段的最后一句“This is important so that we have a place to start from when we want to visit Mars, but it is also important because it gives us practice with living away from Earth.(月球空间站很重要，如此一来，当我们想要访问火星时，我们就有了一个开始的地方，不过还有一点也很重要，是空间站给人们提供了离开地球生活的实践经历)”可知，空间站可以给人们提供离开地球生活的实践经历，说明人们在空间站可以学会适应其他星球上的生活。故选A项。
【11题详解】
推理判断题。根据最后一段的第三句“By the time your kids are old enough to be astronauts, we may have people living on Mars.(等你的孩子足以成为航天员时，我们可能会有些人在火星上生活)”可知，作者认为到了后代，会有人在火星上生活，说明作者相信人类在火星上生活的梦想终会实现。故选D项。
D
The situation of the world’s plants is not good. One fifth of the kinds of plants are in danger of disappearing, according to a report.
“Plants are very vital to human beings,” said Kathy Willis, who led the new report. “Plants provide us with everything—food, fuel, and medicine, and they are very important for our climate controlling. Without plants we would not be here.”
The good news is that deforestation rates around the world have dropped largely since the 1950s. However, this report on the health of plants around the world shows that there is much more to be done.
The report predicts that there are now 390,900 kinds of plants. And about 21 percent of those plants are in danger of disappearing. “The good side is that we’re still discovering lots of new plants, about 2,000 each year,” said Dr. Willis. “The bad side is that we’ve seen a huge change in land cover, mainly caused by cultural activity, with a little bit of climate change in there as well.”
Human activity has a great effect on the danger of plants disappearing. As humans cut down forests to make room for agriculture, towns and cities, biodiversity is lost. This could not only affect our own food supply directly, but also affect the food web.
12. What does the underlined word “vital” in Paragraph 2 probably mean
A. Useless. B. Friendly. C. Equal. D. Important.
13. Which of the following does Dr. Willis agree with
A. New plants are more than ever before. B. About half the plants will disappear soon.
C. Many new plants are found every year. D. Plants mustn’t be used to produce medicine.
14. What can we learn from the third paragraph
A. We have made little progress. B. There is a long way for us to go.
C. We have achieved our goal. D. There will be nothing we can do.
15. What is the best title for the text
A. Biodiversity Being Lost B. Human Social Activity
C. Environment Protection D. Nature Climate Change
【答案】12 D 13. C 14. B 15. A
【解析】
【分析】这是一篇说明文。文章主要从五分之一的植物物种面临消失的危险出发，引出植物对人类的重要性、当前植物所面临的险境，以及导致生物多样性丧失的原因进行了详细的介绍，指出这种变化最终将会危害到人类自身。
【12题详解】
词义猜测题。根据画线词后文“Plants provide us with everything-food, fuel, medicine, and they are very important for our climate controlling. Without plants we would not be here.(植物为我们提供了一切——食物、燃料、药物，它们对我们控制气候非常重要。没有植物，我们就不会在这里)”可知，Kathy Willis说的是植物对人类非常重要。可知画线词意思为“重要的”。A. Useless.无用的；B. Friendly.友好的；C. Equal.平等的；D. Important.重要的。故选D。
【13题详解】
推理判断题。根据第四段中““The good side is that we’re still discovering lots of new plants, about 2,000 each year,” said Dr. Willis. (Willis博士说：“好的一面是我们仍在发现大量的新植物，每年大约有2000种。”)”结合选项可知，Willis博士会同意C选项“每年都发现许多新植物”的说法。故选C。
【14题详解】
细节理解题。根据第三段中“However, this report on the health of plants around the world shows that there is much more to be done.(然而，这份关于世界各地植物健康状况的报告表明，还有很多工作要做)”可知，我们还有很长的路要走。故选B。
【15题详解】
主旨大意题。根据最后一段“Human activity has a great effect on the danger of plants disappearing. As humans cut down forests to make room for agriculture, and towns and cities, biodiversity is lost. This could not only affect our own food supply directly, but also it could affect the food web.(人类活动对植物消失的危险有很大的影响。当人类为了给农业和城镇腾出空间而砍伐森林时，生物多样性就消失了。这不仅会直接影响到我们的食物供应，还会影响到食物网)”结合文章主要讲述植物物种面临消失，植物对人类非常重要，植物所面临的险境会导致生物多样性丧失，这种变化最终将会危害到人类自身。可知A选项“生物多样性正在丧失”符合文章标题。故选A。
第二节(共 5 小题;每小题 2.5 分,满分 12.5 分)
阅读下面短文,从短文后的选项中选出可以填入空白处的最佳选项。选项中有两项为多 余选项。
Would you know what to do if a fire started in your home Take the time now to review the following safety tips, and your family will be prepared in time of a fire in your home:
___16___
An escape plan can help every member of a family get out of a burning house. The idea is to get outside quickly and safely. ___17___ So it is important to learn and remember the different ways out of your home.
Stay low
If you can see smoke in the house, stay low to the ground as you make your way to the exit. ___18___ You will breathe less smoke if you stay to the ground. Smoke naturally rises, so if there is smoke while you are using your escape route，staying low means you can crawl (爬) under most of it.
What if you can’t get out right away
If you can’t get out fast because fire or smoke is stopping an escape route, you will want to yell for help. You can do this from an open window or call 911 if you have a phone with you. ___19___ Then, firefighters will have a hard time finding you. The sooner they find you, the sooner you both can get out.
If your clothes catch fire, what should you do
Your clothes could catch fire during a fire or by accident if you step too close to a candle. If this happens, don’t run! Instead, stop, drop to the ground, cover your face with your hands, and roll. This will cut off the air and put out the flames. ___20___
A. An easy way to remember this is: Stop, Drop, and Roll!
B. Smoke from a fire can make it hard to see where things are.
C. Preventing fires is in the first place!
D. Know your way out
E. They will help prepare you for what you need to do in case of a fire.
F. Even if you are scared, never hide under the bed or in a closet.
G. In a fire, smoke and poisonous (有毒的) air hurt more people, than the actual flames (火焰) do.
【答案】16. D 17. B 18. G 19. F 20. A
【解析】
【分析】本文是一篇说明文。文章讲述的是在家里发生火灾时应做好哪些准备。
【16题详解】
此空是一个小标题，根据下文小标题，可知应该用短小精悍的祈使句，在B/D中选择。再根据下文提示“一个逃生计划可以帮助每个家庭成员从着火的房子里出来。”由此推知，D项Know your way out（知道你的逃生出路）切题。故选D。
【17题详解】
下文提示“所以了解和记住走出家门的不同方式是很重要的。”承接下文，B项Smoke from a fire can make it hard to see where things are.（火冒出来的烟会使人很难看清东西在哪里。）切题。故选B。
【18题详解】
上文提示“如果你能看到房子里有烟，在你往出口走的时候，离地面低一点。”承接上文，G项In a fire, smoke and poisonous (有毒的) air hurt more people, than the actual flames (火焰) do.（在火灾中，烟雾和有毒的空气比火焰更伤人。）切题。前后是一种因果关系，故选G。
【19题详解】
根据下文提示“那么，消防员将很难找到你。”承接下文，F项 Even if you are scared, never hide under the bed or in a closet.（即使你害怕，也不要躲在床底下或壁橱里。）切题。故选F。
【20题详解】
上文提示“如果发生这种情况，不要跑!相反，停下来，倒在地上，用手捂住脸，然后滚。这将切断空气，扑灭火焰。”承接上文，A项An easy way to remember this is: Stop, Drop, and Roll!（记住这一点的一个简单方法是：停止、下降和滚动!）切题。故选A。
第三部分 语言运用(共两节,满分 30 分)
第一节(共 15 小题;每小题 1 分,满分 15 分)
阅读下面短文,从每题所给的 A、B、C、D 四个选项中,选出可以填入空白处的最佳选项。
It was December 2018. I was ____21____my PhD in the UK and a professor invited me to interview for a postdoc position in Japan. The online interview, during my visit to my family in Spain, went well and I was sure 2019 would be a ____22____year.
Then, in April, my mother told me about some ____23____feelings she was experiencing. But I was focused on my paper, I brushed away my ____24____.
Later, the doctors had a(n) ____25____: It was lung cancer. I spent the next two months ____26____between my research and my family. I made three ____27____visits home. However, my ____28____for myself pulled me back to lab. In the meantime, the cancer had ____29____.
Yet I was set to attend a conference in New Zealand in early July, where I would _____30_____my paper. But on my way to the airport, I _____31_____. Instead of New Zealand, I flew back to Madrid.
I _____32_____my PhD defense. Meanwhile, my mother's prognosis (预测病情) changed from 1 year to months, weeks, then days. I'd thought I had more time with her, but I didn't. Cancer _____33_____my mother at the end of July.
I defended my paper in mid-September and moved to Tokyo to start my ____34____life.
Please remember life is what happens while you are making plans. If your loved ones _____35_____you, be there for them.
21. A. applying for B. finishing up C. preparing for D. giving up
22. A. tougher B. longer C. busier D. better
23. A. strange B. humble C. lonely D. guilty
24. A. excitement B. concerns C. pressure D. commitments
25. A. appointment B. promise C. update D. friction
26. A. torn B. distributed C. hesitating D. complaining
27. A. official B. formal C. brief D. regular
28. A. regrets B. expectations C. assumptions D. satisfactions
29. A. occurred B. withdrawn C. spread D. improved
30. A. polish B. publish C. purchase D. present
31. A. fell apart B. fell behind C. held out D. held on
32. A. abandoned B. conducted C. arranged D. postponed
33. A. challenged B. beat C. attacked D. rejected
34. A. common B. random C. new D. simple
35. A. need B. adore C. order D. suspect
【答案】21. B 22. D 23. A 24. B 25. C 26. A 27. C 28. B 29. C 30. D 31. A 32. D 33. B 34. C 35. A
【解析】
【分析】这是一篇记叙文。文章讲述了作者临近毕业期间，母亲感觉不舒服，作者没上心，最后发现肺癌，因此作者推迟了博士答辩，但母亲最后还是不在了，以此告诉我们一个道理：如果你所爱的人需要你，就在他们身边。
【21题详解】
考查动词短语辨析。句意：我正在英国完成博士学位，一位教授邀请我面试日本的博士后职位。A. applying for申请；B. finishing up完成；C. preparing for为……准备；D. giving up放弃。由下文的“a professor invited me to interview for a postdoc position in Japan”可知，一位教授邀请作者面试日本的博士后职位，说明作者正要完成博士学位。故选B项。
【22题详解】
考查形容词词义辨析。句意：在我访问西班牙家人期间，网上面试进行得很顺利，我相信2019年会是更好的一年。A. tougher更艰难的；B. longer更长的；C. busier更忙的；D. better更好的。由上文的“a professor invited me to interview for a postdoc position in Japan. The online interview”可知，一位教授邀请作者面试日本的博士后职位，网上面试也很顺利，说明作者获得日本的博士后职位概率大，他感觉一切顺利、美好，2019年会是更好的一年。故选D项。
【23题详解】
考查形容词词义辨析。句意：然后，在四月份，我妈妈告诉我她正在经历一些奇怪的感觉。A. strange奇怪的；B. humble谦虚的；C. lonely孤独的；D. guilty愧疚的。由下文的“It was lung cancer”可知，作者母亲患了肺癌，所以母亲会有一些生病的奇怪的感觉。故选A项。
【24题详解】
考查名词词义辨析。句意：但我把注意力集中在我的论文上，我没有理会我的担忧。A. excitement兴奋；B. concerns担忧；C. pressure压力；D. commitments承诺。由上文语境可知，作者母亲告诉作者她身体有一些奇怪的感觉，作者肯定是担忧母亲身体的，但因为忙于论文，作者就忽视了自己的担忧。故选B项。
【25题详解】
考查名词词义辨析。句意：后来，医生们得到了最新消息：是肺癌。A. appointment约定；B. promise承诺；C. update更新的信息；D. friction摩擦。由下文的“It was lung cancer”可知，此处指医生更新了母亲病情的消息，确诊肺癌的新消息。故选C项。
【26题详解】
考查动词词义辨析。句意：接下来的两个月里，我在研究和家庭之间难于抉择。A. torn撕裂；B. distributed分配；C. hesitating犹豫；D. complaining抱怨。由上文语境可知，一方面是作者面临毕业的事情，一方面是母亲生病的事情，两件事都很重要，到底关注于哪一件，真的很难选择，be torn between（难于抉择、左右为难）。故选A项。
【27题详解】
考查形容词词义辨析。句意：我短暂地回了三次家。A. official官方的；B. formal正式的；C. brief短暂的；D. regular有规律的。由下文的“my ____8____for myself pulled me back to lab”可知，作者还是要回到实验室，说明作者只是短暂地回了三次家。故选C项。
【28题详解】
考查名词词义辨析。句意：然而，我对自己的期望把我拉回到了实验室。A. regrets遗憾；B. expectations期望；C. assumptions假设；D. satisfactions满意。由下文的“for myself pulled me back to lab”，可知作者是为了自己才回到实验室的，说明是作者对自己学业的期望让他回到实验室继续研究。故选B项。
【29题详解】
考查动词词义辨析。句意：与此同时，癌症已经扩散了。A. occurred发生；B. withdrawn撤退；C. spread扩散；D. improved改善。由下文语境可知，母亲过世了，说明癌症扩散了。故选C项。
【30题详解】
考查动词词义辨析。句意：然而，我准备参加7月初在新西兰举行的一个会议，在那里我将展现我的论文。A. polish擦光；B. publish出版；C. purchase购买；D. present展现。由上文语境，上文的“Yet I was set to attend a conference in New Zealand in early July”和下文的“my PhD defense”可知，作者正在面临博士毕业，即使母亲生病了，作者还在继续论文研究，作者准备参加7月初在新西兰举行的一个会议，说明是要展示毕业论文，去答辩的。故选D项。
【31题详解】
考查动词短语辨析。句意：但在去机场的路上，我（情感上）崩溃了。A. fell apart（情感上）崩溃；B. fell behind落后；C. held out伸出；D. held on坚持不懈。由上文语境可知，作者母亲癌症扩散，作者因为太担心母亲了，在机场即将离开时，母亲的病情让作者情绪崩溃，没有去新西兰，而是回了家，选择推迟论文答辩。故选A项。
【32题详解】
考查动词词义辨析。句意：我推迟了博士答辩。A. abandoned抛弃；B. conducted实施；C. arranged安排；D. postponed推迟。由下文的“I defended my paper in mid-September”可知，作者九月份做了答辩，说明作者推迟了论文答辩。故选D项。
【33题详解】
考查动词词义辨析。句意：癌症在七月底打败了我母亲。A. challenged挑战；B. beat打败；C. attacked攻击；D. rejected拒绝。由上文的“my mother's prognosis (预测病情) changed from 1 year to months, weeks, then days”，可知作者母亲的预测病情从存活1年变为数月、数周、数天，说明作者母亲病情不断恶化，作者母亲最终没能战胜病魔，病魔打败了作者母亲。故选B项。
【34题详解】
考查形容词词义辨析。句意：我在九月中旬做了论文答辩，然后搬到东京开始我的新生活。A. common普通的；B. random随意的；C. new新的；D. simple简单的。由上文语境可知，作者因为母亲推迟了论文答辩，母亲过世后，作者结束了论文答辩，去东京进修博士后学习，开始了自己的新生活。故选C项。
【35题详解】
考查动词词义辨析。句意：如果你所爱的人需要你，就在他们身边。A. need需要；B. adore热爱；C. order命令；D. suspect怀疑。由上文语境可知，作者最后在论文答辩和陪在母亲身边两个选择上，还是选择陪在了母亲身边，作者想要告诉我们的就是当你所爱的人需要你时，就陪在他们身边。故选A项。
第二节语法填空(共10小题;每小题1.5分,满分15分)
语法填空
The Art of Chinese Xinjiang Uyghur Muqam (新疆维吾尔木卡姆艺术) is a ___36___(represent) name of various kinds of Muqam in Northwest China’s Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region (自治区), ___37___ was declared one of the UNESCO Masterpieces of the Oral and Intangible Heritage of Humanity in 2005.
Muqam, ___38___(recognise) as the mother of Uyghur music, is not only ___39___ artistic creation with a long history, but also a record of ___40___(communicate) between China and the regions to the west of it in history. It can be found in 19 countries and regions in Central, South, and West Asia, and North Africa, which is ___41___(particular) due to Xinjiang’s central location along the Silk Road.
In Muqam ensembles (乐团), the lead instruments, called satar, are made from local materials and vary in form. The dancing skills involve unique steps, rhythms, and formations as well as ___42___(figure) such as flower-picking-by-mouth, bowl-carrying-on-head, and imitation of animals in solo dances.
Since the founding of the People’s Republic of China in 1949, every possible means ___43___(use) to preserve the Twelve Muqam by the Chinese government. About 20 study centres have been set up ___44___(train) professional researchers on Muqam. Moreover, the government has introduced Muqam ____45____ the national artistic education system.
【答案】36. representative
37. which 38. recognised
39. an munication
41. particularly
42. figures
43. has been used
44. to train
45. into
【解析】
【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了“新疆维吾尔木卡姆艺术” 的重要性、流传范围以及政府为了保护该文化做出的努力。
36题详解】
考查形容词。句意：中国新疆维吾尔木卡姆艺术是中国西北新疆维吾尔自治区各种木卡姆的代表名称。空处用于修饰名词name，应用提示词represent的形容词形式representative，表示“典型的、有代表性的”。故填representative。
【37题详解】
考查定语从句。句意：中国新疆维吾尔木卡姆艺术是中国西北新疆维吾尔自治区各种木卡姆的代表名称，2005年被联合国教科文组织列为人类口头和非物质遗产代表作之一。根据空前逗号可知，后文为非限制性定语从句，从句中缺少主语，用于代指前文的“The Art of Chinese Xinjiang Uyghur Muqam”，应用关系代词which引导。故填which。
【38题详解】
考查非谓语动词。句意：木卡姆是维吾尔族音乐之母。分析句子结构可知，句子谓语为“is not”，所以空处需要填提示词recognise的非谓语形式，recognize与Muqam是逻辑动宾关系，应用过去分词，作后置定语，表示“被认为、被称为”。故填recognised。
【39题详解】
考查冠词。句意：木卡姆被誉为维吾尔音乐之母，它不仅是一种历史悠久的艺术创作，也是历史上中国与西部地区交流的记录。根据后文“but also a record”可知，该空也是泛指，需要填不定冠词a/an，且artistic为元音音素开头。故填an。
【40题详解】
考查名词。句意：木卡姆被誉为维吾尔音乐之母，它不仅是一种历史悠久的艺术创作，也是历史上中国与西部地区交流的记录。根据空前介词of可知，空处需要填名词。提示词communicate的名词形式为communication。故填communication。
【41题详解】
考查副词。句意：它可以在中亚、南亚、西亚和北非的19个国家和地区找到，这尤其是由于新疆位于丝绸之路的中心位置。此处修饰动词is，应用副词，提示词particular的副词形式为particularly。故填particularly。
【42题详解】
考查名词复数。句意：舞蹈技巧包括独特的步骤、节奏、阵型和人物，如嘴采花，头顶碗，模仿动物在独舞。根据空前“steps, rhythms, and formations”可知，名词均为复数，故该空也需要填复数形式。故填figures。
【43题详解】
考查动词语态。句意：自一九四九年中华人民共和国成立以来，中国政府千方百计保护十二木卡姆。根据“Since the founding of the People’s Republic of China in 1949”可知，后文需要用到现在完成时，every possible means与use是逻辑动宾关系，应用被动语态，主语是单数概念，助动词使用has。故填has been used。
【44题详解】
考查非谓语动词。句意：现已建立了约二十个研究中心，培训木卡姆专业研究人员。分析句子成分可知，谓语为“have been set up”，故空处需要填非谓语的形式。结合句意，建立研究中心是为了培训研究人员，所以需要填动词不定式，作目的状语。故填to train。
【45题详解】
考查介词。句意：此外，政府还将木卡姆音乐引入了国家艺术教育体系。固定搭配introduce sth. into sth.意为“将……引入……”。故填into。
第四部分:写作
第一节 应用文写作 (满分15分)
46. 假如你是李华，你是学校书法俱乐部部长，请你写封邮件告知成员Jim参加下周五下午的中国书法课程，内容包括：
1. 写信目的
2. 课程安排
3. 注意事项
注意：词数不少于 100；提示词：calligraphy
Dear Jim,
________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Yours,
Li Hua
【答案】
Dear Jim,
I am Li Hua. I am writing to keep you informed that there will be a calligraphy class next week.
As is posted, the class begins at 3:00 p.m. and ends at 5:00 p.m. next Friday in Room 301 of the main building. Following the sign, you can easily arrive there. A very famous professor from college has been invited to give us a clear introduction to improving Chinese calligraphy, which I think is of great use to you. Members in the club are welcome to attend the class and it is an amazing chance to know more about Chinese calligraphy. Finally, you might as well take an umbrella because there is often a sudden shower in the afternoon recently.
Expecting your coming and best wishes.
Yours,
Li Hua
【解析】
【导语】本篇书面表达属于应用文。要求考生写封邮件告知书法俱乐成员Jim参加下周五下午的中国书法课程。
【详解】1.词汇积累
通知： keep you informed→announce
到达：get → reach/arrive at
有用的：is of great use → is useful
机会：chance→opportunity
2.句式拓展
简单句变复合句
原句：Following the sign, you can easily arrive there.
拓展句：If you follow the sign, you can easily arrive there.
【点睛】【高分句型1】As is posted, the class begins at 3:00 p.m. and ends at 5:00 p.m. next Friday in Room 301 of the main building.（运用了as引导的非限制性定语从句）
【高分句型2】 Finally, you might as well take an umbrella because there is often a sudden shower in the afternoon recently.（运用了because引导原因状语从句）
第二节:读后续写(满分25分)
47. 阅读下面材料，根据其内容和所给段落开头语续写两段，使之构成一篇完整的短文。
Robert and Henry were two friends in the same class. They always played together and went home together. One day, Robert and Henry were going home from school, when, on turning a corner, Robert cried out, “A fight! Let's go and see!”
“No,” said Henry. “Let us go quietly home and not meddle with (插手) this quarrel. We have nothing to do with it and may get into trouble. Also our parents are expecting to have dinner with us together at home and I don't want them to worry about me.”
“You are a coward (懦夫), and afraid to go,” said Robert, and he ran. Henry went straight home and in the afternoon went to school as usual.
But Robert had told all the boys that Henry was a coward, and they laughed at him a great deal. From then on, they looked down upon Henry and didn’t want to play with him together. Henry was sad but he wasn't angry with Robert for his rude behavior, because he learned that true courage is shown most in bearing misunderstanding when it was not deserved, and that he ought to be afraid of nothing but doing wrong. Thus, he just ignored (忽视) the other boys' laughter and continued to go to school and study as well. However, Robert didn't invite Henry to go home with him anymore. Instead, he had some other boys who also thought Henry was a coward. Everyday after school, they didn't go home directly but went to the river or somewhere to play games and had a lot of fun.
A few days later, Robert was bathing with his new friends in a river, and got out of his depth. He struggled, and screamed for help, but all in vain. The boys who had called Henry a coward got out of the water as fast as they could, but they did not even try to help him.
注意：
1)所续写短文的词数应为150左右；
2)续写部分分为两段，每段的开头语已为你写好。
Paragraph 1：
Robert was fast sinking.
___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Paragraph 2：
Thus, Robert’s life was saved.
___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
【答案】Robert was fast sinking. It seemed as if Robert would be drowned only with his hands sticking out of the water. Just at the moment, Henry happened to be passing by. Hearing the screams, Henry ran quickly to the riverside, threw off his clothes and jumped into the water without hesitation. He reached Robert just as he was sinking at the last moment. By great effort, and with too much danger to himself, he brought Robert back to the shore.
Thus, Robert’s life was saved. Robert and his new friends were ashamed at having called Henry a coward. They realized that Robert had true courage. And it was Henry who was the true friend worth making. They said sorry to Henry for their rude behavior and asked for his forgiveness. Henry forgave them happily. He and Robert were friends again and they went home together as usual. From this, Robert learned what true courage was: never be afraid to do good, but always fear to do evil.
【解析】
【导语】本文以时间为线索展开。罗伯特和亨利原本是好朋友，但是因为亨利不同意和罗伯特一起去看别人打架，罗伯特认为亨利是一个懦夫，就疏远了他，并告诉别的朋友亨利是个懦夫。几天后罗伯特和新朋友们一起在河里洗澡时意外溺水，新朋友们没有人救他，这时恰好亨利经过，亨利毫不犹豫地把罗伯特救了上来，罗伯特才明白真正的勇气是永远不要害怕做好事，但永远害怕做坏事。
【详解】1.段落续写：
①由第一段首句内容“罗伯特正在迅速下沉。”可知，第一段可描写亨利恰好经过奋不顾身地救了罗伯特。
②由第二段首句内容“因此，罗伯特得救了。”可知，第二段可描写罗伯特认识到了什么是真正的勇气并向亨利道歉。
2.续写线索：危急——经过——施救——羞愧——道歉——重归于好——感悟
3.词汇激活
①.路过：pass by/go by
②.意识到：realize/be aware
③.原谅：forgive/excuse
情绪类
①.惭愧的：ashamed/compunctious
②.乐意地：happily/gladly
【点睛】[高分句型1] It seemed as if Robert would be drowned only with his hands sticking out of the water. (运用了with的复合结构)
[高分句型2] And it was Henry who was the true friend worth making. (运用了强调句句式)鄢陵一高2023级高一下学期开学考试英语试卷
第二部分 阅读理解 (共两节，满分50分)
第一节 (共15小题;每小题2. 5分，满分37. 5分)
阅读下列短文，从每题所给的四个选项 (A、B、C和D) 中，选出最佳选项，并在答题卡上将该项涂黑。
A
Four Books about Super Scientists
You’ll find the lives of these top minds to be as inspiring as they are exciting in the following books.
The Extraordinary Life of Alan Turing
Second World War code-breaker Alan Turing features on the Bank of England’s new 50 note as a computer pioneer. This biography follows him from his childhood as a quiet boy who loved maths to becoming one of the most important scientists in history.
100 Scientists Who Made History
Bringing together mini-biographies of 100 scientists and innovators, this book will give you an overview of the history of science. Including astronauts, biologists, chemists, coders, doctors and physicists, it features fun facts about everyone from Hippocrates and Leonardo da Vinci through to Marie Curie and Stephen Hawking.
Rosalind Franklin: A Life Story
Rosalind Franklin was the scientist whose contribution to a crucial discovery in DNA — the chemical that tells your body how to grow and develop — was not recognized until after her death. This book shines a light on the extraordinary story of her life and achievements, using timelines, illustrations and fascinating facts.
40 Inspiring Icons: Super Scientists
Each part of this colourful illustrated book introduces you to a different “super scientist” and their discoveries. This is a fun and easy way to learn about all sorts of ideas, including Louis Pasteur’s vaccinations and Ada Lovelace’s invention of mysterious codes.
1. Which book will attract readers who are interested in computer science
A. Rosalind Franklin: A Life Story B. 100 Scientists Who Made History
C. 40 Inspiring Icons: Super Scientists D. The Extraordinary Life of Alan Turing
2. Whose contribution was recognised after death
A. Marie Curie’s. B. Louis Pasteur’s.
C. Rosalind Franklin’s. D. Stephen Hawking’s.
3. Where can the text probably be found
A. In a novel. B. In a magazine.
C. In a biography. D. In a diary.
B
In 1968 Robert Rosenthal and Lenore Jacobson set an intelligence test for a class of primary school children at "Oak School" (an invented name) in San Francisco. The teachers were told that the intelligence test bad two purposes. Firstly, it would measure the IQ of the children and secondly it would predict 20% of students who, no matter what their performance to date was like, would be likely to make the most progress during the next school year. The teachers were then told who the predicted top improvers would be.
At the end of the school year, eight months later, the intelligence test was carried out again and, perhaps not surprisingly, the results showed that the 20% of children who had been predicted to improve the most, did in fact do so. They showed, on average, an increase of 12 IQ points on the test, compared with an increase of only 8 points for the other children.
But the fact is that no results of any test were used to predict who would be the top performers. Instead, the lucky children who the teachers were told would be the top improvers were given this label as a matter of chance. This study shows that the label that you are given, and your interaction(互动) with others who notice that label, can have a big influence on the results that you achieve. This phenomenon(现象)has been called the Rosenthal effect. It is also known as the Pygmalion effect, related most famously to the George Bernard Show play Pygmalion , which shows the effect that two men have in changing an untidy flower girl into a well-spoken lady.
For ethical (道德的)reasons the researchers at "Oak School!" only concentrated on trying to produce positive results in the children's performance. However, it is worth asking yourself what the effects on 20% of students considered least likely to improve in the following school year might have been. A frightening thought.
4. What did the study find about the predicted top performers at the end of the school year
A. They showed more interest in tests. B. They really made the most progress.
C. They became less confident than before. D. They were as intelligent as the other children.
5. How were the top performers chosen
A. According to the teachers' judgement. B. Based on the test results.
C. By chance. D. Openly.
6. What can we infer about the 20% of students mentioned in the last paragraph
A. They might be willing to accept positive results.
B They would likely have frightening thoughts.
C. They would likely make the least progress.
D. They might work much harder than before.
7. What is the text mainly about
A. The Rosenthal effect B. A play by Bernard Shaw.
C. A school in San Francisco. D. The labels given to children.
C
Over the next 20 years, we are going to send more and better robots to Mars. Those robots will send back better pictures, maps, samples, and weather reports. There is a limit to what robots can tell us, though, so eventually we will have to send people to study the planet. Before people can visit Mars, we need to invent a spaceship that can take us there. Mars is very far away. Depending on where Mars and Earth are in their orbits (轨道) around the sun, it could take between six months to a year to get there.
The moon is much closer, and we were there, 25 years ago. Over the next 10 years, we are going to work on building a new spacecraft that can go to the moon. Using this craft, we will practise the skills we need to go to Mars.
Once we get to the moon, we are going to build a station so that people can live and work on the moon for months at a time. This is important so that we have a place to start from when we want to visit Mars, but it is also important because it gives us practice with living away from Earth.
By the time you are old enough to be an astronaut, we will have people spending months on the moon. By the time you are old enough to be a commander of a space mission we will be taking trips to Mars. By the time your kids are old enough to be astronauts, we may have people living on Mars. Wouldn’t it be cool to get a postcard from someone who was building a house on Mars Wouldn’t it be cooler if it was you who sent the postcard
8. We eventually have to send people to Mars because_________.
A. the pictures that robots have sent back are not very clear
B. robots can’t tell us all we want to know
C. robots are controlled by us humans
D. the samples robots have sent back are not good enough
9. From the first paragraph we can see the distance between Earth and Mars________ .
A. is not always the same
B. is nearly the same
C. is unchangeable
D. never changes very much
10. A space station on the moon is important because________ .
A. people can learn to adapt to living on other planets
B. people can practise planting crops in it
C. the new spacecraft can only land in it
D. astronauts can practise skills they need to go to Mars
11. The author of the passage________.
A. thinks that trips to the moon are an unrealistic dream
B encourages kids to be astronauts
C. hopes to receive a postcard from Mars
D. is sure people’s dream of living on Mars will come true
D
The situation of the world’s plants is not good. One fifth of the kinds of plants are in danger of disappearing, according to a report.
“Plants are very vital to human beings,” said Kathy Willis, who led the new report. “Plants provide us with everything—food, fuel, and medicine, and they are very important for our climate controlling. Without plants we would not be here.”
The good news is that deforestation rates around the world have dropped largely since the 1950s. However this report on the health of plants around the world shows that there is much more to be done.
The report predicts that there are now 390,900 kinds of plants. And about 21 percent of those plants are in danger of disappearing. “The good side is that we’re still discovering lots of new plants, about 2,000 each year,” said Dr. Willis. “The bad side is that we’ve seen a huge change in land cover, mainly caused by cultural activity, with a little bit of climate change in there as well.”
Human activity has a great effect on the danger of plants disappearing. As humans cut down forests to make room for agriculture, towns and cities, biodiversity is lost. This could not only affect our own food supply directly, but also affect the food web.
12. What does the underlined word “vital” in Paragraph 2 probably mean
A. Useless. B. Friendly. C. Equal. D. Important.
13. Which of the following does Dr. Willis agree with
A. New plants are more than ever before. B. About half the plants will disappear soon.
C. Many new plants are found every year. D. Plants mustn’t be used to produce medicine.
14. What can we learn from the third paragraph
A. We have made little progress. B. There is a long way for us to go.
C. We have achieved our goal. D. There will be nothing we can do.
15. What is the best title for the text
A. Biodiversity Being Lost B. Human Social Activity
C. Environment Protection D. Nature Climate Change
第二节(共 5 小题;每小题 2.5 分,满分 12.5 分)
阅读下面短文,从短文后的选项中选出可以填入空白处的最佳选项。选项中有两项为多 余选项。
Would you know what to do if a fire started in your home Take the time now to review the following safety tips, and your family will be prepared in time of a fire in your home:
___16___
An escape plan can help every member of a family get out of a burning house. The idea is to get outside quickly and safely. ___17___ So it is important to learn and remember the different ways out of your home.
Stay low
If you can see smoke in the house, stay low to the ground as you make your way to the exit. ___18___ You will breathe less smoke if you stay to the ground. Smoke naturally rises, so if there is smoke while you are using your escape route，staying low means you can crawl (爬) under most of it.
What if you can’t get out right away
If you can’t get out fast because fire or smoke is stopping an escape route, you will want to yell for help. You can do this from an open window or call 911 if you have a phone with you. ___19___ Then, firefighters will have a hard time finding you. The sooner they find you, the sooner you both can get out.
If your clothes catch fire, what should you do
Your clothes could catch fire during a fire or by accident if you step too close to a candle. If this happens, don’t run! Instead, stop, drop to the ground, cover your face with your hands, and roll. This will cut off the air and put out the flames. ___20___
A. An easy way to remember this is: Stop, Drop, and Roll!
B. Smoke from a fire can make it hard to see where things are.
C. Preventing fires is in the first place!
D. Know your way out
E. They will help prepare you for what you need to do in case of a fire.
F. Even if you are scared, never hide under the bed or in a closet.
G. In a fire, smoke and poisonous (有毒的) air hurt more people, than the actual flames (火焰) do.
第三部分 语言运用(共两节,满分 30 分)
第一节(共 15 小题;每小题 1 分,满分 15 分)
阅读下面短文,从每题所给的 A、B、C、D 四个选项中,选出可以填入空白处的最佳选项。
It was December 2018. I was ____21____my PhD in the UK and a professor invited me to interview for a postdoc position in Japan. The online interview, during my visit to my family in Spain, went well and I was sure 2019 would be a ____22____year.
Then, in April, my mother told me about some ____23____feelings she was experiencing. But I was focused on my paper, I brushed away my ____24____.
Later, the doctors had a(n) ____25____: It was lung cancer. I spent the next two months ____26____between my research and my family. I made three ____27____visits home. However, my ____28____for myself pulled me back to lab. In the meantime, the cancer had ____29____.
Yet I was set to attend a conference in New Zealand in early July, where I would _____30_____my paper. But on my way to the airport, I _____31_____. Instead of New Zealand, I flew back to Madrid.
I _____32_____my PhD defense. Meanwhile, my mother's prognosis (预测病情) changed from 1 year to months, weeks, then days. I'd thought I had more time with her, but I didn't. Cancer _____33_____my mother at the end of July.
I defended my paper in mid-September and moved to Tokyo to start my ____34____life.
Please remember life is what happens while you are making plans. If your loved ones _____35_____you, be there for them.
21. A. applying for B. finishing up C. preparing for D. giving up
22. A. tougher B. longer C. busier D. better
23. A. strange B. humble C. lonely D. guilty
24. A. excitement B. concerns C. pressure D. commitments
25. A. appointment B. promise C. update D. friction
26. A. torn B. distributed C. hesitating D. complaining
27. A. official B. formal C. brief D. regular
28. A. regrets B. expectations C. assumptions D. satisfactions
29. A. occurred B. withdrawn C. spread D. improved
30. A. polish B. publish C. purchase D. present
31. A. fell apart B. fell behind C. held out D. held on
32 A. abandoned B. conducted C. arranged D. postponed
33. A. challenged B. beat C. attacked D. rejected
34. A. common B. random C. new D. simple
35. A. need B. adore C. order D. suspect
第二节语法填空(共10小题;每小题1.5分,满分15分)
语法填空
The Art of Chinese Xinjiang Uyghur Muqam (新疆维吾尔木卡姆艺术) is a ___36___(represent) name of various kinds of Muqam in Northwest China’s Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region (自治区), ___37___ was declared one of the UNESCO Masterpieces of the Oral and Intangible Heritage of Humanity in 2005.
Muqam, ___38___(recognise) as the mother of Uyghur music, is not only ___39___ artistic creation with a long history, but also a record of ___40___(communicate) between China and the regions to the west of it in history. It can be found in 19 countries and regions in Central, South, and West Asia, and North Africa, which is ___41___(particular) due to Xinjiang’s central location along the Silk Road.
In Muqam ensembles (乐团), the lead instruments, called satar, are made from local materials and vary in form. The dancing skills involve unique steps, rhythms, and formations as well as ___42___(figure) such as flower-picking-by-mouth, bowl-carrying-on-head, and imitation of animals in solo dances.
Since the founding of the People’s Republic of China in 1949, every possible means ___43___(use) to preserve the Twelve Muqam by the Chinese government. About 20 study centres have been set up ___44___(train) professional researchers on Muqam. Moreover, the government has introduced Muqam ____45____ the national artistic education system.
第四部分:写作
第一节 应用文写作 (满分15分)
46. 假如你是李华，你是学校书法俱乐部部长，请你写封邮件告知成员Jim参加下周五下午的中国书法课程，内容包括：
1. 写信目的
2. 课程安排
3. 注意事项
注意：词数不少于 100；提示词：calligraphy
Dear Jim,
________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Yours
Li Hua
第二节:读后续写(满分25分)
47. 阅读下面材料，根据其内容和所给段落开头语续写两段，使之构成一篇完整的短文。
Robert and Henry were two friends in the same class. They always played together and went home together. One day, Robert and Henry were going home from school, when, on turning a corner, Robert cried out, “A fight! Let's go and see!”
“No,” said Henry. “Let us go quietly home and not meddle with (插手) this quarrel. We have nothing to do with it and may get into trouble. Also our parents are expecting to have dinner with us together at home and I don't want them to worry about me.”
“You are a coward (懦夫), and afraid to go,” said Robert, and he ran. Henry went straight home and in the afternoon went to school as usual.
But Robert had told all the boys that Henry was a coward, and they laughed at him a great deal. From then on, they looked down upon Henry and didn’t want to play with him together. Henry was sad but he wasn't angry with Robert for his rude behavior, because he learned that true courage is shown most in bearing misunderstanding when it was not deserved, and that he ought to be afraid of nothing but doing wrong. Thus, he just ignored (忽视) the other boys' laughter and continued to go to school and study as well. However, Robert didn't invite Henry to go home with him anymore. Instead, he had some other boys who also thought Henry was a coward. Everyday after school, they didn't go home directly but went to the river or somewhere to play games and had a lot of fun.
A few days later, Robert was bathing with his new friends in a river, and got out of his depth. He struggled, and screamed for help, but all in vain. The boys who had called Henry a coward got out of the water as fast as they could, but they did not even try to help him.
注意：
1)所续写短文的词数应为150左右；
2)续写部分分为两段，每段的开头语已为你写好。
Paragraph 1：
Robert was fast sinking.
___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Paragraph 2：
Thus, Robert’s life was saved.
___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
