专题1：名词 【课件】-备战2024中考英语二轮复习语法精练（全国通用）

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名词
2024年二轮复习语法精讲精练
第一部分 过语法
知识体系概览
中考考点透视
&1& 名词词义辨析
名词词义辨析主要涉及同类名词词义辨析和不同类名词词义辨析,其中同类名词的考查主要涉及抽象类、称呼类、职业类、地点类、时间类、身体部位类等；不同类名词词义辨析在近年全国中考题中也涉及较多。名词辨析需要学生结合上下文语境选出最佳答案。
1.（2023·安徽）The proper ___ of your spare time will make your
life colorful.
B
A. date B. use C. name D. cause
2.（2023·江西）—Kevin,could you pass me some ___ It's so hot
today. I'm really thirsty.
—OK.Here you are.
C
A. rice B. bread C. water D. chicken
3.（2023·天津）People all over the world love pandas,and the
panda has become a ___ of China.
D
A. festival B. poem C. guest D. symbol
4.（2023·滨州）—What's your secret of writing so well
—I read a lot,and the works of Lu Xun had a strong ___ on me
as a child.
D
A. difference B. attention C. situation D. influence
5.（2023·武汉）—Peter was picked out to be on the school
volleyball team.
—His height gives him a big ___.
D
A. situation B. challenge C. achievement D. advantage
&2& 名词的数
◆可数名词的数
1.可数名词有单数和复数两种形式。如:chair,chairs。
2.可数名词可以被基数词、不定冠词（a/an）和many等修饰。如:sixty seconds,a month,many weeks。
3.只修饰可数名词复数的修饰语有基数词（除one之外）,many,a few,few,several,a couple of,a number of,a great/large number of等。
【知识必备】可数名词单数变复数的规则
类别 构成方法 示例
一般情况 加-s cap→caps，dog→dogs，bike→bikes，
driver→drivers
以s,sh,ch,x 等结尾 加-es bus→buses，wish→wishes，
watch→watches，box→boxes
以“辅音字 母+y”结尾 变y为i,再加- es lady→ladies，story→stories，
century→centuries
类别 构成方法 示例
以f或fe结 尾 一般变f或fe 为ve,再加-s leaf→leaves，life→lives，half→halves，
knife→knives
以o结尾 o前为辅音音 素时加-es,o 前为元音音 素时加-s tomato→tomatoes，radio→radios（例外：
photo→photos，piano→pianos）
复合名词 将主体名词 变为复数 toothbrush→toothbrushes
两部分都变 为复数 man doctor→men doctors，woman
teacher→women teachers
续表
类别 构成方法 示例
特殊名词 改变内部元 音字母 foot→feet，tooth→teeth，man→men
词尾加-ren child→children
单复数同形 sheep→sheep，deer→deer，
Chinese→Chinese
“各国人” 名词变复 数 中日是一致, 英法a改e,其 他一律加-s Chinese→Chinese，
Englishman→Englishmen，
German→Germans
续表
名词单数变复数巧学妙记
名词单数变复数,直接加-s占多数；
词尾若是f或fe,加-s之前要变ve；
“辅音字母+y”,要把y变i；
词尾字母若是o,加-es的有tomato,potato和hero。
以-f或-fe结尾的名词巧学妙记
树叶（leaf）半数（half）自己（self）黄；
妻子（wife）拿刀（knife）去割粮；
架（shelf）后窜出一只狼（wolf）；
就像小偷（thief）逃命（life）忙。
◆不可数名词的数
不可数名词表示的事物,其数量不可以数清或者难以数清。不可数名词的常见用法如下：
1.没有复数形式。
2.不能用不定冠词a/an,基数词,many等修饰。
3.不可数名词的计量：数词/冠词+表示量的名词+of+不可数名词。表示量的名词可以有单复数之分。
4.能与不可数名词连用的词（组）有some,much,little,any,a lot of,plenty of等。如：much/a lot of bread许多面包；a piece of advice一条建议；two cups of tea两杯茶。
【知识必备】中考中常见的不可数名词
类别 示例
物质 名词 液体 orange橙汁 milk牛奶 water水 wine酒 coffee咖啡
juice果汁 tea茶 soup汤 oil油
食物 bread面包 meat肉
自然 rain雨 wind风 snow雪 ice冰 weather天气
类别 示例
物质 名词 材料 paper纸 plastic塑料 silk丝绸 gold金 cotton棉花
抽象 名词 情感 joy高兴 sadness忧伤
学科 math数学 geography地理 physics物理 chemistry化学
music音乐
概念 advice建议 information信息 news消息 time时间
knowledge知识 money金钱
续表
1.（2021·百色）Uncle Li has a farm. There are some ___ on the
farm.
C
A. chicken and sheep B. chickens and sheeps
C. chickens and sheep D. chicken and sheeps
2.（2021·大庆）—Can I help you
—Please give me ___ about the trains to Daqing.
C
A. a few informations B. a little informations
C. a little information D. a few information
3.（2021·广元）Three fifths of the teachers in our school are ___.
B
A. man teachers B. men teachers
C. woman teachers D. women teacher
4.（重庆中考A卷）Would you send me some ___ of yours？I miss
you very much!
B
A. magazines B. photos C. money D. advice
5.（2023·云南）We're going to make vegetable salad. How many
_________（tomato） do we need
6.（2023·武威）Frank has more than 500 ________（stamp）.
7.Tourists can see many western-style __________（building） in
Shanghai Disneyland.
8.Tu Youyou was one of the Nobel Prize ________（winner） in
2015.We're proud of her.
tomatoes
stamps
buildings
winners
&3& 名词所有格
类别 构成方法 示例
有生命的名词（人 或动物） 在词尾加's Tom's book，the girl's
earring，the dog's ears
以s,es结尾的复 数名词，只在 词尾加' the students' desks，the
workers' tools，the foxes' tails
类别 构成方法 示例
有生命的名词 （人或动物） 不以s,es结尾的 复数名词,在词 尾加's men's clothes，sheep's wool，
Women's Day，Children's Day
无生 命的 名词 时间、世 界、国家、 城市等 一般在词尾加's China's capital，the world's
population，today's news
其他 一般用of结构 the door of the room，a map
of the world，the legs of the
table，a way of life
续表
特例清单
1.当and连接的两个并列的单数名词表示共有关系时,只在最后一个名词后加's；若表示分别拥有各自的物品,则在两个名词的词尾都加's,表示所有关系。如：
Lily and Lucy's mother莉莉和露西的妈妈（共有的）
Tom's and Mary's bags汤姆和玛丽的包（各自的）
2.表示店铺、医院、诊所、住宅等名称时,常在表示职业的名词或姓氏后加上's,代表场所。如：
a tailor's裁缝铺 a barber's理发店
a doctor's诊所 my sister's我姐姐的家
3.双重所有格的两种形式：“of+名词所有格”和“of+名词性物主代词”。如：
a friend of my father's我父亲的一个朋友
a pen of mine=one of my pens我的一支钢笔
1.（2023·郴州改编）My parents took me to the amusement park
on ___ Day. There were so many exciting things to do there.
A
A. Children's B. Children C. Child D. Child's
2.（2022·绥化改编）___ father is a pilot. He has been to many
countries around the world.
A
A. Tony and Peter's B. Tony's and Peter
C. Tony's and Peter's D. Tony and Peter
3.（大庆中考）Nobody thought it easy to finish so much work in
___.
A
A. two days' time B. two-days time
C. two day's time D. two days time
4.（天水中考）Lily is a friend of ___.
A
A. Mary's mother's B. Mary's mother's of
C. Mary mother's D. mother's of Mary
5.（自贡中考改编）—A boy is flying a kite over there. Who is he
—He is ___ brother.
B
A. Lucy's and Lily's B. Lucy and Lily's
C. Lucy's and Lily D. Lucy and Lily
6.（2022·泰州）I spent one _______（night） time making a video
Mei Lanfang and His Hometown to take part in “Tell China's
Stories” competition.
night's
7.Our government did a lot of things to improve the __________
（village） living conditions.
8.After playing football for more than half an hour,the students
took a few _________（minute） rest.
9.Have you read the report Those ________（hero） stories really
touched me deeply.
villagers'
minutes'
heroes'
考点提分训练
一、单项选择。
1.（2023·沈阳）Betty is crazy about music. Her dream is to be a
___.
C
A. scientist B. painter C. musician D. writer
2.（2023·荆州）—What can you learn from Journey to the West
—I learn that we should have enough ___ to overcome the
difficulties in our life.
C
A. danger B. success C. courage D. excitement
3.（2023·扬州）—What places of interest are there in Yangzhou
—I recommend the Slender West Lake. A boat tour is a
wonderful ___!
C
A. movement B. attraction C. experience D. research
4.（2023·武威）Put ___ first and be careful while riding on the
road!
D
A. interest B. money C. knowledge D. safety
5.（2023·鄂州）—Tom always reads for an hour every day.
—That's a good ___.
A
A. habit B. dream C. time D. wish
6.（2022·雅安）—What's the matter,Dad
—I have a ___.I have to see a dentist.
C
A. fever B. headache C. toothache D. stomachache
二、用括号内所给单词的适当形式填空。
7.（2023·兰州）Please do some _______（chore） in your free
time.
8.（2023·永州改编）She is one of the best table tennis ________
（player） in the world.
9.（2022·贵阳）People eat eggs on their birthdays in some
_______（place） of China.
chores
players
places
10.（苏州中考）These ________（artist） design won an
international award.
11.Beijing Opera brings many ancient _______（story） to life.
12.For long-distance travel，_______（train） are probably the
cheapest way.
13.The local food in Xi'an attracts so many ________（visit）
every year.
artists'
stories
trains
visitors
14.The man raced to gold in the _______（man） 110-meter
hurdles at the national game.
15.It's one _______（hour） ride from my home to the museum.
16.On _________（father） Day,I often prepare a special gift for
my father.
men's
hour's
Father's
第二部分 微技能
用所给名词的适当形式填空
中考考点透视
&1& 名词变形容词
1.填形容词的判定方法
（1）所填词位于名词前作定语；
（2）所填词位于be动词后作表语；
（3）所填词位于形容词短语中，其结构为“be动词+形容词+介词”；
（4）所填词位于感官动词或连系动词look,sound,smell,taste,feel,seem,become,grow,get,turn,keep,remain等之后；
（5）所填词位于复合不定代词后作后置定语；
（6）所填词位于定冠词the后表示一类人；
（7）所填词位于“It is+adj.（+for/of sb.）+to do sth.”和
“make/keep/leave+sb./sth.+adj.”中；
（8）所填词位于“形容词+and/or+形容词”结构中。
2.变形方法
注意：
以下变形中,有的名词需要先双写末尾字母，去掉末尾字母e或者
把末尾字母y变为i,再加后缀。
（1）n.+-y
health→healthy snow→snowy cloud→cloudy
rain→rainy luck→lucky wind→windy
sleep→sleepy
特殊记：noise→noisy sun→sunny fun→funny
（2）n.+-ful（多表示抽象意义）
use→useful peace→peaceful wonder→wonderful
cheer→cheerful care→careful harm→harmful
color→colorful meaning→meaningful help→helpful
success→successful pain→painful beauty→beautiful
（3）n.+-less（表示否定含义）
care→careless help→helpless hope→hopeless
harm→harmless home→homeless meaning→meaningless
use→useless
（4）n.+-al
education→educational music→musical person→personal
tradition→traditional
特殊记：culture→cultural nature→natural center→central
（5）n.+-ly
friend→friendly love→lovely week→weekly
month→monthly year→yearly
特殊记：day→daily
（6）n.+-ous
danger→dangerous humor→humorous
（7）n.+-e（r）n（“n.+-ern”多表示方位；“n.+-en”多表示物质）
east→eastern west→western south→southern
north→northern gold→golden wood→wooden
（8）以-ence/-ance结尾的名词把-ence/-ance变成-ent/-ant
confidence→confident convenience→convenient
difference→different
importance→important independence→independent
patience→patient
silence→silent
（9）表示国家的名词变为表示国籍、语言的形容词
China→Chinese Japan→Japanese Britain→British
England→English Spain→Spanish America→American
India→Indian Australia→Australian Korea→Korean
Russia→Russian Canada→Canadian Italy→Italian
（10）其他
pride→proud truth→true fool→foolish hunger→hungry
France→French Germany→German
&2& 名词变副词
1.填副词的判定方法
（1）所填词修饰动词或动词短语；
（2）所填词修饰形容词；
（3）所填词修饰介词短语；
（4）所填词修饰一个句子。
2.变形方法
名词 形容词 变形方法 副词
care careful adj.+-ly carefully
happiness happy 以y结尾的形容词，变y为i 后再加-ly happily
truth true 以“元音字母+e”结尾的形 容词，去掉e后再加-ly truly
possibility possible 以“辅音字母+le”结尾的形 容词，去掉e后再加-y possibly
&3& 名词变名词
1.填名词的判定方法
（1）所填词的前面有名词所有格、形容词性物主代词、指示代词、不定代词、冠词、数词或形容词作定语修饰；
（2）所填词位于动词或介词后作宾语；
（3）所填词位于系动词后作表语；
（4）所填词位于句首作主语。
2.初中常见的名词变名词
art→artist tour→tourist violin→violinist
piano→pianist science→scientist music→musician
magic→magician law→lawyer birth→birthday
class→classmate friend→friendship
考点提分训练
用括号内所给单词的适当形式填空。
1.（2022·武威）Smile and greet others in a（n） _________
（friend） way.
friendly
2.（2021·南京）The weather report says it will be ______（rain）
for two more days，and then the sun will come out on Tuesday.
rainy
3.（2021·北部湾）The police usually help people out of
___________（danger） situations.
dangerous
4.Nie Er,a famous _________（music）,was born in Yunnan.
5.I think we should live __________（peace） with animals. They
are our friends.
6.Happiness is __________（importance） for your health. It is
the best medicine.
7.As we all know,it requires hard work and great patience to
become a（n） _________（science）.
8.I'm glad that I have a（n） _________（person） computer
now,which will help me to learn a lot.
musician
peacefully
important
scientist
personal
9.It's important to be ________（care） with fire.
10.It was _______（cloud） this morning. But I think it will be
clear this afternoon.
11.Being a volunteer is a（n） _________（value） experience,and
we can learn a lot from it.
12.I like _______（sun） days because I can play sports I love
outside.
13.As we all know,printing is one of the greatest ________（China）
inventions.
careful
cloudy
valuable
sunny
Chinese
14.Besides,I learned some _______（use） sentences like “It's a
piece of cake” or “It serves you right”.
15.Some poems are __________（humor） and some poems are
full of hope.
16.The _______（piano） performed so well that we all enjoyed
the performance very much.
17.I forgot to take my key today.________（luck）,my brother just
got home when I came back.
useful
humorous
pianist
Luckily
18.We should never spend time on something ____________
（meaning）.It's a waste of time.
19.It is quite ________（nature） for you to succeed if you put
your heart into your work.
20.When we learn some new words,we should use them as much
as possible in our ______（day） life.
21.A（n） _____（truth） friend is someone who reaches for your
hand and touches your heart.
meaningless
natural
daily
true
22.Our headmaster always says that the more we help others,the
more ________（happiness） we will live.
23.He solved the _________（difficulty） task without others' help.
How clever he is!
24.To live a ________（health） and happy life，we should form
good eating habits and exercise every day.
25.John dreams to be a ________（farm） with the advanced
farming methods and thoughts when he grows up.
happily
difficult
healthy
farmer
26.Dumplings are ___________（tradition） Chinese food and they
are deeply loved by many people.
27.To save people's life，the doctors and scientists are risking
their life to do ________（medicine） research.
28.Jenny's experience as an exchange student in Australia has
proved to be___________（interest）.
29.Chinese silk is___________（beauty） finished and has won
high praise in the world.
traditional
medical
interesting
beautifully
30.—How do you like your after-school activities
—I think they are more ________（color） than before.
31.Both Germany and France are __________（Europe） countries.
32.We will try our best whenever we are __________（success）
or not.
33.We are required to read ________（silence） instead of reading
aloud in the library.
34.The cat waited __________（hope） beside the door for some
food.
35.Many of them wore colorful _________（nation） clothes to
attend the local festival.
colorful
European
successful
silently
hopefully
national
36.Lugu Lake looked __________（wonder） so that I couldn't
forget it for a long time.
37.China is a __________（history） country of more than 5,000
years.
38.Different students may behave ___________（difference） when
they get into trouble.
39.I have two brothers. They are very _______（love） and polite.
40.Don't smoke in public,because it not only makes others
uncomfortable,but also is _________（harm） to your body.
wonderful
historical
differently
lovely
harmful