2024年高考英语二轮真题零失误规范训练（北京专用） 专题14 阅读理解说明文C篇3年真题 最新模拟15篇 （技能 真题 模拟）解析版

《备战2024年高考英语二轮真题零失误规范训练》（北京专用）
专题14 阅读理解说明文C篇3年真题+最新模拟15篇
（技能+真题+模拟）解析版
目 录
技能专区 1
真题专区 1
模拟专区 8
技能专区：冲刺备考名师提醒，洞悉高考命题规律，提供高效提分干货
一、阅读理解说明文细节理解题注意落实“定位原文”和“同义替换”技巧。
二、数据计算题注重“原文定位”和“细节理解”，弄清来龙去脉再计算。
三、重视说明文“倒三角形”结构，特别是首段和段首的独特引领作用。
四、标题概括题重视三性：概括性、简洁性和新颖性；同时联系首段和关键词。
五、说明文长难句较多增加了理解的难度，落实“括号法”，（从句）（非谓语）
（介词短语）（名词短语）。
六、规范训练目标：做标记，留痕迹；零失误；限时6分钟/每篇。
真题专区：练真题，明方向；练技巧，提能力；练速度，提分数！
（2023·北京·统考高考真题）In recent years, researchers from diverse fields have agreed that short-termism is now a significant problem in industrialised societies. The inability to engage with longer-term causes and consequences leads to some of the world’s most serious problems: climate change, biodiversity collapse, and more. The historian Francis Cole argues that the West has entered a period where “only the present exists, a present characterised at once by the cruelty of the instant and by the boredom of an unending now”.
It has been proved that people have a bias (偏向) towards the present, focusing on loud attractions in the moment at the expense of the health, well-being and financial stability of their future selves or community. In
business, this bias surfaces as short-sighted decisions. And on slow-burning problems like climate change, it translates into the unwillingness to make small sacrifices (牺牲) today that could make a major difference tomorrow. Instead, all that matters is next quarter’s profit, or satisfying some other near-term desires.
These biased perspectives cannot be blamed on one single cause. It is fair to say, though, that our psychological biases play a major role. People’s hesitancy to delay satisfaction is the most obvious example, but there are others. One of them is about how the most accessible information in the present affects decisions about the future. For instance, you might hear someone say: “It’s cold this winter, so I needn’t worry about global warming.”Another is that loud and urgent matters are given too much importance, making people ignore longer-term trends that arguably matter more. This is when a pop star draws far more attention than, say, gradual biodiversity decline.
As a psychologist once joked, if aliens (外星人) wanted to weaken humanity, they wouldn’t send ships; they would invent climate change. Indeed, when it comes to environmental transformations, we can develop a form of collective “poor memory”, and each new generation can believe the state of affairs they encounter is nothing out of the ordinary. Older people today, for example, can remember a time with insect-covered car windscreens after long drives. Children, on the other hand, have no idea that insect population has dropped dramatically.
1．The author quotes Francis Cole mainly to ________.
A．draw a comparison
B．introduce a topic
C．evaluate a statement
D．highlight a problem
2．What can be inferred from the last paragraph
A．Climate change has been forgotten.
B．Lessons of history are highly valued.
C．The human mind is bad at noting slow change.
D．Humans are unwilling to admit their shortcomings.
3．What does the author intend to tell us
A．Far-sighted thinking matters to humans.
B．Humans tend to make long-term sacrifices.
C．Current policies facilitate future decision-making.
D．Bias towards the present helps reduce near-term desires.
1．D 2．C 3．A
【导语】本文是说明文。近年来，来自不同领域的研究人员一致认为，短期主义现在是工业化社会的一个重
大问题。事实证明，人们对现在有偏见，以牺牲健康为代价，专注于当下有吸引力的事物，而牺牲了未来自己或社区的健康、幸福和财务稳定。
·．推理判断题。第一段首句“In recent years, researchers from diverse fields have agreed that short-termism is now a significant problem in industrialised societies.(近年来，来自不同领域的研究人员一致认为，短期主义现在是工业化社会的一个重大问题。)”提出一个问题——短期主义，接着下文“The historian Francis Cole argues that the West has entered a period where “only the present exists, a present characterised at once by the cruelty of the instant and by the boredom of an unending now”.(历史学家弗朗西斯 科尔（Francis Cole）认为，西方已经进入了一个“只有现在存在的时代，现在的特点是瞬间的残酷和无休止的现在的无聊”。)”引用历史学家Francis Cole的话来强调只注重现在的这种短期主义的危害，由此可推知，文章引用Francis Col的话是为了强调一个问题，故选D。
1．推理判断题。根据最后一段中“As a psychologist once joked, if aliens (外星人) wanted to weaken humanity, they wouldn’t send ships; they would invent climate change. Indeed, when it comes to environmental transformations, we can develop a form of collective “poor memory”, and each new generation can believe the state of affairs they encounter is nothing out of the ordinary.(一位心理学家曾经开玩笑说，如果外星人想削弱人类，他们不会派出飞船；他们会发明气候变化。的确，在环境变化的问题上，我们可以形成一种集体的“记忆不良”，每一代人都会认为他们所遇到的情况并没有什么不同寻常的)”可知，一位心理学家曾经开玩笑说，如果外星人想要削弱人类，他们会发明气候变化，通过这种方式来削弱人类，因为人们对于气候变化形成一种集体的“记忆不良”，认为他们所遇到的情况没什么异常的，由此可推知人们不擅长察觉出缓慢的变化，故选C。
2．推理判断题。通读全文，尤其是第一段“In recent years, researchers from diverse fields have agreed that short-termism is now a significant problem in industrialised societies.(近年来，来自不同领域的研究人员一致认为，短期主义现在是工业化社会的一个重大问题。)”提出一个问题——短期主义，和第二段“It has been proved that people have a bias(偏向) towards the present, focusing on loud attractions in the moment at the expense of the health, well-being and financial stability of their future selves or community. In business, this bias surfaces as short-sighted decisions. And on slow-burning problems like climate change, it translates into the unwillingness to make small sacrifices(牺牲) today that could make a major difference tomorrow.(事实证明人们对现在有偏见，以牺牲健康为代价，只专注于当下引人注目的事物，而牺牲了未来自己或社区的健康、幸福和稳定。在商业中，这种偏见表现为短视决策。在气候变化等缓慢燃烧的问题上，这意味着不愿意今天做出小的牺牲，而这些牺牲可能会在明天产生重大影响。)”可知，文章主要讲述了短视决策的危害，呼吁我们要做出有远见的思考。由此可推知，作者的写作目的是告诉我们有远见的思考对人类的重要性，故选A。
（2022·北京·高考真题）“What would the world be if there were no hunger ” It’s a question that Professor Crystal would ask her students. They found it hard to answer, she wrote later, because imagining something that isn’t part of real life—and learning how to make it real—is a rare skill. It is taught to artists and engineers, but much less often to scientists. Crystal set out to change that, and helped to create a global movement. The result—an approach known as systems thinking—is now seen as essential in meeting global challenges.
Systems thinking is crucial to achieving targets such as zero hunger and better nutrition because it requires considering the way in which food is produced, processed, delivered and consumed, and looking at how those things intersect (交叉 ) with human health, the environment, economics and society. According to systems thinking, changing the food system—or any other network—requires three things to happen. First, researchers need to identify all the players in that system; second, they must work out how they relate to each other; and third, they need to understand and quantify the impact of those relationships on each other and on those outside the system.
Take nutrition. In the latest UN report on global food security, the number of undernourished (营养不良 )people in the world has been rising, despite great advances in nutrition science. Tracking of 150 biochemicals in food has been important in revealing the relationships between calories, sugar, fat and the occurrence of common diseases. But using machine learning and artificial intelligence, some scientists propose that human diets consist of at least 26,000 biochemicals—and that the vast majority are not known. This shows that we have some way to travel before achieving the first objective of systems thinking - which,in this example, is to identify more constituent parts of the nutrition system.
A systems approach to creating change is also built on the assumption that everyone in the system has equal power. But as some researchers find, the food system is not an equal one. A good way to redress (修正 ) such power imbalance is for more universities to do what Crystal did and teach students how to think using a systems approach.
More researchers, policymakers and representatives from the food industry must learn to look beyond their direct lines of responsibility and adopt a systems approach. Crystal knew that visions alone don’t produce results, but concluded that “we’ll never produce results that we can’t envision”.
4．The author uses the question underlined in Paragraph 1 to ________.
A．illustrate an argument B．highlight an opinion
C．introduce the topic D．predict the ending
5．What can be inferred about the field of nutrition
A．The first objective of systems thinking hasn’t been achieved.
B．The relationships among players have been clarified.
C．Machine learning can solve the nutrition problem.
D．The impact of nutrition cannot be quantified.
6．As for systems thinking, which would the author agree with
A．It may be used to justify power imbalance.
B．It can be applied to tackle challenges.
C．It helps to prove why hunger exists.
D．It goes beyond human imagination.
4．C 5．A 6．B
【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了解决全球挑战的重要方法——系统思维。
4．推理判断题。由文章第一段““What would the world be if there were no hunger ” It’s a question that Professor Crystal would ask her students. They found it hard to answer, she wrote later, because imagining something that isn’t part of real life—and learning how to make it real—is a rare skill. It is taught to artists and engineers, but much less often to scientists. Crystal set out to change that, and helped to create a global movement. The result—an approach known as systems thinking—is now seen as essential in meeting global challenges. (“如果没有饥饿，世界会是什么样子？”这是 Crystal教授会问学生的问题。她后来写道，他们发现很难回答这个问题，因为想象一些不属于现实生活的东西，并学习如何将其变成现实是一项罕见的技能。它被教授给艺术家和工程师，但很少教授给科学家。Crystal着手改变这种状况，并帮助创建了一个全球运动。结果，一种被称为系统思维的方法现在被视为应对全球挑战的关键。)”可知，文章开头提出问题是为了引出话题-系统思维的方法被视为应对全球挑战的关键。故选C项。
5．细节理解题。由文章第三段“This shows that we have some way to travel before achieving the first objective of systems t hinking - which,in this example, is to identify more constituent parts of the nutrition system.(这表明，在实现系统思考的第一个目标之前，我们还有一段路要走——在本例中，这是为了确定营养系统的更多组成部分。)”可知，实现系统思维的第一个目标还有一段路需要走，现尚未实现。故选A项。
6．推理判断题。由文章第一段“Crystal set out to change that, and helped to create a global movement. The result—an approach known as systems thinking—is now seen as essential in meeting global challenges.(Crystal着手改变这种状况，并帮助创建了一个全球运动。结果，一种被称为系统思维的方法现在被视为应对全球挑战的关键。)”可知，作者认为该系统能应用于解决挑战。故选B项。
（2021·北京·高考真题）Hundreds of scientists, writers and academics sounded a warning to humanity in an open letter published last December: Policymakers and the rest of us must engage openly with the risk of global collapse. Researchers in many areas have projected the widespread collapse as “a credible scenario(情景) this century”.
A survey of scientists found that extreme weather events, food insecurity, and freshwater shortages might create global collapse. Of course, if you are a non-human species, collapse is well underway.
The call for public engagement with the unthinkable is especially germane in this moment of still-uncontrolled pandemic and economic crises in the world's most technologically advanced nations. Not very long ago, it was also unthinkable that a virus would shut down nations and that safety nets would be proven so disastrously lacking in flexibility.
The international scholars’ warning letter doesn't say exactly what collapse will look like or when it might happen. Collapseology, the study of collapse, is more concerned with identifying trends and with them the dangers of everyday civilization. Among the signatories(签署者) of the warning was Bob Johnson, the originator of the “ecological footprint” concept, which measures the total amount of environmental input needed to maintain a given lifestyle. With the current footprint of humanity, “it seems that global collapse is certain to happen in some form, possibly within a decade, certainly within this century,” Johnson said in an email.
“Only if we discuss the consequences of our biophysical limits,” the December warning letter says, “can we have the hope to reduce their speed, severity and harm”. And yet messengers of the coming disturbance are likely to be ignored. We all want to hope things will turn out fine. As a poet wrote,
Man is a victim of dope(麻醉品)
In the incurable form of hope.
The hundreds of scholars who signed the letter are intent(执着) on quieting hope that ignores preparedness. “Let's look directly into the issue of collapse,” they say, “and deal with the terrible possibilities of what we see there to make the best of a troubling future.”
7．What does the underlined word “germane” in Paragraph 3 probably mean
A．Scientific. B．Credible.
C．Original. D．Relevant.
8．As for the public awareness of global collapse, the author is________.
A．worried B．puzzled
C．surprised D．scared
9．What can we learn from this passage
A．The signatories may change the biophysical limits.
B．The author agrees with the message of the poem.
C．The issue of collapse is being prioritized.
D．The global collapse is well underway.
7．D 8．A 9．B
【分析】这是一篇说明文，文章阐述了全球崩塌（global collapse）的概念。数百名科学家、作家和学者在去年12月发表的一封公开信中向全人类发出了警告：政策制定者和我们每个人必须直面“全球崩塌”的风险。文章具体阐释了学者们对这一概念的定义、理解和它的现实意义。
7．词义猜测题。根据该词所在的具体语境，第三段第一句“The call for public engagement with the unthinkable is especially germane in this moment of still-uncontrolled pandemic and economic crises in the world's most technologically advanced nations.”（呼吁公众对世界不确定性的关注，尤其与此时此刻的情况密切相关：此时此刻，在世界上技术最先进的国家，仍处于无法控制流行病和经济危机的泥潭中），下文也提到，一场病毒肆虐，一个国家社会停止了运转，大流行无法控制，经济下行，这样的事情在不久之前都是无法想象，不可思议（unthinkable）的，即世界充满了不确定性。而此时此刻呼吁人们对这种unthinkable加以关注，正是和此时此刻的世界实况密切相关。A. Scientific科学的；B. Credible可信的，可靠的；C. Original原来的，原创的；D. Relevant相关的，有重大关系的。根据上面的分析，仅有D符合语境，故选D。
9．推理判断题。本题要求判断作者的情感态度，根据原文第五段“yet messengers of the coming disturbance are likely to be ignored. We all want to hope things will turn out fine.”（然而未来崩溃的先行信号很可能被忽略，我们都希望事情在未来会变好）和倒数最后一段的呼吁，例如“Let's look directly into the issue of collapse,” they say, “and deal with the terrible possibilities of what we see there to make the best of a troubling future.”（他们说，“让我们直面全球崩塌的议题，真正去解决我们看到的可能的糟糕情况，以便使未来没那么糟。”）可知，作者认为公众对“全球崩塌”的重视意识不够，比较担心，A. worried担忧的；B. puzzled困惑的，茫然的；C. surprised惊讶的；D. scared害怕的，综合以上的分析，可见作者对此是“担忧的”，故选A。
0．推理判断题。原文诗歌“Man is a victim of dope; In the incurable form of hope.”（人类是麻醉品的受害者；沉迷于无可救药的幻想中）表达的是，人类无视未来全球崩塌的巨大危险，把头埋进沙子里，假装不知道，充满不切实际的幻想和希望。而诗歌前面的段落就提到“yet messengers of the coming disturbance are likely to be ignored. We all want to hope things will turn out fine.”（然而未来崩溃的先行信号很可能被忽略，我们都希望事情在未来会变好），结合上下文，这里指的是人们都幻想着未来就会变好。诗歌之后的最后一段则提到执着于“quieting hope that ignores preparedness.”（掐灭不做准备的空有幻想），接着又借学者之口，提到“Let's look directly into the issue of collapse,” they say, “and deal with the terrible possibilities of what we see there to make the best of a troubling future.”（他们说，“让我们直面全球崩塌的议题，真正去解决我们看到的可能的糟糕情况，以便使未来没那么糟。”）可见，上下文一脉相承，表达相同的一方观点，未对另一方的观点有任何呈现，理解文章后可知，作者有明显的态度倾向，作者对于这首诗表达的信息是赞同的，故选B。
模拟专区：做好题才有好成绩！练技能，补漏洞，提分数，强信心！
（2024·北京朝阳·一模）Have we reached the peak of the culture war Looking at my social media feeds, it seems that polarised thinking and misinformation have never been more common. How am I supposed to feel when users I once admired now draw on questionable evidence to support their beliefs
Perhaps it is time for us all to adopt a little “existential humility”. I came across this idea in a paper by Jeffrey Greenat Virginia from Common Wealth University and his colleagues. They build on a decade of research examining the benefits of “intellectual humility” more generally — our ability to recognise the errors in our judgement and remain aware of the limits of our knowledge.
You can get a flavour of this research by rating your agreement with the following statements, ranging from 1 (not at all like me) to 5 (very like me): I question my own opinions because they could be wrong; I recognise the value in opinions that are different from my own; in the face of conflicting evidence, I am open to changing my opinions.
People who score highly on this assessment are less likely to form knee-jerk reactions on a topic, and they find it easier to consider the strengths or weaknesses of a logical argument. They are less likely to be influenced by misinformation, since they tend to read the article in full, investigate the sources of a news story and compare its reporting to other statements, before coming to a strong conclusion about its truth.
Developing “intellectual humility” would be an excellent idea in all fields, but certain situations may make it particularly difficult to achieve. Greenat points out that some beliefs are so central to our identity that any challenge can activate an existential crisis, as if our whole world view and meaning in life are under threat. As a result, we become more insistent in our opinions and seek any way to protect them. This may reduce some of our feelings of uncertainty, but it comes at the cost of more analytical thinking.
For these reasons, Greenat defines “existential humility” as the capacity to entertain the thought of another world view without becoming so defensive and closed-minded. So how could we achieve it This will be the subject of future research, but the emotion of awe (a feeling of great respect and admiration) may offer one possibility. One study found that watching awe-inspiring videos about space and the universe led to humbler thinking, including a greater capacity to admit weaknesses.
Perhaps we could all benefit from interrupting our despair with awe-inspiring content. At the very least, we can try to question our preconceptions before offering our views on social media and be a little less ready to criticize when others disagree.
1．Regarding the culture war on social media, the author is _______.
A．embarrassed B．concerned C．panicked D．stressed
2．What can be inferred from the passage
A．Existential humility reduces the threat to identity.
B．People with intellectual humility tend to jump to conclusions.
C．Awe could promote existential humility by encouraging modest thinking.
D．The higher you score on the assessment, the more you stick to your values.
3．Which would be the best title for the passage
A．Overcome an Existential Crisis B．Show a Little Humility
C．The Path to Screening Information D．The Approach to Achieving Humility
【答案】1．B 2．C 3．B
【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章主要讲述了谦逊的好处。
1．推理判断题。根据第一段“Have we reached the peak of the culture war Looking at my social media feeds, it seems that polarised thinking and misinformation have never been more common. How am I supposed to feel when users I once admired now draw on questionable evidence to support their beliefs (我们已经到了文化战争的顶峰了吗？看看我的社交媒体动态，两极分化的思维和错误信息似乎从未如此普遍。当我曾经崇拜的用户现在用可疑的证据来支持他们的信念时，我该作何感想？)”可知，关于社交媒体上的文化战争，作者是担忧的。故选B项。
2．推理判断题。根据倒数第二段中“This will be the subject of future research, but the emotion of awe (a feeling of great respect and admiration) may offer one possibility. One study found that watching awe-inspiring videos about space and the universe led to humbler thinking, including a greater capacity to admit weaknesses.(这将是未来研究的主题，但敬畏的情绪(一种非常尊重和钦佩的感觉)可能提供一种可能性。一项研究发现，观看关于太空和宇宙的令人敬畏的视频会让人更谦虚的思考，包括更大的承认弱点的能力。)”可知，敬畏可以通过鼓励谦虚的思考来促进存在主义的谦逊。故选C项。
3．主旨大意题。通读全文，根据第二段“Perhaps it is time for us all to adopt a little “existential humility”. I came across this idea in a paper by Jeffrey Greenat Virginia from Common Wealth University and his colleagues. They build on a decade of research examining the benefits of “intellectual humility” more generally — our ability to recognise the errors in our judgement and remain aware of the limits of our knowledge.(也许现在是我们大家采取一点“存在主义谦逊”的时候了。我在来自共同财富大学的Jeffrey Greenat Virginia和他的同事的一篇论文中偶然发现了这个想法。他们建立在十年研究的基础上，更广泛地研究了“知识谦逊”的好处——我们认识到自己判断中的错误并意识到自己知识有限的能力。)”可知，本文主要讲述了谦逊的好处，因此本文的最佳标题是B项“表现出一点谦逊”。故选B项。
（2024·北京海淀·一模）With all the dietary information online, it can be hard to know what tips to follow.
Watch out for these words and expressions.
Fat Is Good
It doesn’t matter if you are part of the fat is GOOD for you or BAD for you group, the important question to ask is the source of the fat. If it comes from a land-based animal, and is likely to be solid at room temperature, then it is saturated (饱和的) fat whereas if it comes from fish or plants, and it is likely to be liquid at room temperature, then it is unsaturated fat. All the evidence indicates that eating more unsaturated fat than saturated fat lowers your risk of dying early.
Natural Sugar Is Better
The vast majority of sugar we consume is sucrose (蔗糖). It is the white powdered stuff we cook with and is made up of glucose and fructose. How about sugar from honey It is often marketed as natural and better for you. Actually, it just has its own distinct flavour, but is as sweet because of glucose and fructose.
High-pH Water
Some people think we need to eat alkali (碱) food to maintain our blood at a pH of 7.4. But everything we eat or drink passes through the stomach, which, at a pH of 1.5, is the most acidic part of the body. It is then neutralised to a pH of 7. So, nothing we eat will change the pH of our blood.
Don’t Eat Anything That You Can’t Pronounce
Whether foods are natural or highly processed, they are all full of chemicals. Are you supposed to fear “phenylthiocarbamide”, because you can’t pronounce it This is simply the chemical responsible for the bitter taste found in brassicas, the plants in the cabbage and mustard family.
Don’t Eat Food With More Than Five Ingredients(佐料)
Simple foods are not necessarily healthier for you. If I, for instance, use Chinese five spice powder in a recipe, that would count as one of the five ingredients. However, what if I added the typical components of five spice powder separately into a dish Does that mean my recipe suddenly becomes bad because it has more than five ingredients
4．According to the passage, healthier fat ______.
A．can be found in fish and plants B．comes from land-based animals
C．remains solid at room temperature D．can lower the death rate of elders
5．The passage suggests that ______.
A．diets can help adjust the pH of our blood B．honey sugar can do more good than sucrose
C．foods with more ingredients may be as healthy D．chemicals we can recognize are safer to take in
6．What is the main purpose of the passage
A．To compare tips on food choices. B．To introduce different health concepts.
C．To recommend fitness recipes to readers. D．To warn us of some dietary misunderstandings.
【答案】4．A 5．C 6．D
【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章主要是对一些常见的饮食相关的说法进行了分析和解释，以帮助人们更好地理解和选择饮食。
4．细节理解题。根据第二段“If it comes from a land-based animal, and is likely to be solid at room temperature, then it is saturated (饱和的) fat whereas if it comes from fish or plants, and it is likely to be liquid at room temperature, then it is unsaturated fat. All the evidence indicates that eating more unsaturated fat than saturated fat lowers your risk of dying early.(如果它来自陆生动物，在室温下很可能是固体，那么它就是饱和脂肪；如果它来自鱼类或植物，在室温下很可能是液体，那么它就是不饱和脂肪。所有证据都表明，摄入更多的不饱和脂肪比摄入更多的饱和脂肪能降低早逝的风险)”可知，鱼类和植物中含有更健康的脂肪。故选A。
5．推理判断题。根据最后一段“Simple foods are not necessarily healthier for you. If I, for instance, use Chinese five spice powder in a recipe, that would count as one of the five ingredients. However, what if I added the typical components of five spice powder separately into a dish Does that mean my recipe suddenly becomes bad because it has more than five ingredients (简单的食物不一定对你更健康。例如，如果我在菜谱中使用了中国的五香粉，它就会被算作五种配料之一。然而，如果我把五种香料粉的典型成分分别加入到一道菜中呢？这是否意味着我的食谱突然变坏了，因为它含有超过五种原料？)”可推知，含有更多佐料的食物可能也一样健康，故选C。
6．推理判断题。根据文章主要讲了一些关于饮食的常见误解，如脂肪的好坏、天然糖是否更好、高pH值水是否更好、以及佐料多的食物是否不好，目的是提醒人们注意这些饮食方面的误解，故选D。
（2024·北京房山·一模）Clinical intuition is finally getting the respect it may have long deserved. New research is supporting a process that combines rapid judgments and perceptions that occur outside of conscious awareness — a way of knowing something without knowing how you know it. The value of clinical intuition in medicine is now being studied and becoming particularly relevant as interest grows in developing AI systems that can analyze medical data to diagnose or treat patients.
A study in 2023 found that clinical intuition from physiotherapists on the prognosis for functional recovery among patients was closely associated with the recovery afterwards. Another study concluded that in comparison to relying only on clinical data, “preoperative surgeon intuition alone is an independent predictor of patient outcomes.”
“This is a cognitive process. Clinical intuition is about expertise, knowledge, and pattern recognition that accumulate through experience. The mind is putting together all kinds of information and sequencing it in ways that
say this person is really sick — or not,” says Meredith Vanstone, an associate professor in McMaster University. Given the depth of this cognitive process, some experts are skeptical that AI technology can make medical decisions as well as a human physician.
“As physicians go through years of interactions with patients and seeing thousands of cases, those gut feelings become a sort of summary statement of all the experiences they’ve seen,” says Mohammad Ghassemi, a researcher at Michigan State University. “Clinicians can observe different things that are not always captured or made available by machines.”
Researchers found that physicians and nurses practicing in a medical specialty involving a high likelihood of an emergency or dimensions of complexity are more likely to use intuitive decision-making in their practice. “As surgeons, the first thing we need to do is look at the patient because the structured data may not be consistent with what we see with the patient,” says Gabriel Brat from Harvard Medical School.
Research has found that clinical intuition from nurses and physicians about the chances that older patients visiting emergency departments would die or have other adverse outcomes within 30 days was highly accurate.
None of known experiences suggest that clinical intuition should be blindly acted upon. Making clinical decisions solely on the basis of a physician’s intuition isn’t the way to go, experts say. But relying solely on medical algorithms (mathematical models) that generate predictions about how a patient is likely to respond to different treatments isn’t the best course of action either.
To optimize patient care, some experts believe a hybrid approach that integrates clinical intuition, predictive algorithms, patient preferences, and other key factors is essential.
7．According to the passage, clinical intuition is influenced by ________.
A．rapid judgement
B．medical algorithms
C．conscious awareness
D．professional knowledge
8．Which of the following would Mohammad Ghassemi agree
A．Clinicians have a sharp eye for a patient’s condition.
B．Machines always generate more accurate predictions.
C．Doctors should summarize the experiences they’ve seen.
D．Physicians’ interactions with patients have been devalued.
9．Why does the author mention the research finding in Paragraph 6
A．To introduce the wide use of clinical intuition.
B．To explain the logic chain of clinical intuition.
C．To prove the accuracy of clinical intuition.
D．To present feedbacks on clinical intuition.
【答案】7．D 8．A 9．C
【导语】本文是一篇说明文，主要讲的是什么是临床直觉以及它的意义。
7．细节理解题。根据第三段“Clinical intuition is about expertise, knowledge, and pattern recognition that accumulate through experience.(临床直觉是通过经验积累的专业知识、知识和模式识别。)”可知，临床直觉受到专业知识的影响。故选D。
8．推理判断题。根据第四段“As physicians go through years of interactions with patients and seeing thousands of cases, those gut feelings become a sort of summary statement of all the experiences they’ve seen(当医生经历了多年与病人的互动，看到了成千上万的病例时，这些直觉就变成了他们所见过的所有经历的总结)”和“Clinicians can observe different things that are not always captured or made available by machines.(临床医生可以观察到不同的东西，这些东西并不总是被机器捕捉到或提供。)”可知，Mohammad Ghassemi会同意的说法是临床医生对病人的病情有敏锐的眼光。故选A。
9．推理判断题。根据第六段“Research has found that clinical intuition from nurses and physicians about the chances that older patients visiting emergency departments would die or have other adverse outcomes within 30 days was highly accurate.(研究发现，护士和医生对急诊科老年患者在30天内死亡或出现其他不良后果的几率的临床直觉非常准确。)”可知，作者在第6段提到了研究发现是为了证明临床直觉的准确性。故选C。
（2024·北京东城·一模）Research spanning several decades demonstrates that you are more likely to think the information that is repeated to be true than the information you hear only once. You usually assume that if people put in effort to repeat a statement, this reflects the truth of the statement. This tendency-also called the truth effect-is a bias (偏见) that can lead you to draw incorrect conclusions.
To what degree are people aware of the truth effect This question was addressed in a paper in the journal Cognition early this year.
In the critical study in this paper, participants did two sessions. In one session, they read about a hypothetical (虚构的) study in which they were exposed to some statements and then were asked whether both statements they had heard before as well as these new statements were true. They were asked to predict the proportion (比例) of each statement that would be judged as true. They did this both as a prediction of other people’s performance as well as a prediction of how they would do in this study.
At another session a few days later, participants actually performed this study, reading a set of 20 statements in
the hypothetical study again and then judging the truth of altogether 40 statements, half of which were from the hypothetical study and the other half of which were new.
This study did replicate the well known truth effect. People were more likely to judge statements they had seen before as true than statements that were new. Two interesting findings emerged from the prediction. First, participants tended to underestimate the size of the truth effect for everyone. T hat is, while they did expect some difference in judgments between the statements seen before and those that were new, they thought this difference would be smaller than it actually was. Second, participants more significantly underpredicted the truth effect for themselves compared to that for other people.
This study is particularly important in light of the amount of misinformation present in social media. Many people have the power to influence public opinion about important matters. Flooding social media feeds with misinformation will lead people to believe this information is true just because it is stated. Recognizing that we are all susceptible to this influence of repeated information should lead us to mistrust our intuition (直觉) about what is true and to look up important information prior to using it to make important judgments and decisions.
10．In the first paragraph, the author intends to ______.
A．clarify a misconception B．present a phenomenon
C．challenge a statement D．confirm a theory
11．What can we learn from the study
A．Impacts of the truth effect require further studies.
B．Making predictions before judgments is significant.
C．People have hardly any awareness of the truth effect.
D．People tend to believe they can make wiser judgments.
12．What does the word “susceptible” underlined in the last paragraph most probably mean
A．Critical. B．Subject. C．Opposed. D．Adapted.
【答案】10．B 11．D 12．B
【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章主要讨论了一种被称作“真实效应”的心理偏见现象，即人们更容易相信被重复表述的信息，而不是只听到一次的信息，呼吁人们应该更加警惕重复信息的影响，以及在做出重要判断和决策之前查证重要信息的真实性。
10．推理判断题。根据第一段的“Research spanning several decades demonstrates that you are more likely to think the information that is repeated to be true than the information you hear only once. You usually assume that if people put in effort to repeat a statement, this reflects the truth of the statement. This tendency-also
called the truth effect-is a bias that can lead you to draw incorrect conclusions.(几十年的研究表明，与只听到一次的信息相比，你更有可能认为重复的信息是真实的。你通常认为，如果人们努力重复一句话，这就反映了这句话的真实性。这种倾向——也被称为真实效应——是一种偏见，它会导致你得出错误的结论。)”可知，作者的意图是阐明一个现象，即“真实效应”，这是一种偏见，可能导致人们得出不正确的结论。故选B。
11．推理判断题。根据第五段的“Second, participants more significantly underpredicted the truth effect for themselves compared to that for other people. (第二，与他人相比，参与者对自己真实效应的低估更为显著。) ”可知，人们在对“真实效应”的认识上存在一些偏差，尤其是对于他们自己而言。他们往往低估了这种效应的影响，认为自己能够做出更明智的判断。故选D。
12．词句猜测题。根据最后一段的“This study is particularly important in light of the amount of misinformation present in social media. Many people have the power to influence public opinion about important matters. Flooding social media feeds with misinformation will lead people to believe this information is true just because it is stated.(鉴于社交媒体上存在大量错误信息，这项研究尤为重要。许多人有能力在重要问题上影响公众舆论。充斥在社交媒体上的错误信息会让人们相信这些信息是真实的，仅仅因为它是陈述出来的。)”可知，人们容易受到重复信息的影响，从而误导人们的判断，因此划线词意为“易受影响的”，subject(易遭受……的，受……支配的，可能受……影响的)与其是同义词。故选B。
（2024·北京西城·一模）Evan Selinger, professor in RIT’s Department of Philosophy, has taken an interest in the ethics (伦理标准) of Al and the policy gaps that need to be filled in. Through a humanities viewpoint, Selinger asks the questions, “How can AI cause harm, and what can governments and companies creating Al programs do to address and manage it ” Answering them, he explained, requires an interdisciplinary approach.
“AI ethics go beyond technical fixes. Philosophers and other humanities experts are uniquely skilled to address the nuanced (微妙的) principles, value conflicts, and power dynamics. These skills aren’t just crucial for addressing current issues. We desperately need them to promote anticipatory (先行的) governance, ” said Selinger.
One example that illustrates how philosophy and humanities experts can help guide these new, rapidly growing technologies is Selinger’s work collaborating with a special AI project. “One of the skills I bring to the table is identifying core ethical issues in emerging technologies that haven’t been built or used by the public. We can take preventative steps to limit risk, including changing how the technology is designed, ”said Selinger.
Taking these preventative steps and regularly reassessing what risks need addressing is part of the ongoing journey in pursuit of creating responsible AI. Selinger explains that there isn’t a step-by-step approach for good governance. “AI ethics have core values and principles, but there’s endless disagreement about interpreting and applying them and creating meaningful accountability mechanisms, ” said Selinger. “Some people are rightly worried that AI can become integrated into ‘ethics washing’-weak checklists, flowery mission statements, and empty
rhetoric that covers over abuses of power. Fortunately, I’ve had great conversations about this issue, including with some experts, on why it is important to consider a range of positions. ”
Some of Selinger’s recent research has focused on the back-end issues with developing AI, such as the human impact that comes with testing AI chatbots before they’re released to the public. Other issues focus on policy, such as what to do about the dangers posed by facial recognition and other automated surveillance(监视) approaches.
Selinger is making sure his students are informed about the ongoing industry conversations on AI ethics and responsible AI. “Students are going to be future tech leaders. Now is the time to help them think about what goals their companies should have and the costs of minimizing ethical concerns. Beyond social costs, downplaying ethics can negatively impact corporate culture and hiring, ” said Selinger. “To attract top talent, you need to consider whether your company matches their interests and hopes for the future. ”
13．Selinger advocates an interdisciplinary approach because ________.
A．humanities experts possess skills essential for AI ethics
B．it demonstrates the power of anticipatory governance
C．AI ethics heavily depends on technological solutions
D．it can avoid social conflicts and pressing issues
14．To promote responsible AI, Selinger believes we should ________.
A．adopt a systematic approach B．apply innovative technologies
C．anticipate ethical risks beforehand D．establish accountability mechanisms
15．What can be inferred from the last two paragraphs
A．More companies will use AI to attract top talent.
B．Understanding AI ethics will help students in the future.
C．Selinger favors companies that match his students’ values.
D．Selinger is likely to focus on back-end issues such as policy.
【答案】13．A 14．C 15．B
【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章主要说明了RIT哲学系教授Evan Selinger对于对人工智能的伦理的一些看法和建议。
13．细节理解题。根据第二段““AI ethics go beyond technical fixes. Philosophers and other humanities experts are uniquely skilled to address the nuanced (微妙的) principles, value conflicts, and power dynamics. These skills aren’t just crucial for addressing current issues. We desperately need them to promote anticipatory (先行的) governance, ” said Selinger.( Selinger说：“人工智能伦理超越了技术修复。哲学家和其他人文专家在处
理微妙的原则、价值冲突和权力动态方面具有独特的技能。这些技能不仅对解决当前问题至关重要。我们迫切需要他们来促进预见性治理。”)”可知，塞林格主张跨学科的方法，因为人文学科专家拥有人工智能伦理所必需的技能。故选A。
14．细节理解题。根据第四段“Taking these preventative steps and regularly reassessing what risks need addressing is part of the ongoing journey in pursuit of creating responsible AI.(采取这些预防措施并定期重新评估需要解决的风险，是追求创造负责任的人工智能的持续旅程的一部分)”可知，为了促进负责任的人工智能，塞林格认为我们应该事先预测道德风险。故选C。
15．推理判断题。根据最后一段““Students are going to be future tech leaders. Now is the time to help them think about what goals their companies should have and the costs of minimizing ethical concerns. Beyond social costs, downplaying ethics can negatively impact corporate culture and hiring, ” said Selinger. “To attract top talent, you need to consider whether your company matches their interests and hopes for the future.”(“学生们将成为未来的科技领袖。现在是时候帮助他们思考他们的公司应该有什么样的目标，以及最小化道德问题的成本。除了社会成本之外，轻视道德还会对企业文化和招聘产生负面影响。”“为了吸引顶尖人才，你需要考虑你的公司是否符合他们的兴趣和对未来的希望。”)”可推知，理解人工智能伦理对学生未来有帮助。故选B。
（2024·北京石景山·一模）It’s a known fact that emissions (排放物) from gas-powered vehicles are harming the atmosphere. In response to this, Porsche, the German sports car company, began producing e-fuels at a pilot plant in Chile last year. Currently, the fuel will be used only in sports cars at Porsche’s performance and experience centers.
E-fuels are made by passing electricity through water. The electricity separates the hydrogen and oxygen from water. The hydrogen is then mixed with CO to produce a liquid e-fuel, which can be produced using many renewable energy sources, such as solar and wind power. E-fuels follow the chemical structure of gasoline, making it possible for gas-powered cars to run on e-fuels almost without any change.
E-fuels can help ease the transform away from gas-powered cars, for those who may not be able to afford electric vehicles (EV). It will also help to reduce waste by keeping gas-powered cars in service, instead of throwing them away prematurely. Additionally, the use of e-fuels will not require new facility to be built unlike EVs. Existing gas stations and cars will be able to stay in use, which is already a big saving.
Despite the many benefits, opinions differ on whether e-fuels are truly eco-friendly. E-fuels are widely said to be nearly carbon neutral (碳中和), although an independent study indicates that e-fuels release the same amount of CO as gasoline. Since e-fuels are still being developed and tested, their true impacts are still unknown. Meanwhile, e-fuels are very expensive to produce, partly due to energy loss during production. Unfortunately, only about half of
the energy used in producing e-fuels is actually transformed into fuel. Additionally, only about 16% of the energy used in e-fuel production is actually used to power the car. Whereas, about 70% of energy is preserved when powering an EV. Even though the use of e-fuels will preserve existing facility, it will still take time and money to integrate it into everyday life. Currently, the price of e-fuels is nearly double the cost of regular fuel.
E-fuels are still a work in progress. Though opinions are divided on e-fuels, with more testing and development, they have been considered another way to help fight against the climate crisis. “There are currently more than 1.3 billion vehicles with combustion (内燃) engines worldwide. Many of these will be on the roads for decades to come, and e-fuels offer the owners of existing cars a nearly carbon-neutral alternative. With the e-fuels pilot plant, Porsche is playing a leading role in this development,” said Michael Steiner, member of the Executive Board for Development and Research at Porsche AG.
16．What can we learn from this passage
A．E-fuels release no CO .
B．E-fuels were tested in Germany at first.
C．E-fuels are applicable to gas-powered cars.
D．E-fuels need to be mixed with CO in actual use.
17．The author quotes Michael Steiner mainly to ______.
A．draw a conclusion. B．present an opinion
C．further a discussion D．provide a solution
18．What is the author’s attitude towards e-fuels
A．Positive. B．Dismissive. C．Doubtful. D．Objective.
【答案】16．C 17．C 18．A
【导语】这是一篇说明文。德国跑车公司保时捷去年开始在智利的一家试点工厂生产电动燃料，以减少汽车排放物对大气的影响。文章对此进行了介绍。
16．细节理解题。根据第二段最后一句“E-fuels follow the chemical structure of gasoline, making it possible for gas-powered cars to run on e-fuels almost without any change.(电子燃料遵循汽油的化学结构，这使得以汽油为动力的汽车几乎不需要任何改变就可以使用电子燃料。)”可知，电子燃料适用于汽油动力汽车。故选C。
17．推理判断题。根据最后一段第二句“Though opinions are divided on e-fuels, with more testing and development, they have been considered another way to help fight against the climate crisis.(尽管人们对电子燃料的看法存在分歧，但随着更多的测试和开发，它们已被认为是帮助应对气候危机的另一种方式。)”和第三句中的“There are currently more than 1.3 billion vehicles with combustion (内燃) engines worldwide. Many of these will be on the roads for decades to come, and e-fuels offer the owners of existing cars a nearly
carbon-neutral alternative. With the e-fuels pilot plant, Porsche is playing a leading role in this development(通用场景术语库目前全球有超过13亿辆内燃机汽车。其中许多将在未来几十年上路，而电子燃料为现有汽车的车主提供了一种几乎碳中和的替代方案。随着电动燃料试点工厂的建立，保时捷在这一发展中发挥着主导作用)”可知，作者引用迈克尔·斯坦纳的话主要是为了进一步讨论前文中提到的结论。故选C。
18．推理判断题。根据最后一段第二句“Though opinions are divided on e-fuels, with more testing and development, they have been considered another way to help fight against the climate crisis.(尽管人们对电子燃料的看法存在分歧，但随着更多的测试和开发，它们已被认为是帮助应对气候危机的另一种方式。)”可知，作者对电子燃料的态度是积极的。故选A。
（2024·北京·一模）In Thailand, human-elephant conflict is increasing. To local farmers, elephants threaten their safety and economic livelihood.
Bring the Elephant Home (BTEH) is a non-profit organisation whose mission is to increase chances of survival for elephants and work towards a world in which people and elephants can live in harmony, benefting from each other’s existence. BTEH’s projects root in local communities. Their work is characterised by three principles:local involvement, a healthy ecology, and benefits for people and elephants simultaneously (同时地). They lead to shared decision making, ownership of local communities, sustainability, and a peaceful coexistence of people and animals.
A group of BTEH researchers and local farmer volunteers are experimenting with how to make the plantations less appealing to elephants and prevent them from coming into the farms. And the Tom Yum Project comes into being.
The name of the Tom Yum Project comes from the Thai soup. The ingredients (原料) for the soup are chilli, garlic, lemongrass, and onion—none of which are attractive to elephants. This project gives hope to alternative crops as a solution to human-elephant conflict in Thailand. The project works in the following steps.
The Tom Yum Project is the first research and community-based alternative crop planting initiative to promote human-elephant coexistence. Now, some similar projects will be carried out in Sri Lanka.
19．According to the passage, BTEH’s mission is to
A．develop rural communities B．create healthy environments
C．improve local economic livelihood D．promote human-elephant coexistence
20．In the Tom Yum Project, researchers and local farmers_______.
A．form some guarding teams B．volunteer to collect ingredients
C．experiment with alternative crops D．provide elephants with the Thai soup
21．In which step do farmers turn the harvested crops into organic honey or teas
A．Step 2. B．Step 3. C．Step 4. D．Step 5.
【答案】19．D 20．C 21．C
【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章介绍泰国一个非盈利组织BTEH为了促进人像和谐共存开发了Tom Yum Project，鼓励农民种植对大象吸引力小的替代作物，同时也让农民可以生产有机产品。
19．细节理解题。根据第二段中“Bring the Elephant Home (BTEH) is a non-profit organisation whose mission is to increase chances of survival for elephants and work towards a world in which people and elephants can live in harmony, benefting from each other’s existence. (“把大象带回家”(BTEH)是一个非营利性组织，其使命是增加大象的生存机会，并努力建立一个人与大象和谐相处，相互受益的世界)”可知，BTEH的任务是促进人和大象的和谐共处。故选D。
20．细节理解题。根据第四段中“This project gives hope to alternative crops as a solution to human-elephant conflict in Thailand.(这个项目为泰国解决人象冲突的替代作物带来了希望)”和第五段中“The Tom Yum Project is the first research and community-based alternative crop planting initiative to promote human-elephant coexistence.(Tom Yum项目是第一个以研究和社区为基础的替代作物种植倡议，以促进人象共存)”可知，在Tom Yum Project项目中研究人员和当地农民实验替代作物。故选C。
21．细节理解题。根据第四张图片中的叙述“Farmers harvest crops and create organic products in eco-friendly packaging.(农民收割农作物，生产环保包装的有机产品)”可知，在这一步农民把收获的作物变成有机蜂蜜或茶叶。故选C。
（2024·北京·一模）Time is one of humanity’s greatest blind spots. We experience it as days, months or years. But nature functions on much grander scales, measured in centuries, and even longer phases often grouped as “deep time.” Humanity’s shortsightedness around time creates major limits on modern conservation. As the climate and
biodiversity crises accelerate, we are urgently working to protect and regenerate ecosystems without understanding how they functioned when they were truly doing well. A deep time perspective can help change that.
Take forest management. For decades, our practices called for all-out prevention of even the mildest forest fires, believing that fire was bad for both people and nonhuman nature. Until recently we ignored the forest management strategies indigenous (土著的) communities had successfully used for centuries, in particular the application of small-scale controlled burns. Fire, it turns out, has always been an integral ingredient in healthy forest ecosystems, promoting new growth by thinning the understory. Today, we’re beginning to see widespread application of indigenous knowledge to forest management, tapping into this ancient wisdom.
But how can we know what an ecosystem looked like centuries ago One pathway is through modern mathematical modeling. We have married it with streams of long-term data and discovered a possible way to preserve the ecosystem of California’s kelp forest. By examining how North Pacific kelp forests existed long before the 19th century, we found that we’ve ignored the presence of a keystone species—the Steller’s sea cow, and its role in maintaining the harmony of this ecosystem.
Our model described the interactions between giant kelp and understory algae competing for light and space on the seafloor. Then we ran the model again, but this time with the Steller’s sea cow added in. These mammals fed on the leaves from the upper kelp layers. This allowed light to reach the sea bottom, which in turn stimulated the growth of not only the kelp but other kinds of organisms. In re-creating that vanished historical system that included the Steller’s sea cow, we could see a more diverse forestwhere the understory competed better with kelp
In short, what we assume we know about an ecosystem based on the recent past may impede our ability to fully understand and protect it. To ensure that our boldest conservation efforts are successful, we must begin looking at time as an essential tool.
22．According to the passage, what gets in the way of human’s conservation efforts
A．Lack of insights into deep time B．The worsening of biodiversity crises
C．The blindness to management strategies. D．Resistance to taking a deep time perspective.
23．What can we learn from the passage
A．Ignoring the Steller’s sea cow led to ecological imbalance.
B．People now prioritize fire prevention over controlled burns.
C．Mathematical modeling matters more than indigenous knowledge
D．Harvesting upper kelp leaves encourages fresh growth in the understory.
24．What does the underlined word “impede” in the last paragraph probably mean
A．Bring forth. B．Boost up. C．Shut down. D．Hold back.
【答案】22．A 23．D 24．D
【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章指出人类应该以世纪为单位，从遥远的过去寻求保护生态系统的方法。
22．细节理解题。根据第一段中“Humanity’s shortsightedness around time creates major limits on modern conservation. (人类对时间的短视造成了现代保护的重大限制。)”可知，缺乏对深层时间的洞察阻碍了人类的保护努力。故选A。
23．推理判断题。根据倒数第二段中“These mammals fed on the leaves from the upper kelp layers. This allowed light to reach the sea bottom, which in turn stimulated the growth of not only the kelp but other kinds of organisms. (这些哺乳动物以上层海藻层的叶子为食。这使得光线能够到达海底，这反过来不仅刺激了海带的生长，还刺激了其他生物的生长。)”可知，食用上层的叶子，可以使光线到达海底，这能刺激海带和其他物种的生长。由此推知，收获上部海带的叶子可以促进林下植被的生长。故选D。
24．词句猜测题。根据第一段中“A deep time perspective can help change that. (深入的时间视角可以帮助改变这一点。)”和最后一段中“To ensure that our boldest conservation efforts are successful, we must begin looking at time as an essential tool. (为了确保我们最大胆的保护努力取得成功，我们必须开始把时间视为一个必不可少的工具。)”可知，人类基于最近生态系统的假设可能阻碍我们理解和保护它的能力，因此我们应该以世纪为单位，从遥远的过去寻求保护生态系统的方法。由此猜测impede意为“阻碍”，与hold back同义。故选D。
（2024·北京·一模）Artificial intelligence is almost twice as accurate as a biopsy (活组织检查) at judging the aggressiveness of some cancers, experts say. Cancer kills 10 million people globally every year, according to the WHO. But for patients the disease can be prevented if detected instantly and dealt with quickly.
A recent study suggested an AI algorithm (算法) was far better than a biopsy at correctly grading the aggressiveness of sarcomas (肉瘤), a rare form of cancer. Researchers hope AI will improve outcomes for patients by giving doctors a more accurate way of grading tumours (肿瘤). Because high-grade tumours can indicate aggressive disease, the tool could help ensure those high-risk patients are identified more quickly and treated instantly. Low-risk patients could also be spared unnecessary treatments, follow-up scans and hospital visits.
Researchers say the algorithm could be applied to other types of cancer in future. The team specifically looked at retroperitoneal sarcomas, which develop at the back of the abdomen and are difficult to diagnose (诊断) and treat due to their location. They used CT scans from 170 patients with the two most common forms of retroperitoneal sarcoma — leiomyosarcoma and liposarcoma. Using data from these scans they created an AI algorithm, which was then tested on 89 patients in other countries. In grading how aggressive the tumour was, the technology was accurate
in 82% of the cases, while biopsies were 44%.
AI could also recognize leiomyosarcoma and liposarcoma in 84% of sarcomas tested, while radiologists were able to identify them in 65% of the cases. Christina Messiou, the study leader, said: “We’re incredibly excited by the potential of this state-of-the-art technology, which could lead to patients having better outcomes through faster diagnosis. As patients with retroperitoneal sarcoma are routinely scanned with CT, we hope this tool will eventually be used globally, ensuring that not just specialist centres can reliably identify and grade the disease.”
Richard Davison, chief executive of Sarcoma UK, said the results looked “very promising”. He added: “People are more likely to survive sarcoma if diagnosed early. One in six people with sarcoma cancer wait more than a year to receive an accurate diagnosis, so any research that helps patients receive better treatment and support is welcome.”
25．According to the passage, AI is capable of .
A．grading the risk of sarcomas
B．measuring the scale of sarcomas
C．providing cancer treatment for clinicians
D．classifying cancers with its advanced algorithm
26．What can be inferred from this passage
A．More sarcomas can be detected with the help of AI.
B．Biopsies will be replaced by AI algorithm in identifying cancers.
C．More patients suffering from cancers will benefit from AI algorithm.
D．AI algorithm has been applied in hospitals for detecting most cancers.
27．What is the passage mainly about
A．AI has a profound market in curing cancers.
B．New treatments for sarcomas are well underway.
C．AI helps identify high-risk and low-risk patients.
D．AI does better in assessing some types of sarcomas.
【答案】25．A 26．C 27．D
【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章介绍了研究表明在判断某些癌症的侵袭性方面人工智能的准确度几乎是活检的两倍，可以对肉瘤的风险进行分级。文章详细介绍了其研究过程，研究人员认为该算法未来可以应用于其他类型的癌症。
25．细节理解题。由第二段中“A recent study suggested an AI algorithm (算法) was far better than a biopsy at
correctly grading the aggressiveness of sarcomas (肉瘤), a rare form of cancer. Researchers hope AI will improve outcomes for patients by giving doctors a more accurate way of grading tumours (肿瘤). (最近的一项研究表明，在正确分级肉瘤（一种罕见的癌症）的侵袭性方面，人工智能算法远优于活组织检查。研究人员希望人工智能能为医生提供更准确的肿瘤分级方法，从而改善患者的预后)”可知，人工智能有能力对肉瘤的风险进行分级。故选A项。
26．推理判断题。由第三段中“Researchers say the algorithm could be applied to other types of cancer in future. (研究人员表示，该算法未来可以应用于其他类型的癌症)”可得出，更多的癌症患者将受益于AI算法。故选C项。
27．主旨大意题。通读全文，根据第一段中“Artificial intelligence is almost twice as accurate as a biopsy (活组织检查) at judging the aggressiveness of some cancers, experts say. (专家表示，在判断某些癌症的侵袭性方面，人工智能的准确度几乎是活检的两倍)”和第二段中“A recent study suggested an AI algorithm (算法) was far better than a biopsy at correctly grading the aggressiveness of sarcomas (肉瘤), a rare form of cancer. (最近的一项研究表明，在正确分级肉瘤（一种罕见的癌症）的侵袭性方面，人工智能算法远优于活组织检查)”可知，文章介绍了研究表明在判断某些癌症的侵袭性方面，人工智能的准确度几乎是活检的两倍，可以对肉瘤的风险进行分级。D项“人工智能在评估某些类型的肉瘤方面做得更好”符合文意。故选D项。
（2024·北京·一模）Are you ready to become an international UN Volunteer
You can contribute your time, skills and knowledge through volunteering with the UN. This is an opportunity to create a positive impact and be a significant force for achieving peace and development. Make a difference to the lives of many!
The first step to volunteer abroad with the UN is to determine whether you meet the minimum requirements. If this is the case, register your profile in our Unified Volunteering Platform. Then, you may apply for assignments that are in high demand or even in highly specialized areas.
The minimum age to serve as an international UN Volunteer is 18 years old. However, there are specific requirements for various categories: UN Youth Volunteers, including University Volunteers, must be aged 18-26, UN Volunteer specialists must be at least 27years old, and UN Expert Volunteers must be 35 years of age and above.
There may also be requirements of relevant professional and academic experience, as well as language proficiency (熟练). Refer to the Description of Assignment for the UN Volunteer assignment for the position you are applying for because different assignments have their specific requirements.
All UN Volunteers must display a commitment to the values and principles of volunteerism and the activities of the United Nations and the UN Charter, and an ability to work in a multicultural environment and with local partners and communities. They should be prepared to adjust to difficult living conditions in sometimes remote locations. UN
Volunteers should be professional, with strong interpersonal and organizational skills.
28．Which is a requirement for being an international UN Volunteer
A．Having a positive impact.
B．Being younger than 18 years old.
C．Having relevant work experience.
D．Being talented in foreign languages.
29．If selected as a UN volunteer, one will need to .
A．show his education level
B．improve local living conditions
C．follow the rules of the activities
D．communicate with others efficiently
30．Which of the following statements is correct according to the passage
A．Every assignment has its particular requirements.
B．If you meet the requirements, you can register by email.
C．UN Volunteers will work in remote locations independently.
D．As a volunteer, you should make principles of volunteerism.
【答案】28．C 29．D 30．A
【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章介绍了要成为国际联合国志愿者的具体要求。
28．细节理解题。由倒数第二段中“There may also be requirements of relevant professional and academic experience, as well as language proficiency (熟练). (还可能对相关职业和学术经验以及语言熟练度提出要求)”可知，成为一名国际联合国志愿人员需要有相关工作经验。故选C项。
29．细节理解题。由最后一段中“UN Volunteers should be professional, with strong interpersonal and organizational skills. (联合国志愿人员应该是专业的，具有很强的人际关系和组织能力)”可知，联合国志愿人员具有很强的人际关系，如果被选为联合国志愿人员，他/她需要与他人有效沟通。故选D项。
30．细节理解题。由倒数第二段中“Refer to the Description of Assignment for the UN Volunteer assignment for the position you are applying for because different assignments have their specific requirements. (请参阅您申请职位的联合国志愿人员任务说明，因为不同的任务有其具体要求)”可知，不同的任务有其具体要求，A项“每项任务都有其特殊要求”正确。故选A项。
（2023·北京·模拟预测）A question has increasingly bothered me since I began studying our relationship with
technology two decades ago: Will we ever pay attention again The concern arose from measuring the shrinking attention spans in various work roles. Whether we’re talking about a Gen Z or a baby boomer, a CEO or an administrative assistant, attention spans on our computers and phones are short and declining.
We tend to blame this trend on growing digital alerts and notifications, or on algorithms aimed at capturing our focus. These do play measurable roles. But it turns out that people are nearly as likely to switch their attention of their own volition. We are determined to be interrupted, if not by others, then by ourselves. Simply choosing to check our email is a major reason for interruptions. Our research found that, on average, people check their inboxes 77 times a day. More than 40% of the time, they do it willingly, without being spurred by any alert.
Are we doomed to see our attention spans nosedive Completely unplugging from technology might help us recover, but few of us are ready to give up the benefits of online connections. There are possible remedies, however, if not real solutions.
First, we can become more intentional in our actions by examining the reasons behind: Am I distracting myself because I am bored Are there other options Taking proper breaks is also important; research shows that even a 20-minute walk in nature can lead us to increase our generation of ideas. Finally, people can plan to concentrate on important tasks when their mental resources are at their peak for avoiding distraction.
Institutional decisions can also help us to preserve attention. It’s not realistic to cut off email completely, but the volume can be reduced. We found that cutting email off in an organization for one workweek helped people focus longer on screens and reduced panies with an email-free day a week have reported positive results.
The German companies Volkswagen and Allianz have gone a step further and adopted a policy called “Right to Disconnect”. Actually, this policy of not punishing workers for failing to answer e-communications after work hours has been instituted in Ireland and France. How does this help A 2017《备战2024年高考英语二轮真题零失误规范训练》（北京专用）
专题14 阅读理解说明文C篇3年真题+最新模拟15篇
（技能+真题+模拟）解析版
目 录
技能专区 1
真题专区 1
模拟专区 5
技能专区：冲刺备考名师提醒，洞悉高考命题规律，提供高效提分干货
一、阅读理解说明文细节理解题注意落实“定位原文”和“同义替换”技巧。
二、数据计算题注重“原文定位”和“细节理解”，弄清来龙去脉再计算。
三、重视说明文“倒三角形”结构，特别是首段和段首的独特引领作用。
四、标题概括题重视三性：概括性、简洁性和新颖性；同时联系首段和关键词。
五、说明文长难句较多增加了理解的难度，落实“括号法”，（从句）（非谓语）
（介词短语）（名词短语）。
六、规范训练目标：做标记，留痕迹；零失误；限时6分钟/每篇。
真题专区：练真题，明方向；练技巧，提能力；练速度，提分数！
（2023·北京·统考高考真题）In recent years, researchers from diverse fields have agreed that short-termism is now a significant problem in industrialised societies. The inability to engage with longer-term causes and consequences leads to some of the world’s most serious problems: climate change, biodiversity collapse, and more. The historian Francis Cole argues that the West has entered a period where “only the present exists, a present characterised at once by the cruelty of the instant and by the boredom of an unending now”.
It has been proved that people have a bias (偏向) towards the present, focusing on loud attractions in the moment at the expense of the health, well-being and financial stability of their future selves or community. In
business, this bias surfaces as short-sighted decisions. And on slow-burning problems like climate change, it translates into the unwillingness to make small sacrifices (牺牲) today that could make a major difference tomorrow. Instead, all that matters is next quarter’s profit, or satisfying some other near-term desires.
These biased perspectives cannot be blamed on one single cause. It is fair to say, though, that our psychological biases play a major role. People’s hesitancy to delay satisfaction is the most obvious example, but there are others. One of them is about how the most accessible information in the present affects decisions about the future. For instance, you might hear someone say: “It’s cold this winter, so I needn’t worry about global warming.”Another is that loud and urgent matters are given too much importance, making people ignore longer-term trends that arguably matter more. This is when a pop star draws far more attention than, say, gradual biodiversity decline.
As a psychologist once joked, if aliens (外星人) wanted to weaken humanity, they wouldn’t send ships; they would invent climate change. Indeed, when it comes to environmental transformations, we can develop a form of collective “poor memory”, and each new generation can believe the state of affairs they encounter is nothing out of the ordinary. Older people today, for example, can remember a time with insect-covered car windscreens after long drives. Children, on the other hand, have no idea that insect population has dropped dramatically.
1．The author quotes Francis Cole mainly to ________.
A．draw a comparison
B．introduce a topic
C．evaluate a statement
D．highlight a problem
2．What can be inferred from the last paragraph
A．Climate change has been forgotten.
B．Lessons of history are highly valued.
C．The human mind is bad at noting slow change.
D．Humans are unwilling to admit their shortcomings.
3．What does the author intend to tell us
A．Far-sighted thinking matters to humans.
B．Humans tend to make long-term sacrifices.
C．Current policies facilitate future decision-making.
D．Bias towards the present helps reduce near-term desires.
（2022·北京·高考真题）“What would the world be if there were no hunger ” It’s a question that Professor
Crystal would ask her students. They found it hard to answer, she wrote later, because imagining something that isn’t part of real life—and learning how to make it real—is a rare skill. It is taught to artists and engineers, but much less often to scientists. Crystal set out to change that, and helped to create a global movement. The result—an approach known as systems thinking—is now seen as essential in meeting global challenges.
Systems thinking is crucial to achieving targets such as zero hunger and better nutrition because it requires considering the way in which food is produced, processed, delivered and consumed, and looking at how those things intersect (交叉 ) with human health, the environment, economics and society. According to systems thinking, changing the food system—or any other network—requires three things to happen. First, researchers need to identify all the players in that system; second, they must work out how they relate to each other; and third, they need to understand and quantify the impact of those relationships on each other and on those outside the system.
Take nutrition. In the latest UN report on global food security, the number of undernourished (营养不良 )people in the world has been rising, despite great advances in nutrition science. Tracking of 150 biochemicals in food has been important in revealing the relationships between calories, sugar, fat and the occurrence of common diseases. But using machine learning and artificial intelligence, some scientists propose that human diets consist of at least 26,000 biochemicals—and that the vast majority are not known. This shows that we have some way to travel before achieving the first objective of systems thinking - which,in this example, is to identify more constituent parts of the nutrition system.
A systems approach to creating change is also built on the assumption that everyone in the system has equal power. But as some researchers find, the food system is not an equal one. A good way to redress (修正 ) such power imbalance is for more universities to do what Crystal did and teach students how to think using a systems approach.
More researchers, policymakers and representatives from the food industry must learn to look beyond their direct lines of responsibility and adopt a systems approach. Crystal knew that visions alone don’t produce results, but concluded that “we’ll never produce results that we can’t envision”.
4．The author uses the question underlined in Paragraph 1 to ________.
A．illustrate an argument B．highlight an opinion
C．introduce the topic D．predict the ending
5．What can be inferred about the field of nutrition
A．The first objective of systems thinking hasn’t been achieved.
B．The relationships among players have been clarified.
C．Machine learning can solve the nutrition problem.
D．The impact of nutrition cannot be quantified.
6．As for systems thinking, which would the author agree with
A．It may be used to justify power imbalance.
B．It can be applied to tackle challenges.
C．It helps to prove why hunger exists.
D．It goes beyond human imagination.
（2021·北京·高考真题）Hundreds of scientists, writers and academics sounded a warning to humanity in an open letter published last December: Policymakers and the rest of us must engage openly with the risk of global collapse. Researchers in many areas have projected the widespread collapse as “a credible scenario(情景) this century”.
A survey of scientists found that extreme weather events, food insecurity, and freshwater shortages might create global collapse. Of course, if you are a non-human species, collapse is well underway.
The call for public engagement with the unthinkable is especially germane in this moment of still-uncontrolled pandemic and economic crises in the world's most technologically advanced nations. Not very long ago, it was also unthinkable that a virus would shut down nations and that safety nets would be proven so disastrously lacking in flexibility.
The international scholars’ warning letter doesn't say exactly what collapse will look like or when it might happen. Collapseology, the study of collapse, is more concerned with identifying trends and with them the dangers of everyday civilization. Among the signatories(签署者) of the warning was Bob Johnson, the originator of the “ecological footprint” concept, which measures the total amount of environmental input needed to maintain a given lifestyle. With the current footprint of humanity, “it seems that global collapse is certain to happen in some form, possibly within a decade, certainly within this century,” Johnson said in an email.
“Only if we discuss the consequences of our biophysical limits,” the December warning letter says, “can we have the hope to reduce their speed, severity and harm”. And yet messengers of the coming disturbance are likely to be ignored. We all want to hope things will turn out fine. As a poet wrote,
Man is a victim of dope(麻醉品)
In the incurable form of hope.
The hundreds of scholars who signed the letter are intent(执着) on quieting hope that ignores preparedness. “Let's look directly into the issue of collapse,” they say, “and deal with the terrible possibilities of what we see there to make the best of a troubling future.”
7．What does the underlined word “germane” in Paragraph 3 probably mean
A．Scientific. B．Credible.
C．Original. D．Relevant.
8．As for the public awareness of global collapse, the author is________.
A．worried B．puzzled
C．surprised D．scared
9．What can we learn from this passage
A．The signatories may change the biophysical limits.
B．The author agrees with the message of the poem.
C．The issue of collapse is being prioritized.
D．The global collapse is well underway.
模拟专区：做好题才有好成绩！练技能，补漏洞，提分数，强信心！
（2024·北京朝阳·一模）Have we reached the peak of the culture war Looking at my social media feeds, it seems that polarised thinking and misinformation have never been more common. How am I supposed to feel when users I once admired now draw on questionable evidence to support their beliefs
Perhaps it is time for us all to adopt a little “existential humility”. I came across this idea in a paper by Jeffrey Greenat Virginia from Common Wealth University and his colleagues. They build on a decade of research examining the benefits of “intellectual humility” more generally — our ability to recognise the errors in our judgement and remain aware of the limits of our knowledge.
You can get a flavour of this research by rating your agreement with the following statements, ranging from 1 (not at all like me) to 5 (very like me): I question my own opinions because they could be wrong; I recognise the value in opinions that are different from my own; in the face of conflicting evidence, I am open to changing my opinions.
People who score highly on this assessment are less likely to form knee-jerk reactions on a topic, and they find it easier to consider the strengths or weaknesses of a logical argument. They are less likely to be influenced by misinformation, since they tend to read the article in full, investigate the sources of a news story and compare its reporting to other statements, before coming to a strong conclusion about its truth.
Developing “intellectual humility” would be an excellent idea in all fields, but certain situations may make it particularly difficult to achieve. Greenat points out that some beliefs are so central to our identity that any challenge can activate an existential crisis, as if our whole world view and meaning in life are under threat. As a result, we become more insistent in our opinions and seek any way to protect them. This may reduce some of our feelings of
uncertainty, but it comes at the cost of more analytical thinking.
For these reasons, Greenat defines “existential humility” as the capacity to entertain the thought of another world view without becoming so defensive and closed-minded. So how could we achieve it This will be the subject of future research, but the emotion of awe (a feeling of great respect and admiration) may offer one possibility. One study found that watching awe-inspiring videos about space and the universe led to humbler thinking, including a greater capacity to admit weaknesses.
Perhaps we could all benefit from interrupting our despair with awe-inspiring content. At the very least, we can try to question our preconceptions before offering our views on social media and be a little less ready to criticize when others disagree.
1．Regarding the culture war on social media, the author is _______.
A．embarrassed B．concerned C．panicked D．stressed
2．What can be inferred from the passage
A．Existential humility reduces the threat to identity.
B．People with intellectual humility tend to jump to conclusions.
C．Awe could promote existential humility by encouraging modest thinking.
D．The higher you score on the assessment, the more you stick to your values.
3．Which would be the best title for the passage
A．Overcome an Existential Crisis B．Show a Little Humility
C．The Path to Screening Information D．The Approach to Achieving Humility
（2024·北京海淀·一模）With all the dietary information online, it can be hard to know what tips to follow. Watch out for these words and expressions.
Fat Is Good
It doesn’t matter if you are part of the fat is GOOD for you or BAD for you group, the important question to ask is the source of the fat. If it comes from a land-based animal, and is likely to be solid at room temperature, then it is saturated (饱和的) fat whereas if it comes from fish or plants, and it is likely to be liquid at room temperature, then it is unsaturated fat. All the evidence indicates that eating more unsaturated fat than saturated fat lowers your risk of dying early.
Natural Sugar Is Better
The vast majority of sugar we consume is sucrose (蔗糖). It is the white powdered stuff we cook with and is made up of glucose and fructose. How about sugar from honey It is often marketed as natural and better for you.
Actually, it just has its own distinct flavour, but is as sweet because of glucose and fructose.
High-pH Water
Some people think we need to eat alkali (碱) food to maintain our blood at a pH of 7.4. But everything we eat or drink passes through the stomach, which, at a pH of 1.5, is the most acidic part of the body. It is then neutralised to a pH of 7. So, nothing we eat will change the pH of our blood.
Don’t Eat Anything That You Can’t Pronounce
Whether foods are natural or highly processed, they are all full of chemicals. Are you supposed to fear “phenylthiocarbamide”, because you can’t pronounce it This is simply the chemical responsible for the bitter taste found in brassicas, the plants in the cabbage and mustard family.
Don’t Eat Food With More Than Five Ingredients(佐料)
Simple foods are not necessarily healthier for you. If I, for instance, use Chinese five spice powder in a recipe, that would count as one of the five ingredients. However, what if I added the typical components of five spice powder separately into a dish Does that mean my recipe suddenly becomes bad because it has more than five ingredients
4．According to the passage, healthier fat ______.
A．can be found in fish and plants B．comes from land-based animals
C．remains solid at room temperature D．can lower the death rate of elders
5．The passage suggests that ______.
A．diets can help adjust the pH of our blood B．honey sugar can do more good than sucrose
C．foods with more ingredients may be as healthy D．chemicals we can recognize are safer to take in
6．What is the main purpose of the passage
A．To compare tips on food choices. B．To introduce different health concepts.
C．To recommend fitness recipes to readers. D．To warn us of some dietary misunderstandings.
（2024·北京房山·一模）Clinical intuition is finally getting the respect it may have long deserved. New research is supporting a process that combines rapid judgments and perceptions that occur outside of conscious awareness — a way of knowing something without knowing how you know it. The value of clinical intuition in medicine is now being studied and becoming particularly relevant as interest grows in developing AI systems that can analyze medical data to diagnose or treat patients.
A study in 2023 found that clinical intuition from physiotherapists on the prognosis for functional recovery among patients was closely associated with the recovery afterwards. Another study concluded that in comparison to
relying only on clinical data, “preoperative surgeon intuition alone is an independent predictor of patient outcomes.”
“This is a cognitive process. Clinical intuition is about expertise, knowledge, and pattern recognition that accumulate through experience. The mind is putting together all kinds of information and sequencing it in ways that say this person is really sick — or not,” says Meredith Vanstone, an associate professor in McMaster University. Given the depth of this cognitive process, some experts are skeptical that AI technology can make medical decisions as well as a human physician.
“As physicians go through years of interactions with patients and seeing thousands of cases, those gut feelings become a sort of summary statement of all the experiences they’ve seen,” says Mohammad Ghassemi, a researcher at Michigan State University. “Clinicians can observe different things that are not always captured or made available by machines.”
Researchers found that physicians and nurses practicing in a medical specialty involving a high likelihood of an emergency or dimensions of complexity are more likely to use intuitive decision-making in their practice. “As surgeons, the first thing we need to do is look at the patient because the structured data may not be consistent with what we see with the patient,” says Gabriel Brat from Harvard Medical School.
Research has found that clinical intuition from nurses and physicians about the chances that older patients visiting emergency departments would die or have other adverse outcomes within 30 days was highly accurate.
None of known experiences suggest that clinical intuition should be blindly acted upon. Making clinical decisions solely on the basis of a physician’s intuition isn’t the way to go, experts say. But relying solely on medical algorithms (mathematical models) that generate predictions about how a patient is likely to respond to different treatments isn’t the best course of action either.
To optimize patient care, some experts believe a hybrid approach that integrates clinical intuition, predictive algorithms, patient preferences, and other key factors is essential.
7．According to the passage, clinical intuition is influenced by ________.
A．rapid judgement
B．medical algorithms
C．conscious awareness
D．professional knowledge
8．Which of the following would Mohammad Ghassemi agree
A．Clinicians have a sharp eye for a patient’s condition.
B．Machines always generate more accurate predictions.
C．Doctors should summarize the experiences they’ve seen.
D．Physicians’ interactions with patients have been devalued.
9．Why does the author mention the research finding in Paragraph 6
A．To introduce the wide use of clinical intuition.
B．To explain the logic chain of clinical intuition.
C．To prove the accuracy of clinical intuition.
D．To present feedbacks on clinical intuition.
（2024·北京东城·一模）Research spanning several decades demonstrates that you are more likely to think the information that is repeated to be true than the information you hear only once. You usually assume that if people put in effort to repeat a statement, this reflects the truth of the statement. This tendency-also called the truth effect-is a bias (偏见) that can lead you to draw incorrect conclusions.
To what degree are people aware of the truth effect This question was addressed in a paper in the journal Cognition early this year.
In the critical study in this paper, participants did two sessions. In one session, they read about a hypothetical (虚构的) study in which they were exposed to some statements and then were asked whether both statements they had heard before as well as these new statements were true. They were asked to predict the proportion (比例) of each statement that would be judged as true. They did this both as a prediction of other people’s performance as well as a prediction of how they would do in this study.
At another session a few days later, participants actually performed this study, reading a set of 20 statements in the hypothetical study again and then judging the truth of altogether 40 statements, half of which were from the hypothetical study and the other half of which were new.
This study did replicate the well known truth effect. People were more likely to judge statements they had seen before as true than statements that were new. Two interesting findings emerged from the prediction. First, participants tended to underestimate the size of the truth effect for everyone. T hat is, while they did expect some difference in judgments between the statements seen before and those that were new, they thought this difference would be smaller than it actually was. Second, participants more significantly underpredicted the truth effect for themselves compared to that for other people.
This study is particularly important in light of the amount of misinformation present in social media. Many people have the power to influence public opinion about important matters. Flooding social media feeds with misinformation will lead people to believe this information is true just because it is stated. Recognizing that we are all susceptible to this influence of repeated information should lead us to mistrust our intuition (直觉) about what is
true and to look up important information prior to using it to make important judgments and decisions.
10．In the first paragraph, the author intends to ______.
A．clarify a misconception B．present a phenomenon
C．challenge a statement D．confirm a theory
11．What can we learn from the study
A．Impacts of the truth effect require further studies.
B．Making predictions before judgments is significant.
C．People have hardly any awareness of the truth effect.
D．People tend to believe they can make wiser judgments.
12．What does the word “susceptible” underlined in the last paragraph most probably mean
A．Critical. B．Subject. C．Opposed. D．Adapted.
（2024·北京西城·一模）Evan Selinger, professor in RIT’s Department of Philosophy, has taken an interest in the ethics (伦理标准) of Al and the policy gaps that need to be filled in. Through a humanities viewpoint, Selinger asks the questions, “How can AI cause harm, and what can governments and companies creating Al programs do to address and manage it ” Answering them, he explained, requires an interdisciplinary approach.
“AI ethics go beyond technical fixes. Philosophers and other humanities experts are uniquely skilled to address the nuanced (微妙的) principles, value conflicts, and power dynamics. These skills aren’t just crucial for addressing current issues. We desperately need them to promote anticipatory (先行的) governance, ” said Selinger.
One example that illustrates how philosophy and humanities experts can help guide these new, rapidly growing technologies is Selinger’s work collaborating with a special AI project. “One of the skills I bring to the table is identifying core ethical issues in emerging technologies that haven’t been built or used by the public. We can take preventative steps to limit risk, including changing how the technology is designed, ”said Selinger.
Taking these preventative steps and regularly reassessing what risks need addressing is part of the ongoing journey in pursuit of creating responsible AI. Selinger explains that there isn’t a step-by-step approach for good governance. “AI ethics have core values and principles, but there’s endless disagreement about interpreting and applying them and creating meaningful accountability mechanisms, ” said Selinger. “Some people are rightly worried that AI can become integrated into ‘ethics washing’-weak checklists, flowery mission statements, and empty rhetoric that covers over abuses of power. Fortunately, I’ve had great conversations about this issue, including with some experts, on why it is important to consider a range of positions. ”
Some of Selinger’s recent research has focused on the back-end issues with developing AI, such as the human
impact that comes with testing AI chatbots before they’re released to the public. Other issues focus on policy, such as what to do about the dangers posed by facial recognition and other automated surveillance(监视) approaches.
Selinger is making sure his students are informed about the ongoing industry conversations on AI ethics and responsible AI. “Students are going to be future tech leaders. Now is the time to help them think about what goals their companies should have and the costs of minimizing ethical concerns. Beyond social costs, downplaying ethics can negatively impact corporate culture and hiring, ” said Selinger. “To attract top talent, you need to consider whether your company matches their interests and hopes for the future. ”
13．Selinger advocates an interdisciplinary approach because ________.
A．humanities experts possess skills essential for AI ethics
B．it demonstrates the power of anticipatory governance
C．AI ethics heavily depends on technological solutions
D．it can avoid social conflicts and pressing issues
14．To promote responsible AI, Selinger believes we should ________.
A．adopt a systematic approach B．apply innovative technologies
C．anticipate ethical risks beforehand D．establish accountability mechanisms
15．What can be inferred from the last two paragraphs
A．More companies will use AI to attract top talent.
B．Understanding AI ethics will help students in the future.
C．Selinger favors companies that match his students’ values.
D．Selinger is likely to focus on back-end issues such as policy.
（2024·北京石景山·一模）It’s a known fact that emissions (排放物) from gas-powered vehicles are harming the atmosphere. In response to this, Porsche, the German sports car company, began producing e-fuels at a pilot plant in Chile last year. Currently, the fuel will be used only in sports cars at Porsche’s performance and experience centers.
E-fuels are made by passing electricity through water. The electricity separates the hydrogen and oxygen from water. The hydrogen is then mixed with CO to produce a liquid e-fuel, which can be produced using many renewable energy sources, such as solar and wind power. E-fuels follow the chemical structure of gasoline, making it possible for gas-powered cars to run on e-fuels almost without any change.
E-fuels can help ease the transform away from gas-powered cars, for those who may not be able to afford
electric vehicles (EV). It will also help to reduce waste by keeping gas-powered cars in service, instead of throwing them away prematurely. Additionally, the use of e-fuels will not require new facility to be built unlike EVs. Existing gas stations and cars will be able to stay in use, which is already a big saving.
Despite the many benefits, opinions differ on whether e-fuels are truly eco-friendly. E-fuels are widely said to be nearly carbon neutral (碳中和), although an independent study indicates that e-fuels release the same amount of CO as gasoline. Since e-fuels are still being developed and tested, their true impacts are still unknown. Meanwhile, e-fuels are very expensive to produce, partly due to energy loss during production. Unfortunately, only about half of the energy used in producing e-fuels is actually transformed into fuel. Additionally, only about 16% of the energy used in e-fuel production is actually used to power the car. Whereas, about 70% of energy is preserved when powering an EV. Even though the use of e-fuels will preserve existing facility, it will still take time and money to integrate it into everyday life. Currently, the price of e-fuels is nearly double the cost of regular fuel.
E-fuels are still a work in progress. Though opinions are divided on e-fuels, with more testing and development, they have been considered another way to help fight against the climate crisis. “There are currently more than 1.3 billion vehicles with combustion (内燃) engines worldwide. Many of these will be on the roads for decades to come, and e-fuels offer the owners of existing cars a nearly carbon-neutral alternative. With the e-fuels pilot plant, Porsche is playing a leading role in this development,” said Michael Steiner, member of the Executive Board for Development and Research at Porsche AG.
16．What can we learn from this passage
A．E-fuels release no CO .
B．E-fuels were tested in Germany at first.
C．E-fuels are applicable to gas-powered cars.
D．E-fuels need to be mixed with CO in actual use.
17．The author quotes Michael Steiner mainly to ______.
A．draw a conclusion. B．present an opinion
C．further a discussion D．provide a solution
18．What is the author’s attitude towards e-fuels
A．Positive. B．Dismissive. C．Doubtful. D．Objective.
（2024·北京·一模）In Thailand, human-elephant conflict is increasing. To local farmers, elephants threaten their safety and economic livelihood.
Bring the Elephant Home (BTEH) is a non-profit organisation whose mission is to increase chances of survival
for elephants and work towards a world in which people and elephants can live in harmony, benefting from each other’s existence. BTEH’s projects root in local communities. Their work is characterised by three principles:local involvement, a healthy ecology, and benefits for people and elephants simultaneously (同时地). They lead to shared decision making, ownership of local communities, sustainability, and a peaceful coexistence of people and animals.
A group of BTEH researchers and local farmer volunteers are experimenting with how to make the plantations less appealing to elephants and prevent them from coming into the farms. And the Tom Yum Project comes into being.
The name of the Tom Yum Project comes from the Thai soup. The ingredients (原料) for the soup are chilli, garlic, lemongrass, and onion—none of which are attractive to elephants. This project gives hope to alternative crops as a solution to human-elephant conflict in Thailand. The project works in the following steps.
The Tom Yum Project is the first research and community-based alternative crop planting initiative to promote human-elephant coexistence. Now, some similar projects will be carried out in Sri Lanka.
19．According to the passage, BTEH’s mission is to
A．develop rural communities B．create healthy environments
C．improve local economic livelihood D．promote human-elephant coexistence
20．In the Tom Yum Project, researchers and local farmers_______.
A．form some guarding teams B．volunteer to collect ingredients
C．experiment with alternative crops D．provide elephants with the Thai soup
21．In which step do farmers turn the harvested crops into organic honey or teas
A．Step 2. B．Step 3. C．Step 4. D．Step 5.
（2024·北京·一模）Time is one of humanity’s greatest blind spots. We experience it as days, months or years. But nature functions on much grander scales, measured in centuries, and even longer phases often grouped as “deep time.” Humanity’s shortsightedness around time creates major limits on modern conservation. As the climate and biodiversity crises accelerate, we are urgently working to protect and regenerate ecosystems without understanding how they functioned when they were truly doing well. A deep time perspective can help change that.
Take forest management. For decades, our practices called for all-out prevention of even the mildest forest fires, believing that fire was bad for both people and nonhuman nature. Until recently we ignored the forest management strategies indigenous (土著的) communities had successfully used for centuries, in particular the application of small-scale controlled burns. Fire, it turns out, has always been an integral ingredient in healthy forest ecosystems, promoting new growth by thinning the understory. Today, we’re beginning to see widespread application of indigenous knowledge to forest management, tapping into this ancient wisdom.
But how can we know what an ecosystem looked like centuries ago One pathway is through modern mathematical modeling. We have married it with streams of long-term data and discovered a possible way to preserve the ecosystem of California’s kelp forest. By examining how North Pacific kelp forests existed long before the 19th century, we found that we’ve ignored the presence of a keystone species—the Steller’s sea cow, and its role in maintaining the harmony of this ecosystem.
Our model described the interactions between giant kelp and understory algae competing for light and space on the seafloor. Then we ran the model again, but this time with the Steller’s sea cow added in. These mammals fed on the leaves from the upper kelp layers. This allowed light to reach the sea bottom, which in turn stimulated the growth of not only the kelp but other kinds of organisms. In re-creating that vanished historical system that included the Steller’s sea cow, we could see a more diverse forestwhere the understory competed better with kelp
In short, what we assume we know about an ecosystem based on the recent past may impede our ability to fully understand and protect it. To ensure that our boldest conservation efforts are successful, we must begin looking at time as an essential tool.
22．According to the passage, what gets in the way of human’s conservation efforts
A．Lack of insights into deep time B．The worsening of biodiversity crises
C．The blindness to management strategies. D．Resistance to taking a deep time perspective.
23．What can we learn from the passage
A．Ignoring the Steller’s sea cow led to ecological imbalance.
B．People now prioritize fire prevention over controlled burns.
C．Mathematical modeling matters more than indigenous knowledge
D．Harvesting upper kelp leaves encourages fresh growth in the understory.
24．What does the underlined word “impede” in the last paragraph probably mean
A．Bring forth. B．Boost up. C．Shut down. D．Hold back.
（2024·北京·一模）Artificial intelligence is almost twice as accurate as a biopsy (活组织检查) at judging the aggressiveness of some cancers, experts say. Cancer kills 10 million people globally every year, according to the WHO. But for patients the disease can be prevented if detected instantly and dealt with quickly.
A recent study suggested an AI algorithm (算法) was far better than a biopsy at correctly grading the aggressiveness of sarcomas (肉瘤), a rare form of cancer. Researchers hope AI will improve outcomes for patients by giving doctors a more accurate way of grading tumours (肿瘤). Because high-grade tumours can indicate aggressive disease, the tool could help ensure those high-risk patients are identified more quickly and treated instantly. Low-risk patients could also be spared unnecessary treatments, follow-up scans and hospital visits.
Researchers say the algorithm could be applied to other types of cancer in future. The team specifically looked at retroperitoneal sarcomas, which develop at the back of the abdomen and are difficult to diagnose (诊断) and treat due to their location. They used CT scans from 170 patients with the two most common forms of retroperitoneal sarcoma — leiomyosarcoma and liposarcoma. Using data from these scans they created an AI algorithm, which was then tested on 89 patients in other countries. In grading how aggressive the tumour was, the technology was accurate in 82% of the cases, while biopsies were 44%.
AI could also recognize leiomyosarcoma and liposarcoma in 84% of sarcomas tested, while radiologists were able to identify them in 65% of the cases. Christina Messiou, the study leader, said: “We’re incredibly excited by the potential of this state-of-the-art technology, which could lead to patients having better outcomes through faster diagnosis. As patients with retroperitoneal sarcoma are routinely scanned with CT, we hope this tool will eventually be used globally, ensuring that not just specialist centres can reliably identify and grade the disease.”
Richard Davison, chief executive of Sarcoma UK, said the results looked “very promising”. He added: “People are more likely to survive sarcoma if diagnosed early. One in six people with sarcoma cancer wait more than a year to receive an accurate diagnosis, so any research that helps patients receive better treatment and support is welcome.”
25．According to the passage, AI is capable of .
A．grading the risk of sarcomas
B．measuring the scale of sarcomas
C．providing cancer treatment for clinicians
D．classifying cancers with its advanced algorithm
26．What can be inferred from this passage
A．More sarcomas can be detected with the help of AI.
B．Biopsies will be replaced by AI algorithm in identifying cancers.
C．More patients suffering from cancers will benefit from AI algorithm.
D．AI algorithm has been applied in hospitals for detecting most cancers.
27．What is the passage mainly about
A．AI has a profound market in curing cancers.
B．New treatments for sarcomas are well underway.
C．AI helps identify high-risk and low-risk patients.
D．AI does better in assessing some types of sarcomas.
（2024·北京·一模）Are you ready to become an international UN Volunteer
You can contribute your time, skills and knowledge through volunteering with the UN. This is an opportunity to create a positive impact and be a significant force for achieving peace and development. Make a difference to the lives of many!
The first step to volunteer abroad with the UN is to determine whether you meet the minimum requirements. If this is the case, register your profile in our Unified Volunteering Platform. Then, you may apply for assignments that are in high demand or even in highly specialized areas.
The minimum age to serve as an international UN Volunteer is 18 years old. However, there are specific requirements for various categories: UN Youth Volunteers, including University Volunteers, must be aged 18-26, UN Volunteer specialists must be at least 27years old, and UN Expert Volunteers must be 35 years of age and above.
There may also be requirements of relevant professional and academic experience, as well as language proficiency (熟练). Refer to the Description of Assignment for the UN Volunteer assignment for the position you are applying for because different assignments have their specific requirements.
All UN Volunteers must display a commitment to the values and principles of volunteerism and the activities of the United Nations and the UN Charter, and an ability to work in a multicultural environment and with local partners and communities. They should be prepared to adjust to difficult living conditions in sometimes remote locations. UN Volunteers should be professional, with strong interpersonal and organizational skills.
28．Which is a requirement for being an international UN Volunteer
A．Having a positive impact.
B．Being younger than 18 years old.
C．Having relevant work experience.
D．Being talented in foreign languages.
29．If selected as a UN volunteer, one will need to .
A．show his education level
B．improve local living conditions
C．follow the rules of the activities
D．communicate with others efficiently
30．Which of the following statements is correct according to the passage
A．Every assignment has its particular requirements.
B．If you meet the requirements, you can register by email.
C．UN Volunteers will work in remote locations independently.
D．As a volunteer, you should make principles of volunteerism.
（2023·北京·模拟预测）A question has increasingly bothered me since I began studying our relationship with technology two decades ago: Will we ever pay attention again The concern arose from measuring the shrinking attention spans in various work roles. Whether we’re talking about a Gen Z or a baby boomer, a CEO or an administrative assistant, attention spans on our computers and phones are short and declining.
We tend to blame this trend on growing digital alerts and notifications, or on algorithms aimed at capturing our focus. These do play measurable roles. But it turns out that people are nearly as likely to switch their attention of their own volition. We are determined to be interrupted, if not by others, then by ourselves. Simply choosing to check our email is a major reason for interruptions. Our research found that, on average, people check their inboxes 77 times a day. More than 40% of the time, they do it willingly, without being spurred by any alert.
Are we doomed to see our attention spans nosedive Completely unplugging from technology might help us recover, but few of us are ready to give up the benefits of online connections. There are possible remedies, however, if not real solutions.
First, we can become more intentional in our actions by examining the reasons behind: Am I distracting myself because I am bored Are there other options Taking proper breaks is also important; research shows that even a 20-minute walk in nature can lead us to increase our generation of ideas. Finally, people can plan to concentrate on
important tasks when their mental resources are at their peak for avoiding distraction.
Institutional decisions can also help us to preserve attention. It’s not realistic to cut off email completely, but the volume can be reduced. We found that cutting email off in an organization for one workweek helped people focus longer on screens and reduced panies with an email-free day a week have reported positive results.
The German companies Volkswagen and Allianz have gone a step further and adopted a policy called “Right to Disconnect”. Actually, this policy of not punishing workers for failing to answer e-communications after work hours has been instituted in Ireland and France. How does this help A 2017 study found afterhours work communications created emotional exhaustion, and a 2014 study showed detaching from work can improve sleep. The study found when sleep deficits increase, attention spans decrease.
Our online behavior is greatly influenced by the wider culture and the ever more sophisticated tools of digital technology, but we can’t just blame our short attention spans on algorithms and notifications that flood in. We still own our attention, and we can take change into our own hands.
31．In paragraph 2, the author mentions the result of the research to show that________.
A．we are likely to interrupt ourselves in most cases
B．people will sometimes voluntarily seek distraction
C．people are constantly interrupted by email from others
D．digital alerts are not to blame for the reduced concentration
32．What can be inferred about the two German companies before the introduction of the “Right to Disconnect” policy
A．The companies used to punish workers for not staying connected after work.
B．The employees of these companies were generally not satisfied with their job.
C．Their employees had lower sleep quality compared to those in France and Ireland.
D．The companies refused to adopt the policy because they wanted to make more profits.
33．What can we conclude about digital technology from the passage
A．It’s up to us human beings to decide how much we want to be distracted by it.
B．We can adjust our online behavior by making some changes to digital culture.
C．Standards must be set to ensure that we do not fall victim to its negative effects.
D．The impact of digital technology on our lives can be extended by cultural behavior.
（2023·北京·三模）Vaccines (疫苗) may soon make their first film appearance. Led by expert Maria A．Croyle, researchers have developed a thin sheet that preserves vaccines for long periods without refrigeration.
This means the carefully cooled small bottles now used to ship vaccines could potentially be replaced by lightweight films that can be mailed in an envelope and stored on a shelf.
Croyle’s laboratory began developing the technology in 2007. Inspired by amber’s ability to preserve the DNA of insects, the researchers set out to create their own version of the substance by mixing “a lot of sugar and a little bit of salt, much like hard candy”, Croyle explains. The vaccine-containing film is administered by mouth — sweet news for many who dislike needles.
The film is tailored to suit each specific vaccine candidate and provide a protective coating. “We’ve learned over time that the key to really stabilizing whatever the film holds is to have it intermixed with all the components,” Croyle says, adding that the process is quick and uses affordable, standard equipment. “We really wanted to come up with something that would be transferable to developing countries.”
Immunization (免疫) programs depend heavily on keeping vaccines cold (2℃ — 8℃) as they are transported, sometimes over thousands of kilometers to far-away locations. Delivery can be difficult and costly, and transport disruptions can cause the vaccines to be ineffective.
But this new product can store live viruses, bacteria and antibodies for several months at 20℃. In a paper published in Science Advances, the scientists show that the live viruses in one vaccine were preserved in the film even after 36 months. They also find that a flu vaccine suspended in their film compares favourably with a traditional flu shot (流感预防针). “The study demonstrates early proof of concept for an exciting platform for vaccine product development,” says Lisa Rohan, a pharmacologist, who was not involved in the study. She also notes that each vaccine type would need a custom formulation (配方) for future stages of development.
Finding partners to mass-produce for clinical trials is the researchers’ most pressing problem, Croyle says. They are also exploring packaging methods to keep their films stable up to 40℃.
Size is a major advantage — a letter-sized sheet of the film can carry more than 500 doses (剂) of vaccine, about 1/900 the weight of the same amount of traditional doses. By making it easier and cheaper to ship and preserve vaccines efficiently, Croyle says, the technology could vastly improve immunization rates the world over, particularly in middle- to low-income countries.
34．What can we learn about the film
A．It contains animal’s DNA． B．It will replace vaccines.
C．It comes in different flavours. D．It can hold bio-products.
35．The author mentions Lisa Rohan’s words to ______.
A．advise personalizing vaccines
B．suggest the product is promising
C．prove the study is supported widely
D．stress the functions of a new platform
36．What will be the next urgent task for Croyle’s team
A．Advertising the film worldwide. B．Improving the film’s capacity.
C．Reducing the shipping cost. D．Seeking ideal manufacturers.
（2023·北京·三模）Delivering life-saving drugs directly to the brain in a safe and effective way is a challenge for medical providers. One key reason: the blood-brain barrier, which protects the brain from tissue-specific drug delivery. Methods such as an injection or a pill aren’t as precise or immediate as doctors might prefer, and ensuring delivery right to the brain often requires invasive, risky techniques.
A team of engineers from Washington University in St. Louis has developed a new nano-particle generation-delivery method that could someday vastly improve drug delivery to the brain, making it as simple as a sniff.
“This would be a nano-particle nasal spray, and the delivery system could allow medicine to reach the brain within 30 minutes to one hour,” said Ramesh Raliya, research scientist at the School of Engineering & Applied Science.
“The blood-brain barrier protects the brain from foreign substances in the blood that may injure the brain,” Raliya said. “ But when we need to deliver something there, getting through that barrier is difficult and invasive. Our non-invasive technique can deliver drugs via nano-particles, so there’s less risk and better response times.”
The novel approach is based on aerosol science and engineering principles that allow the generation of mono-disperse nano-particles, which can deposit on upper regions of the nasal cavity via spread. The nano-particles were tagged with markers, allowing the researchers to track their movement.
Next, researchers exposed locusts’ antenna to the aerosol, and observed the nano-particles travel from the antennas up through the olfactory nerve, which is used to sense the smell. Due to their tiny size, the nano-particles passed through the brain-blood barrier, reaching the brain and spreading all over it in a matter of minutes.
The team tested the concept in locusts because the blood-brain barriers in the insects and humans have similarities. “The shortest and possibly the easiest path to the brain is through your nose,” said Barani Raman, associate professor of biomedical engineering. “Your nose, the olfactory bulb and then olfactory cortex: two steps and you’ve reached the cortex.”
To determine whether or not the foreign nano-particles disrupted normal brain function, Saha examined the physiology response of olfactory neurons in the locusts before and after the nano-particle delivery and found no
noticeable change in the electro-physiological responses was detected.
This is only a beginning of a set of studies that can be performed to make nano-particle-based drug delivery approaches more principled, Raman said. The next phase of research involves fusing the gold nano-particles with various medicines, and using ultrasound to target a more precise dose to specific areas of the brain, which would be especially beneficial in brain-tumor cases.
37．What is the passage mainly about
A．A novel method of drug delivery. B．A challenge facing medical staff.
C．A new medicine treating brain disease. D．A technique to improve doctor’s ability.
38．What can we learn from the passage
A．Doctors prefer using methods like an injection to treat diseases.
B．Locusts were tagged with markers to track their movement.
C．The blood-brain barrier lowers the effectiveness of a pill.
D．The medicine could reach the brain within half an hour.
39．The researchers focused their study on locusts because .
A．human and locusts have similar structures that protect brain from foreign substances
B．the delivery process consists of the olfactory bulb and the olfactory cortex
C．locusts have changeable electrophysiological responses to nanoparticles
D．the shortest and possibly the safest path to the brain is through human’s noses
（2023·北京·三模）A heavy feeling on the chest. A throat that’s leaden. An overwhelming feeling of isolation. Loneliness hurts—and, over time, it can put the body into a state that increases our risk of everything from heart attack and stroke to diabetes and cancer. So, evolutionarily speaking, why do we experience it
Stephanie Cacioppo, a neuroscientist at the University of Chicago Pritzker School of Medicine, says that countless studies have helped researchers formulate a holistic(全面的)purpose for loneliness. “Our social structures evolved hand in hand with neural, hormonal and genetic mechanisms to support these social structures—like couples, tribes and communities—that help us survive and reproduce,” says Cacioppo. Because while loneliness may be painful to experience today, for our prehistoric ancestors that pain would have been a far better alternative to being caught alone with a predator on the prowl(潜行).
Being social had its downsides even back then—competition for food, for example, or contribution to the spread of pathogens(病原体). But scientists think we evolved to feel loneliness because it was more important to work with one another to accomplish tasks and to protect everyone. “The pain of loneliness prompted us to renew
the social structure so we could survive and promote key features like trust, cooperation and collective action, explains Cacioppo.
For years, researchers thought of loneliness as a disease. But now, they’re realizing that it’s more of a biological hunger signal that reminds us when it’s time to reconnect with those around us to promote our short-term survival. If the outcomes of loneliness were entirely negative, it would no longer be a part of our DNA．“Hunger and thirst protect our physical body while loneliness protects our social body,” says Cacioppo.
Loneliness impacts us all differently. Some of us may find certain situations lonely even while others don’t. There’s also a genetic component: Some of us are born to feel lonelier than others. Other factors play a role, too. The way we were treated as children can also inform how lonely we feel as adults. Lonely people spend most of their time deep within their own imaginations; they may conceptualize social encounters so much, in fact, that this part of their brain is in overdrive. That means even though they may be desperate to form connections, when they’re around other people, they’re actually less likely to be present.
40．As for loneliness, which would the author agree with
A．It can lead to serious mental problems in adulthood.
B．It holds potential risks and disadvantages to individuals.
C．It may reflect a person’s strong desire to have social bonds.
D．It is perceived in the same way as it is demonstrated by our DNA．
41．Scientists believe that loneliness is______.
A．beneficial but risky B．painful but necessary
C．natural and powerful D．personal and harmful
42．Which would be the best title for the passage
A．Humans evolved to be lonely. B．Loneliness is a curable disease.
C．Loneliness is a personal feeling. D．Humans need to address loneliness.
（2023·北京海淀·三模）Fungi Can Help Concrete Heal Its Own Cracks
Cracks are very common in concrete structures due to various chemical and physical phenomena that occur during everyday use. And tiny cracks can be quite harmful because they provide an easy route in for liquids and gasses — and the harmful substances they might contain. For instance, micro-cracks can allow water and oxygen to infiltrate and then corrode the steel, leading to structural failure.
But continuous maintenance and repair work is difficult because it usually requires an enormous amount of labor and investment.
Scientists have been trying to figure out how these harmful cracks could heal themselves without human intervention. The idea was originally inspired by the amazing ability of the human body to heal itself of cuts, bruises and broken bones. A person takes in nutrients which the body uses to produce new substitutes to heal damaged tissues. In the same way, can we provide necessary products to concrete to fill in cracks when damage happens
Through long time research, scientists have found an unusual candidate to help concrete heal itself: a fungus called T. reesei. It is found that as calcium hydroxide from concrete dissolved in water, the pH of the fungal growth medium increased from a close-to-neutral original value of 6.5 all the way to a very alkaline 13.0. Of all the fungi tested, only T. reesei could survive this environment. Despite the drastic pH increase, its spores germinated into threadlike hyphal mycelium and grew equally well with or without concrete.
Scientists propose including fungal spores, together with nutrients, during the initial mixing process when building a new concrete structure. When the inevitable cracking occurs and water finds its way in, the dormant fungal spores will germinate. As they grow, they’ll work as a catalyst within the calcium-rich conditions of the concrete to promote precipitation of calcium carbonate crystals. These mineral deposits can fill in the cracks. When the cracks are completely caulked and no more water can enter, the fungi will again form spores. If cracks form again and environmental conditions become favorable, the spores could wake up and repeat the process.
T. reesei is eco-friendly, posing no known risk to human health. In fact, T. reesei has a long history of safe use in industrial-scale production of carbohydrase enzymes, such as cellulase, which plays an important role in fermentation processes during winemaking. Of course, researchers will need to conduct a thorough assessment to investigate any possible immediate and long-term effects on the environment and human health prior to its use as a healing agent in concrete infrastructure.
43．According to the passage, tiny cracks in concrete structures may lead to ________.
A．Disfunction even collapse of the entire structure
B．Continuous maintenance and rebuilding
C．Leakage of liquids and gasses
D．Waste of water and oxygen
44．What can we know about T. reesei
A．It is widely used in building concrete structures.
B．It can survive in extreme environment.
C．It can help the concrete cracks heal.
D．It is a newly discovered fungi.
45．What can be inferred from the last paragraph
A．T. reesei might be used on human.
B．The research is still at its initially stage.
C．T. reesei is unreplaceable in winemaking.
D．T. reesei has long-term effects on human health