人教版（2019）选择性必修第四册Unit 5 Launching Your Career 复习学案四（含答案）
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选4U4 Using Language
一、重点单词词性转换：
object n. 物体；目标；宾语； v. 反对，反感；→ objective adj. 客观的；基于事实的；宾格的 n. 目标；宾语→objection n. 反对；反对的话，异议
mine pron. 我的（东西） n. 矿；矿井；地雷；水雷 vt.& vi. 在…中开采，开采→ miner n. 矿工；采矿机；地雷工兵→mineral n. 矿物；矿石；矿物质
agriculture n. 农业；农学→agricultural adj. 农业的，农用的；以农业为主的
expense n. 开销；费用；业务费→ expensive adj. 昂贵的
invest v. 投资；投入（时间/精力等）→ investment n. 投资；投资额/物；（时间/精力的）投入
support v. 支持；帮助，资助；养活 n. 支持；帮助；支撑（物）；证据→supportive adj. 支持的，拥护的，赞助的 →supporter n. 支持者，拥护者；支持物；赡养者
globe n. 地球；世界；地球仪；球状物→ global adj. 全球的；整体的；全面的
contract vt.感染(疾病)；与……订立合同(或契约) n．合同；契约→contractual adj.合同的，契约的；按合同(或契约)规定的→contractor n．承包人；承包商；承包公司
circuit n．巡回；环形路线 →circle n. 圆（圈）；环形物；v. 盘旋；环行；转圈
disability n．缺陷；障碍→disabled adj.残疾的，有缺陷的
consultation n．咨询；咨询会→consult vt.查阅；商量；向……请教 →consultant n. 顾问；会诊医师
criterion n．标准；准则；原则→criteria [复数]
stability n．稳定(性)；稳固(性)→stable adj.稳定的，牢固的；稳重的，沉稳的；持久的→stably adv.稳固地；稳定地；安定地
allergic adj. 过敏的；反感的，厌恶的→sensitive adj. 体贴的；敏感的；过敏的；棘手的
pray vi. & vt.企盼；祈祷 →prayer n. 祈祷；祷词
二、必备短语/词块
take (...) for granted 认为……理所当然；对……不予重视
relay to 转达给……；转发给…… 3.pray that...但愿......
4.on TV/on the radio 在电视上/广播中 5.in one’s opinion 在某人看来
6.be based on 基于; 以…为基础; 7.in need of 有…的需要;有…的必要;
8.work as 当; 担任; 担任…工作;
9.work on 从事于…; 继续工作; 努力影响[说服]; 致力于
10.to be honest 说实话；坦率地说 11.leave for 出发去（某地）
12.more importantly 更重要的是 14.except for 除…之外
15.not only ... but also ... 不仅……而且…… 16.as well 也， 还有
17.make a difference to... 对……产生影响 18.in addition 除此之外，另外
19.sing a different tune 改变调子，转变态度；唱反调
20.now that... 既然 21. what if ... 要是...会怎么样呢
22.be proud of 因...而骄傲、自豪
23.go over 仔细检查；认真讨论；用心思考
阅读理解--细节题做题技巧讲解
主旨大意20% 词义猜测10%
阅读理解 细节理解
推理判断 35%
35%
5大细节题: wh-题, true/except题, 数字计算题，图表，排序
3大主旨题: Topic/ Title, Main idea, Purpose）
3大推断题: 细节推断，态度观点，文章来源
3大词汇题: 指示代词，熟词生义，陌生词汇
2大结构题: 文章结构题，文章展开
考点
细节理解题在高考中占有较大比例，其主要考查考生对文章（或某一段落）中某一些特定细节或文章的重要事实的理解能力。
概念
指原文提高了某事物、现象或理论，题干针对原文具体叙述本身发问。
解题原则&步骤和方法
原则：忠实于原文原句及全篇逻辑关系，不能主观臆断
步骤和方法：
Step 1:题干中选定关键词（定位词） Step 2:通过略读、查读锁定文中定位区域
Step 3:结合信息区域上下文理解、比对 Step 4:排除干扰项，筛选得出答案
定位词通常是哪些词？
1. 人名、地名等专有名词；年份、数字等数词及题干中的大写名词
2. 指代具体事物或人物的名词
3. 词义鲜明的动词、形容词、副词等实词
正确项特征
同义替换 指对原文句子中的关键词进行同义替换
语言简化 把原文中的复杂语言现象进行简化，设置为答案
正话反说 把原文中的意思反过来表达而成为正确选项。
干扰项特征
张冠李戴 是原文信息，但不是题目要求的内容
无中生有 符合常识，但不是文章的内容
曲解文意 与原文的内容极其相似，只是在某个细节处有些变动
颠倒是非 在意思上与原文大相径庭甚至完全相反
正误参半 部分正确，部分错误
题干和正确选项的特点归纳
替换关键词：把文中关键词转化替换成同、近义词，设置题干或正确选项。
When I was growing up in America, I was ashamed of my mother’s Chinese English. Because of her English, she was often treated unfairly. People in department stores, at banks, and at restaurants did not take her seriously, did not give her good service, pretended not to understand her, or even acted as if they did not hear her.
41. Why was the author’s mother poorly served ________
A. She was unbale to speak good English. B. She was often misunderstood.
C. She was not clearly heard. D. She was not very polite.
【解析】
选A。treated unfairly= poorly served .C是对“as if they did not hear her”的偷换概念.D无中生有
词性或语态变化：把原文句中的词变换词性或语态，以制造理解障碍。
Confucius… assumed that all men were equal at birth, though some had more potential than others, and that it was knowledge that set men apart. Socrates focused on individual, and thought that the greatest purpose of man was to seek wisdom. He believed…
66. What made some people different from others according to Confucius __________
A. Family B. Potential C. Knowledge D. Community
【解析】
选C。原文：it was knowledge that set men apart.
语言简化，长话短说：把原文中散杂语言现象进行提炼总结，成为题干或正确答案。
Unfortunately, the leaders invested the money unwisely and lost millions of dollars. In addition, they used millions more dollars for personal expenses. Soon people realized that they had a terrible problem--- their phosphate was running out. Ninety percent of their island was destroyed and they had nothing. By 2000, Nauru was financially ruined. Experts say that it would take approximately $433,600,000 and more than 20 years to repair the island. This will probably never happen.
1. Which of the following was a cause of Nauru’s financial problem
A. Its leaders misused the money
B. Its spent too much repairing the island
C. Its phosphate mining cost much money
D. It lost millions of dollars in the civil war
【解析】选A。B选项属于偷换概念，未然变已然。
选项的其他注意事项
1.关注起承转合的过渡词，如however, but, moreover, therefore, hence, thus, nevertheless等，要特别注意句子前后意义的转折，递进，因果等关系。
2.警惕语气绝对的词，如must, never, the most, all, merely, only, have to, any, no, none, completely, absolutely等，通常不是答案。
3.关注试探性语气的词，如probably, possibly, may, usually, might, more or less, relatively, be likely to, not necessary, tend to, be liable to, 往往是答案。
4.了解题目设计常考位置：
因果关系处；转折处；引言处；列举处；比较处
细节理解题解题技巧
技巧1 利用“跳读法”和“定位法”
做细节题目，无需通篇细看全文，应戴着问题找答案，通过跳读迅速定位与题目相关的信息，然后对选项与原文进行信息加工比对，准确确定答案。
技巧2 利用“顺藤摸瓜”法
“顺藤摸瓜”法，就是根据题干中的关键词(“藤”)到文中去找相同或相似的关键词句（“藤”），然后顺着这根“藤”找到答案信息（“瓜”）。一般来说“瓜”多在“藤”后面，若后面的信息不是“瓜”，我们就往“藤”前去摸。短文中的“瓜”与选项中的“瓜”一般不完全相同，而是以同义或近义表达出现。
技巧3 利用加减乘除法
此法来解决数学计算类题目，做此类题要审清题目，弄清问题，比对原文中的数字和单位，不要忽略任何信息，一般再通过简单的加减乘除便可知答案。
技巧4 利用“排除法”
此法用来解决正误判断题，这类题型相对信息量大，误导性强，考查学生分析问题的能力更为突出，在排除选项时一定做到准确无误。仔细揣摩文中信息与选项信息的吻合性。
提问类型划分
直接信息题
例题剖析
Rosa Parks(1913---2005) On December 1, 1955, in Montgomery, Alabama, Rosa Parks would not give up her seat on a bus to a white passenger. Her simple act landed Parks in prison. But it also set off the Montgomery bus boycott. It lasted for more than a year, and kicked off the civil- rights movement. “The only tired I was, was tired of giving in,” said Parks.
Who made a great contribution to the civil-rights movement in the U.S. ________
A. Jane Addams B. Rachel Carson C. Sandra Day O’ Conner D. Rosa Parks
【解析】
选D。细节理解题。首先根据题干中的“civil-rights”可将答案锁定在“Rosa Parks”一栏中；根据本段中的“Her simple act landed Parks in prison…and kicked off the civil-rights movement.”可知，Rosa Parks推动了美国民权运动，故D正确。
此类题目要适合寻读法，戴着问题找句子，即先看问题，记住关键词，如人物、时间、事件、地点等，然后带着问题阅读文章，快速定位有效信息，有的放矢。
间接信息题
例题剖析
Mothers have long known that their home workload was just as heavy as paid work. Now, the new study has shown that if they were paid for their parental labors, they would earn as much as ￡172,000 a year. The study looked at the range of jobs mothers do, as well as the hours they are working, to determine the figure. This would make their yearly income ￡30,000 more than the Prime Minister earns.
How much would a mother earn a year if working as the Prime Minister _________
A. ￡30,000 B. ￡142,000 C. ￡172,000 D. ￡202,000
【解析】
选B。细节理解题。有第二段中的“they would earn as much as ￡172,000 a year”和第三段中的“This would make their yearly income ￡30,000 more than the Prime Minister earns”可知，首相一年的收入为￡172,000-￡30,000=￡142,000。
集中提问题
例题剖析
From the very beginning of school we make books and reading a constant source of possible failure and public humiliation. When children are little we make them read aloud before the teacher and other children, so that we can be sure they "know" all the words they are reading. This means that when they don't know a word, they are going to make a mistake, right in front of everyone. After having taught fifth-grade classes for four years, I decided to try at all costs to rid them of their fear and dislike of books, and to get them to read oftener and more adventurously.
According to the passage，children's fear and dislike of books may result from___．
A. reading little and thinking little B. reading often and adventurously
C. being made to read too much D. being made to read aloud before others
【解析】
选D。细节理解题。题干的意思是：根据文章，孩子们害怕或者不喜欢读书是因为_________。根据本段第二、三句“When children are little we make them read aloud before the teacher and other children, so that we can be sure they "know" all the words they are reading. This means that when they don't know a word, they are going to make a mistake, right in front of everyone.”可知孩子们被要求当众大声朗读，当他们不认识单词的时候，他们会犯错，而且是在所有的人面前犯错，这会让他们害怕。此题没有直接答案而是用一种同义表达的形式提示答案。
一、重点单词词性转换：
object n. 物体；目标；宾语； v. 反对，反感；→ objective adj. 客观的；基于事实的；宾格的 n. 目标；宾语→objection n. 反对；反对的话，异议
mine pron. 我的（东西） n. 矿；矿井；地雷；水雷 vt.& vi. 在…中开采，开采→ miner n. 矿工；采矿机；地雷工兵→mineral n. 矿物；矿石；矿物质
agriculture n. 农业；农学→agricultural adj. 农业的，农用的；以农业为主的
expense n. 开销；费用；业务费→ expensive adj. 昂贵的
invest v. 投资；投入（时间/精力等）→ investment n. 投资；投资额/物；（时间/精力的）投入
support v. 支持；帮助，资助；养活 n. 支持；帮助；支撑（物）；证据→supportive adj. 支持的，拥护的，赞助的 →supporter n. 支持者，拥护者；支持物；赡养者
globe n. 地球；世界；地球仪；球状物→ global adj. 全球的；整体的；全面的
contract vt.感染(疾病)；与……订立合同(或契约) n．合同；契约→contractual adj.合同的，契约的；按合同(或契约)规定的→contractor n．承包人；承包商；承包公司
circuit n．巡回；环形路线 →circle n. 圆（圈）；环形物；v. 盘旋；环行；转圈
disability n．缺陷；障碍→disabled adj.残疾的，有缺陷的
consultation n．咨询；咨询会→consult vt.查阅；商量；向……请教 →consultant n. 顾问；会诊医师
criterion n．标准；准则；原则→criteria [复数]
stability n．稳定(性)；稳固(性)→stable adj.稳定的，牢固的；稳重的，沉稳的；持久的→stably adv.稳固地；稳定地；安定地
allergic adj. 过敏的；反感的，厌恶的→sensitive adj. 体贴的；敏感的；过敏的；棘手的
pray vi. & vt.企盼；祈祷 →prayer n. 祈祷；祷词
二、必备短语/词块
take (...) for granted 认为……理所当然；对……不予重视
relay to 转达给……；转发给…… 3.pray that...但愿......
4.on TV/on the radio 在电视上/广播中 5.in one’s opinion 在某人看来
6.be based on 基于; 以…为基础; 7.in need of 有…的需要;有…的必要;
8.work as 当; 担任; 担任…工作;
9.work on 从事于…; 继续工作; 努力影响[说服]; 致力于
10.to be honest 说实话；坦率地说 11.leave for 出发去（某地）
12.more importantly 更重要的是 14.except for 除…之外
15.not only ... but also ... 不仅……而且…… 16.as well 也， 还有
17.make a difference to... 对……产生影响 18.in addition 除此之外，另外
19.sing a different tune 改变调子，转变态度；唱反调
20.now that... 既然 21. what if ... 要是...会怎么样呢
22.be proud of 因...而骄傲、自豪
23.go over 仔细检查；认真讨论；用心思考
阅读理解--细节题做题技巧讲解
主旨大意20% 词义猜测10%
阅读理解 细节理解
推理判断 35%
35%
5大细节题: wh-题, true/except题, 数字计算题，图表，排序
3大主旨题: Topic/ Title, Main idea, Purpose）
3大推断题: 细节推断，态度观点，文章来源
3大词汇题: 指示代词，熟词生义，陌生词汇
2大结构题: 文章结构题，文章展开
考点
细节理解题在高考中占有较大比例，其主要考查考生对文章（或某一段落）中某一些特定细节或文章的重要事实的理解能力。
概念
指原文提高了某事物、现象或理论，题干针对原文具体叙述本身发问。
解题原则&步骤和方法
原则：忠实于原文原句及全篇逻辑关系，不能主观臆断
步骤和方法：
Step 1:题干中选定关键词（定位词） Step 2:通过略读、查读锁定文中定位区域
Step 3:结合信息区域上下文理解、比对 Step 4:排除干扰项，筛选得出答案
定位词通常是哪些词？
1. 人名、地名等专有名词；年份、数字等数词及题干中的大写名词
2. 指代具体事物或人物的名词
3. 词义鲜明的动词、形容词、副词等实词
正确项特征
同义替换 指对原文句子中的关键词进行同义替换
语言简化 把原文中的复杂语言现象进行简化，设置为答案
正话反说 把原文中的意思反过来表达而成为正确选项。
干扰项特征
张冠李戴 是原文信息，但不是题目要求的内容
无中生有 符合常识，但不是文章的内容
曲解文意 与原文的内容极其相似，只是在某个细节处有些变动
颠倒是非 在意思上与原文大相径庭甚至完全相反
正误参半 部分正确，部分错误
题干和正确选项的特点归纳
替换关键词：把文中关键词转化替换成同、近义词，设置题干或正确选项。
When I was growing up in America, I was ashamed of my mother’s Chinese English. Because of her English, she was often treated unfairly. People in department stores, at banks, and at restaurants did not take her seriously, did not give her good service, pretended not to understand her, or even acted as if they did not hear her.
41. Why was the author’s mother poorly served ________
A. She was unbale to speak good English. B. She was often misunderstood.
C. She was not clearly heard. D. She was not very polite.
【解析】
选A。treated unfairly= poorly served .C是对“as if they did not hear her”的偷换概念.D无中生有
词性或语态变化：把原文句中的词变换词性或语态，以制造理解障碍。
Confucius… assumed that all men were equal at birth, though some had more potential than others, and that it was knowledge that set men apart. Socrates focused on individual, and thought that the greatest purpose of man was to seek wisdom. He believed…
66. What made some people different from others according to Confucius __________
A. Family B. Potential C. Knowledge D. Community
【解析】
选C。原文：it was knowledge that set men apart.
语言简化，长话短说：把原文中散杂语言现象进行提炼总结，成为题干或正确答案。
Unfortunately, the leaders invested the money unwisely and lost millions of dollars. In addition, they used millions more dollars for personal expenses. Soon people realized that they had a terrible problem--- their phosphate was running out. Ninety percent of their island was destroyed and they had nothing. By 2000, Nauru was financially ruined. Experts say that it would take approximately $433,600,000 and more than 20 years to repair the island. This will probably never happen.
1. Which of the following was a cause of Nauru’s financial problem
A. Its leaders misused the money
B. Its spent too much repairing the island
C. Its phosphate mining cost much money
D. It lost millions of dollars in the civil war
【解析】选A。B选项属于偷换概念，未然变已然。
选项的其他注意事项
1.关注起承转合的过渡词，如however, but, moreover, therefore, hence, thus, nevertheless等，要特别注意句子前后意义的转折，递进，因果等关系。
2.警惕语气绝对的词，如must, never, the most, all, merely, only, have to, any, no, none, completely, absolutely等，通常不是答案。
3.关注试探性语气的词，如probably, possibly, may, usually, might, more or less, relatively, be likely to, not necessary, tend to, be liable to, 往往是答案。
4.了解题目设计常考位置：
因果关系处；转折处；引言处；列举处；比较处
细节理解题解题技巧
技巧1 利用“跳读法”和“定位法”
做细节题目，无需通篇细看全文，应戴着问题找答案，通过跳读迅速定位与题目相关的信息，然后对选项与原文进行信息加工比对，准确确定答案。
技巧2 利用“顺藤摸瓜”法
“顺藤摸瓜”法，就是根据题干中的关键词(“藤”)到文中去找相同或相似的关键词句（“藤”），然后顺着这根“藤”找到答案信息（“瓜”）。一般来说“瓜”多在“藤”后面，若后面的信息不是“瓜”，我们就往“藤”前去摸。短文中的“瓜”与选项中的“瓜”一般不完全相同，而是以同义或近义表达出现。
技巧3 利用加减乘除法
此法来解决数学计算类题目，做此类题要审清题目，弄清问题，比对原文中的数字和单位，不要忽略任何信息，一般再通过简单的加减乘除便可知答案。
技巧4 利用“排除法”
此法用来解决正误判断题，这类题型相对信息量大，误导性强，考查学生分析问题的能力更为突出，在排除选项时一定做到准确无误。仔细揣摩文中信息与选项信息的吻合性。
提问类型划分
直接信息题
例题剖析
Rosa Parks(1913---2005) On December 1, 1955, in Montgomery, Alabama, Rosa Parks would not give up her seat on a bus to a white passenger. Her simple act landed Parks in prison. But it also set off the Montgomery bus boycott. It lasted for more than a year, and kicked off the civil- rights movement. “The only tired I was, was tired of giving in,” said Parks.
Who made a great contribution to the civil-rights movement in the U.S. ________
A. Jane Addams B. Rachel Carson C. Sandra Day O’ Conner D. Rosa Parks
【解析】
选D。细节理解题。首先根据题干中的“civil-rights”可将答案锁定在“Rosa Parks”一栏中；根据本段中的“Her simple act landed Parks in prison…and kicked off the civil-rights movement.”可知，Rosa Parks推动了美国民权运动，故D正确。
此类题目要适合寻读法，戴着问题找句子，即先看问题，记住关键词，如人物、时间、事件、地点等，然后带着问题阅读文章，快速定位有效信息，有的放矢。
间接信息题
例题剖析
Mothers have long known that their home workload was just as heavy as paid work. Now, the new study has shown that if they were paid for their parental labors, they would earn as much as ￡172,000 a year. The study looked at the range of jobs mothers do, as well as the hours they are working, to determine the figure. This would make their yearly income ￡30,000 more than the Prime Minister earns.
How much would a mother earn a year if working as the Prime Minister _________
A. ￡30,000 B. ￡142,000 C. ￡172,000 D. ￡202,000
【解析】
选B。细节理解题。有第二段中的“they would earn as much as ￡172,000 a year”和第三段中的“This would make their yearly income ￡30,000 more than the Prime Minister earns”可知，首相一年的收入为￡172,000-￡30,000=￡142,000。
集中提问题
例题剖析
From the very beginning of school we make books and reading a constant source of possible failure and public humiliation. When children are little we make them read aloud before the teacher and other children, so that we can be sure they "know" all the words they are reading. This means that when they don't know a word, they are going to make a mistake, right in front of everyone. After having taught fifth-grade classes for four years, I decided to try at all costs to rid them of their fear and dislike of books, and to get them to read oftener and more adventurously.
According to the passage，children's fear and dislike of books may result from___．
A. reading little and thinking little B. reading often and adventurously
C. being made to read too much D. being made to read aloud before others
【解析】
选D。细节理解题。题干的意思是：根据文章，孩子们害怕或者不喜欢读书是因为_________。根据本段第二、三句“When children are little we make them read aloud before the teacher and other children, so that we can be sure they "know" all the words they are reading. This means that when they don't know a word, they are going to make a mistake, right in front of everyone.”可知孩子们被要求当众大声朗读，当他们不认识单词的时候，他们会犯错，而且是在所有的人面前犯错，这会让他们害怕。此题没有直接答案而是用一种同义表达的形式提示答案。