人教版（2019）选择性必修第四册Unit 1 Science Fiction Word formation 构词法课件(共35张PPT)

(共35张PPT)
构词法
Word formation
Uncover the mysteries of words
课前练习：Change the forms of the words below.
n.→ a.
innocence
confidence
wisdom
mud
fog
innocent
confidence
wise
muddy
foggy
superiority
inferiority
creation
decoration
velvet
flour
health
superior
inferior
creative
decorative
velvety
floury
healthy
在英语中， 词的构成方法主要有三种：
合成，转化和派生。
合成Compounding
由两个或更多的词合成一个词，有的用连词符号“-”连接，有的直接连写在一起，还有的由分开的两个词构成。如：
class+room→classroom
black+board →blackboard
cow+boy →cowboy
news+paper →newspaper
landmine spaceship worthwhile
post office human rights
分析下列单词由哪些单词合成而来
playground
→
play
﹢
ground
broadcast
→
broad
﹢
cast
wherever
→
where
﹢
ever
welfare
→
well
﹢
fare
转化conversion
一个单词由一种词性转化为另一种或几种词性。单词的拼写不变，词性和意思发生变化，有时读音也会变化。
1. 动词与名词的相互转化
She looks beautiful.
Let’s have a look.
The soup tastes good.
She has a good taste of art.
She is sitting in the shade of a big tree.
She shaded her eyes against the sun.
2. 动词与形容词的相互转化
Our classroom is clean and tidy.
We clean our classroom after breakfast everyday.
All men are created equal.
Discipline equals freedom.
以上两种情况中的单词，很多时候兼具动词名词形容词三种词性。
3. 动词与形容词的相互转化
Our classroom is clean and tidy.
We clean our classroom after breakfast everyday.
All men are created equal.
Discipline equals freedom.
以上两种情况中的单词，很多时候兼具动词名词形容词三种词性。
词性转化后，有些单词的读音会发生变化。如：
1.use/ju:s/ n. → use/ju:z/ v.
The Oslo Agreement of 1997 stopped the making and use of landmines.
May I use your pen
2. present/’preznt/ n. →present/pri’zent/ v.
Sarah gave a very special present for my birthday.
Large classes present great problems to many teachers.
派生Derivation
由词根加上前缀或后缀构成新的词。
例如： derivation n.
由derive v.加上名词后缀-ation而来
偏旁部首，词根词缀；
他山之石，可以攻玉。
汉字的构成：
亻
仁 体 休 从 众 ---
氵
江 河 流 湖 泊---
disagree disappear discharge discover disappoint dislike dismiss discount
friendship partnership hardship
ownership scholarship
kinship
包 泡 跑 炮 苞
抱 袍 狍 咆 刨
青 清 晴 静 请 菁
靖 倩 睛 猜 靓 情
collect dialect elect lecture neglect select
intellect
diagram, grammar, program, biography, geography, graph, paragraph,
photograph, photographer
词根词缀掌握的量决定词汇量
词源追溯，一脉相承。
教
学
educate, from Latin educatus, past participle of educare
educate v. bring up (children), to train教育，培养
e-向外+-duc-引导(to lead)+-ate动词或名词或形容词后缀→向外引导，引导出来→培养，教育
educate的派生词：
education (educate+-ion名词后缀）
educator (educate+-or名词后缀表人）
educative(educate+-ive形容词后缀）
------
词根ducere, to lead, 在英语词汇中主要表现为-duc-,duct-,to lead，如：
conduct, misconduct, deduce, introduce, produce, reduce, seduce。这7个单词都是由词缀con-,mis-,de-,intro-,pro-,re-,se-加上词根-duc-, -duct-构成的，都是动词，它们的意思也都是由词根的含义加上词缀（前缀）的含义形成的基本含义经过逻辑引申或牵引产生的。我们可以把这些由前缀+词根产生的单词成为核心词；每个核心词再加上不同的后缀，可以派生出不同词性的意思相同或相近的词，我们可以称之为拓展词。
英语词汇的来源
词根及其所包涵的意义是整个英语的基础。——John Kennedy
通过词源解析词根或根词（原生词或者基础词），能够加深我们对单词的理解。单词的三层含义：字面含义，逻辑含义，语境含义。英语单词记忆的三大奥义：
1. 理解单词的深度（词源解析）；
2.拓展单词的广度（核心词的派生）；
3.复习单词的速度（精度泛读朗读及时复习等）
special, specialize, respect
这三个单词有共同的部分-spec-，自于拉丁语 specere， to look, 它还有其它词根变体包括： -spect-, -spex-,-spic-,-spis-, -scop-
高中阶段英语词汇中有
aspect, especially, inspect, respect, special, specialist, specific, suspect, microscope, telescope, sceptical, skeptical都来自这个词根。
部分词缀总结
前缀改变意思，后缀改变词性。
前缀：
dis-不，表否定;un-不
il-, im-, in-, ir-, non-不，没有
mis-误
dys-表示“反动作”；
counter-, anti-, contra-表示“反，对”；
a-, a -, a -表强调，
col-, com-，con-, co-, together, 一起， 共同；
de-向下，脱离，不
dia-跨过，分开，在---之间；
en-使，多放在名词或形容词前形成动词；
epi-在上；
e-, ex-向外
neg-/ne-否定
re-再，往回；
se-分开，没有，独自，旁边
sub-, sup-在下up from under
trans- across, through通过， 穿过，跨过
ob-,op-在---前面，向着---toward, in front of
intel-,inter-在---之间；
multi-多；
tele-远；
kilo-千；
pro- forth,向前；
para-旁边；
be-加在某些名词或形容词前，构成动词，表视作---
cata- "down; completely"向下，全部
后缀：
-ion 名词后缀，一般放在动词后构成名词；
-ation 一般放在动词后构成名词；
-ment 多放在动词后，构成名词；
-al a./n.后缀；
-ly a./ad.后缀；
-ity 抽象名词后缀；
-ism 名词后缀，表---的主义；
-er,-or,-ist 名字后缀，表人，---者，---家；-er还可以表示形容词或副词的比较级；
-ee表人，动作的承受者，与-er相对；
-ic， -ical a.后缀；
-fy,-ify v.后缀，表使动；
-ize/-ise v.后缀，表使动；
-en 放在某些形容词或名词后，构成动词，表使动；
-able,-ible,-ile a.后缀，可以---的，能---的；
-ess n.后缀，表女性，雌性；
-ed 形容词，动词的过去式，动词的过去分词；
-ing 动名词，现在分词，形容词后缀；
-ive a./n.后缀；
-ure n.后缀,构成名词；
-ness n.后缀，一般放在形容词后构成名词；
-ship n.后缀，表身份，地位，技巧等抽象含义；
-age 名词后缀，表抽象含义，例如行为的结果状态，身份，集合等等；
在空白处填入括号内单词的正确形式
1. According to a review of evidence in a medical journal, runners live three years ____(long) than non-runners。
longer
2. But for tourists like me, pandas are its top 61 (attract).
attraction
attract+-ion名词后缀
阅读下面短文，在空白处填入1个适当的单词或括号内单词的正确形式。
The polar bear is found in the Arctic Circle and some big land masses as far south as Newfoundland. While they are rare north of 88°, there is evidence 61 they range all the way across the Arctic, and as far south as James Bay in Canada.
It is difficult to figure out a global population of polar bears as much of the range has been 62 (poor) studied; however, biologists calculate that there are about 20,000-25,000 polar bears worldwide.
Modern methods 63 tracking polar bear populations have been employed only since the mid-1980s, and are expensive 64 (perform) consistently over a large area. In recent years some Inuit people in Nunavut 65 (report) increases in bear sightings around human settlements, leading to a 66 (believe) that populations are
increasing. Scientists have responded by 67 (note) that hungry bears may be congregating around human settlements, leading to the illusion that populations are 68 (high) than they actually are. Of 69 nineteen recognized polar bear subpopulations, three are declining, six 70 (be) stable, one is increasing, and nine lack enough data.
参考答案：
61. that 62. poorly
63. of 64. to perform
65. have reported 66. belief
67. noting 68. higher
69. the 70. are