2024年中考英语二轮复习专题： 情态动词（上海专用）
·模块一 can/could/be able to用法分述。
·模块二 may/might用法分述。
·模块三 must/have to用法分述。
·模块四 should/ought to用法分述。
·模块五 need用法分述。
·模块六 will/would用法分述。
·模块七 would rather/had better用法分述。
can/could的基本形式和用法：
could是can的过去式，或作为委婉语
用于请求或允许，意为“能……”
-- Could/Can I have the television on
-- Yes, you can. / No, you can’t.
在疑问句和否定句中表示推测，意为“可能……吗？”、“不可能”
他可能是坏人吗？他不可能是坏人。
Can/Could he be a bad guy No, he can’t/couldn’t be a bad guy.
用于陈述句，表示事情发生的“理论上的可能性”，意为“会”
事故总会发生。
Accidents can happen.
表示能力，意为“能够”
He couldn’t speak English when he was young.
could作为can的过去时/委婉语，请打勾
过去时 委婉语
表请求或允许 √
表推测 √
表可能性 √
表能力 √
can/could与be able to的差别：
表示能力时， can表示现在、could表示过去；be able to可以用于任何时态，也可以前加情态动词或助动词，如：will be able to, have been able to, should be able to
用于过去时中，could表示“有能力做”而“并不一定做成”；若是“实际得以做成某事”，只能用was/were able to=manage to do sth.
司机得以逃生，其他的乘客没有逃出来。
The driver was able to escape, but the passengers failed to do so.
Ms. Wang could sing well when she was young.
I was able to pass the examination. 我通过了考试.（不仅有能力,而且实际上做到了.相当于I succeeded in passing the examination.）
I could pass the examination. 我当时有能力通过考试.（有能力,但实际上不一定做得到）
can/could与be able to差别总结
can/could be able to
表请求或允许 √ ×
表推测 √ ×
表可能性 √ ×
表能力 √ √
时态 现在/过去 任何时态
用于过去时中含义 有能力但不一定做成 实际得以做成
can/could的惯用语：
cannot help doing sth.情不自禁做某事
我情不自禁地笑了。
I cannot help laughing.
cannot help/choose but do sth.不得不，只能做某事
我不得不告诉她真相。
I cannot help/choose but tell her the truth.
cannot … too + adj./adv. 无论怎样都不为过，越……越好
你越小心越好。
You cannot be too careful.
cannot … without 没有……就不能
One cannot succeed without perseverance.
没有坚持就不能成功。
could not + 比较级 = 最高级
-- Go for a picnic this weekend, OK
-- I couldn’t agree more.
我非常同意。
★真题试炼★
1．You may not be able to control all the things that happen to you, but you _______ decide not to be reduced by them.
A．should B．must C．need D．can
2．The volunteer spoke as clearly as she _________ to make the visitors understand her.
A．possible B．can C．could D．are able
3．—Look, Sarah, there’s a red notebook on the desk. Whose is it
—It _________ be Tom’s as his notebook is blue. It _________ be Lily’s as her name is on the cover.
A．mustn’t; must B．mustn’t; can C．can’t; must D．can’t; may
4．It _______ be Tom that parked the car here, as he is the only one without a car.
A．may B．can’t C．mustn’t D．shouldn’t
5．—Mom, could I watch TV now
—No, you__________. You must finish your homework first.
A．can’t B．can C．needn’t D．need
6．—There is a new art museum in our city. You ________miss it.
—Thank you. I won't.
A．can’t B．must C．needn’t D．mustn’t
7．—Mom, during your business trip, must I water the flowers every day
—No, you ________. You can water it once a week.
A．mustn’t B．needn’t C．can’t D．couldn’t
8．— ________ you help me I can’t work out the problem.
—Sure.
A．Could B．Need C．Should D．May
9．The public sign in the library means people ______ smoke there.
A．couldn’t B．could C．mustn’t D．must
10．—________ you give me a hand I can’t open this bottle.
— No problem.
A．Should B．Must C．Could D．Need
参考答案：
1．D
【详解】句意：你可能无法控制发生在你身上的所有事情，但你可以决定不被它们所左右。
考查动词辨析。should应该；must必须；need需要；can可以。根据“but you...decide not to be reduced by them.”可知，此处强调能力，故选D。
2．C
【详解】句意：这位志愿者尽可能地清晰地说话，以便让来访者明白她的意思。
考查固定搭配。possible可能的；can可以；could可以，can的过去式；are able能够，要与to连用。根据“The volunteer spoke as clearly as she...”可知，as…as sb. can意为“尽可能……”，是固定句式；再由句中动词“spoke”可知，句子时态为一般过去时，故can要用could。故选C。
3．C
【详解】句意：——看，Sarah，桌上有一个红色的笔记本。这是谁的？——不可能是汤姆的，因为他的笔记本是蓝色的。肯定是莉莉的，因为封面上有她的名字。
考查情态动词。mustn’t禁止；must必须；can可能；can’t不可能；may可能。根据“as his notebook is blue”可知，红色笔记本不可能是汤姆的，第一空can’t符合句意；再者根据“as her name is on the cover”可知，笔记本封面上有莉莉的名字，因此肯定是莉莉的，must符合句意。故选C。
4．B
【详解】句意：不可能是汤姆把车停在这儿的，因为只有他没有车。
考查情态动词的用法。may可能；can’t不可能；mustn’t禁止；shouldn’t不应该。根据“he is the only one without a car”可知，不可能是汤姆把车停在这里，表示有把握的否定推测用can’t。故选B。
5．A
【详解】句意：——妈妈，我现在可以看电视了吗？——不，你不能。你必须先完成作业。
考查情态动词。can’t不能；can能；needn’t不需要；need需要。根据“could I watch TV now...”可知，could开头的一般疑问句否定回答用can’t，故选A。
6．A
【详解】句意：——我们城市有一座新的美术馆。你不会错过的。——谢谢你。我不会。
考查情态动词。can’t不能；must必须；needn’t不必；mustn’t禁止。根据“You...miss it”可知是建议对方不能错过，用情态动词can’t。故选A。
7．B
【详解】句意：——妈妈，在您出差期间，我必须每天给花浇水吗？——不，你不必。你可以一周浇一次水。
考查情态动词。mustn’t禁止；needn’t不必；can’t不能；couldn’t不能，can’t的过去式。以“must I”开头的一般疑问句，否定回答用No, you needn’t/don’t have to. 故选B。
8．A
【详解】句意：——你可以帮我吗？我解决不了这个问题。——当然。
考查情态动词。could可以；need需要；should应该；may可能。根据“you help me”可知此处是结构Could you...“你可以……吗”，表示委婉语气。故选A。
9．C
【详解】句意：图书馆的这个公共标志表示禁止人们在那里吸烟。
考查情态动词。couldn’t不能；could能；mustn’t禁止；must必须。根据常识可知，图书馆中标志是禁止吸烟，用mustn’t符合句意。故选C。
10．C
【详解】句意：——你能帮我一下吗？我打不开这个瓶子。——没问题。
考查情态动词。Should应该；Must必须；Could能；Need需要。此处表示请求，所以应用Could表达一种委婉语气。故选C。
may/might的基本形式和用法：
might是may的过去式，亦可作委婉语
表示请求或允许，意为“可以……”
-- May I smoke here
-- Yes, you may/can.
-- No, you can’t/mustn’t.
表示对事实的不太确定的推测，意为“可能”
The greatest fool may ask more than the wisest man can answer.
愚人之问也可能让智者无言以对。
may放在句首，表示祝愿
场景连线：
May God bless you! on grandpa’s birthday
May you succeed in your career! on the graduation ceremony
May we never forget each other! on the wedding ceremony
May you live long and prosper! before the mid-term exam
May you love forever and have a lovely baby soon! on the farewell dinner
May good fortune find you this year! during the Spring Festival
may/might的惯用语：
may well do 理所当然，有足够的理由＝have good reason to
我有足够理由不去上学。
I may well not go to school.
may/might as well do 最好
你最好呆在家里。
You may/might as well stay at home.
may/might as well do A as do B 与其做B不如做A
One may as well not know a thing at all as know it but imperfectly.
与其一知半解，不如全然不知。
★真题试炼★
11．—Who’s going to give us a speech next Friday afternoon
—I’m not sure. It ________ be Mr. Brown, the new foreign teacher from France.
A．must B．may C．will D．can
12．—Do you have any plans for the coming summer holiday
—I’m not sure. I ________ go to Qingdao.
A．should B．must C．can D．may
13．—Sam, what present will you give your mother for her coming birthday
—I haven’t decided yet. I ________ make her a birthday cake by myself.
A．must B．may C．would D．should
14．With the rapid development of AI, many people worry that they ________ lose their jobs one day.
A．may B．should C．must D．can
15．—Must I finish Exercise 1 now
—No, you ________. You ________ do it after school.
A．needn’t; may B．mustn’t; may C．mustn’t; must D．mustn’t; can
16．—Where are you going this weekend
—I’m not sure. I ________ go camping on the Moon Beach. It’s said that it’s a fascinating place to take a holiday.
A．can’t B．need C．might D．must
17．—Did you find your English notebook
—No. I searched all the places where I ________ have left it, but with no luck!
A．must B．should C．can D．might
18．—Alex, where did you leave your schoolbag
—Well, I can’t remember. I took part in a concert yesterday, so it ________ be in the music hall.
A．should B．might C．must D．need
19．Your answer ________ be right, but I’m going to check to make sure.
A．might B．can’t C．must D．mustn’t
20．—When Monday I’m afraid Monday ________ be a problem for me.
—But why Your Monday is wide open.
A．need B．needn’t C．might not D．might
11．B
【详解】句意：——下星期五下午谁给我们做演讲？——我不确定。可能是布朗老师，从法国来的新来的外教。
考查情态动词。must一定；may可能；will将会；can可以。根据“I’m not sure.”可知，不确定，所以是推测可能是布朗老师，故选B。
12．D
【详解】句意：——你对即将到来的暑假有什么计划吗？ ——我不确定。我可能去青岛。
考查情态动词的用法。should应该；must必须；can能；may可能。根据“I’m not sure.”可知，我不确定，只能用may表示不确定的推测。故选D。
13．B
【详解】句意：——山姆，你会给你妈妈什么礼物作为她即将到来的生日礼物？——我还没有决定。我可能会自己给她做一个生日蛋糕。
考查情态动词。must必须；may可能；would将要；should应该。根据“I haven’t decided yet.”可知，山姆还不确定给妈妈送什么，所以是可能会自己给她做一个生日蛋糕。故选B。
14．A
【详解】句意：随着人工智能的快速发展，很多人担心有一天他们也许会失去工作。
考查情态动词。may可能；should应该；must必须；can可以、能够。根据“one day”及句意可知，这是对未来可能性的一种推测，may符合题意。故选A。
15．A
【详解】句意：——我必须现在完成练习一吗？——不，你不必。你可以放学后做。
考查情态动词。needn’t不必；mustn’t表示禁止；may可以； must必须；can可以。must引起的一般疑问句，否定回答用needn’t或don’t have to；根据“You...do it after school.”可知，此处指可以在放学后做，使用may或can表示许可。故选A。
16．C
【详解】句意：——这个周末你要去哪里？——我不确定。我可能会去月亮海滩露营。据说这是一个度假的好地方。
考查情态动词。can’t不能；need需要；might可能；must必须。根据“I’m not sure.”可知不确定是否去，表达的是一种可能性，应用might，故选C。
17．D
【详解】句意：——你找到你的英语笔记本了吗？——没有。我找遍了所有可能留下它的地方，但没有找到！
考查情态动词。must一定；should应该；can能；might可能。根据“I searched all the places where I...have left it”可知是找了所有可能留下它的地方。故选D。
18．B
【详解】句意：——Alex，你把书包丢在哪儿了？——嗯，我不记得了。我昨天参加了一场音乐会，所以可能是在音乐厅。
考查情态动词。should应该；might可能；must一定；need需要。根据“I can’t remember. I took part in a concert yesterday, so it ... be in the music hall.”可知，此处表示可能性的推测，用might。故选B。
19．A
【详解】句意：你的答案可能是正确的，但我要去确认一下。
考查情态动词。might可能；can’t不可能；must一定；mustn’t禁止。根据“but I’m going to check to make sure.”可知，前句表示可能的推测，要用情态动词might，故选A。
20．D
【详解】句意：——什么时候？星期一？恐怕星期一对我来说可能是个问题。——但是为什么？你的周一完全有空。
考查情态动词。need需要；needn’t不需要；might not可能不；might可能。根据“I’m afraid Monday…be a problem for me.”可知，此处指恐怕星期一可能没空，故用might。故选D。
must的基本用法：
用于询问、命令或建议，意为“必须”，mustn’t意为“禁止”
-- Must/Need I leave the office after five o’clock
-- Yes, you must.
-- No, you needn’t.
用在肯定句中表示较有把握的推测，意为“一定”
他现在一定在公司。
He must be in the office now.
Attention
must表对现在的状态或现在正发生的事情的推测时，must 后面通常接be (doing)
比较：You must be sleeping now. VS. You must sleep now.
表猜测用法小结：
对现在（正在进行） 对过去
肯定句 must/may/might/could +be/be doing +have done
否定句 can’t/couldn’t/may not/might not
疑问句 can/could
must表示自然规律或必然结果，意为“必然”
All men must die.
人必有一死。
must与have to的差别：
must意为“必须”时，与have to的意思相同，但：
have to表示客观条件有所要求，must表示说话者主观上认为必要
他说他们必须努力工作。（主观上要做这事）
He said that they must work hard.
居民们不得不忍受广场舞的噪音。
The residents have to stand the noise of the public square dancing.
只有在间接引语中，must才能表示过去
判断下列句子对错：
He had to look after his sister yesterday. （√ ）
He must look after his sister yesterday. （ ×）
He said he must look after his sister when their parents were away. （√）
He said he had to look after his sister when their parents were away. （√ ）
在否定结构中，don't have to表示“不必要”，mustn't表示“不允许”
你不一定要把此事告诉他。
You don’t have to tell him this.
你一定不要把这件事告诉他。
You mustn’t tell him this.
表“必须”比较：
must have to
主客观 主观意志 客观条件
时态、人称、数的变化 无 有have/has/had to
用于过去时 不可直接用，可以用于间接引语 可直接用
否定形式含义 mustn’t 不允许 don’t have to不必要
have to补充说明：在口语中have got to亦可表示义务和需要，与have to基本同义
他现在必须走了。
（用have got to）He has got to go.
疑问句：Has he got to go
否定句：He hasn’t got to go.
（用have to）He has to go.
疑问句：Does he have to go
否定句：He doesn’t have to go.
★真题试炼★
21．—Whose is the pencil box
—It ________ be Tom’s. Look at his name on the cover!
A．can B．may C．need D．must
22．—When we talk about delicious food in Wuhan, Hot Dry Noodles _________ be mentioned.
—Without doubt, it is quite popular.
A．might B．must C．could D．shall
23．—May I smoke here
—No, you ________. No smoking in the school yard.
A．needn’t B．wouldn’t C．couldn’t D．mustn’t
24．The book ________ be Mary’s. We can see her name on it.
A．must B．need C．can’t D．needn’t
25．—Who does the math book on the floor belong to
—It _________ be Sandy’s. Look, her name is on the cover of the book.
A．might B．must C．shall D．may
26．—Miss Li. I don’t want to say sorry to Daniel.
—I’m afraid you ________. After all, you broke his glasses.
A．may B．have to C．mustn’t D．needn’t
27．—Chris, shall we go to the bookstore this afternoon
—I’m sorry, David, but I ________ meet my cousin at the train station.
A．can B．may C．could D．have to
28．It was raining when the school was over, so we ________ stay in the classroom.
A．must B．have to C．had to D．mustn’t
29．—________ I finish my work now
—No, you ________. You can do it later.
A．May; needn’t B．Must; don’t have to C．Can; couldn’t D．Must; mustn’t
30．—Mum, can I wear my jeans to school
—No, you ________ wear your school uniform. This is the school rule.
A．can B．may C．have to D．must
21．D
【详解】句意：——这个铅笔盒是谁的？——它一定是汤姆的。看盖子上有他的名字。
考查情态动词用法。can可以，能；may可能；need需要；must必须、一定。根据“Look at his name on the cover!”可知，盖子上有汤姆的的名字，所以它一定是汤姆的。此处表达肯定的推测，因此must符合题意。故选D。
22．B
【详解】句意：——当我们谈论武汉的美食时，一定要提到热干面。——毫无疑问，它很受欢迎。
考查情态动词。might可能；must必须；could能够；shall应该。根据“Without doubt, it is quite popular.”可知热干面很受欢迎，所以谈到武汉美食时，必须要提到热干面。故选B。
23．D
【详解】句意：——我可以在这里吸烟吗？——不，你不能。校园里不能吸烟。
考查情态动词。needn’t不必；wouldn’t不会；couldn’t不能；mustn’t禁止。根据“May I smoke here”以及“No, you”可知此处是禁止在这里吸烟，用mustn’t。故选D。
24．A
【详解】句意：这本书一定是Mary的。我们能在它上面看见她的名字。
考查情态动词辨析。must一定；need需要；can’t不可能；need’t不必。根据“We can see her name on it”可知这本书是Mary的可能性很大，故选A。
25．B
【详解】句意：——地板上的数学书是谁的？——一定是桑迪的。看，她的名字在书的封面上。
考查情态动词。might可能；must一定；shall应该；may可能。根据“her name is on the cover of the book.”可知，此处是肯定推测，用must表示。故选B。
26．B
【详解】句意：——李小姐。我不想向丹尼尔道歉。——恐怕你必须这么做。毕竟，你打破碎了他的眼镜。
考查情态动词。may可能；have to必须；mustn’t禁止；needn’t不需要。根据“After all, you broke his glasses.”可知对方必须要向丹尼尔道歉，故选B。
27．D
【详解】句意：——Chris，我们今天下午去书店么？——大卫，不好意思，我不得不去火车站接我的表弟。
考查情态动词。can能；may可能；could是can的过去式，能；have to不得不。根据“meet my cousin at the train station”可知此处表达的是“不得不”去做别的事，用have to。故选D。
28．C
【详解】句意：放学时正在下雨，所以我们不得不待在教室里。
考查情态动词。must必须；have to不得不；had to必须；mustn’t不能。must表示主观原因；have to表示客观原因，可翻译成“不得不”。根据“It was raining when the school was over,”可知，这里应该用过去式had to，表示“不得不”。故选C。
29．B
【详解】句意：——我现在必须完成我的工作吗？——不，你不需要。你可以以后再做。
考查情态动词。May和Can在疑问句中，表示请求，通常否定回答为No, you can’t；Must在疑问句中表示“我必须……吗”，其否定回答通常是No, you needn’t./No, you don’t have to表示“没必要”。根据答语“You can do it later”可知，此处询问的是“我现在必须完成我的工作吗”，回答“没必要/不需要”。故选B。
30．C
【详解】句意：——妈妈，我能穿牛仔裤上学吗？——不，你必须穿校服。这是学校的规定。
考查情态动词。can能，表能力；may可以，表请求；have to不得不，表客观要求；must必须，表主观意愿。根据语境可知，穿校服是校规，不得不做，属客观要求，have to“不得不，必须”符合语境。故选C。
should的基本用法：
should表示劝告、建议、命令，意为“应当、要”，其同义词是ought to/be supposed to，在疑问句中，通常用should代替ought to
You should do exercises.
= You ought to do exercises.
= You are supposed to do exercises.
用于表达合理的推断，意为“应该”
三点到了，足球赛应该快要开始了。
It’s three o’clock. The football game should begin soon.
用于虚拟语气，意为“应当”
I suggested/advised/urged/ordered (that) you finish your homework first. (should) do
If I were you, I should accept their suggestion.
Now he has to pay a fine. He shouldn’t have tried to steal a ride.
Attention
should have done 本应该做某事（而实际上没有）
shouldn’t have done 本不应该做某事 （而实际上做了）
表示义务，意为“应该做”，且表示一种道义上的责任
I should help him because he is in trouble.
表示惊讶、忧虑、惋惜等情绪，意为“竟会、竟然”
You can’t imagine that a well-behaved gentleman should be so rude to his girlfriend.
ought to的用法：
肯定句：He ought to finish the task.
一般疑问句：Ought he to finish the task
否定句：He ought not to finish the task.
★真题试炼★
31．We ________ do some housework in our free time to let our parents have a rest.
A．can B．might C．could D．should
32．History is the best textbook. We will move forward, but we ________ never forget what we have experienced.
A．need B．should C．might D．can
33．—Could you please have my car ready today
—Sure. The damage（损坏） is not serious, so it ________ be ready by 4 p.m.
A．can B．shall C．need D．should
34．—China’s future deals with the world community.
—So we ________ make great efforts to make our country much stronger.
A．could B．may C．should D．will
35．—How much water do we need
—Six bottles ________ be enough.
A．need B．should C．had better D．would rather
36．The earth is our home. Everyone ________ take care of it.
A．used to B．need to C．should to D．ought to
37．Everyone ought _________ a greener person.
A．is B．be C．to be D．become
38．While watching the film, you ________ make any noise.
A．not ought to B．ought not to C．don’t ought to D．ought to not
39．Students ought ________ the truth.
A．to tell B．tell C．telling D．told
40．Readers ___________ talk loudly in the library.
A．ought not B．ought to C．ought to not D．ought not to
31．D
【详解】句意：我们应该在空闲时间做些家务，让父母休息一下。
考查情态动词。can可以；might可能；could可，能够；should应该。根据“let our parents have a rest”可知在空闲时间做些家务是我们应该做的事，故选D。
32．B
【详解】句意：历史是最好的教科书。我们将继续前进，但我们不应该忘记我们所经历的。
考查情态动词辨析。need需要；should应该；might可能；can能够。根据“We will move forward, but we… never forget what we have experienced”可知，此处表示建议，不应该忘记我们所经历的，故选B。
33．D
【详解】句意：——你今天能把我的车准备好吗？ ——当然。损坏并不严重，所以应该在下午4点前准备好。
考查情态动词。can能，会；shall将要，愿意，主语是第一人称；need需要；should应该。根据“Sure. The damage（损坏） is not serious”可知，空处表示应该会在下午4点前准备好，情态动词用should。故选D。
34．C
【详解】句意：——中国的未来是与国际社会打交道。——所以我们应该做出巨大的努力使我们的国家更加强大。
考查情态动词辨析。could能够；may可能；should应该；will愿意，根据句意，这里要表达的“情感与态度”是“应该”；“should”作情态动词有三种意义，一种是表“推测”，一种是表“建议”，这里是表“责任和义务”，故选C。
35．B
【详解】句意：——我们需要多少水？——六瓶应该足够了。
考查动词辨析。need需要；should应该；had better最好；would rather宁愿。根据“Six bottles ... be enough.”可知，此处表示推测，用should表示。故选B。
36．D
【详解】句意：地球是我们的家园。人人都应当爱护它。
考查情态动词。used to过去常常；need to需要，行为动词；need作为情态动词时，后接动词原形；should应该，后接动词原形；ought to应该。根据“Everyone...take care of it.”可知，此处表示应该，C选项表达错误。故选D。
37．C
【详解】句意：每个人都应该做一个更环保的人。
考查情态动词ought to的用法。ought to do sth.“应该做某事”，空处应填to be。故选C。
38．B
【详解】句意：当看电影的时候，你不应该发出任何噪声。
考查情态动词ought to的用法。情态动词ought to表示“应该，应当”，其否定形式为ought not to。故选B。
39．A
【详解】句意：学生们应该讲真话。
考查情态动词。ought to 是一个情态动词，意思是“应该”，后跟动词原形，在意思上跟should相近。故选A。
40．D
【详解】句意：读者不应该在图书馆大声喧哗。
考查情态动词否定。ought to do sth“应该做某事”，其否定是ought not to do sth“不应该做某事”。故选D。
need的基本用法：请在下表内填空（dare跟need用法相同）
She, need/dare, go there alone 实义动词 情态动词
现在 She needs/dares to go there alone.
过去 She needed/dared to go there alone.
否定 She doesn’t need/dare to go there alone. She needn’t/daren’t go there alone.
疑问 Does she need/dare to go there alone Need/Dare she go there alone
sth. need doing是主动形式表示被动= need to be done（见被动语态详解）
花园里的花需要浇水了。
The flowers in the garden need watering now.
★真题试炼★
41．—Dad, must I become a doctor like you when I finish university in the future
—________. You can make your own decision and do whatever you like.
A．Yes, you must B．No, you needn’t C．Yes, you can D．No, you can’t
42．It seems to rain. You ________ water the flowers in the garden.
A．must B．needn’t C．should D．mustn’t
43．—Must we finish doing the project today
—No, you ________. Next week is OK.
A．can’t B．may no C．needn’t D．mustn’t
44．—Must I write the report by hand, Mrs. Taylor
—No, you ________. You can write it on the computer.
A．needn’t B．mustn’t C．can’t D．shouldn’t
45．—I heard you went to see a doctor this morning.
—That’s true. But you ________ worry about me. It’s not serious.
A．needn’t B．mustn’t C．couldn’t D．can’t
41．B
【详解】句意：——爸爸，将来当我大学毕业的时候，我必须要成为一名像你一样的医生吗？——不，你没必要。你可以自己做决定，做任何你喜欢的事情。
考查情态动词。根据“You can make your own decision and do whatever you like.”可知，此处爸爸认为孩子可以自己做决定，空处应是否定回答，must开头的一般疑问句，否定回答用needn’t。故选B。
42．B
【详解】句意：好像要下雨了。你不必给花园里的花浇水。
考查情态动词。must必须；needn’t不必；should应该；mustn’t禁止。根据“It seems to rain.”可知，此处说的是“不必给花浇水了”，故选B。
43．C
【详解】句意：——我们今天必须完成这个项目吗？——不，你不必。下周可以。
考查情态动词用法。can’t不能；may no可能不会；needn’t不必；mustn’t禁止。根据句式“Must we finish doing the project today ”可知是must开头的问句，其肯定的回答为“Yes, you must.”，否定的回答为“No, you needn’t.”/“No, you don’t have to.”。故选C。
44．A
【详解】句意：——我必须手写报告吗，泰勒夫人？——不，你不必。你可以把它写在电脑上。
考查情态动词。needn’t不需要；mustn’t禁止；can’t不可以；shouldn’t不应该。由must引导的一般疑问句的否定回答用“don’t have to/needn’t”，故选A。
45．A
【详解】句意：——我听说你今天早上去看医生了。——那是真的。但是你不必为我担心。不严重。
考查情态动词。needn’t不必；mustn’t禁止；couldn’t不能；can’t不能。根据“It’s not serious.”可知病得不严重，让对方不必担心。故选A。
表示恭谦的请求、建议等，常用于疑问句，would比will委婉客气
Would you mind my closing the window
表示意志、愿望和决心
I will never do that again.
表示估计或猜想
It would be about ten when he left home.
补充说明
would like to do = want to想要，为固定搭配
Would you like… 表示肯定含义的请求劝说时，疑问句中一般用some，而不是any
否定结构中用won’t，一般不用wouldn’t, won't you是一种委婉语气。
Won't you sit down
★真题试炼★
46．—Don’t use my computer please.
—Sorry! I ________ do it again.
A．can’t B．must not C．won’t D．should
47．—Remember to call me when you arrive, Mike.
—I ________, mum.
A．must B．can C．will D．should
48．一I often see the sign in schools. What does it mean
一Students ________ bring mobile phones to school.
A．needn’t B．can’t C．couldn’t D．wouldn’t
49．—Don’t feed the animals any more, kids! It’s harmful to them.
—Sorry, sir. We ________.
A．can’t B．mustn’t C．won’t D．needn’t
50．According to the traffic law，children under 12________ride bicycles on the road．
A．won't B．wouldn't C．needn't D．mustn't
51．Mother had a hard time getting Helen up in the morning. She called and called, but Helen ________ wake up.
A．wouldn’t B．mustn’t C．needn’t D．shouldn’t
52．—I thought you told Amy what would happen if she didn’t follow the rules.
—I did. But she just ________ listen to me no matter what I told her.
A．mustn’t B．shouldn’t C．couldn’t D．wouldn’t
53．Mother had a hard time getting Helen up in the morning. She called and called, but Helen ________wake up.
A．wouldn’t B．mustn’t C．needn’t D．shouldn’t
54．________ you like to go to school with me
A．Can B．Are C．Would D．Does
55．—Would you like __________ to drink, Lucy
—Thanks. A cup of green tea, please.
A．something B．anything C．everything D．nothing
46．C
【详解】句意：——请不要用我的电脑。——对不起！我不会再用了。
考查情态动词。can’t不能；must not不可以，表禁止；won’t不会，表意愿；should应该。根据“Sorry!”可知此处是在表示歉意，由此可知下次不会再这样做了，这是一种意愿。故选C。
47．C
【详解】句意：——迈克，你到的时候记得给我打电话。——我会的，妈妈。
考查情态动词辨析。must必须；can能够，可以；will将会；should应该。根据前文“Remember to...”可知此句语境为记得去做某事，说明事情还没发生，所以回答要用将来时，只有C选项表示意愿符合语境。故选C。
48．B
【详解】句意：——我经常在学校里看到这个标牌。它是什么意思？——学生不能带手机上学。
考查情态动词辨析。needn’t不必；can’t不能；couldn’t不能；wouldn’t不会。根据标牌内容可知，是学生不能带手机上学；could是can的过去式，此句是陈述学校的规定，应用一般现在时。故选B。
49．C
【详解】句意：——孩子们，不要再喂动物了！这对他们是有害的。——对不起，先生。我们不会的。
考查情态动词。can’t不能；mustn’t禁止；won’t不会；needn’t不必。根据“Don’t feed the animals any more, kids! It’s harmful to them.”可知，此处是我们不会去喂动物了。故选C。
50．D
【详解】句意：根据交通法，12岁以下的儿童不允许在路上骑自行车．
考查情态动词的用法。won't不将会；wouldn't不将会；needn't不必；mustn't不允许。根据children under 12"12岁以下的儿童"可知，"不允许"在路上骑自行车。用mustn't。故选D。
【点睛】考查情态动词。情态动词在句中不受人称、性别、单复数变化的影响，但是要考虑时态，交际用法等。结合语境，选择正确答案。
51．A
【详解】句意：妈妈早上很难把海伦叫醒，她不停地喊，但海伦不肯醒来。
考查情态动词。wouldn’t不愿意，mustn’t禁止，needn’t不必，shouldn’t不应该。根据“Mother had a hard time getting Helen up in the morning.”可知，妈妈很费劲才把海伦叫醒，因此海伦不愿意醒来，故选A。
52．D
【详解】句意：——我以为你告诉艾米如果她不遵守规则会发生什么。——是的。但不管我告诉她什么，她就是不听。
考查情态动词。mustn’t禁止； shouldn’t不应该； couldn’t不能； wouldn’t不会。根据连词But转折可知，她总不听。根据“what I told her”可知是过去时态，主句用wouldn’t，故选D。
53．A
【详解】句意：妈妈早上很难把海伦叫醒，她不停地喊，但海伦不肯醒来。
本题考查情态动词。wouldn't不愿意，mustn't禁止，needn't不必，shouldn't不应该。根据Mother had a hard time getting Helen up in the morning.可知，妈妈很费劲才把海伦叫醒，因此海伦不愿意醒来，故选A。
54．C
【详解】句意：你想要和我一起去学校吗？
考查助动词和情态动词辨析。Can可以；Are是；Would将会；Does无实义，do的三单形式。根据“you like to go to school with me ”可知，would you like to do sth.“你想要/愿意做某事”，固定表达，符合题意。故选C。
55．A
【详解】句意：——-露西，你想喝点什么吗？——谢谢，请给我一杯绿茶。
考查复合不定代词。something某物；anything任何东西；everything一切；nothing没有什么。something to drink“一些喝的东西”，“Would you like... ”句型表示建议，意思是“你想要……吗？”，something不需要改成anything。故选A。
would rather do 宁愿 否定：would rather not do
在做两者比较用than
would rather do A than do B = would do A rather than do B
I would rather watch TV than go to see the film.
= I prefer watching TV to going to see the film. (prefer)
= I prefer to watch TV rather than go to see the film. (prefer)
如果than后面的动词与前面的一样，则可以省略：
I would rather work on a farm than in a factory.
如果than后面是句子，要加that引导的从句：
I would rather lose a dozen cherry trees than that you should tell me one lie.
had better do 最好 否定：had better not do
我们最好在冬天的时候多吃多睡来储存能量。
We had better eat more and sleep more to save energy in winter.
★真题试炼★
56．—You’d better _______ early. It is good for your health.
—Thanks. I’ll do as you say.
A．to get up B．getting up C．get up D．got up
57．He is just a kid. We’d better ________ too strict with him.
A．not to be B．not be C．be not D．be not to
58．—I’d like to buy some Magic Novels.
—You had better ________ the kind of books. The stories in them are far from real life.
A．read B．not read C．count D．not count
59．Bob likes eating sweet snacks while ________ TV. I think he’d better________ the habit.
A．to watch; give up B．watching; give up
C．watching; to give up D．to watch; to give up
60．You’d better ________ too much time playing computer games.
A．not spend B．not to spend C．not spent D．not spending
56．C
【详解】句意：——你最好早点起床。这有益于你的身体健康。——谢谢。我会照你说的做的。
考查情态动词用法。had better do sth.意为“最好做某事”，空处应是get up。故选C。
57．B
【详解】句意：他只是个孩子。我们最好不要对他太苛刻。
考查had better用法。had better (not) do sth.“最好（不）做某事”，可排除AD选项；be strict with sb.“对某人严格”。故选B。
58．B
【详解】句意：——我想买一些魔幻小说。——你最好不要读那类书。其中的故事与现实生活相去甚远。
考查动词辨析和had better的否定式。read阅读；count数数。根据“The stories in them are far from real life”可知是让对方不要读魔幻小说，这里用had better的否定式，直接在better后面加not，后跟动词原形read。故选B。
59．B
【详解】句意：鲍勃喜欢边看电视边吃甜的零食。我认为他最好戒掉这个习惯。
考查省略句和情态动词词组用法。根据空格前的“while”和空格后的“TV”，可知此处用while doing sth.结构，是while sb. is/was doing sth.的省略形式，省略前提是从句的主语与主句的主语一致，第一空填watching，排除A/D选项；第二空用had better do sth.“最好做某事”，后接动词原形。故选B。
60．A
【详解】句意：你最好不要在玩电脑游戏上花太多时间。
考查情态动词had better。根据“You’d better…too much time playing computer games.”可知，本题考查情态动词had better+动词的原形，其否定形式是had better not+动词的原形。故选A。2024年中考英语二轮复习专题： 情态动词（上海专用）
·模块一 can/could/be able to用法分述。
·模块二 may/might用法分述。
·模块三 must/have to用法分述。
·模块四 should/ought to用法分述。
·模块五 need用法分述。
·模块六 will/would用法分述。
·模块七 would rather/had better用法分述。
can/could的基本形式和用法：
could是can的过去式，或作为委婉语
用于请求或允许，意为“能……”
-- Could/Can I have the television on
-- Yes, you . / No, you .
在疑问句和否定句中表示推测，意为“可能……吗？”、“不可能”
他可能是坏人吗？他不可能是坏人。
he a bad guy No, he a bad guy.
用于陈述句，表示事情发生的“理论上的可能性”，意为“会”
事故总会发生。
表示能力，意为“能够”
He speak English when he was young.
could作为can的过去时/委婉语，请打勾
过去时 委婉语
表请求或允许
表推测
表可能性
表能力
can/could与be able to的差别：
表示能力时， can表示现在、could表示过去；be able to可以用于任何时态，也可以前加情态动词或助动词，如：will be able to, have been able to, should be able to
用于过去时中，could表示“有能力做”而“并不一定做成”；若是“实际得以做成某事”，只能用was/were able to=manage to do sth.
司机得以逃生，其他的乘客没有逃出来。
The driver escape, but the passengers failed to do so.
Ms. Wang could sing well when she was young.
I was able to pass the examination. 我通过了考试.（不仅有能力,而且实际上做到了.相当于I succeeded in passing the examination.）
I could pass the examination. 我当时有能力通过考试.（有能力,但实际上不一定做得到）
can/could与be able to差别总结
can/could be able to
表请求或允许 √
表推测 √
表可能性 √
表能力 √
时态
用于过去时中含义
can/could的惯用语：
cannot help doing sth.情不自禁做某事
我情不自禁地笑了。
I cannot help .
cannot help/choose but do sth.不得不，只能做某事
我不得不告诉她真相。
I cannot help/choose but .
cannot … too + adj./adv. 无论怎样都不为过，越……越好
你越小心越好。
You cannot too .
cannot … without 没有……就不能
One cannot succeed without perseverance.
没有就不能。
could not + 比较级 = 最高级
-- Go for a picnic this weekend, OK
-- I couldn’t agree more.
★真题试炼★
1．You may not be able to control all the things that happen to you, but you _______ decide not to be reduced by them.
A．should B．must C．need D．can
2．The volunteer spoke as clearly as she _________ to make the visitors understand her.
A．possible B．can C．could D．are able
3．—Look, Sarah, there’s a red notebook on the desk. Whose is it
—It _________ be Tom’s as his notebook is blue. It _________ be Lily’s as her name is on the cover.
A．mustn’t; must B．mustn’t; can C．can’t; must D．can’t; may
4．It _______ be Tom that parked the car here, as he is the only one without a car.
A．may B．can’t C．mustn’t D．shouldn’t
5．—Mom, could I watch TV now
—No, you__________. You must finish your homework first.
A．can’t B．can C．needn’t D．need
6．—There is a new art museum in our city. You ________miss it.
—Thank you. I won't.
A．can’t B．must C．needn’t D．mustn’t
7．—Mom, during your business trip, must I water the flowers every day
—No, you ________. You can water it once a week.
A．mustn’t B．needn’t C．can’t D．couldn’t
8．— ________ you help me I can’t work out the problem.
—Sure.
A．Could B．Need C．Should D．May
9．The public sign in the library means people ______ smoke there.
A．couldn’t B．could C．mustn’t D．must
10．—________ you give me a hand I can’t open this bottle.
— No problem.
A．Should B．Must C．Could D．Need
may/might的基本形式和用法：
might是may的过去式，亦可作委婉语
表示请求或允许，意为“可以……”
-- May I smoke here
-- Yes, you .
-- No, you .
表示对事实的不太确定的推测，意为“可能”
The greatest fool may ask more than the wisest man can answer.
may放在句首，表示祝愿
场景连线：
May God bless you! on grandpa’s birthday
May you succeed in your career! on the graduation ceremony
May we never forget each other! on the wedding ceremony
May you live long and prosper! before the mid-term exam
May you love forever and have a lovely baby soon! on the farewell dinner
May good fortune find you this year! during the Spring Festival
may/might的惯用语：
may well do 理所当然，有足够的理由＝have good reason to
我有足够理由不去上学。
I may well .
may/might as well do 最好
你最好呆在家里。
You may/might as well .
may/might as well do A as do B 与其做B不如做A
One may as well not know a thing at all as know it but imperfectly.
★真题试炼★
11．—Who’s going to give us a speech next Friday afternoon
—I’m not sure. It ________ be Mr. Brown, the new foreign teacher from France.
A．must B．may C．will D．can
12．—Do you have any plans for the coming summer holiday
—I’m not sure. I ________ go to Qingdao.
A．should B．must C．can D．may
13．—Sam, what present will you give your mother for her coming birthday
—I haven’t decided yet. I ________ make her a birthday cake by myself.
A．must B．may C．would D．should
14．With the rapid development of AI, many people worry that they ________ lose their jobs one day.
A．may B．should C．must D．can
15．—Must I finish Exercise 1 now
—No, you ________. You ________ do it after school.
A．needn’t; may B．mustn’t; may C．mustn’t; must D．mustn’t; can
16．—Where are you going this weekend
—I’m not sure. I ________ go camping on the Moon Beach. It’s said that it’s a fascinating place to take a holiday.
A．can’t B．need C．might D．must
17．—Did you find your English notebook
—No. I searched all the places where I ________ have left it, but with no luck!
A．must B．should C．can D．might
18．—Alex, where did you leave your schoolbag
—Well, I can’t remember. I took part in a concert yesterday, so it ________ be in the music hall.
A．should B．might C．must D．need
19．Your answer ________ be right, but I’m going to check to make sure.
A．might B．can’t C．must D．mustn’t
20．—When Monday I’m afraid Monday ________ be a problem for me.
—But why Your Monday is wide open.
A．need B．needn’t C．might not D．might
must的基本用法：
用于询问、命令或建议，意为“必须”，mustn’t意为“禁止”
-- Must/Need I leave the office after five o’clock
-- Yes, you.
-- No, you .
用在肯定句中表示较有把握的推测，意为“一定”
他现在一定在公司。
He in the office now.
Attention
must表对现在的状态或现在正发生的事情的推测时，must 后面通常接be (doing)
比较：You must be sleeping now. VS. You must sleep now.
表猜测用法小结：
对现在（正在进行） 对过去
肯定句
否定句
疑问句
must表示自然规律或必然结果，意为“必然”
All men must die.
must与have to的差别：
must意为“必须”时，与have to的意思相同，但：
have to表示客观条件有所要求，must表示说话者主观上认为必要
他说他们必须努力工作。（主观上要做这事）
He said that they work hard.
居民们不得不忍受广场舞的噪音。
The residents stand the noise of the public square dancing.
只有在间接引语中，must才能表示过去
判断下列句子对错：
在否定结构中，don't have to表示“不必要”，mustn't表示“不允许”
你不一定要把此事告诉他。
You tell him this.
你一定不要把这件事告诉他。
You tell him this.
表“必须”比较：
must have to
主客观
时态、人称、数的变化
用于过去时
否定形式含义
have to补充说明：在口语中have got to亦可表示义务和需要，与have to基本同义
他现在必须走了。
（用have got to）He has got to go.
疑问句： to go
否定句：He to go.
（用have to）He has to go.
疑问句： to go
否定句：He to go.
★真题试炼★
21．—Whose is the pencil box
—It ________ be Tom’s. Look at his name on the cover!
A．can B．may C．need D．must
22．—When we talk about delicious food in Wuhan, Hot Dry Noodles _________ be mentioned.
—Without doubt, it is quite popular.
A．might B．must C．could D．shall
23．—May I smoke here
—No, you ________. No smoking in the school yard.
A．needn’t B．wouldn’t C．couldn’t D．mustn’t
24．The book ________ be Mary’s. We can see her name on it.
A．must B．need C．can’t D．needn’t
25．—Who does the math book on the floor belong to
—It _________ be Sandy’s. Look, her name is on the cover of the book.
A．might B．must C．shall D．may
26．—Miss Li. I don’t want to say sorry to Daniel.
—I’m afraid you ________. After all, you broke his glasses.
A．may B．have to C．mustn’t D．needn’t
27．—Chris, shall we go to the bookstore this afternoon
—I’m sorry, David, but I ________ meet my cousin at the train station.
A．can B．may C．could D．have to
28．It was raining when the school was over, so we ________ stay in the classroom.
A．must B．have to C．had to D．mustn’t
29．—________ I finish my work now
—No, you ________. You can do it later.
A．May; needn’t B．Must; don’t have to C．Can; couldn’t D．Must; mustn’t
30．—Mum, can I wear my jeans to school
—No, you ________ wear your school uniform. This is the school rule.
A．can B．may C．have to D．must
should的基本用法：
should表示劝告、建议、命令，意为“应当、要”，其同义词是ought to/be supposed to，在疑问句中，通常用should代替ought to
You should do exercises.
= You do exercises.
= You do exercises.
用于表达合理的推断，意为“应该”
三点到了，足球赛应该快要开始了。
It’s three o’clock. The football game soon.
用于虚拟语气，意为“应当”
I (that) you finish your homework first. (should) do
If I you, I should accept their suggestion.
Now he has to pay a fine. He have tried to steal a ride.
Attention
should have done 本应该做某事（而实际上没有）
shouldn’t have done 本不应该做某事 （而实际上做了）
表示义务，意为“应该做”，且表示一种道义上的责任
I should help him because he is in trouble.
表示惊讶、忧虑、惋惜等情绪，意为“竟会、竟然”
You can’t imagine that a well-behaved gentleman should be so rude to his girlfriend.
ought to的用法：
肯定句：He ought to finish the task.
一般疑问句：finish the task
否定句：He finish the task.
★真题试炼★
31．We ________ do some housework in our free time to let our parents have a rest.
A．can B．might C．could D．should
32．History is the best textbook. We will move forward, but we ________ never forget what we have experienced.
A．need B．should C．might D．can
33．—Could you please have my car ready today
—Sure. The damage（损坏） is not serious, so it ________ be ready by 4 p.m.
A．can B．shall C．need D．should
34．—China’s future deals with the world community.
—So we ________ make great efforts to make our country much stronger.
A．could B．may C．should D．will
35．—How much water do we need
—Six bottles ________ be enough.
A．need B．should C．had better D．would rather
36．The earth is our home. Everyone ________ take care of it.
A．used to B．need to C．should to D．ought to
37．Everyone ought _________ a greener person.
A．is B．be C．to be D．become
38．While watching the film, you ________ make any noise.
A．not ought to B．ought not to C．don’t ought to D．ought to not
39．Students ought ________ the truth.
A．to tell B．tell C．telling D．told
40．Readers ___________ talk loudly in the library.
A．ought not B．ought to C．ought to not D．ought not to
need的基本用法：请在下表内填空（dare跟need用法相同）
She, need/dare, go there alone 实义动词 情态动词
现在 She go there alone.
过去 She go there alone.
否定 She go there alone. She needn’t/daren’t go there alone.
疑问 Does she need/dare to go there alone Need/Dare she go there alone
sth. need doing是主动形式表示被动= need to be done（见被动语态详解）
花园里的花需要浇水了。
The flowers in the garden need now.
★真题试炼★
41．—Dad, must I become a doctor like you when I finish university in the future
—________. You can make your own decision and do whatever you like.
A．Yes, you must B．No, you needn’t C．Yes, you can D．No, you can’t
42．It seems to rain. You ________ water the flowers in the garden.
A．must B．needn’t C．should D．mustn’t
43．—Must we finish doing the project today
—No, you ________. Next week is OK.
A．can’t B．may no C．needn’t D．mustn’t
44．—Must I write the report by hand, Mrs. Taylor
—No, you ________. You can write it on the computer.
A．needn’t B．mustn’t C．can’t D．shouldn’t
45．—I heard you went to see a doctor this morning.
—That’s true. But you ________ worry about me. It’s not serious.
A．needn’t B．mustn’t C．couldn’t D．can’t
表示恭谦的请求、建议等，常用于疑问句，would比will委婉客气
Would you mind my closing the window
表示意志、愿望和决心
I will never do that again.
表示估计或猜想
It would be about ten when he left home.
补充说明
would like to do = want to想要，为固定搭配
Would you like… 表示肯定含义的请求劝说时，疑问句中一般用some，而不是any
否定结构中用won’t，一般不用wouldn’t, won't you是一种委婉语气。
Won't you sit down
★真题试炼★
46．—Don’t use my computer please.
—Sorry! I ________ do it again.
A．can’t B．must not C．won’t D．should
47．—Remember to call me when you arrive, Mike.
—I ________, mum.
A．must B．can C．will D．should
48．一I often see the sign in schools. What does it mean
一Students ________ bring mobile phones to school.
A．needn’t B．can’t C．couldn’t D．wouldn’t
49．—Don’t feed the animals any more, kids! It’s harmful to them.
—Sorry, sir. We ________.
A．can’t B．mustn’t C．won’t D．needn’t
50．According to the traffic law，children under 12________ride bicycles on the road．
A．won't B．wouldn't C．needn't D．mustn't
51．Mother had a hard time getting Helen up in the morning. She called and called, but Helen ________ wake up.
A．wouldn’t B．mustn’t C．needn’t D．shouldn’t
52．—I thought you told Amy what would happen if she didn’t follow the rules.
—I did. But she just ________ listen to me no matter what I told her.
A．mustn’t B．shouldn’t C．couldn’t D．wouldn’t
53．Mother had a hard time getting Helen up in the morning. She called and called, but Helen ________wake up.
A．wouldn’t B．mustn’t C．needn’t D．shouldn’t
54．________ you like to go to school with me
A．Can B．Are C．Would D．Does
55．—Would you like __________ to drink, Lucy
—Thanks. A cup of green tea, please.
A．something B．anything C．everything D．nothing
would rather do 宁愿 否定：
在做两者比较用than
would rather do A than do B = would do A rather than do B
I would rather watch TV than go to see the film.
= I TV to to see the film. (prefer)
= I TV rather than to see the film. (prefer)
如果than后面的动词与前面的一样，则可以省略：
I would rather work on a farm than in a factory.
如果than后面是句子，要加that引导的从句：
I would rather lose a dozen cherry trees than that you should tell me one lie.
had better do 最好 否定：
我们最好在冬天的时候多吃多睡来储存能量。
We had better to save energy in winter.
★真题试炼★
56．—You’d better _______ early. It is good for your health.
—Thanks. I’ll do as you say.
A．to get up B．getting up C．get up D．got up
57．He is just a kid. We’d better ________ too strict with him.
A．not to be B．not be C．be not D．be not to
58．—I’d like to buy some Magic Novels.
—You had better ________ the kind of books. The stories in them are far from real life.
A．read B．not read C．count D．not count
59．Bob likes eating sweet snacks while ________ TV. I think he’d better________ the habit.
A．to watch; give up B．watching; give up
C．watching; to give up D．to watch; to give up
60．You’d better ________ too much time playing computer games.
A．not spend B．not to spend C．not spent D．not spending
